Outlines for HIST 140 Final 1

8/3/2019 Outlines for HIST 140 Final 1

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Outlines for HIST 140 Final

PART A: Politics of the Veil

-Scott works to outline the controversy over the veil and background behind laws

-controversy of veil deeply rooted in racism towards Muslim culture and has existed for years

-issue is more complex than media portrayed it

-shows arguments for and against veil

-French concept of laicite is difficult to implement in a society with a negative postcolonial past and

history of racism

-strangers within society are seen as a danger to French society and the future of a republican nation

Collective Memory

-how a society views its past

-can choose not to remember certain parts of their history

-collective memory shapes individual memories

-French think of themselves as colonizers who attempted to civilize Algerian people

-others see them as colonizers who took advantage of native people

-since they failed to modernize Algerians, veil is seen as a symbol of humiliation

-tension between French collective memory (assimilation, standardization) and Algerian collectivememory (strong and resistant)

-france has goals to assimilate into french laicite state

-immigrants have goal to retain their own identity

-Scott examines colonial legacies of France and how French were on a mission to civilize Arabs so they

assimilated into French culture

-French believed that their culture was superior and Algerians needed to learn from them

-this came from early imperialism in France

-racist depictions of Arabs came from this and no way to assimilate them because they were too

different

-Scotts evidence shows how France uses selective postcolonial collective memory to bolster reasoning

behind why the veil must be banned from public schools-reasoning includes emancipating women, French values of secularism, nationalism

-failed to acknowledge how actions might negatively affect women who wear veils

Personal is the Political

-decisions influenced by politics or political laws affect personal actions

-majority of political strife and conflict arises out of disagreements in personal issues

-a persons religion has changed from personal to a political statement

-wearing something religious is personal, but taken by French government as a political statement

-signs of religious affiliation as a political threat to secularism

-wearing veil had origins in religion, which is political in itself

-decision to wear veil is first political, then personal, then political again

-women first pressured by society to wear veil to fit in with religion

-allowing people to show differences would be a threat to a strictly French identity

Heroic Virtue and Ordinary Virtue

-Ordinary virtue is acts of caring and compassion (associated with women)

-dignity must be upheld

-act in ways that help people close to them

-they define society, their values, and collective memory


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-Heroic virtue is acts that are devoted to a cause instead of to an individual (associated with men)

-these actions make up history

-conflict over veil is more of ordinary virtue

-Frances goal is to preserve their concept of unity by outlawing religiously affiliated symbols (veil)

-trying to create one identity for everyone to identify as French

-protecting an abstract concept for the betterment of society heroic virtue

-Algerians trying to protect their dignity ordinary virtue

-girls get expelled for wearing the veil could be heroic virtue making a great sacrifice for their religion

instead of for a person

-heroic is dying for a cause to be remembered

-ordinary is centered on dignity and is personal

-the veil is being turned into a struggle of heroic virtue because of the siege mentality of the French and

racist attitudes towards Arabs

-girls who were expelled showed heroic virtue to benefit an entire group

-dad who fought legally for her daughter to be able to go to school is ordinary virtue

-the concepts can be used to frame Scotts argument, they help emphasize the differences between the

two cultures and give reason to the inevitable clash of cultures

PART B: Comparing Events During a Year

1948

-Year of Independence, Principle of Ghandi, influence of the UN, Global Cooperation

-Independence of India, Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, and Israel

-Indias independence led to other countries following them

-Britain partitioned country into India and Pakistan, which caused a war

-Truman Doctrine said that US would support Greece and Turkey to prevent them falling under control

of the Soviets

-US would support any country to prevent the spread of Communism-consider this as the start of the Cold War

-Gandhi assassinated, he was the leader of the Indian Independence movement, nonviolence and civil

disobedience

-US refusal to ratify the UN Declaration of the Rights of Man

-allowed US to continue segregation in the US and would have caused conflict between the US

belief of equality and the actual reality in the US

-Afrikaans Nationalist Party victorious in South Africa

-establishment of Apartheid system

-Israels declaration of independence

-Arab-Israeli war, Khirbet Khizeh

-Ghandis principles influencing the independence movements in India, Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, and

Israel

-greatest influence in India, then in Pakistan, Sri Lank, and Burma, then inspired Israel and the

Arab-Israeli War, later the US civil rights movement

-UN started to become more prominent

-UN responsible for declaring Israels independence, starting Arab-Israeli war

-UN condemned Apartheid

-took part in the Berlin airlift

-played role in constitutions of newly independent nations (UN Declaration of Human Rights)


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-1948 year of independence and global cooperation

-establishment of PRC in a time of independence around the world

Gandhi in Pre-Apartheid South Africa develops idea for civil disobedience India independence from

Britain Sri Lanka, Burma, Pakistan, and Israel independence newly independents up for grabs

(capitalists and communists) Capitalist (Marshal Plan/Truman Doctrine) Communist (China/Czech)

Leading to Cold War

1956

-Communism being attacked and US response

-Nikita Khrushchevs Secret Speech to the 20th Communist party congress

-condemns Stalin

-distancing himself from Stalin days, promoting Leninism

-Invasion of the Bodysnatchers

-relationship between China and Soviet Union ended after Stalins death

-Hundred Flowers Movement, where Mao called upon intellectuals to let the flowers bloom

-those that spoke out criticized the Communist movement and called for more self-expression

-Mao created anti-rightist campaign intellectuals punished for expressing views against Communismand sent to be re-educated

-Soviet launched Sputnik

-Chinese left behind in technology race, need to catch up via Great Leap Forward

-Mao industrialized China in the countryside

-Soviets and Chinese applying views of communism and how it should work in different ways

-Chinese want to surpass the rest of the world in production

-Soviets launching Sputnik made US want to keep up with technology race

-US capitalism supposed to be superior to communism but Soviets beat US to launching orbits in space

-China then wanted to keep up with Soviets but wanted to stay isolated from the rest of the

world

1968

-Year of protest and desire for change

-Cultural Revolution in PRC, changes made after failure of Great Leap Forward

-Mao thought Deng Xiaoping was a capitalist-roader

-Mao launched Cultural Revolution

-Red Guards, Peoples Liberation Army, wanted to destroy ideology, thought, custom, and habit

-Mao is closer than family to each person

-Red Guards organized into a dangerous, autonomous group, that was threatening to rebel against Mao

-Martin Luther King Declaration of Independence from War in Vietnam

-Six-day war fought and won by Israel

-Poor peoples march organized by MLK

-Student movement and general strike in France

-groups revolted against consumerism, rejected authoritarian positions, and were critical of

capitalism

-Steve Biko in Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa

-people rise up to fight for rights and what they thought was right

-year of protest and change

-China working to create a new society via changes


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-people in all movements wanted to free themselves from unjust conditions and to fight for what they

thought was right

-people can use Algerian model of the FLN to fight back and revolt for what they want or they can look

to Ghandis principles of civil disobedience and non-violence

1979-1981

-war between Vietnam and Communist China

-China throwing its weight around but pulled out after attack stalled

-Vietnam showing independence from Chinese interests

-showing Chinas lack of military presence

-revolution in Iran

-Shah forced into exile, but returned by American and British interests

-foreign policy in Iran, sees that East and West are similar despite Cold War conflict

-revolution led by Islamic interests

-didnt like west because of interference in middle east

-didnt like east because communism was antithetical to religious theocracy

-soviet intervention in Afghanistan

-soviet-backed government intervened to keep dissent in check because Afghanistan was seenas a dangerous border state

-Iran-Iraq War

-from a Cold War standpoint, Iraq and Soviet-backed Afghanistan are different

-US tolerates conflict

-revolutionary authority in Iran hardened by war

-Presidency of Ronald Reagan

-revolution in Iran, Solidarity movement in Poland, Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, and Vietnam-

China conflict

-major communist powers (Soviet Union and China) either in war or intervention in other countries

-most events involve Soviet Union and countries in the Middle East

-decline of communism, Soviet Union facing its downfall, China has to change to maintain control-tries to assert power in Afghanistan and fails

-Chin moved to a market socialist economy

-as communism is less of an issue, the Middle East comes to the forefront of foreign policy around the

world

-Iranian revolution, Iran-Iraq War, Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

-also for China, tie in China-Vietnam conflict

1989

-Year of the fall of communism, and Year of Resolution

-beginning to rebuild Eastern hemisphere after the fall of communism

-Black October in Algeria led to fall of countrys single party system, and the introduction of democratic

reform

-youth/students wanted more democratic reforms

-end of Soviet intervention in Afghanistan

-fall of Berlin Wall

-Hungary disabled physical border defenses with Austria in 1989

-fall of Berlin Wall a sign that international trends were going well for the US

-victory for democracy, individual liberty, rule of law, free market system

-Tiananmen Square Protest and Repression


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-openings to west exposed young people to new ideas, experiences

-students calling for free press and accountability of leaders

-shut down because of fear that it would spread from students to workers

-year of resolution

-soviet intervention ended, fall of berlin wall, new leaders elected

-Tienanmen Square is a protest for problems in china to be resolved

-beginning of the end of the USSR and the fall of communism

Documents

Outlines for HIST 140 Final 1