Upload
nerea-lawrence
View
25
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Outline. Introduction Characteristics of multimedia data Quality of service management Resource management Stream adaptation Case study: Tiger video file server. *. Distributed Multimedia Systems. Distributed Multimedia Systems. Applications: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
1
Outline
*
Introduction
Characteristics of multimedia data
Quality of service management
Resource management
Stream adaptation
Case study: Tiger video file server
3
Distributed Multimedia Systems
Applications:– non-interactive: net radio and TV, video-on-demand, e-learning, ...– interactive: voice &video conference, interactive TV, tele-medicine,
multi-user games, live music, ...
*
4
Characteristics of multimedia applications
Large quantities of continuous data Timely and smooth delivery is critical
– deadlines– throughput and response time guarantees
Interactive MM applications require low round-trip delays Need to co-exist with other applications
– must not hog resources
Reconfiguration is a common occurrence– varying resource requirements
Resources required:– Processor cycles in workstations – and servers– Network bandwidth (+ latency)– Dedicated memory– Disk bandwidth (for stored media)
At the right timeand in the right quantities
*
5
Application requirements
Network phone and audio conferencing– relatively low bandwidth (~ 64 Kbits/sec), but delay times must be short ( <
250 ms round-trip)
Video on demand services– High bandwidth (~ 10 Mbits/s), critical deadlines, latency not critical
Simple video conference– Many high-bandwidth streams to each node (~1.5 Mbits/s each), high
bandwidth, low latency ( < 100 ms round-trip), synchronised states.
Music rehearsal and performance facility– high bandwidth (~1.4 Mbits/s), very low latency (< 100 ms round trip), highly
synchronised media (sound and video < 50 ms).
*
6
System support issues and requirements
Scheduling and resource allocation in most current OS’s divides the resources equally amongst all comers (processes)– no limit on load
– can’t guarantee throughput or response time
MM and other time-critical applications require resource allocation and scheduling to meet deadlines– Quality of Service (QoS) management
Admission control: controls demand QoS negotiation: enables applications to negotiate admission
andreconfigurations
Resource management: guarantees availability of resources for admitted applications
– real-time processor and other resource scheduling
*
7
Characteristics of typical multimedia streams
Data rate(approximate)
Sample or frame frequency size
Telephone speech 64 kbps 8 bits 8000/secCD-quality sound 1.4 Mbps 16 bits 44,000/secStandard TV video(uncompressed)
120 Mbps up to 640 x 480pixels x 16 bits
24/sec
Standard TV video (MPEG-1 compressed)
1.5 Mbps variable 24/sec
HDTV video(uncompressed)
1000–3000 Mbps up to 1920 x 1080pixels x 24 bits
24–60/sec
HDTV videoMPEG-2 compressed)
10–30 Mbps variable 24–60/sec
*
8
Typical infrastructure components for multimedia applications
Microphones
Camera
Screen
Window system
CodecD
BMixer
PC/workstation PC/workstation
C Videostore
Networkconnections
K
L
M
CodecA G
CodecH
Windowsystem
Video file system
: multimedia stream
White boxes represent media processing components, many of which are implemented in software, including:
codec: coding/decoding filtermixer: sound-mixing component
*
Figures 15.4 & 15.5
Component Bandwidth Latency Loss rate Resources required
Camera Out: 10 frames/sec, raw video640x480x16 bits
Zero
A Codec In:Out:
10 frames/sec, raw videoMPEG-1 stream
Interactive Low 10 ms CPU each 100 ms;10 Mbytes RAM
B Mixer In:Out:
2 44 kbps audio1 44 kbps audio
Interactive Very low 1 ms CPU each 100 ms;1 Mbytes RAM
H Windowsystem
In:Out:
various50 frame/sec framebuffer
Interactive Low 5 ms CPU each 100 ms; 5 Mbytes RAM
K Networkconnection
In/Out: MPEG-1 stream, approx.1.5 Mbps
Interactive Low 1.5 Mbps, low-lossstream protocol
L Networkconnection
In/Out: Audio 44 kbps Interactive Very low 44 kbps, very low-lossstream protocol
This application involves multiple concurrent processes in the PCs
Other applications may also be running concurrently on the same computers
They all share processing and network resources
9
Quality of service management
Allocate resources to application processes – according to their needs in order to achieve the desired quality of multimedia
delivery
Scheduling and resource allocation in most current OS’s divides the resources equally amongst all processes– no limit on load
– can’t guarantee throughput or response time
Elements of Quality of Service (QoS) management– Admission control: controls demand
– QoS negotiation: enables applications to negotiate admission andreconfigurations
– Resource management: guarantees availability of resources for admitted applications
– real-time processor and other resource scheduling
*
10
The QoS manager’s task
Application components specify their QoS requirements to QoS manager
Yes No
Yes No
Flow spec.
Resource contract
Admission control QoS negotiation
QoS manager evaluates new requirementsagainst the available resources.
Sufficient?
Reserve the requested resources
Allow application to proceed
Application runs with resources as per resource contract
Negotiate reduced resource provision with application.Agreement?
Do not allow application to proceed
Application notifies QoS manager of increased resource requirements
**
11
QoS Parameters
Bandwidth– rate of flow of multimedia data
Latency– time required for the end-to-end transmission of a single data element
Jitter variation in latency :– dL/dt
Loss rate– the proportion of data elements that can be dropped or delivered late
*
Protocol version
Maximum transmission unit
Token bucket rate
Token bucket size
Maximum transmission rate
Minimum delay noticed
Maximum delay variation
Loss sensitivity
Burst loss sensitivity
Loss interval
Quality of guarantee
Bandwidth:
Delay:
Loss:
The RFC 1363 Flow Spec
acceptable jitter
acceptable latency
maximum rate
burstiness
percentage per T
maximum consec-utive loss
T
value
12
Managing the flow of multimedia data
Flows are variable– video compression methods such as MPEG (1-4) are based on
similarities between consecutive frames – can produce large variations in data rate
Burstiness– Linear bounded arrival process (LBAP) model:
maximum flow per interval t = Rt + B (R = average rate, B = max. burst)
– buffer requirements are determined by burstiness– Latency and jitter are affected (buffers introduce additional delays)
Traffic shaping– method for scheduling the way a buffer is emptied
*
Protocol version
Maximum transmission unit
Token bucket rate
Token bucket size
Maximum transmission rate
Minimum delay noticed
Maximum delay variation
Loss sensitivity
Burst loss sensitivity
Loss interval
Quality of guarantee
Bandwidth:
Delay:
Loss:
The RFC 1363 Flow Spec
acceptable jitter
acceptable latency
maximum rate
burstiness
percentage per Tmaximum consec-
utive lossT
value
13
(a) Leaky bucket
*
process 1
process 2
Traffic shaping algorithms – leaky bucket algorithm
analogue of leaky bucket:– process 1 places data into a buffer in bursts– process 2 in scheduled to remove data regularly in smaller amounts– size of buffer, B determines:
maximum permissible burst without loss maximum delay
14
Token generator
(b) Token bucket
*
Traffic shaping algorithms – token bucket algorithm
Implements LBAP– process 1 delivers data in bursts– process 2 generates tokens at a fixed rate– process 3 receives tokens and exploits them to deliver output as quickly as it gets
data from process 1
Result: bursts in output can occur when some tokens have accumulated
process 2 process 1
process 3
tokens: permits to place x bytes into output buffer
15
Admission control
Admission control delivers a contract to the application guaranteeing:For each computer:
cpu time, available at specific intervals memory
Before admission, it must assess resource requirements and reserve them for the application
– Flow specs provide some information for admission control, but not all - assessment procedures are needed
– there is an optimisation problem: clients don't use all of the resources that they requested flow specs may permit a range of qualities
– Admission controller must negotiate with applications to produce an acceptable result
For each network connection:bandwidthlatency
For disks, etc.:bandwifthlatency
*
16
Resource management
Scheduling of resources to meet the existing guarantees:Fair scheduling allows all processes some portion of the resources based on
fairness: E.g. round-robin scheduling (equal turns), fair queuing (keep queue lengths equal) not appropriate for real-time MM because there are deadlines for the delivery of
data
Real-time scheduling traditionally used in special OS for system control applications - e.g. avionics. RT schedulers must ensure that tasks are completed by a scheduled time.
Real-time MM requires real-time scheduling with very frequent deadlines.
Suitable types of scheduling are:
Earliest deadline first (EDF)
Rate-monotonic
e.g. for each computer:cpu time, available at specific intervalsmemory
*
EDF schedulingEach task specifies a deadline T and CPU seconds S to the scheduler for each work item (e.g. video frame). EDF scheduler schedules the task to run at least S seconds before T (and pre-empts it after S if it hasn't yielded).It has been shown that EDF will find a schedule that meets the deadlines, if one exists. (But for MM, S is likely to be a millisecond or so, and there is a danger that the scheduler may have to run so frequently that it hogs the cpu).
Rate-monotonic scheduling assigns priorities to tasks according to tasks according to their rate of data throughput (or workload). Uses less CPU for scheduling decisions. Has been shown to work well where total workload is < 69% of CPU.
17
Scaling and filtering
SourceTargets
High bandwidth
Medium bandwidth
Low bandwidth
*
Scaling reduces flow rate at source– temporal: skip frames or audio samples
– spatial: reduce frame size or audio sample quality
Filtering reduces flow at intermediate points– RSVP is a QoS negotiation protocol that negotiates the rate at each
intermediate node, working from targets to the source.
18
QoS and the Internet
Very little QoS in the Internet at present– New protocols to support QoS have been developed, but their implementation
raises some difficult issues about the management of resources in the Internet.
RSVP– Network resource reservation
– Doesn’t ensure enforcement of reservations
RTP– Real time data transmission over IP
need to avoid adding undesirable complexity to the Internet
IPv6 has some hooks for it
Source address(128 bits)
Destination address(128 bits)
Version (4bits) Priority (4bits) Flow label (24 bits)
Payload length (16 bits) Hop limit (8bits)Next header (8bits)
IPv6 header layout
*
19
Microsoft NetShow Video file server
Design goals– Video on demand for a large number of users
– Quality of service
– Scalable and distributed
– Low cost hardware
– Fault tolerant
Case Study Tiger Video File server
*
Tiger
Network
Clients
20
Tiger architecture
Storage organization– Striping– Mirroring
Distributed schedule
Tolerate failure of any single computer or disk
Network support
Other functions– pause, stop, start
*
21
Tiger hardware configuration
*
Each movie is stored in 0.5 MB blocks (~7000 for a 2 hr movie) across all disks in the order of the disk numbers, wrapping around after n+1 blocks.
Block i is mirrored in smaller blocks on disks i+1 to i+d where d is the decluster factor (typically 4 - 8)
n+10 n+21 n+32 n+43 2n+1n
Controller
Cub 0 Cub 1 Cub 2 Cub 3 Cub n
ATM switching network
video distribution to clientsStart/Stop
requests from clients
low-bandwidth network
high-bandwidth
Cubs and controllersare standard PCs
22
Distributed Schedule
Scheduling of workload of cubs– Slots
Work required to serve one block of a movie One slot for each viewer (client)
– Viewer State Address of client computer Identity of file being played Viewer’s position in file Viewer’s play sequence number
23
Tiger schedule
block play time T block service
time t
*
Cub algorithm: 1. Read the next block into buffer storage at the Cub.2. Packetize the block and deliver it to the Cub’s ATM network controller with the
address of the client computer.3. Update viewer state in the schedule to show the new next block and play sequence
number and pass the updated slot to the next Cub.4. Clients buffer blocks and schedule their display on screen.
slot 0
viewer 4 state
viewer client viewer state: slot 1
free
slot 2
free
slot 3
viewer 0 state
slot 4
viewer 3 state
slot 5
viewer 2 state
slot 6
free
slot 7
viewer 1 state
012
in time t
Stream capacity of a disk = T/t (typically ~ 5)Stream capacity of a cub with n disks = n x T/t
Network address of client
FileID for current movie
Number of next block
Viewer's next play slot
Viewer state:
24
Tiger performance and scalability
1994 measurements:– 5 x cubs: 133 MHz Pentium Win NT, 3 x 2Gb disks each, ATM
network.– supported streaming movies to 68 clients simultaneously without lost
frames.– with one cub down, frame loss rate 0.02%
1997 measurements:– 14 x cubs: 4 disks each, ATM network– supported streaming 2 Mbps movies to 602 clients simultaneously
with loss rate of < .01%– with one cub failed, loss rate <.04%
The designers suggested that Tiger could be scaled to 1000 cubs supporting 30,000 clients.
25
Summary
MM applications and systems require new system mechanisms to handle large volumes of time-dependent data in real time (media streams).
The most important mechanism is QoS management, which includes resource negotiation, admission control, resource reservation and resource management.
Negotiation and admission control ensure that resources are not over-allocated, resource management ensures that admitted tasks receive the resources they were allocated.
Tiger file server: case study in scalable design of a stream-oriented service with QoS.