Outdoor Lighting, New Technologies

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Outdoor Lighting,New Technologies

Eric Strandberg LC

Presented to:

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Current state of the exterior lighting

Dominated by HPS

Why?

What are the limitations of MH?

What about other light sources?

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At a crossroads of technology

LED

Induction

Metal Halide

High Pressure Sodium

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Light source characteristics

HPS Metal Halide

Plasma Induction Inc CFL LED

Lumens per watt

Life

Optics

Lumen maintenance

High CCT option

CRI

Controllability

First cost

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Light source efficacy (Lumens per Watt) for common exterior light sources

HPS- 70 - 145

MH- 68- 120

Induction- 48- 75

Incandescent- 8- 13Halogen- 10- 36(HIR)

CFL- 50- 80

Plasma- 85- 110

LED- 100+

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Illuminance, measured

in footcandles or lux

Lamp output in lumens*

Luminance, measured in candela/m sq. (footlamberts)

Stuck on LumensLighting is about seeing …not just measured lumens

*With LED systems the “lamp lumens” and fixture output are the same. This is called absolute photometry.

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Light source life for common exterior light sources

HPS- 16K – 30K

MH- 10K – 30K

Induction- 60K - 100K

Incandescent- 1K- 1.5KHalogen- 3K- 5K (HIR)

CFL- 10K- 16K

Plazma- 50K

LED- 25K – 100K

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Rated Lamp Life

Other life definitions Reduced light output. Color shift. Efficacy reduction. Lamp starts to cycle. Lamp becomes unstable. Probability of failure

increases. (Group re-lamping)

“The life value assigned to a particular type lamp. This is commonly a statistically determined estimate of average or of median operational life.”

IESNA

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Lamp Lumen Depreciation“The fractional loss of lamp lumens at rated operating conditions that progressively occurs during lamp operation.” IESNA

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80

85

90

95

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Average Rated Life

Per

cen

t o

f In

itia

l L

um

ens

T5

T8 (265 mA)

Incandescnt

T12 (430 mA)

HPS

Mercury Vapor

Mean Lumens

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Service life vs time to failure

% light output

100

70

0Time in Hours

50K ~85K Failure

~L92 L70

L70 is the point in time when the light source (LED) has lost 30% of its light. This is the end of its “service life”

The values in this example are for illustration only. Each product will have its own unique numbers

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Optics- built around a point source

Point source = Metal halide or

plasma

Glare control High degree possible High degree needed

Distribution High precision possible

Infrastructure investmentLuminaire efficiency

Influences system lumens and delivered light

Plasma A form of Metal HalidePlasma state is created by concentrated

RF field.

No electrodes or filaments inside the chamber.

Makes for a very clean and stable operation.

Plasma lamp acts like a point source.

Courtesy Luxim

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Electrodeless Induction Lamps

100,000 hour lamp life

Good efficacy

80+ CRI

Cold start to -30 °F

Instant re-strike

Low-pressure mercury gas

Use in areas that see little maintenance or are difficult to access.

Induction and OpticsBetter suited to decorative or pedestrian lights.

Very little glare control needed, but optically more like a CFLLuminaire efficiency is lower and less light delivered to remote

locations

“Blob O’ Lite”

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CFL- not just on porch lights

Can be optically OK for low mounting applications.

Still only 12K life*

*20k on 12 hr burn

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Good Optics

This can increase efficiency

Minimize light trespass.

Minimize light pollution

Puts light where it is needed and not where it is not wanted.

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Lighting power distribution of some common exterior sources

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Beware of “average foot candles”

Be sure to look at uniformity ratios.

Sometimes the less uniform area will have higher average numbers, because the hot spots (usually under the fixture) are very high.

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Electric light sources vary widely in their spectral content, and should be carefully selected for their color characteristics.

This is an extreme example –Metal Halide & Low Pressure Sodium - but the spectral composition of any light source will affect our perception of the surfaces around us.

The quality of light will have a large impact on our visual ability.

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The blue white color temperature looks like metal halide, or “moonlight” which can make them a good fit for exterior applications*.

Note the yellow HPS on right and the bluer LED on the left.

LEDs and color

Photo courtesy BetaLed

*Recent studies suggest that blue light can increase visual acuity but also can affect melatonin production…

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High Pressure Sodium CRI- 22

Color Rendering

Mercury Vapor CRI-15

LED-CRI- 80

High CRI & blue-white light can be

had w/ MH, Plasma, LED, CFL,

and Induction

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Color Rendering and Security

Accurate color recognition is critical to a quick assessment of a situation and in communicating important details to others.

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Spectral Power Distribution

Ceramic Metal Halide

Courtesy: Philips

Standard MH

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“White” LEDs

White light LEDs are generally made by taking a blue LED and “doping” it with yellow phosphors

Scotopic/ Photopic shift

As the ambient light level decreases, the color sensitivity of the eye shifts to a bluer range.

“Light is radiant power weighted according to the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system.” -CIE

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Human Vision Range

Below ~1FC ~Above 3FC

Scotopic Mesopic Photopic

310000000 lux.031 lux 310 lux.000031 lux

Control-Ability Some light sources lend themselves to various control modes, others are hard to control.

On/Off – Instant on?

Stressed by switching?

Dimming – How easy and cost effective?

Relationship between light output and power consumption?

Single source? Or multiple sources?

Electronic system? Advantages

Disadvantages

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Adaptive Lighting.Lighting that changes in response to dynamic conditions

Changes in occupancy. Vehicles Pedestrians

An external command to the system Time clock Unusual event

Ambient light Trimming offset from sunrise

to sunset

System stress Temperature Age of chips

Re-Zoning “on the fly”

http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/

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HPS Metal Halide


Lumens per watt

High High High High Low Medium High

Life Long Medium Long Very long Short Medium Very long

Optics Good Very good Very good Poor Good Poor Very good

Lumen maintenance

Good Fair Good Good Good Fair Very good

High CCT option

No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

CRI Bad Good Very good Very good Very good Very good Very good

Controllability Poor Poor Good Good Good Good Very good

First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$

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HPS Metal Halide


Lumens per watt




Lumen maintenance


High CCT option




First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$

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HPS Metal Halide


Lumens per watt




Lumen maintenance


High CCT option




First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$

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HPS Metal Halide


Lumens per watt




Lumen maintenance


High CCT option




First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$


HPS Metal Halide


Lumens per watt




Lumen maintenance


High CCT option




First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$

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What do LEDs do?LEDs are a light source.

Light sources have a variety of characteristics

LEDs are not a design strategy. Any lighting measure may be appropriate for one application,

but not another.

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Comparing LED to Metal Halide

Advantages Long life Higher light quality (in

general) More optical possibilities Higher delivered lumens

per watt (particularly at lower wattages)

Instant on (no strike time) Better control possibilities Solid State Moderate lumen

depreciation

Disadvantages High cost Still a new technology

(there may be surprises…) Higher complexity

(perhaps more to fail) Uncertainty about system

life and replacement

http://www.premierltg.com/light-fights-led-vs-hid/

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Exterior Design Issues

Like all lighting design, successful exterior lighting is found in applying light where it is desired, and keeping it away from where it is not. Maria Pita Square

La Coruna, Spain

Exterior luminaires

Many communities are looking for “human scale” exterior luminaires in parks and downtown areas.

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Wasted light = wasted energy and money...

and it can unnecessarily compromise “quality of life”.

Light Pollution/ Light Trespass

Light pollution is light shining directly into the sky.

Light trespass is unwanted light shining out of the intended area, usually off the property.

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Light Pollution and Light Trespass

These conditions can occur simultaneously… from the same fixture!

Pole Height

Using more luminaires with lower pole height and lower brightness lamps can significantly reduce glare and light trespass while improving uniformity.

Courtesy: IESNA

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Glare angles

The higher the luminaire, the farther apart they can be w/out glare. Lower, ‘human scale’ pedestrian lights require greater frequency.

Glare and lighting angles

Pedestrian optics

Note that the fixture w/ superior optics not only minimizes glare, but delivers useful light further

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BUG RatingOutdoor luminaire distribution rating system (IES TM-15-07)

Cutting off all uplight may have unintended effects… or not

LD+A April 2006

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Glare control- After market “solutions”

Its best to start with an appropriately selected luminaire

Mark Lien, Illuminating the Future of Light

Industry has been considered “static”. Not any longer

Interconnectedness of exterior systems

Title 24 ’13 Key Requirements Switched to BUG system, luminaires <=150W (frm 175)

All outdoor lighting shall be both photocontrolled and automatic schedule control

Luminaires at 24’ or lower shall (in addition) be controlled by motion sensors that reduce power by 40-80% when unoccupied

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Naomi Miller- Pedestrian Friendly Nighttime Lighting

Historic focus on light levels and efficacy.

Field evaluations by users-concern was toward glare control and color properties. Frosted lens can mitigate

glare

Issues with a lens…?

LEDs are getting so efficient that comfort can trump efficiency.

Clear Glass

Small Prism Lens

Naomi Miller- Pedestrian Friendly Nighttime Lighting

Case Study: Stanford University

Option A uses 100 w CMH w/ 3K lamp.Deemed too glaring

Option B uses 70 w LED w/ 3K Diffused lens produced more tolerable glare

“This is the best solution so far for the residential neighborhoods”.

Option A Option A

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Nancy Clanton- NEEA Streetlighting Research Results

Positive contrast increases as pavement luminance drops (ambient lighting effects)

Nancy Clanton- NEEA Streetlighting Research Results

Subjective and objective in-situ comparison of LED and HPS roadway lights. People did not like asymmetric

No statistical difference between 100% & 25% light levels...?

At 25% some felt that the sidewalk was too dark.

Adaptive lighting can be applied to 50% safely on dry.

Uniformity did not improve detection- Contrast is Key

Greatest detection was on least uniform roadways…?

News Flash! – Women Preferred Warmer CCT

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Ron Gibbons- Adaptive Lighting

Increased illuminance has limited impact on crash rate

Increased non-uniformity, decreases crash rate.

Controlling glare reduces crash rate.

Adaptive lighting provides an opportunity to reduce energy usage significantly.

Headlights adequate under 25 mph

Washington Year (Currently Showing 2008 Night Time Crashes)

Paul Lutkevich, - Background for Standards by IES Roadway Lighting Committee

Global Traffic Fatalities

Global Fatalities by Type

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Impact of trees seasonally


Uniform Lighting

Non-Uniform Lighting

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Travis Loncore, PhD- Outdoor Lighting, Wildlife, and the Environment

Lighting effects distribution of species

Travis Loncore, PhD- Outdoor Lighting, Wildlife, and the Environment

5 ways to mitigate light pollution1-Need, -Is there a better way

2-Duration, -Adaptive lighting

3-Intensity, -How much is enough

4-Direction, -Put light where it is needed

5-Spectrum, -What is the most effective light source

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Key Services & Resources

Lighting Classes (local & regional)

Customized Speaking Engagements

Consults by Seasoned Specialists

Lighting Demonstrations

Full-scale Mockups

Product Evaluations

Facility ToursLDL is open to the public

500 sq ft Classroom Available for rent

Resource LibraryIES Lighting HandbookPeriodicals

LED Qualified Products List

Website PublicationsResource LinksEvent & Class ListingsLED List Submission

Networking OpportunitiesOpen HouseRegional MeetingsIndustry Assoc. Membership

Partners in Conservation

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Seattle, WA 98119

(206) 325-9711

800-354-3864

www.lightingdesignlab.com

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Outdoor Lighting, New Technologies