Goa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, seeGoa (disambiguation).

Goa

Seal

Location of Goa (marked in red) in the Indian subcontinent

Map of Goa

Coordinates (Panaji):152956N734940ECoordinates:152956N734940E

Country (1974/75 to Present)India

RegionCoastal South West India

Past Country (1510 to 1974/75)Portugal

Statehood established30 May 1987

CapitalPanaji

Largest cityVasco da Gama

Districts2

Government

GovernorMridula Sinha

ChiefMinisterLaxmikant Parsekar(BJP)

LegislatureUnicameral(40 seats)

Parliamentary constituency2

High CourtBombay High Court Panaji, Goa Bench

Area

Total3,702km2(1,429sqmi)

Area rank30th

Population(2011)

Total1,457,723

Rank26th

Density390/km2(1,000/sqmi)

Time zoneIST(UTC+05:30)

ISO 3166 codeIN-GA

HDI0.779 (high)

HDI rank3rd (2005)

Literacy88.70% (3rd)

Official languagesKonkani

Websitewww.goa.gov.in

^*Konkaniis the sole official language butMarathiis also allowed to be used for any or all official purposes.[1]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" \l "cite_note-2" [2]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" \l "cite_note-3" [3]

Goai/o./(English) is currently the Republic ofIndia's smalleststateby area post the 1974/75 UN treaty and presently has thefourth smallest population. Famously known asRome of the Eastit was the capital of historicalPortuguese eastern empire(1510 to 1910) followed by an Overseas province status of thePortuguese Republic(1910 to 1974/75). Located in the South Western part of the Indian subcontinent as numerous islands and provinces in the region generally known as theKonkanstrip, it is bounded by the state ofMaharashtrato the north, and byKarnatakato the east and south, while theArabian Seaforms its entire western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole.[4]It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.[4]A native from Goa is called and identified as aGoanand depending on ancestry and descent can be full Portuguese citizens or can be a Goan with full Indian citizenship.

HistoricalPanjimPanajiis the state's capital,Old Goacalled Velha Goa is the former capital andVasco da Gamais the largest city with a historical port, presently occupied with migrants from all over the Republic of India. The historic city ofMargostill exhibits the 450 years cultural influence ofPortugal, as in the early 16th century the Portuguese sailed as explorers, merchants and conquered it soon thereafter as its extended eastern empire. Goa is a former Portuguese province; the Portuguese overseas territory ofPortuguese Indiaexisted for about 450 years until it wasannexedby the Republic of India in 1961.[5]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" \l "cite_note-6" [6]Large numbers of international and domestic tourists (Indian) visit Goa each year for its beaches, places of worship andworld heritage architecture. It also has richfloraandfauna, owing to its location on theWestern Ghatsrange, which is classified as abiodiversity hotspot.

Contents

[hide] 1Etymology 2History 3Geography and climate 3.1Geography 3.2Climate 4Flora and fauna 5Subdivisions 6Government and politics 7Economy 8Demographics 9Languages 10People and culture 10.1Dance and music 10.2Theatre 10.3Konkani cinema 10.4Food 11Architecture 12Sports 13Media and communication 14Education 15Tourism 15.1Historic sites and neighbourhoods 15.2Museums and science centre 16Transportation 16.1Air 16.2Road 16.3Rail 16.4Sea 17See also 18Citations 19References 20Further reading 21External linksEtymology[edit]In ancient literature's Goa was known by many different names, such asGomanta,Gomanchala,Gopakapattam,Gopakapuri,Govapuri,Govem, andGomantak.[7]The Indian subcontinent epicMahabharatarefers to the area now known as Goa asGoparashtraorGovarashtra,which meansa nation of cowherds.GopakapuriorGopakapattanamwere used in some ancientSanskrittexts, and these names were also mentioned in other sacredHindutexts such as theHarivansaand theSkanda Purana. In the 3rd century BC, Goa was known asAparanthaand is mentioned by the Greek geographerPtolemy. In the 13th century, the Greeks referred to Goa asNelkinda. Other historical names for Goa areSindapur,Sandabur, andMahassapatam.[8]History[edit]Main article:History of Goa

Rock cut engraving at Usgalimal

Gold coins issued by the Kadamba king of Goa, Shivachitta Paramadideva.Circa11471187 AD.

Goa's history goes back 20,00030,000 years. The rock art engravings exhibit the earliest traces of human life in the Indian subcontinent.[9]:p.254Upper PaleolithicorMesolithicrock artengravings have been found on the bank of the riverKushavatiatUsgalimal.[10]Petroglyphs, cones, stone-axe, and choppers dating to 10,000 years ago have been found in many places in Goa, such as Kazur, Mauxim, and theMandovi-Zuaribasin.[11]Evidence of Palaeolithic life is seen at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigao, Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, and Aquem-Margaon etc. Difficulty incarbon datingthe laterite rock compounds poses a problem for determining the exact time period.[12]Early Goan society underwent radical changes whenIndo-AryanandDravidianmigrants amalgamated with the aboriginal locals, forming the base of early Goan culture.[13]

In the 3rd century BC, Goa was part of theMaurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor,AshokaofMagadha. Buddhist monks laid the foundation ofBuddhismin Goa. Between the 2nd century BC and the 6th century AD, Goa was ruled by theBhojas of Goa.ChutusofKarwaralso ruled some parts as feudatories of theSatavahanasofKolhapur(2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD),Western Kshatrapas(around 150 AD), theAbhirasof WesternMaharashtra, Bhojas of theYadavclans ofGujarat, and the Konkan Mauryas as feudatories of theKalachuris.[14]The rule later passed to the Chalukyas ofBadami, who controlled it between 578 to 753, and later theRashtrakutasofMalkhedfrom 753 to 963. From 765 to 1015, the SouthernSilharasofKonkanruled Goa as the feudatories of the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas.[15]Over the next few centuries, Goa was successively ruled by theKadambasas the feudatories of theChalukyas of Kalyani. They patronisedJainismin Goa.[16]

Portuguese Goa 20 bazaucos reverse side from 1799

In 1312, Goa came under the governance of theDelhi Sultanate. The kingdom's grip on the region was weak, and by 1370 it was forced to surrender it toHarihara Iof theVijayanagara empire. The Vijayanagara monarchs held on to the territory until 1469, when it was appropriated by theBahmani sultansofGulbarga. After that dynasty crumbled, the area fell into the hands of theAdil ShahisofBijapur, who established as their auxiliary capital the city known under thePortugueseasVelha Goa.[17]In 1510, thePortuguesedefeated the ruling Bijapur sultan Yousuf Adil Shah with the help of a local ally,Timayya. They set up a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (or Old Goa). This was the beginning of Portuguese establishments in Goa that would last for four and a half centuries, until the 1961Indian annexation of Goa.

Arms of Goa 1675

In 1843 the Portuguese moved the capital toPanjimfromVelha Goa. By the mid-18th century, Portuguese Goa had expanded to most of the present-day state limits. Simultaneously the Portuguese lost other possessions in the Indian subcontinent until their borders stabilised and formed theEstado da ndia PortuguesaorState of Portuguese India, of which Goa was the largest territory. After British Raj India gained independence from the British in 1947, The Republic of India requested that all Portuguese territories in the Indian subcontinent be ceded to the Republic of India. Portugal refused to negotiate on the sovereignty of its rightful Indian subcontinental enclaves.

Coat of Arms of Goa as a Portuguese province 19351961.

On 19 December 1961, theIndian Armybegan military operations withOperation Vijayresulting in the invasion and annexation of Goa,Daman, and Diuand forcefully incorporating the regions into the newly formed Indian union. Goa, along with Daman and Diu, was organized as a centrally administeredunion territoryof India.

The Treaty: The Treaty signed between Portugal Republic & Republic of India on 14 March 1975 acknowledges the full sovereignty of India on the territories of Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli effective from the date these territories became part of India under the Constitution of India.

Signed: 14 March 1975; courtesy: United Nations Treaty series 1975: Vol: 982, pg: 159

On 30 May 1987, the union territory was split, and Goa was made India's twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining as a union territory.

Geography and climate[edit]Geography[edit]

FamousColv beachat South Goa

Goa encompasses an area of 3,702km2(1,429sqmi). It lies between the latitudes 145354 N and 154000 N and longitudes 734033 E and 742013 E. Most of Goa is located geographically in the coastal region generally known as theKonkanstrip lately, which is an escarpment rising up to theWestern Ghatsrange of mountains, which separate it from theDeccan Plateau. The highest point is theSonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167 metres (3,829ft). Goa has a coastline of 101km (63mi).

Goa coastline atDona Paulain North Goa

Goa's main rivers areMandovi,Zuari,Terekhol,Chaporakushavati river and theSal. The Mormugao harbour on the mouth of the River Zuari is one of the best natural harbours inSouth Asia. The Zuari and the Mandovi are the lifelines of Goa, with their tributaries draining 69% of its geographic area. These rivers are some of the busiest rivers in India. Goa has more than forty estuarine, eight marine and about ninety riverine islands. The total navigable length of Goa's rivers is 253km (157mi). Goa has more than three hundred ancienttanksbuilt during the rule of the Kadamba dynasty and over a hundred medicinal springs.

Most of Goa's soil cover is made up oflateriteswhich are rich inferricaluminiumoxides and reddish in colour. Further inland and along the riverbanks, the soil is mostlyalluvialandloamy. The soil is rich in minerals andhumus, thus conducive to agriculture. Some of the oldest rocks in theIndian subcontinentare found in Goa betweenMolemandAnmodon Goa's border with Karnataka. The rocks are classified asTrondjemeitic Gneissestimated to be 3,600 million years old, dated by theRubidiumisotope datingmethod. A specimen of the rock is exhibited in theGoa University.

Climate[edit]

Dudhsagar Falls on the eastern Goa-Karnataka border.

Goa features atropical monsoon climateunder theKppen climate classification. Goa, being in the tropical zone and near theArabian Sea, has a hot andhumidclimate for most of the year. The month of May is the hottest, seeing day temperatures of over 35C (95F) coupled with high humidity. Themonsoonrains arrive by early June and provide a much needed respite from the heat. Most of Goa's annual rainfall is received through the monsoons which last till late September.

Goa has a short winter season between mid-December and February. These months are marked by nights of around 21C (70F) and days of around 28C (82F) with moderate amounts of humidity. Further inland, due to altitudinal gradation, the nights are a few degrees cooler.

[hide]Climate data for Goa

MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear

Average high C (F)31.6(88.9)31.5(88.7)32(90)33(91)33(91)30.3(86.5)28.9(84)28.8(83.8)29.5(85.1)31.6(88.9)32.8(91)32.4(90.3)31.28(88.27)

Daily mean C (F)26(79)26.3(79.3)27.7(81.9)29.3(84.7)30(86)27.6(81.7)26.7(80.1)26.4(79.5)26.9(80.4)27.9(82.2)27.6(81.7)26.6(79.9)27.42(81.37)

Average low C (F)19.6(67.3)20.5(68.9)23.2(73.8)25.6(78.1)26.3(79.3)24.7(76.5)24.1(75.4)24(75)23.8(74.8)23.8(74.8)22.3(72.1)20.6(69.1)23.21(73.76)

Averageprecipitationmm (inches)0.2(0.008)0.1(0.004)1.2(0.047)11.8(0.465)112.7(4.437)868.2(34.181)994.8(39.165)512.7(20.185)251.9(9.917)124.8(4.913)30.9(1.217)16.7(0.657)2,926(115.2)

Average precipitation days000.10.84.221.927.213.313.56.22.50.490.1

Mean monthlysunshine hours313.1301.6291.4288297.6126105.4120.9177248273300.72,842.7

Source #1:World Meteorological Organization[18]

Source #2:Hong Kong Observatory[19]for sunshine and mean temperatures

Flora and fauna[edit]Main article:Flora and fauna of GoaEquatorial forest cover in Goa stands at 1,424km2(549.81sqmi),[7]most of which is owned by the government. Government owned forest is estimated at 1,224.38km2(472.74sqmi) whilst private is given as 200km2(77.22sqmi). Most of the forests in the state are located in the interior eastern regions of the state. TheWestern Ghats, which form most of eastern Goa, have been internationally recognised as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. In the February 1999 issue ofNational Geographic Magazine, Goa was compared with theAmazonandCongobasins for its rich tropical biodiversity[citation needed].

Selaulim Dam and pristine beauty of Goa

Goa's wildlife sanctuaries boast of more than 1512 documented species of plants, over 275 species of birds, over 48 kinds of animals and over 60 genera of reptiles.[20]Riceis the main food crop withpulses,ragiand other food crops are also grown. Main cash crops arecoconuts,cashewnuts,arecanuts,sugarcaneand fruits likepineapples,mangosandbananas.[7]The state has a rich forest cover of more than 1,424km2. Goa's state animal is thegaur, the state bird is the ruby throated yellow bulbul, which is a variation ofblack-crested bulbul, and the state tree is theasan.

Rice paddies are common in rural green Goa.

The important forests products arebamboocanes,Marathabarks, chillar barks and thebhirand.Coconut treesare ubiquitous in almost all areas of Goa barring the elevated regions. A large number ofdeciduoustrees, such asteak,sal,cashewandmangoare present. Fruits includejackfruits,mangos,pineapplesand 'black-berry' ('podkoam' inKonkani). Goa's forests are rich with medicinal plants.

Foxes,wild boarsandmigratingbirds are found in the jungles of Goa. Theavifaunaincludeskingfishers,mynasandparrots. Numerous types of fish are also caught off the coast of Goa and in its rivers.Crabs,lobsters,shrimps,jellyfish,oystersandcatfishare the basis of the marine fishery. Goa also has a highsnakepopulation, which keeps therodentpopulation under control. Goa has many famousNational Parks, including the renownedSalim Alibird sanctuary. Other wildlife sanctuaries include theBondla Wildlife Sanctuary,Molem Wildlife Sanctuary,Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary,Madei Wildlife Sanctuary,Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary,Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuaryand theSalim Ali Bird Sanctuarylocated on the island ofChorao.

Goa has more than 33% of its geographic area under government forests (1224.38km2) of which about 62% has been brought under Protected Areas (PA) of Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Park. Since there is a substantial area under private forests and a large tract under cashew, mango, coconut, etc. plantations, the total forest and tree cover constitutes 56.6% of the geographic area.

Subdivisions[edit]

Talukas of Goa. Talukas in green shades belong toNorth Goadistrict, and orange denoteSouth Goadistrict.

Main article:Districts of GoaThe state is divided into twodistricts:North GoaandSouth Goa. Each district is governed by adistrict collector, an administrator appointed by the Indian government. Goa's major cities includeVasco da Gama,Margao,Panaji,MapusaandPonda. There are thirteen Municipal Councils:Margao,Mormugao(includingVasco da Gama),Pernem,Mapusa,Bicholim,Sanquelim,Valpoi,Ponda,Cuncolim,Quepem,Curchorem,Sanguem, andCanacona.

Panajiis the headquarters of North Goa district and is the only Municipal Corporation in Goa. North Goa is further divided into four subdivisionsPanaji,Bicholim,MapusaandPonda; and sixtaluksTiswadi(Panaji),Bardez(Mapusa),Pernem,Bicholim,Sattari(Valpoi), andPonda.

Margaois the headquarters of South Goa district. South Goa is further divided into three subdivisionsMargao,Mormugao(Vasco da Gama), andQuepem; and sixtaluksMormugao,Salcete(Margao),Quepem,Canacona(Chaudi),Sanguem, andDharbandora.

Margo at night

Government and politics[edit]Main article:Government of GoaIn theParliament of India, Goa has two seats in theLok Sabha, one representing each district, and one seat in theRajya Sabha. Goa's administrative capital isPanaji, known as Panjim in English as Pangim in Portuguese, and as Ponnje in the local language. Panaji lies on the left bank of the Mandovi river. Goa's legislative assembly building is located inPorvorim the seat of theGoa assembly, which lies across the Mandovi from Panaji. The state's judicial hierarchy relates toMumbai(formerly known as Bombay, which is the capital of Goa's neighbouring Maharashtra state), as the state comes under theBombay High Court. A bench of the High Court is present in Panaji. Unlike other states, which follow the British Indian model of civil laws framed for individual religions, the PortugueseUniform Civil Code, based on theNapoleonic code, has been retained by the Goa government.

Goa has aunicamerallegislature consisting of a forty-memberLegislative Assembly, headed by aChief Ministerwho wields theexecutive power. The ruling government consists of the party or coalition garnering the most number of seats in the state elections and enjoying the support of asimple majorityof the House. The Governor is appointed by thePresident of India. The Governor's role is largely ceremonial, but is crucial when it comes to deciding who should form the next government or in suspending the legislature as has happened in the recent past. After having stable governance for nearly thirty years up to 1990, Goa is now notorious for its political instability having seen fourteen governments in the span of the fifteen years between 1990 and 2005.[21]In March 2005 the assembly was dissolved by the Governor andPresident's Rulewas declared, which suspended the legislature. Aby-electionin June 2005 saw the Indian National Congress coming back to power after winning three of the five seats that went to polls. TheCongress partyand theBharatiya Janata Party(BJP) are the two largest parties in the state. In the assembly poll of 2007, the INC-led coalition won and started ruling the state.[22]In the recent 2012 Vidhan Sabha Elections, theBharatiya Janata Partyalong with theMaharashtrawadi Gomantak Partywon a clear majority, forming the new government with Manohar Parrikar as the Chief Minister. Other parties include theUnited Goans Democratic Party, theNationalist Congress Party.[23]Gomant Vibhushanis the highest civilian honour of the State of Goa. It is given annually byGovernment of Goasince 2010.[24]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" \l "cite_note-TimesofIndia-25" [25]Economy[edit]

Commercial area inPanaji.

'Gross State Domestic Product (in millions ofrupees)'[26]

YearGSDP

19803,980

19856,550

199012,570

199533,190

200076,980

2010150,000

Goa's grossstate domestic productfor 2007 is estimated at $3 billion in current prices. Goa is one of India's richest states with the highestGDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole and one of its fastest growth rates: 8.23% (yearly average 19902000).[27]Tourism is Goa's primary industry: it handles 12%[28]of all foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the climate. In the summer time (which, in Goa, is the rainy season), tourists from across India come to spend the holidays.

The land away from the coast is rich in minerals and ores andminingforms the second largest industry. Mining in Goa focuses on ores ofiron,Bauxite,manganese, clays,limestoneandsilica. TheMarmagaoPort handled 31.69 million tonnes of cargo last year, and accounts for over 39% of India's Iron Ore exports. The leaders in the Goan Iron Ore industry includeSesa Goa(now owned byVedanta Resources) and Dempo. Rampant mining in areas rich in Iron Ore and other minerals is now threatening the forest cover as well as posing a health hazard to the local population. Mining corporations are also indulging in illegal mining in some areas without proper permits. Agriculture, while of shrinking importance to the economy over the past four decades, offers part-time employment to a sizeable portion of the populace.Riceis the main agricultural crop, followed byareca,cashewandcoconut. The fishing industry provides employment for about forty thousand people, though recent official figures indicate a decline of the importance of this sector and also a fall in catch, perhaps coupled with the fact that traditional fishing has given way to large-scale mechanised trawling.

Medium scale industries include the manufacturing ofpesticides,fertilisers,tyres, tubes,footwear,chemicals,pharmaceuticals,wheatproducts, steel rolling, fruits and fish canning, cashew nuts, textiles,breweryproducts.

Train carrying iron ore toMormugo Port,VascoThe Goa government has recently decided to not allow any morespecial economic zones(SEZs) in Goa. This is in stark contrast to policy followed by other states of India. SEZs are known to bring tax revenues for the government and employment option for local citizens since industries flock there for lower tax rates as compared to other areas. Currently there are 16 planned SEZs in Goa. This decision was taken by state government after strong opposition to SEZs by political parties and Goa Catholic Church.[29]Goa is also notable for its low beer, wine and spirits prices due to its very lowexcise dutyonalcohol. Another source of cash inflow into the state comes from many of its citizens who work abroad and remit money to their families.

Demographics[edit]See also:Goans[show]Population Growth

Hindu-Christianity Unity Memorial at Miramar Beach.

A native of Goa is called aGoanin English,GoenkarinKonkani,GosorGoesainPortugueseandGovekarinMarathi. Goa has a population of 1.344 million residents, making it India's fourth smallest (afterSikkim,MizoramandArunachal Pradesh). The population has a growth rate of 14.9% per decade.[32]There are 363 people for each square kilometre of land.[31]Goa is the state with highest proportion of urban population with 49.76% of the population living in urban areas.[33]The literacy rate of Goa is over 87%.[34]Thesex ratiois 960 females to 1000 males. The birth rate is 15.70 per 1,000 people in 2007.[35]Goa also is the state with lowest proportion ofScheduled Tribesat 0.04%.[36]According to the 2001 census, out of a total population of 1,343,998 people, 886,551 (65.7%) wereHindus, 359,568 (26.6%) wereChristians, 92,210 (6.8%) wereMuslims, 970 (0.07%) wereSikhs, 649 (0.05%) wereBuddhists, 820 (0.06%) wereJainsand 353 (0.026%) belonged to other religious communities.[37]Religion in Goa[37]

Hinduism65.7%

Christianity26.6%

Islam6.8%

Others0.9%

As per census data 2011, the total population of Goa is: 1,457,723.[38]RankState of Republic of IndiaPopulation%Decadal Growth (20012011)Rural Pop.[39](% )Urban Pop.[39](% )Area[40]DensitySex ratio

01Goa1,457,723(0.12%)8.2%551,414(37.83%)906,309(62.17%)3,702km2(1,429sqmi)394/km2(1,020/sqmi)968

Languages[edit]See also:Konkani,MarathiandPortugueseThe Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makesKonkaniin theDevanagariscript the sole official language of Goa, but provides thatMarathimay also be used "for all or any of the official purposes".Portuguesewas the sole official language duringPortuguese empire governance. It is now, however, mostly spoken by only the elderly Portuguese educated populations, the descendants of the Portuguese nobles and others and is no longer an official language. The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi.[41]Whilst there have been demands for accordingKonkani in the Roman scriptofficial status in the state, there is widespread support for keeping Konkani as the sole official language of Goa.[42]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" \l "cite_note-43" [43]Konkani is spoken as a native language by about 65% of the people in the state but almost all Goans can speak and understand Konkani, its written in the Devanagari and the Roman script. Other linguistic minorities in the state as per the 2013 census arePortuguese(4%) spoken by Luso-Goans and is the third language option at schools and further education,Marathi(13%) spoken by migrants from Kholapur, Belgaum and Ratnagiri,Kannada(8%) spoken by migrants from North Canara,Hindi(5%) spoken by migrants from the North of India and Nepal, andUrdu(4%) spoken by Muslim communities of Goa and Muslim migrants from Gujrat.[44]Languages in Goa

Konkani65%

Marathi13%

Kannada8%

Hindi5%

Portuguese4%

Urdu4%

Others3%

People and culture[edit]Main article:Culture of Goa

Shanta Durga templeof Hindus atKavlem.

The tableau of Goa showcases religious harmony by focusing on the Deepastambha, the Cross, Ghode Modni followed by a chariot. Western royal attire of kings and regional dances being performed depict the unique blend of different religions and cultures of the state. The festival of music and dance,Shigmo Melor the Holi and spring celebrations, signify unity in diversity.[45]Prominent local festivals areChavoth,Diwali,Christmas,Easter,Shigmo,Samvatsar Padvo,Dasaraetc. The Goan Carnival and new year celebration is known to attract a large number of tourists.

TheSe CathedralatOld Goaof Christians, Portuguese architecture (1510 to 1975) and one of the largest in Asia.

Dance and music[edit]Traditional Goan art forms areDekhnni,Fugdi,Corridinho,Mando,DulpodandFado.[46]Goan Hindus are very fond ofNatak,BhajanandKirtan.[citation needed]Many famousIndian Classicalsingers hail from Goa, includingKishori Amonkar,Kesarbai Kerkar,Jitendra AbhishekiandPandit Prabhakar Karekar.[citation needed]Goa is also known as the origin ofGoa trance. While Goa trance has achieved widespread popularity itself, it also heavily influenced later forms of music such aspsytrance.

1560 Safa Masjid of Muslims by Ibrahim Adil Shah.

[citation needed]Theatre[edit]Tiatr,NatakandZagorare the chief forms of Goa's traditional performance in arts and drama. Other forms are Ranmale, Dashavatari, Kalo, Goulankala, Lalit, Kala and Rathkala.[citation needed]Stories from theRamayanaand theMahabharataalong with more modern social subjects are narrated with song and dance.[47]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" \l "cite_note-Ecam-48" [48]Traditional drums likePakhawaj,Ghumot,taso,Dhol,Cymbals,Tablaare part of the show and give the background score.[citation needed]Tiatr and its artists play a major role in keeping the Konkani language and music alive. Tiatrs are regularly held especially on weekends mainly at Kala Academy, Panjim, Pai Tiatrist Hall at Ravindra Bhavan, Margao and most recent shows have also started at the new Ravindra Bhavan, Baina, Vasco. Western musical instruments such as drums, bass, keyboards and trumpets are part of the show and most of the are played acoustically.

Konkani cinema[edit]Konkani cinemais part of theIndian filmindustry post 1961, wherefilmsare made in theKonkani language, which is spoken mainly in theIndianstates of Goa, parts ofMaharashtraand borders ofKarnatakaand to a smaller extent by a small community inKerala. Konkani films have been produced in Goa,Karnataka,MaharashtraandKerala.[49]The first full length Konkani film wasMogacho Anvddo, released on 24 April 1950, and was produced and directed by Jerry Braganza, a native ofMapusa, under the banner of ETICA Pictures.[50]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" \l "cite_note-51" [51]Hence, 24 April is celebrated as Konkani Film Day.[52]Konkani filmPaltadcho manishas been included in the worlds best films of 2009 list.[53]Konkani films are eligible for theNational Film Award for Best Feature Film in Konkani. The most commercially successful Konkani film (as of June 2011) isO Mariadirected by Rajendra Talak.[54]In 2012, the whole new change adopted in Konkani Cinema by introducing Digital Theatrical Film "The Victim" directed byMilroy Goes.[55]Some old Konkani films areSukhachem Sopon,Amchem Noxib,Nirmonn,Mhoji Ghorkarn,Kortubancho Sonvsar,Jivit Amchem Oxem,Mog ani Moipas,Bhuierantlo Munis,Suzanne,Boglantt,PadriandBhogsonne.Ujwaduis a 2011 Konkani film directed by Kasargod Chinna and produced by KJ Dhananjaya and Anuradha Padiyar.

Food[edit]Rice with fishcurry(xit kodiinKonkani) is the staple diet in Goa.Goan cuisineis famous for its rich variety of fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes.Coconutandcoconut oilare widely used in Goan cooking along withchili peppers,spices, andvinegargiving the food a unique flavour.Goan food may be divided primarily into Goan Catholic and Goan Hindu cuisine with each showing very distinct tastes, characteristics, and cooking styles.

Pork balcho

Crab xec xec

Goan Catholic dishes:Porkdishes such asvindaloo, ambsol,sorpotel,chorisa, salted pork, pork ard-mas; beef dishes such asbeef xacuti,beef stew, beef cutlets, verde beef, assado, roast tongue, Goan beef olives,beef croquettes; chicken dishes such as cafreal,chicken xacuti, red chicken, canja de galinha, Goan roast chicken, fried chicken; sea food dishes such as shark ambot tik, apa de camarao, crab xacuti, prawn chilly fry, fried pomfret, prawn pan rolls, prawn balchao, peixe com raechado, rissois de camarao, caldine, prawn and lady finger curry, crab/prawn xeque xeque, Goan mackerel curry, Goan fish curry, mussels rawa fried and other dishes which are a fusion such asfeijoada, meat & vegetable stew, various soups are common among theGoan Catholics.

Bebinca com 9 folhas

Sorpotel

An exotic Goan vegetable stew, known askhatkhate, is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals, among the Hindu's and Christian's alike. Khatkhate contains at least five vegetables, fresh coconut, and special Goan spices that add to the aroma.Sannas,hitt, are variants ofidliandpolle,amboli, andkailoleoare variants ofdosa; all are native to Goa. TheGoan pois always served with the main course. A richegg-based, multi-layered sweet dish known asbebincais a favourite during Christmas.Goan Hindu dishes:Hindus are limited in their choices towards meats such as beef & pork. Hindu cuisine is partly pescetarian and partly lacto vegetarian, but lately the younger generation have taken up a taste for meat which was not common before. Hindu cuisine mainly uses less tamarind and kokum for souring, and jaggery for sweetening. They use asafoetida, fenugreek, curry leaves, mustard, and urad dal. It is not very spicy; less onion and garlic are used. It also includes more vegetables, such as lentils, pumpkins, gourds, bamboo shoots, roots, etc. It is less oily and the medium of cooking is coconut oil.

Hindu Goan humann

Khatkhate

Various dishes are, humann ('' in Konkani), fish curry and rice ('' or ''), also known as kadi or ambot fried fish ( ) fish suke or dhabdhabit () dry spicy preparation of fish, eaten as a side dish fish udid methi or uddamethi () type of curry consisting of fenugreek and mackerel; a vegetarian version of this dish is also prepared using hog plums (or anything sour and tangy, such as pieces of raw mango) kismur () a type of side dish normally consisting of dried fish (mostly mackerel or shrimp), onions, and coconut. Dangar or fish cutlets () kalputi a dish normally prepared from the head of a large fish, with onions and coconut. Bhaji or shak, made of different vegetables and fruits ( or ) khatkhate () tondak, made of beans, cashew nuts, etc. () Different varieties of sweets made with rice and lentils, such as payasu, patoli, madgane, kheer, etc. () Different varieties of pickles and papads ( or ) solachi kadi, a spicy coconut and kokum curry ().

The most popular local alcoholic beverage in Goa isfeni; cashew feni is made from the fermentation of the fruit of the cashew tree, while coconut feni is made from the sap of toddy palms.[56]Goa also has a rich wine culture.[57]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" \l "cite_note-58" [58]See also:Goan cuisine,Music of GoaandGoa literatureArchitecture[edit]

The 1540 Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church

Goan-Portuguese villa

The pre-21st century architecture of Goa is a combination ofPortuguese,IslamicandHindu influencestyles primarily. Since the Portuguese governed for four centuries, many churches and houses bear a striking element of the Portuguese style of architecture. Goan Hindu houses show parts of Portuguese influence, though the modern temple architecture is an amalgam of original Goan temple style withDravidian,Hemadpanthi, Islamic, and Portuguese architecture.[59]The original Goan temple architecture fell into disuse as the temples were demolished by the Portuguese and theSthapatiknown asThavayiin Konkani were converted to Christianity though the wooden work and theKavimurals can still be seen.[60](see:Goa:Hindu temples and deities by Rui Gomes Periera).

Sports[edit]Footballis the most popular and state sport of Goa and is embedded as part of Goan culture.[61]Its origins in the state are traced back to 1883 when the visiting Irish priest Fr. William Robert Lyons established the sport as part of "Christian education".[61]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" \l "cite_note-62" [62]On 22 December 1959 theAssociao de Futebol de Goawas formed, which continues to administer the game in the state under the new nameGoa Football Association.[61]Goa, along withWest BengalandKerala[61]is the locus of football in the country and is home to many football clubs in India'sI-League. The state's football powerhouses includeSalgaocar Sports Club,Dempo Sports Club,Churchill Brothers,Vasco Sports ClubandSporting Clube de Goa. The state's main football stadium,Fatorda stadium, is located at Margao and also hosts cricket matches.[63]A number of Goans have represented India in football and six of them, namelySamir Naik,Climax Lawrence,Brahmanand Sankhwalkar,Bruno Coutinho,Mauricio Afonso, andRoberto Fernandeshave all captained the national team. Goa has its ownstate football teamand league, theGoa Professional League. It is probably the only state in the Republic of India where cricket is not considered important and is ranked as any other sports.

Goa also has its owncricket team.Dilip Sardesairemains the only Goan to date to play international cricket forRepublic of India.[64]The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) has won the right to host theAsian Beach Gamesin 2018.[65]For more details on this topic, seeGoans in sports.

Media and communication[edit]Main article:Media in GoaGoa is served by almost alltelevision channelsavailable in India. Channels are received through cable in most parts of Goa. In the interior regions, channels are received viasatellite dishes.Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster, has two free terrestrial channels on air.

DTH (Direct To Home) TV services are available fromDish TV,Tata Sky&DD Direct Plus. TheAll India Radiois the onlyradio channelin the state that broadcasts on bothFMandAMbands. Two AM channels are broadcast, the primary channel at 1287kHz and the Vividh Bharati channel at 1539kHz. AIR's FM channel is called FM Rainbow and is broadcast at 105.4MHz. A number of independent FM radio channels are available,Big FMat 92.7MHz,Radio Mirchiat 98.3MHz, andRadio Indigoat 91.9MHz. There is also an educational radio channel,Gyan Vani, run byIGNOUbroadcast from Panaji at 107.8MHz. In 2006, St Xavier's College, Mapusa, became the first college in the state to launch a campus community radio station 'Voice of Xavier's'.

Major cellular service operators includeBharti Airtel,Vodafone Essar,Idea Cellular,Uninor,Reliance Infocomm,Tata DoCoMoandBSNLCellOne.

Local publications include theEnglish languageO Heraldo(Goa's oldest, once a Portuguese language paper),The Gomantak TimesandThe Navhind Times. In addition to these,The Times of IndiaandThe Indian Expressare also received from Mumbai and Bangalore in the urban areas.The Times of Indiahas recently started publication from Goa itself, serving the local population news directly from the state capital. Among the list of officially accredited newspapers areO Heraldo,The Navhind TimesandThe Gomantak Timesin English;Sunaparantin Konkani (Devanagari script); andTarun Bharat,Gomantak,Navprabha,Goa Times,Sanatan Prabhat,GovadootandLokmat(all in Marathi). All are dailies. Other publications in the state includePlanet Goa(English, monthly),Goa Today(English, monthly),Goan Observer(English, weekly),Vauraddeancho Ixtt(Roman-script Konkani, weekly)Goa Messenger,Vasco Watch,Gulab(Konkani, monthly),Bimb(Devanagari-script Konkani).

Education[edit]Main article:Education in GoaSee also:List of institutions of higher education in Goa

Goa University ReceptionAccording to the 2011 census, Goa has aliteracy rateof 87%, with 90% of males and 84% of females being literate.[66]Each taluka is made up of villages, each having a school run by the government. Private schools are preferred over government run schools. All schools come under theGoa Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education, whose syllabus is prescribed by the state education department. There are also a few schools that subscribe to the all-IndiaICSEsyllabus or theNIOSsyllabus. Most students in Goa complete their high school with English as the medium of instruction. Most primary schools, however, use Konkani and Marathi (in private, but government-aided schools). As is the case in most of India, enrolment for vernacular media has seen a fall in numbers in favour of English medium education. As per a report published inThe Times of India, 84% of Goan primary schools run without an administrative head.[67]After ten years of schooling, students join a Higher Secondary school, which offers courses in popular streams such asScience,Arts,LawandCommerce. A student may also opt for a course in vocational studies. Additionally, they may join three-yeardiplomacourses. Two years of college is followed by aprofessional degreeprogramme.Goa University, the soleuniversityin Goa, is located inTaleigoand most Goan colleges are affiliated to it.

There are fiveengineeringcolleges and one medical college in the state.Goa Engineering CollegeandNational Institute of Technology Goaare government funded colleges whereas the private engineering colleges include Don Bosco College of Engineering at Fatorda, Shree Rayeshwar Institute of Engineering and Information Technology at Shiroda, andPadre Conceicao College of Engineeringat Verna.Goa Medical Collegeprovides medical training and is the largest hospital in Goa. In 2004,BITS Pilaniinaugurated its second campus, theBITS Pilani Goa Campus, at Zuarinagar nearDabolim.

There are colleges offeringpharmacy,architectureanddentistryalong with numerous private colleges offeringlaw,arts,commerceandscience. There are also two National Oceanographic Science related centres: theNational Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Researchin Vasco da Gama and theNational Institute of OceanographyinDona Paula.

Goa Medical College, previously calledEscola MdicoCirrgica de GoaThe best known schools in Goa includeSharada MandirSchool inMiramar, St Mary Angels Convent High School inChinchinim, Our Lady of the Rosary High School at Dona Paula, Vidya Prabhodini at Porvorim, K.B. Hedgewar High School, the Progress High School, Don Bosco High School, People's High School, Mushtifund High School in Panaji, Sunshine Worldwide school in Old Goa, Shiksha Niketan and Nisha's Playschool in Torda, A. J. de Almeida High School inPonda, S.S. Samiti's I.V.B.D. High School in DhawaliPonda, Vidya Bharati, Mahila And Nutan English High School inMargao, Manovikas in Margao,Loyola High Schoolin Margao, St. Joseph's Institute inVasco da Gamaand Rosary High School in Navelim.

Among the colleges in Goa include Shri Damodar College of Commerce and Economics, V.V.M's R.M. Salgaocar Higher Secondary School inMargao, G.V.M's S.N.J.A higher secondary school, Don Bosco College, D.M.'s College of Arts, Science and Commerce, St Xavier's College, Carmel College,The Parvatibai Chowgule College, Dhempe College, Damodar College, MES College, S. S. Samiti's Higher Secondary School of Science and Rosary College of Commerce & Arts.

In addition to the engineering colleges, there are government polytechnic institutions inPanaji,BicholimandCurchorem, and aided institutions like Father Agnel Polytechnic in Verna and the Institute of Shipbuilding Technology in Vasco da Gama which impart technical and vocational training.[68]Tourism[edit]

Reis Magos beach

See also:Tourism in GoaTourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa by theArabian sea, with comparatively lesser tourist activity inland.Goansare on top of the list for hospitality and so in 2010, there were more than two million tourists reported to have visited Goa, about 1.2 million of whom were from abroad.[69]As of 2013 Goa was the destination of choice for Indian and foreign tourists, particularly Britons, with limited means who wanted to party. The state was hopeful that changes could be made which would attract a moreupscaledemographic.[70]Over 450 years of Portuguese governance and the influence of the Portuguese culture presents to visitors of Goa a different environment than what is to be found elsewhere in theRepublic of India. The state of Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, churches, and temples. The Bom Jesus Cathedral, Fort Aguada and a new wax museum on Indian history, culture and heritage in Old Goa are other tourism destinations.

Historic sites and neighbourhoods[edit]

National Highway 17 at Goa

Goa has twoWorld Heritage Sites: theBom Jesus Basilica[71]andchurches and convents of Old Goa. The Basilica holds the mortal remains ofSt. Francis Xavier, regarded by many Catholics as thepatron saintof Goa (the patron of theArchdiocese of Goais actually the BlessedJoseph Vaz). The relics are taken down for veneration and for public viewing, as per the prerogative of the Church in Goa, not every ten or twelve years as popularly thought and propagated. The last exposition was held in 2014.[72]Goa also has the Sanctuary of Blessed Joseph Vaz inSancoale,Pilarmonastery which holds novenas ofVenerable Padre Agnelo Gustavo de Souzafrom 10 to 20 November November yearly. There is also a claimedMarian Apparitionat the Church ofSaints Simon and JudeatBatimGanxim, nearPilar, where a number of Goans and non resident Goans visit. There is also the statue of the bleedingJesuson theCrucifixat theSanta MonicaConventinVelha Goa. There are a number of churches (Igorzo), like the Baroque styledNixkollounk Gorb-Sombhov Saibinnich Igorz(Church of theOur Lady of Immaculate Conception) inPanjim, theGothicstyledMater Dei(Dv Matechi Igorz/Mother of God)churchinSaligaoand each church having its own style and heritage, besidesKopelam/ Irmidi(Chapels). TheVelhas Conquistasregions are also known for its Goa-Portuguese style architecture. There are many forts in Goa such asTiracol,Chapora,Corjuem,Aguada,Reis Magos, Nanus,Mormugao, Fort Gaspar Dias andCabo de Rama.

In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Goan-Portuguese style architecture still stand, though in some villages, most of them are in a dilapidated condition.Fontainhasin Panaji has been declared a cultural quarter, showcasing the life, architecture and culture of Goa. Some influences from the Portuguese era are visible in some of Goa's temples, notably theShanta Durga Temple, theMangueshi Templeand theMahalasaTemple, although after 1961, many of these were demolished and reconstructed in the indigenous Indian style underIndian Unionoccupation.

Museums and science centre[edit]Goa also has a few museums, the two important ones beingGoa State Museumand theNaval Aviation Museum. The aviation museum is one among three of its kind in the India, the other two being inDelhiandBengaluru. Also, a place not well known to tourists is theGoa Science Centre, which is located in Miramar, Panjim.[73]The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is also located in Goa at Dona Paula.[74]Transportation[edit]Air[edit]Goa International Airport, is acivil enclaveatINS Hansa, a Naval airfield located atDabolimnearVasco da Gama. The airport caters to scheduled domestic and international air services. Goa has scheduled international connections toDoha,Dubai,SharjahandKuwaitin theMiddle Eastby airlines likeAir Arabia,Air India,GoAir,Indigo,SpiceJet,Jet Airways, JetKonnect andQatar Airways.

Road[edit]

Most of Goa is well connected by roads.

Government-run Kadamba buses at a bus station in Goa

Goa'spublic transportlargely consists of privately operated buses linking the major towns to rural areas. Government-run buses, maintained by theKadamba Transport Corporation, link major routes (like the PanjimMargao route) and some remote parts of the state. The Corporation owns 15 bus stands, 4 depots and one Central workshop at Porvorim and a Head Office at Porvorim.[75]In large towns such as Panjim and Margao, intra-city buses operate. However, public transport in Goa is less developed, and residents depend heavily on their own transportation, usually motorised two-wheelers and small family cars.

Motorcycle taxi or "pilots"

Goa has fourNational Highwayspassing through it. NH-66 (ex NH-17) runs along India's west coast and links Goa toMumbaiin the north andMangaloreto the south. NH-4A running across the state connects the capital Panjim toBelgaumin east, linking Goa to cities in theDeccan. The NH-366 (ex NH-17A) connects NH-66 toMormugaoPort from Cortalim. The new NH-566 (ex NH-17B) is a four-lane highway connecting Mormugao Port to NH-66 at Verna viaDabolim Airport, primarily built to ease pressure on the NH-366 for traffic to Dabolim Airport and Vasco da Gama. NH-768 (ex NH-4A) links Panjim and Ponda to Belgaum and NH-4. Goa has a total of 224km (139mi) of national highways, 232km (144mi) of state highway and 815km of district highway. National Highways in Goa are among the narrowest in the country and will remain so for the foreseeable future, as the state government has received an exemption that allows narrow national highways. In Kerala, highways are 45 meters wide. In other states National Highways are grade separated highways 60 meters wide with a minimum of four lanes, as well as 6 or 8 lane access-controlled expressways.[76]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" \l "cite_note-77" [77]Hired forms of transport include unmetered taxis and, in urban areas,auto rickshaws. Another form of transportation in Goa is themotorcycle taxi, operated by drivers who are locally called "pilots". These vehicles transport a singlepillion rider, at fares that are usually negotiated. Other than buses, "pilots" tend to be the cheapest mode of transport.[78]River crossings in Goa are serviced by flat-bottomedferry boats, operated by the river navigation department.

Rail[edit]

Margao railway station

Goa has tworail lines one run by the South Western Railway and the other by theKonkan Railway. The line run by theSouth Western Railwaywas built during the colonial era linking the port town ofVasco da Gama, GoawithBelgaum,Hubli,KarnatakaviaMargao. The Konkan Railway line, which was built during the 1990s, runs parallel to the coast connecting major cities on the western coast.

Sea[edit]The Mormugao harbour near the city of Vasco handles mineral ore, petroleum, coal, and international containers. Much of the shipments consist of minerals and ores from Goa's hinterland. Panjim, which is on the banks of the Mandovi, has a minor port, which used to handle passengersteamersbetween Goa and Mumbai till the late 1980s. There was also a short-lived catamaran service linking Mumbai and Panaji operated by Damania Shipping in the 1990s.

See also[edit]

Geography portal

Asia portal

South Asia portal

India portal

Goa portal

Goans Luso-Asians History of Goa Portuguese India Konkani language 1961 Indian annexation of GoaCitations[edit]1. Jump up^"Goa".Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd Report, July 2003 to June 2004. National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities. Retrieved17 July2007.Konkani is the only official language of the state. There actually is no second official language. However, as per notification, Marathi will be used for the purpose of reply by the Government whenever communications are received in that language.2. Jump up^UNI (30 May 2007)."Marathi vs Konkani debate continues in Goa".rediff.com(Rediff.com India Limited). Retrieved17 July2007.3. Jump up^Government of Goa."About Goa".goa.gov.in. Goa Government.At present, Marathi and Konkani are two major languages of Goa.4. ^Jump up to:abReports of the finance commissions of India: First Finance Commission to the Twelfth Finance Commission: the complete report. India. Finance Commission. Academic Foundation. 2005. p.268.ISBN81-7188-474-1.5. Jump up^"Liberation of Goa". Government Polytechnic, Panaji. Retrieved17 July2007.6. Jump up^Pillarisetti, Jagan."The Liberation of Goa: an Overview".The Liberation of Goa:1961. bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved17 July2007.7. ^Jump up to:abc"Goa".National Informatics Centre(NIC). Retrieved4 January2009.8. Jump up^Sakshena 2003, p.59. Jump up^Indian Archaeological Society (2006).Purtattva, Issue 36. Indian Archaeological Society.10. Jump up^Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty, Robert G. Bednarik, Indir Gndh Rshrya Mnava Sagrahlaya (1997).Indian Rock Art and Its Global Context. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.,. pp.228 pages (see page 34).ISBN9788120814646.11. Jump up^C. R. Srinivasan, K. V. Ramesh, S. Subramonia Iyer (2004).r pupjali: Recent Researches in Prehistory, Protohistory, Art, Architecture, Numismatics, Iconography, and Epigraphy: Dr. C.R. Srinivasan commemoration volume, Volume 1. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan,. pp.469 pages (see page4).ISBN9788180900563.12. Jump up^Sakhardande, Prajal."7th National Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries: Session V".Heritage and history of Goa. NIO Goa. Retrieved30 March2011.13. Jump up^Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986).The cultural history of Goa from 10000 BC - 1352 AD. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp.355 pages (see pages 100150).14. Jump up^De Souza 1990, p.915. Jump up^De Souza 1990, p.1016. Jump up^De Souza 1990, p.1117. Jump up^Dobbie, Aline (2006).India: The Elephant's Blessing. Melrose Press. pp.253 pages (see page 220).18. Jump up^"Weather Information for Goa". Retrieved24 July2012.19. Jump up^"Climatological Information for Goa, India". Hong Kong Observatory. 15 August 2011. Retrieved16 December2011.20. Jump up^"Wildlife Sanctuaries in Goa". Retrieved18 July2008.21. Jump up^Odds stacked against Parrikar, Anil Sastry,The Hindu, 31 January 2005, verified 2 April 200522. Jump up^Banerjee, Sanjay (6 June 2007)."Congress set to rule Goa again.".indiatimes.com(Times Internet Limited). Retrieved5 August2007.23. Jump up^"North Goa District website". northgoa.nic.in. Retrieved16 December2011.24. Jump up^"R A Mashelkar conferred Gomant Vibhushan award". The Times of India. 31 May 2013. Retrieved2014-08-16.25. Jump up^"Goas highest civilian award to Charles Correa".The Times Of India. 2011-12-19.26. Jump up^"Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation". Retrieved7 September2006.27. Jump up^Mohan, Vibhor (16 September 2008)."Chandigarh's per capita income is highest in India". The Times of India. Retrieved16 December2011.28. Jump up^Economy of Goa, fromgoenkar.comverified 2 April 2005.29. Jump up^"Goa not to have any more SEZs".The Times Of India. 13 November 2007. Retrieved13 November2007.30. Jump up^"Census Population"(PDF, 40KB).Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. Retrieved18 December2008.31. ^Jump up to:ab"Area and population".Government of Goa. Retrieved5 January2009.32. Jump up^"Goa Population Policy (March 2007)"(DOC, 156KB).Government of Goa. Retrieved5 January2009.33. Jump up^"Rural-Urban Distribution". Census Department of India. Retrieved5 January2009.34. Jump up^"Education".Government of Goa. Retrieved5 January2009.35. Jump up^"Demography of Goa".Maps of India. Retrieved7 June2013.36. Jump up^"Scheduled Casts & Scheduled Tribes Population". Census Department of India. Retrieved5 January2009.37. ^Jump up to:ab"Population by religious communities". Census department of India. Retrieved22 December2008.38. Jump up^de Souza, Hartman (15 October 2011)."Goa gouged".The Hindu. Retrieved3 January2016.39. ^Jump up to:ab"Provisional Population Totals".Government of India (2011). Census of India. Retrieved2011-07-23.40. Jump up^"Area of India/state/district".Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved2008-10-27.41. Jump up^Commissioner Linguistic Minorities."42nd report: July 2003 June 2004". p.para 11.3. Archived fromthe originalon 8 October 2007. Retrieved6 June2007.42. Jump up^"Solving the Language Imbroglio".Navhind Times. Retrieved15 October2008.43. Jump up^Konkani should always remain the sole official language of Goa | Facebook44. Jump up^Census of India - DISTRIBUTION OF 10,000 PERSONS BY LANGUAGE45. Jump up^"Twenty eight tableaux to participate in year's Republic Day Parade"(Press release). Press Information Bureau. Retrieved5 January2009.46. Jump up^"The Fate of Fado".Mid-Day. Retrieved10 August2010.47. Jump up^Tiatr folk drama of Goahttp://www.goablog.org/posts/tiatr-folk-drama-of-goa/48. Jump up^Smitha Venkateswaran (14 April 2007)."Konkan goes Tiatrical".The Economic Times. Retrieved14 December2008.49. Jump up^Kerala / Kochi News: A Konkani cinema from the youth. The Hindu (2011-04-17). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.50. Jump up^Panaji Konkani Cinema - A Long Way to Go. Daijiworld.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.51. Jump up^Yahoo! Groups. Groups.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.52. Jump up^Konkani Cinema Day - Some Reflections | iGoa. Navhindtimes.in (2011-04-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.53. Jump up^Dearcinema.com54. Jump up^Celebrating Konkani cinema | iGoa. Navhindtimes.in (2011-04-26). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.55. Jump up^Konkani movie 'The Victim' hits screens on 14 September - Times Of India. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2012-09-12). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.56. Jump up^Joseph Zuzarte (14 March 2013)."The Rise of Cashew Feni".goastreets.com. Goa Streets. Retrieved2 June2013.57. Jump up^Sheetal Wadhwa Munshaw (July 2012)."A Date With Port".verveonline.com.Verve. Retrieved2 June2013.58. Jump up^Ashiqa Salvan."Wine and dine in Goa".thewineclub.in. The Wine Club. Retrieved2 June2013.59. Jump up^Mankekar, Kamla (2004).Temples of Goa. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India,. pp.99 pages(see pages 117).ISBN9788123011615.60. Jump up^Kamat, Krishnanand.Konkanyali Kavikala. Panaji: Goa Konkani Akademi.61. ^Jump up to:abcdMills, James (Summer 2001). "Football in Goa: Sport, Politics and the Portuguese in India".Soccer & Society2(2): 7588.doi:10.1080/714004840.62. Jump up^"Goan football has little cause to look back". Goa Football Association. Archived fromthe originalon 28 September 2007. Retrieved19 July2007.63. Jump up^"Nehru stadium". Cricinfo.com. Retrieved19 July2007.64. Jump up^"[Goanet] Goa Govt. institutes award in memory of Dilip Sardesai". Mail-archive.com. 8 August 2007. Retrieved18 July2010.65. Jump up^"Goa to host Asian Beach Games in 2018".Times of India. 2011-10-31. Retrieved2014-04-19.66. Jump up^"District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001". Education for all in India. Retrieved18 July2007.67. Jump up^Malkarnekar, Gauree (6 April 2009)."No Administrative head". Times of India. Retrieved6 April2009.68. Jump up^"Diploma institutes and courses". Retrieved4 January2013.69. Jump up^[1], Department of Tourism, Government of Goa website. Retrieved 4 August 2010.70. Jump up^Gethin Chamberlain (31 August 2013)."Why Goa is looking to go upmarket and banish Brits and backpackers: As visitor numbers dip, the Indian state wants to rid itself of budget tourists but its rubbish mountains and beach gangs are putting off the rich".The Observer, The Guardian. Retrieved31 August2013.71. Jump up^"Basilica of Bom Jesus, Old Goa | Parish Ministry | Goa Jesuits". www.goajesuits.in. Retrieved18 July2010.72. Jump up^"Pilgrims flock to Goa to see Saint Francis Xavier remains". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved22 November2014.73. Jump up^[2], Nehru Science Centre website. Retrieved 4 August 2010.74. Jump up^[3], NIO Website. Retrieved 4 August 2010.75. Jump up^"Economic Survey 2011-2012"(PDF). Government of Goa. Retrieved21 April2013.76. Jump up^Goa, Goa Breaking News, Goa Holidays, Goa Centric Portal, Goa Yellow Pages, Explore Goa, Goa News Headlines, Goa News, Goa Current Affairs, Goa Events. DigitalGoa.com (2010-08-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.77. Jump up^Highway authority projects hit road block in Kerala, Goa, Bengal. Business Standard (2012-03-11). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.78. Jump up^Dave (1 January 2004).The Rough Guide to Goa 5(5 ed.). Rough Guides. p.35.ISBN978-1-84353-081-7. Retrieved16 December2012.References[edit] Pearson, M.N.(2 November 2006). "The Portuguese in India".Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-028509 de Souza, Teotonio R.(1989).Essays in Goan history. Concept Publishing Company.ISBN978-81-7022-263-7. Retrieved24 August2009. de Souza, Teotonio R.(1990).Goa Through the Ages: An economic history. Goa University publication2. Concept Publishing Company.ISBN978-81-7022-259-0. Retrieved25 August2009. Sakshena, R.N. (2003).Goa: Into the Mainstream. Abhinav Publications.ISBN978-81-7017-005-1. Retrieved24 August2009. Isadora Tast:Mother India. Searching For a Place.Peperoni Books: Berlin 2009,ISBN 978-3-941825-00-0.

Further reading[edit] Andrada (undated).The Life of Dom John de Castro: The Fourth Vice Roy of India. Jacinto Freire de Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664). Henry Herrington, New Exchange, London. Facsimile edition (1994) AES Reprint, New Delhi.ISBN 81-206-0900-X.

External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related toGoa.

Find more aboutGoaat Wikipedia'ssister projects

Definitionsfrom Wiktionary

Mediafrom Commons

News storiesfrom Wikinews

Quotationsfrom Wikiquote

Source textsfrom Wikisource

Textbooksfrom Wikibooks

Learning resourcesfrom Wikiversity

Goatravel guide from Wikivoyage

Government of Goa official website GoaatDMOZ Resources on Goa, India Environment PortalArabian SeaMaharashtraMaharashtra

Arabian SeaKarnataka

Goa

Arabian SeaKarnatakaKarnataka

[show] v t eGoa

[show] v t e

States and Union Territories of India

[show] v t eEthnic groups,social groupsandtribesofGoaand theKonkanregion

[show] v t eCommunities in Goa

[show] v t ePortuguese overseas empire

Categories: