Ouizlet Chapter 5 Section 1StudyonEneatquizlet.coin/_iny9d2

8. adaptation inherited characteristic tiiat increases anoisanism's chance of survival

21. allopatric The formation of new species in populationsspeciation tiiat are geographically isolated from one

another

18. artificial process of selection conducted under humans e l e c t i o n d i r e c t i o n

10. behaviora l

adap ta t i on5 . e n d a n ^ r e d

species1 . e v o l u t i o n

1 4 . e x t i n c t

s p e c i e s

1 7 . fi t n e s s

15. giene

16. geneticd r i f t

1 3 . i n s t i n c t

1 1 . n n n u c r y

1 9 . m u t a t i o n

2 . n a t u r a l

s e l e c t i o n

1 2 . r e fl e x

20. speciation

9 . s t r u c t u r a l

a d a p t a t i o n

3 . s u r v i v a l o ft h e fi t t e s t

an inherited behavior that helps an organisms u r v i v e

a species whose numbers are so small that thespecies is at risk of extinction

generation-to-generation change in theproportion of different inherited genes in apopulation that account for all of the changesthat have transformed life over an immense

no longer in existence

a species that was once present on Earth buthas died out

species that have disappeared from an area, butstill exist dsewhere

describes how rq)roductively successful anoiganism is in its environmenta sequence of DNA that codes for a particulart r a i t

biological evolution that occurs by chance

a complex bdiavior that is rigidly patternedthroughout a species and is unlearned(migration)

an adaptation that allows an animal to protectitself by looking like another kind of animal orlike a plant

any event that changes genetic structure

process by which individuals that are bettersuited to their environment survive and

rq)roduce most successfullyan automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a

stimulus, an automatic response that occursvery rapidly and widiout conscious control(playing dead)Formation of a new species

a physical feature of an organism's bo^ havinga specific function that contributes to thesurvival of the organism

a natural process resulting in the evolution oforganisms best adapted to the environment

22. sympatric The creation of a species due to a mutation thatspeciation causes the inability to reproduce together

4. threatened a species that could become endangered in thes p e c i e s n e a r fi x t u r e

Pd

SWjCJK.5

Qyi^let Interaction-Chapter 5 Section 2StudyonEneatqui2let.com/_my9m2

9 . c o e v o l n t i o n

6 . c o m m e n s a l i s m

11. competition

12. herbivory

5 . T i m t i i a l i . g n i

10. niche

4. paras i t ism

1. predator

2 . p r e y

8 . r e s o u r c e

p a r t i t i o n i n g

3. symbiosis

7 , t o l e r a n c e

two spedes evolve in response to changes in each other

symbiotic relationship in whidi one member of the association benefits and the olber is neither hdped norharmed

Interaction among organisms that vie for the same resource in an ecosystem

An interaction in which one animal feeds on producers

symbiotic rdationship in which both species benefit from the relationshipAn organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living

symbiotic rdationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (tibe host) and consequentlyh a r m s i t

animal thathunts and eats other animals

animal hunted or caught for food

species divide the resource thgr use in conmion specializing in different ways

rdationship in which two species live dosdy together over a long period of timethe ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions

Ollizl^ Ecological Communities Chapter 5 Section 3StudyonIinealqui2let.com/_niyadq

19. biomass

7 . c a r n i v o r e

1 6 . c d l u l a r

r e s p i r a t i o n

u. chemosynthesis

the total mass of living matter in a givenm i i t a r e a

organism tiiat obtains energy by eatinga n i m a l s

A process in which cells use oxygen tordease energy stored in sugars

Sugars are produced from eneigy storedchemicals instead of from eneigy from the

12. tropbic Steps on a food/biomass pyramid tliat are defined bylewd organisms within a community that are the same

distance from the piimaiy producers in a food web

4 . c o n s u m e r

11. decomposer

IS . de t r i t i vo res

13. energy pyramid

1 . f o o d c h a i n

an organism that obtains energyfeeding on other organisms

organism that breaks down and obtainsenergy from dead organic matter

cyde the nutrients of nonliving organicmatter, including leaf litter, wasteproducts, and the dead bodies of othercommunity members

diagram that shows the energy available toeach trophic level in an ecosystem; io96 ispassed on to iq>per levds, the rest is lost ash e a t

series of steps in an ecosystem in whichorganisms transfer energy by eating andbeing patpn

2 . f o o d w d >

5 . h e r b i v o r e

18. keystonespecies

8 . o m n i v o r e

17. photosyntiiesis

3. producer

1 0 . s c a v e n g e r

consists of the many overlapping foodchains in an ecosystem

organism that obtains energy by eatingonly plantsa species with a strong or wide-reachingimpact on a community

organism that obtains energy eatingboth plants and animal.q

A process used by plants and otherautotrophs to capture light and energy anduse it to power chemical reactions thatconvert carbon dioxide and water into

oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates(sugars)an organism that makes its own food

a detritivore that gets its eneigy by feedingon refuse and other decaying organic

6. secondaryc o n s u m e r

9. tert iary

An organism that eats primary consumers

An organism that eats secondaryc o n s u m e r s

Community Stability Chapter 5 Section 4Ifc/INirlp StucfyonEnea!qul2let.coin/_niyals

12. aquatic sediment build-up that tuTns a pond into a swamp and then into a meadows u c c e s s i o n

1 0 . i n v a s i v e

species11. moss and

l i c h e n s

s . n o n n a t i v e

species

s. pioneerspecies

4 . p r i m a r ys u c c e s s i o n

s u c c e s s i o n

2. biodiversity the number of different species in a given area

6. rKmair The last or final Stage of succession in a community which is in equilibrium with its environmentc o m m u n i t y

3. ecolo^cal The gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about 1^ die progressive replacement of onesuccession community ty another until a stable climax is established

1. habitat loss the process in which natural habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species present leading cause ofspecies decline

10. invasive species diat enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats

pioneer species diat on bare rock where th^r colonize and break it down into soil

a nonnative organism diat spreads widely in a community

first species to populate an area during primary succession

an ecological succession thatb îns in a an area where no biotic community previously existed

7. secondary Sequence of community changes that take place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions

8. sustainability The concept of using the earth's resources in such th^r provide for people's needs in the present without diminishingability to provide for future generations

N A M E D AT E PD

Chapter 5-Evolution and Community Ecology: Power Point Notes

L e s s o n 5 . 1 E V O L U T I O N

1. Zebra mussels and quagga mussels were introduced accidentallyt h a t m e a n s t h e y a r e N O N - .

2. They have since spread throughout the Great Lakes systems andconnecting rivers out-competing native mussels. This means theya r e .

3. Scientists have identified and described overMILLION species.

4. A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait is a

5 . A are all the genes present in apopulation.

6 , I S a

change in a populations gene pool over time.7 . A i s a n a c c i d e n t a l

change in DNA that can give rise to variationamong individuals.

Example-albino(albinism)

8. (akamigration) is the sharing of t)NA by individualsmoving into and out of a population.

a. Example-many different human racesmating a sharing genes

9 . i s e v o l u t i o n / j d & i kthat occurs by chance.

a. Example-most of a population beingcaught in a fish net

10. p r o c e s s

by which traits useful for survival and reproductionare passed on more frequently.

a. Keen eyesight, strong claws, camouflage

11. Conditions for

a. Organisms produce MORE than can

b. vary in

v a r y

reproductive success.

d i r e c t i o n .

G r e a tDane-'"t / K /

Chihuahua ̂I'

Selection occurs under

Cabbage

Satnt Bernard Bmsse lss p r o u t s

r rAncestral wolf

13. Throughout history,animals and plants with

Ancestral Brassicaoleracea plant

have chosen and bred

t r a i t s .

is the process by which new species

speciation occurs when a singlepopulation is geographically

-v. O av*i9*n long^am O popul«tlon«C9in*t09L-t)Kf:^ v r " > « i . n M > p o p u i « i l « i f c a n i i o t o n o e t i n t v i b n K d

) / 3 | % ^ \ a i v i M ^ n o u r t v M t p K i e t

a . L o n g t e r m i s o l a t i o n c a u s e s .b. When the populations come back together, they can no

l o n g e r a n d a r e n o w t w o s e p a r a t e

3

16. is the disappearance of a speciesfrom Earth.

a. Occurs gradually when environmentalc h a n g e m o r e t h a n t h ec a n

b . There a re known e x t i n c t i o n

events. Each wiped out a large proportion of Earth'sspecies.

i . Dur ing the Tr iass ic ex t inc t ion mi l l ionyears ago, of all land species and

of all marine species went

Lesson 5.2 SPECIES INTERACTIONS

17 . The musse ls has comp le te ly d i sp laced 20mussel species in Lake St. Clair.

1 8 . T h e d e s c r i b e s a n o r g a n i s m s u s e o fand func t iona l i n a commun i ty.

19. The niche is affected by the organism's _w h i c h i s i t s a b i l i t y t o a n d

20. A speciesunder changing environmental conditions.

is restricted by

F u n d a m e n t a l N i c h e

Species 1 fulfills all its |roles and uses all the 'r e s o u r c e s H c a n . '

VSperles 1

Resource 1

R e a l i z e d N i c h e

Species 1 is limited in its,rolesand/orusesonlya ;

--wsubset of resources.

Species 2Species 1

Resource 1

21.

White-breastednuthatch climbsdown trunk lookingfor insects ▶

Pileated

woodpecker digsdeeply into woodto find largeinsects ▶

T Yellow-beilied

sapsuckerdnllsrows of holesand consumes

sap and insectsstuck in sap

< Brown

creeper climbsup trunklooking forTiny insects

occurs when organisms seek thesame limited resource,

a . I n c a s e s , o n e

species can entirely exclude another from usingr e s o u r c e s .

b . T o r e d u c e ,

spec ies o f ten resources , wh ich canlead to character displacement. This is called

2 2 . d e s c r i b e s a l o n g - l a s t i n g r e l a t i o n s h i pbetween species, in which at least one species benefits.

a . i s t h e p r o c e s s b y w h i c h a p r e d a t o rh u n t s , k i l l s a n d c o n s u m e s .

i. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)i i . C a u s e s c y c l e s i n s i z e si i i . D e f e n s i v e t r a i t s , o r a d a p t a t i o n s , i n

response to predator-prey interactionsiv. Some predator-prey relationships are examples of

. The process by whichtwo spec ies evo lve i n response to i ne a c h o t h e r.

b.

another (theone organisms, the parasite, relies on

) for nourishment or someother benefit ,

c. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)5

d . H e r b i v o r y i s a n f e e d i n g o ni. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)

e . a relationship in which two or more speciesb e n e fi t

i. One species benefits (+), one or more speciesbenefit (+)

f . a relationship in which one speciesbenefits while the other is unaffected.

i. One species benefits (+), one species is unaffected(0)

Lesson 5 .3 -ECOLOGICAL COMAAUNmES

2 3 . T h e p r o v i d e s t h e f o r a l m o s ta l l o f t h e e c o l o g i c a l a n d

interactions on Earth.2 4 . p r o d u c e r s o r

capture energy from the sun and store it in the bonds ofsugars through the process of

Examples-

25. Some energy from chemicals can be captured through. Example-

rely on other organisms fora n d . T h e y m u s t e a t t o l i v e .

a . H e r b i v o r e s

b . Carn ivores

c . c o m b i n a t i o n e a t e r sd . a n d e a t n o n l i v i n g

27. An organisms in a feeding h ierarchy is i tslevel

H e a t

Third-level y - ̂c o n s u m e r / 0 . 1 % ^ H e a t

s e c o n d - l e v e l / m Vc o n s u m e r / ^ \ ^

F i r s t - l e v e l / ^ ■ H e a tc o n s u m e r ^ ' \ f

Primaryp r o d u c e r / ' \

Light ^ - ChemicalEnergy-'--or*. Energy

2 8 . p r o d u c e r s a l w a y s o c c u p y t h e fi r s ttrophic level of any community

29. Only about % of the energy at a trophic levelis passed on to the next. % is lost as heat.

30. A tropic levels is the amount of l iv ing t issueit contains,

3 1 . T h e r e a r e m o r e a n d g r e a t e rat lower trophic levels than at higher ones.

32. Linear series of feeding relationships is called a

33. web shows overlapping and interconnectedfood chains in a community.

3 4 . A species has a strong and/or widereaching effect on a community.

35. Removing a spec ies can s ign ificant ly a l te rthe structure of a community.

a . S e a o t t e r

b . A n d t r e e s

K e y v i o n «, 1 . . a b n n i

L e s s o n 5 . 4 - C O M M U N I 7 Y S TA B I L I T Y

3 6 . s p e c i e s c o s t t h e U S $billion/year in environmental losses and damages.

3 7 . A c o m m u n i t y i n i s g e n e r a l l ystable and balanced, with most populations at or around

38. Disturbances in the environment can throw a community into

3 9 . S e v e r e c a n c a u s e

c h a n g e s t o a a n d i n i t i a t e a p r e d i c t a b l es e r i e s o f c h a n g e s c a l l e d .

a . s u c c e s s i o n o c c u r s w h e n t h e r e a r eno traces of the original community, including vegetationand soil.

i . s p e c i e s a r e t h e fi r s t t o c o l o n i z e .1.

ii. The changes as new species move ina d d i n g a n d g e n e r a t i n g

succession occurs when adisturbance dramatically alters a community but does notcompletely destroy it.

c. Occurs significantly t h a ns u c c e s s i o n .

9

d . P r i m a r y s u c c e s s i o n o c c u r s w h e na r e a fi l l s i n w i t h f o r t h e fi r s t t i m e .

e . c a n l e a d t o s e c o n d a r ysuccess ion.

4 0 . o n c e t h o u g h t t h a t l e a d st o s t a b l e c o m m u n i t i e s .

41. Today, ecologist see communities asever-changing associations of species.

42. A nonnative organism that spread widely in a community isc a l l e d a n s p e c i e s .

43. A lack o f l im i t ing fac tors such as ,, o r e n a b l e s t h e i r

population to grow exponentially.4 4 . N o t a l l s p e c i e s a r e h a r m f u l .

1 0