OUTER PLANETSOUTER PLANETS

MINOR MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

SUN

Jupiter J p(Earth for Scale)

Jupiter’s bands are clouds

Hubble view Hubble view of Jupiter

Arrow shows entry point of Galileo probe, pDec. 1995

• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/hstimages.html

http://www.solarviews.com/raw/jup/vjupitr5.mpg

p jp g g g

Link to rotating view of Jupiter

Galilean moonsGalilean moons

• http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00743

Io

True color on topEnhanced color on bottomSurface covered with calderas (like Crater calderas (like Crater Lake…without the water!)

• http://www.nineplanets.org/io.html

Volcanic Plume on Io

EuropaEuropa

• http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00746

Ganymedey

Callisto

• http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/callist1.htm

Four Inner moons of JupiterFour Inner moons of Jupiter

Metis Adrastea Amalthea Thebe• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ganymede/PIA01076.html

Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, ThebeAmalthea is 247 km acrossPhotos by Galileo probe, 1996-97

Jupiter’s outermost ringJupiters outermost ring

Discovered by Voyager I • http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/callisto/p48188.htmlDiscovered by Voyager IThis photo by Galileo space probe--November 9, 19961996

SaturnSaturn

Voyager I, II went there in 1980, 81This photo by Cassini in 2004

• http://www.nineplanets.org/saturn.html• http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/index.cfm

This photo by Cassini in 2004

True-color image of S ’ iSaturn’s rings

• http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/image-details.cfm?path=../multimedia/images/rings/images/PIA05421.jpg&type=image

SaturnSaturn

Saturn and some of its moons

Titan

• http://ciclops.lpl.arizona.edu/view.php?id=575

River system on TitanRiver system on Titan

• http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Cassini-Huygens/SEMHB881Y3E_1.html

Enceladus

• http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/saturn/encelads.htm

Uranus

Uranus (by Hubble)( y )

• http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1996/15/image/a

Neptunep

Minor Members of Solar SystemMinor Members of Solar System

AsteroidsMeteoroidsCometsK i B l ObjKuiper Belt ObjectsDwarf Planets

“Planet”Planet

Orbits SunNot a satelliteNot a satelliteDominates its orbital path

“Dwarf Planet”Dwarf Planet

is in orbit around Sun has sufficient mass for its self gravity to pull has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to pull itself into near-spherical shape has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit is not a satellite

Pluto and CharonPluto and Charon

HST image

• http://www.solarviews.com/cap/pluto/pluto3.htm

Pluto and Charon

Pluto does not dominate its orbitPluto does not dominate its orbitPluto is the first discovered K i B l ObjKuiper Belt Object

“Plutonian objects” of which it is the original example

Pluto’s moon is Charon

Orbits of outer planetsOrbits of outer planets

Notice Pluto is sometimes closer to Sun than Neptune p

• http://www.nineplanets.org/plutodyn.html

Inclination of Planetary orbitsInclination of Planetary orbits

Notice Pluto’s large inclination to Sun’s equatorg q• http://www.nineplanets.org/plutodyn.html

Kuiper Belt

Donut shaped area containing numerous icy bodies of various sizesbodies of various sizesEris is the largest discoveredPluto and Charon are someTriton moon of Saturn is likely one that was Triton, moon of Saturn, is likely one that was captured by Saturn’s gravityO i i f h bi S i Origin of numerous comets that orbit Sun in periods less than 200 yearsA division of Trans-Neptunian Objects

Eris

Kuiper Belt ObjectLarger than PlutogDiscovered in 2003

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)

Eris (2003 UB 313)

http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/#size

Orbit of Orcus (2004 DW)K i B l ObjKuiper Belt Object

• http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Echad/2004dw/

In redCompare to p

Pluto in blackblack

Inclination of Orbit of OrcusInclination of Orbit of Orcus

Pl d N Pluto in red Neptune in grayOrcus in blue wikipedia, Orcus-transNeptunian object, 2008-1013

Trans-Neptunian Objectsp j

Earth for scale wikipedia, Orcus-transNeptunian object, 2008-1013Earth for scale wikipedia, Orcus transNeptunian object, 2008 1013

More Info: http://solarsystem nasa gov/planets/profile cfm?Object=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOs&Display=OverviewLong

TNOs

Orbits of Makemake (blue), Haumea (green), contrasted with the orbit of Pluto (red) and the ecliptic (grey). The perihelia (q)[3] and the aphelia (Q) are marked ( ) p (g y) p (q) p ( )with the dates of passage. The positions on April 2006 are marked with the spheres illustrating relative sizes and differences in albedo and colour.

Dwarf planetsDwarf planets

Large Kuiper Belt ObjectsPlutoPlutoErisM k kMakemakeHaumea

The asteroid CeresOther KBOs likely to be discovered that are Other KBOs likely to be discovered that are also dwarf planets

Ceres compositionCeres composition

• http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.html

AsteroidsAsteroids

Gasprap

AsteroidsAsteroids

Ida, Gaspra, Deimos, Phobos

• http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.html

Detail of CometDetail of Comet

Hale BoppHale Bopp

MeteorsMeteors

• http://www.jplnet.com/img2002/meteor.jpg• http://www.dmsweb.org/

Major Impact StructuresMajor Impact Structures

Meteor Crater ArizonaMeteor Crater, Arizona

• http://www.xtec.es/recursos/astronom/craters/METEOR.jpg

Manicouagan, Quebec

Shoemaker Levy 9Shoemaker-Levy 9

• http://www.nineplanets.org/sl9.html

SL9 scar on JupiterSL9 scar on Jupiter

• http://nssdc gsfc nasa gov/planetary/sl9/image/sl9g hst5 gif• http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/sl9/image/sl9g_hst5.gif

Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum

SpectrumSpectrum

Continuous SpectrumContinuous Spectrum

From glowing gas under pressureLike the interior of Sun

Dark Line SpectrumDark Line Spectrum

White light passing through cold, low pressure gasGas absorbs its elemental wavelength signatureg g

Bright Line SpectrumBright Line Spectrum

Incandescent hot gas emits its elemental Incandescent hot gas emits its elemental wavelength signature

3 types of spectra3 types of spectra

SunSun

Photo of Sun’s granular surfacePhoto of Suns granular surface

Detail of SunspotDetail of Sunspot

Group of Sunspotsp p

Sunspot Variation over timeSunspot Variation over time

Spicules of the ChromosphereSpicules of the Chromosphere

Solar CoronaSolar Corona

Solar wind blows comet tailsSolar wind blows comet tails

http://www.astro.uva.nl/demo/sun/inter.htm

Solar ProminenceSolar Prominence

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0109/sunplume_soho_big.gif Video clip http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap030223.html

Another video clip http://spacescience.com/headlines/images/prominence/prominence_10jan00.mov

AurorasAuroras

Aurora photo from SkylabAurora photo from Skylab

http://www.astro.uva.nl/demo/sun/aarde.htm

Surface Detail of SunSurface Detail of Sun

Solar InteriorSolar Interior

Nuclear Fusion of 4 Hydrogen to 1 HeliumDifference in atomic mass is released as Difference in atomic mass is released as energyReleased as photons—light particlesConvection brings photons to photosphereConvection brings photons to photosphereSun will last about another 5 billion years

Structure of SunStructure of Sun

Sun StructurePh t h t i ibl t “S f ”Photosphere: most visible part— “Surface”

Hydrogen and heliumG l Granules, sunspots

Chromosphere: lower atmosphereSpicules from granules of photosphereprominences

Corona: outer atmosphereIonized gasesgSolar wind

Solar flaresSolar flaresCreate aurorasAssociated with sunspotsAssociated with sunspots

Sun now and later

This page was copied from Nick Strobel's Astronomy Notes. Go to his site at www.astronomynotes.com for the updated and corrected version

Sun now and later

Red Giant BetelgeuseThis page was copied from Nick Strobel's Astronomy Notes. Go to his site at www.astronomynotes.com for the updated and corrected version

g

Nebula eventual SunNebula—eventual Sun

http://www.astro.uva.nl/demo/sun/leven.htm

Main Sequence to Red Giant to White Main Sequence to Red Giant to White Dwarf

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/dwarfs.html

BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

Earth Science 11th edEarth Science 11 ed.Pages 660-680

Lagoon Nebulag