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Outline. Diversity of Skeletons Hydrostatic Skeleton Exoskeletons Endoskeletons Human Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Human Muscular System The Muscles Muscle Contraction. Hydrostatic Skeleton. Functions Supports body form - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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OutlineOutline
Diversity of SkeletonsDiversity of SkeletonsHydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic SkeletonExoskeletonsExoskeletonsEndoskeletonsEndoskeletons
Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal SystemAxial SkeletonAxial SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton
Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular SystemThe MusclesThe MusclesMuscle ContractionMuscle Contraction
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Hydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic Skeleton
FunctionsFunctions
Supports body formSupports body form
Provides resistance for the contraction Provides resistance for the contraction of muscles to act againstof muscles to act against
SourceSource
Some organisms use their fluid-filled Some organisms use their fluid-filled gastrovascular cavitygastrovascular cavity
Others use their fluid-filled coelomOthers use their fluid-filled coelom
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Exoskeletons and EndoskeletonsExoskeletons and Endoskeletons
Exoskeleton - External SkeletonExoskeleton - External SkeletonMolluscs - composed of calcium Molluscs - composed of calcium carbonatecarbonate
Arthropods - composed of chitinArthropods - composed of chitin
Endoskeleton - Internal SkeletonEndoskeleton - Internal SkeletonEchinoderms and vertebratesEchinoderms and vertebrates
Mineralized bone and cartilageMineralized bone and cartilage
Grows as the animal growsGrows as the animal grows
Does not limit space for internal organsDoes not limit space for internal organs
Supports greater weightSupports greater weight
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Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal System
FunctionsFunctions
Supports and protects the bodySupports and protects the body
Permits movementPermits movement
Provides resistive foundation for Provides resistive foundation for muscles to act againstmuscles to act against
Bones store calcium and phosphate Bones store calcium and phosphate ionsions
Certain bones produce red blood cellsCertain bones produce red blood cells
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Bone Growth and RenewalBone Growth and Renewal
Cartilage structures in early development Cartilage structures in early development act as models for future bonesact as models for future bonesCalcium salts deposited in matrix by Calcium salts deposited in matrix by cartilage cells and later by osteoblastscartilage cells and later by osteoblasts
Endochondral ossificationEndochondral ossification
OsteoclastsOsteoclastsBreak down boneBreak down boneRemove worn cellsRemove worn cellsDeposit calcium in the bloodDeposit calcium in the bloodWork with osteoblasts to heal broken Work with osteoblasts to heal broken bonesbones
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Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long BoneGrossGross
Main shankMain shank Thick outer cylinder of compact boneThick outer cylinder of compact bone Medullary cavity in centerMedullary cavity in center
Spongy bone at endsSpongy bone at endsDetailsDetails
Compact boneCompact bone Unit of structure called osteonUnit of structure called osteon Concentric lamellae arranged around central Concentric lamellae arranged around central canalcanal
Osteocytes lie in lacunae at lamellar boundariesOsteocytes lie in lacunae at lamellar boundaries Spongy boneSpongy bone Numerous bars and plates separated by irregular Numerous bars and plates separated by irregular spacesspaces
Spaces filled with red bone marrowSpaces filled with red bone marrow
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The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Lies in the midline of the bodyLies in the midline of the body
Consists ofConsists of
The skullThe skull
The vertebral columnThe vertebral column
The sternum, andThe sternum, and
The ribsThe ribs
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The SkullThe Skull
Formed by cranium and facial bonesFormed by cranium and facial bones
Major bones are named afterMajor bones are named after
The lobes of the brain, andThe lobes of the brain, and
The facial bonesThe facial bones
Foramen magnumForamen magnum
Opening at base of skullOpening at base of skull
Where spinal cord connects to brainWhere spinal cord connects to brain
Bones of cranium surround sinusesBones of cranium surround sinuses
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Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column
Vertebral columnVertebral columnSupports the head and trunkSupports the head and trunkProtects the spinal cord and roots of Protects the spinal cord and roots of spinal nerves spinal nerves
Segments (from superior to inferior)Segments (from superior to inferior)Cervical - NeckCervical - NeckThoracic - ThoraxThoracic - ThoraxLumbar - Small of backLumbar - Small of backSacral - SacrumSacral - SacrumCoccyx - TailboneCoccyx - Tailbone
Intervertebral disks of fibrocartilage Intervertebral disks of fibrocartilage act as paddingact as padding
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Rib CageRib Cage
Protects the heart and lungs, and Protects the heart and lungs, and assists breathingassists breathing
Support by the thoracic vertebrae Support by the thoracic vertebrae Twelve pairs of ribsTwelve pairs of ribs
True ribsTrue ribs Connect directly to sternumConnect directly to sternum Seven pairsSeven pairs
““False” ribsFalse” ribs Do not connect directly to sternumDo not connect directly to sternum Five pairsFive pairs
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The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular SkeletonConsists ofConsists of
The bones within the pectoral and pelvic The bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdlesgirdles
The attached limbsThe attached limbs
Pectoral girdle – Bones of the shoulderPectoral girdle – Bones of the shoulder
AnteriorAnterior
Supports the arms and handsSupports the arms and hands
Pelvic girdle - Bones of the pelvisPelvic girdle - Bones of the pelvis
PosteriorPosterior
Supports the legs and feetSupports the legs and feet
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Classification of JointsClassification of Joints
Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints ImmovableImmovableBetween cranial bonesBetween cranial bones
Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Slightly MovableSlightly MovableBetween vertebraeBetween vertebrae
Synovial Joints Synovial Joints Freely MovableFreely MovableBones separated by a cavityBones separated by a cavity
Ligaments bind bones together at jointLigaments bind bones together at joint
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Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular SystemSkeletal musclesSkeletal muscles
Attached to the skeleton by cable-like Attached to the skeleton by cable-like fibrous connective tissue called tendonsfibrous connective tissue called tendons
Arranged in antagonistic pairsArranged in antagonistic pairs
Can only contract, cannot pushCan only contract, cannot push
When one muscle contracts, it stretches its When one muscle contracts, it stretches its antagonistic partnerantagonistic partner
A muscle at “rest” exhibits tone (minimal A muscle at “rest” exhibits tone (minimal contraction)contraction)
A muscle in tetany is at maximum sustained A muscle in tetany is at maximum sustained contractioncontraction
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Microscopic Anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy and PhysiologyPhysiology
SarcolemmaSarcolemmaPlasma membranePlasma membrane
Sarcoplasmic ReticulumSarcoplasmic ReticulumModified endoplasmic reticulumModified endoplasmic reticulum
MyofibrilsMyofibrilsContractile structures in sarcoplasmContractile structures in sarcoplasm
SarcomeresSarcomeresUnits of contractionUnits of contractionConsist primarily of proteinsConsist primarily of proteinsMyosin Myosin ActinActin
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Sliding Filament ModelSliding Filament ModelActin filaments at both ends of sarcomereActin filaments at both ends of sarcomere
One end of each filament attached to a Z-plate at one One end of each filament attached to a Z-plate at one end of the sarcomereend of the sarcomere
Other end suspended in sarcoplasmOther end suspended in sarcoplasm
Myosin filaments suspended in between Z-platesMyosin filaments suspended in between Z-plates Myosin filaments contain cross-bridges which pull the Myosin filaments contain cross-bridges which pull the
actin filaments inwardactin filaments inward Causes Z-plates to move toward each otherCauses Z-plates to move toward each other Shortens sarcomereShortens sarcomere Sarcomeres stacked together in series and cause Sarcomeres stacked together in series and cause
myofiber to shortenmyofiber to shorten
Working muscles require ATP Working muscles require ATP Myosin breaks down ATPMyosin breaks down ATP Sustained exerciseSustained exercise
Requires cellular respirationRequires cellular respiration Regenerates ATPRegenerates ATP
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Muscle InnervationMuscle Innervation
Neuromuscular junctionNeuromuscular junction
The synaptic contact between a nerve The synaptic contact between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiberfiber and a muscle fiber
Nerve impulses bring about the Nerve impulses bring about the release of a neurotransmitter that release of a neurotransmitter that cross the synaptic cleftcross the synaptic cleft
Signals the muscle fiber to contractSignals the muscle fiber to contract
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ReviewReview
Diversity of SkeletonsDiversity of SkeletonsHydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic SkeletonExoskeletonsExoskeletonsEndoskeletonsEndoskeletons
Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal SystemAxial SkeletonAxial SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton
Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular SystemThe MusclesThe MusclesMuscle ContractionMuscle Contraction