Osteographia Elephantina: Or, A Full and Exact Description of All the Bones of an Elephant, Which Died Near Dundee, April the 27th, 1706. With Their Several Dimensions. Communicated

Osteographia Elephantina: Or, A Full and Exact Description of All the Bones of an Elephant,Which Died Near Dundee, April the 27th, 1706. With Their Several Dimensions. Communicatedin a Letter to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Secr. By Mr Patrick Blair, Surgeon, &c.Author(s): Patrick BlairSource: Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 27 (1710 - 1712), pp. 53-116Published by: The Royal SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/103108 .

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( 53 )

r. j

OJ y eogr a phia E1eph aX t SXa :

O R,

A full and excaEt Defcription of a11 the Bones of an Elepl?ant, uJhich died near Dandee, April the 27tA, X 706. with their feveral -Dimenfonse Communicated in a Letter to Dr. Hans Sloaxe} R. S. Secr. By Mr vtrict Stair) Surgeon, trc.

S IRg

¢ H E Elet7hant, tho' an Animal fa conSderable for ts prvt

| BignefsaniStrength, foremarkablefor its extraor- s | dinary Endowments and Rupendous Adrions (iLw 1 may

J, fo call them,) that it has become the Subjed of the moIX Curious blaturalits of all Ages, and been admirnd by all tbold who bsheld it; yet has its Body been hitherto very little fubK ieEted to Anatomical Enquiries. This indllcd tvMe (when upon ipril 27^ X 706. the lait Elepbdwrtt tnat was in Britain disd near thi$ Place) to beProw fome Pains in viewing itS PAftS at the O!lening e But the Time was fo Short, and 1 nconfireniencies I labour'd under fo great, that I was doubtful, w' ether what 1 had obSere'd mighe prove worth your Own or your honourable iociety's whiles unz til I had addreSs'd your SelfX and you were pleafed to honour me with a return dated 2sly the I a th following: Whertin you {<lg nify'd, ' You were glad the Elephart 11ad ftlll'n where Notice s might be taken of its Parts by l)iSetftionl and that the Bones ' vrould be well worth ObSerration, for Several ReaSons; t£)Ut ' chiefly one) namely, that there have beerl large Bones, fup- ' pofed to be thoSe of ElephaxtsX fotlud many Feet deep n s the G-round, and tbat if rhele were a Sceleron to compare ' thexa by: that matter wollld be moxe certaill: And thwre-

H 'fo1e



( 543 s 60re (tt0$ I nad tcid vou in mine that I was able to make bu; t ['tW 0> them) you deEred me tO Iet you have my Qbrervatrons!* ttE.e berêr to c-naUle me to do which) you fivour'd mt with two Treati*s orI EtrebrtsX sxhich I fuppofe to be t:he only Two h;^ anerro comununicated to the tcydl 30ciet7; one whereof gives an Anatomical Account of the Elep/fl#nt accidentally burnt in Dz.flbl *H7Hao y6 sAlsitt5 Ly D -T'asglie?s; whichX tbo it requires a fort;acr trlargementl being very brief both in tIze AnatQmy and <32eoloSy) and the Figures not-very ex<& yet iQms to halre b/Cen thz only Bot3k which undeceiv'd the Astthor of the other ,!^st,* WsWlhelgt Ernti; tTertalij []iJ@riogrephi Dstcxlw 4xoniuEpiAt icj Sceleto Esep.b6ltr;vo) < o822<4 4Xp> {fja6fOX aS Styronv gldagls.wDecAWn 7,-ns btWRtS Hetrntie Sib.'athec4rxu. This i) the Treattlre wYhiaIx fielcribes the lSvnes menti..n d by you) found -in an H.ill ntar ErL f#zt inGere4Si wheretn the Author ealueRly intreats) c 1 hat s £ho' by diRanre of Place Eae cannor expeA trorn his t- riend {it-l 4 a Figure oF the Elephant at Freacex (as Cyampia formerly obk 4 tainadJ yetX ttrat he would, as etadtly as yoIllble, take tlle Di. ' menfTons of ail the Bones, elpeciaiiy of t.e Head) TeeLll and 4 Tusks, their Number) Situation and Origin; and he dc&res furZ ther to know, how olxl that Sceleton at Florince FWaSx how higI and when it was dilSeded.

Therefore, Sir, in Obedience to your repeated RequeR in the fereral Letters you were pleaSed to Honoul nle with:, and finding tbe Author ofthe laft namsd Treatife, has fgvour'd the Repofitory of your Society with SeveralSpecimenvs of the B¢rses he defcribes fome whereof perhaps being brokeX may come no; to be fo well knov7ll; that 1 may ratisfy yoU to whom I am So znuch bound, for tlle many lRpe£ial and ftt,nal Teil;imonies of you: Favour, your honourable and learned SocietyX for whom I havc e great a Vene3:ation and X efReNt, and to whom I Ihalel be cstream s V f lad, if by theSe means I may be capable to do any fmai] piece e-f Service, and the Learned tentaeli3ss in that- he fo earneRIy dchresX ans wheretn 1 do not yet underRand his F riend I.as an- Sverad num: In a word, that I may fatisfy the World in fucsl Things a; were of Itoment in ths rare and curious Arximal) l @.211 oUirYe the following Particutuis, >c

ê b.ffin;g XvS9> fiECSs howthe /pbfgJt RU iS 0X1; 'Ay.

*f Profedze S i.dly



( S5 ) zdly, Remove fome miRakes which have been entertain'd, con

terning its Original Narnes itl thc Holy Scriptures.

3dly, Give a Short HiLlorical Account from Authors e-f the feveral Natural Fure:ions and Automatical Perfmmances of this Animal, with the Ntoethod of taint, and raming it.

4yhly, 1 Iball gilre fuch a Superficial Anatomical Defcrsptioa of its Parts, as the Inconveniences I labourXd under as thW op- sng would permit.

Sthly, I hall give an exacst Defcrtption of a11 its Bones fucI} as is uEuaLly given in TreatiSes of OJEeologit, with a particulat Ac- count of tbe Dimentions of thefe in this Subjed.

6thly, A true Account of their Weight a¢d Number

7thly, The Method I us'd in mounting the Sceleton.

To all thefe I have addedthe Figurcs of the ltuid Skin, mount- ed Sceleton, Separated Bones in different Vievvs} and other Parts of this Animai; all done firom the Originalt (and reprefented in feveral large Copper Plates) as it now itands in the Hall of Rarl- ties in this Place; the Copy whereof the Royal Sscscv has been already plealEd to approvc, as intimated in yours to me in 7xnc lafE.

After this Animal had trarrelt'd moR part of ExropeX he came gam tAc Elaso

ae lalt to this Kingdom; where, after fome ffay at Edstburghxptnanteefl tS

tlley condudred her to the PGorthX and in their retern came along oar lPrl}* the Sea*CoaPr; vYhere being but fes Places on the Road for making Advantage, by long ant continutd Marches they hail:ned hither ; and wben they were corne svithin a Milc of this Place, the peor Beak, much fatigu'd aIld wearied) fell down. They us d rlla- ny Endeavours to get her on foot again, but the-y a11 prov'd in- effcEual. At la(E they digg'd a deep Ditch, to urhok Side i1zq might lean, till ffie were fllfficiently refEed; but that proved her Ruin; for {hortly afterwards there fell great Ra;£ls, which fill'd the Ditch with Water: So that after Iying in tbe puddle a whole Day, {he died next Morning, being Stzrday Sril the t7th 7c6. When the Keepers fas that Ihe was Dead .they ca-me to the Maw

H 2 giflcrtat-^



( 56) PiLlrates of this Burghs and having made Oath they'had done -her no defigned n,ury, they got an Atteation accordlngly, and went QE, having firEt glven tlle Cadaver to an Ingenious Gentle maXl, Capt. G'etrge raman} fince ProvoR 0 this Town X by whoSe (are the Peopfe were prevented from carrying it a11 away in piecess as they did onc of the fore Jointss and we Itiil continue Maflcers of the Remains; for the Uay Ihe di-d) he was pleaKed to Zo out himSelf, and take me along with him, in order to have the Skin flea'd ofiX which was h;s chief de(ignX and the Bvdy openedX which was mine. As I sras vcrv glad of the Opportu nity) fo 9 wa) concern'd becauSe of tbe difidvantage I was at which kept t&AlP froen profecluting wlsat t de&gn'd: For there went olut a great MultitudeX the Day s Nrety hot, ane;l being the 1a1t Dayof theWeek, the SubjeA could adalitofno delayX eSpecially Ence it lay in the high Way and cxpvn FieldS; So thae I fcarce

. * -

tac aIay convenoence to pry lntoX or to much as to fee any thing of mornent, much lefs to enqulre ro lliceIf into the Strud:ture of the Parts, as the SubjeA requir'd/ >Twas ()rle of tlae Clock irl the Afternoon before all were in readineEs tQ go out} and mok of the time was fpent 13y the Burchers in ldeaing oS the Skin. All I got done, was to take fuch narrow InEpeEton of the AluScles of the ProboficzX (or Promgrcs4 as fome call itx irl EngSiffi the Tlunk) as X could. Afterwards I causXd the Abdomen t0 be open d, and then the Thorax, and that by the unweildy Hands of unruly BlltchersX who at opening the firkX wonld have wholly cut through the tOfJ¢a Innaminata, had I not hinderd them; and at 1aR, whether I would or not, did fo nalh the StertoxmX and mangle feveral of the Cartilages as to render them uRlefs, cutting and tearing where loever they came. I had not much abote an Hour to bPfRow when Night came on) aFud that amidR a Throng and Rabble in mighty hot Weather. lDuring that time I viev9>d the Situatlo of the }iice7ta, took the Figure and DimenSons of the Liver, extr^hed the tF7ters and BlddderX and causd the EMeJd to he cut ofE,, which (with fome other Parts I deliga'd tG have dilEeEted) were brought to Town I lzad a mind to be Xnore fully fatisfyad about: -£he Sntell;8ess >9pken and Kidneys on f5daadJy ) but when I went out again7 the ZreJZineJ were a11 &rytd by the Heat > fo that their Figure and StrllCture were quite- fpc?il7d, and theCountry People were fo earneft tO have Parts of it that they had Llole away the whole fore Foot before thatRtime; which, after much Pains and the eaneR Care of ProvoR Smann we recot-et'd about 6 Eh7eeks

afigr



( 57 ) aRerwards ^ So that the t:ime I deEgrl'd to haste beQ;cz?d in Dlfo idting the Parts I had referv7d, was taken up in excarnating, hottling, and taking care of the Bones; whichJ had not {ome Phy- Xitians and Surgeons gone out and allSlied me on -the MondwyX had been all carted off and the heat of the Weather was fuch that the other Parts wouid not keep Thist I hope} will be a fufEcient excxlfe for the Lamenefs of the following Account.

ecaufe the Names given to the Elephant in Holy Scripture have ben much miftakenx tho' perhaps it ma-y -fecal forreiga to myE2eB!l

BuSInepsX yet i hope twill not be unpZeafingX if firotu AuthorsalOtt]t8Utb t eildCavOUr tO clear them. XStxs and fremeiliwx Franzi} &c*Etepl>It.

ntho cornmen-t upon the 4o^b ch of Job t. a ;. and downwardX take elle schensSth for the EleplWt; but others, fuch as the Learned BOG*it, Par. 2. Iib^ 4. c. l5. and from him Dr. PatrickX are of Opinion, tis not the £Zeph4Nt whicll is meant tllere} but the XppopotMoS) or River ElorSe s for Buxtorf and Such others as are acquainted with the Original, agreeX that the Word Behemoth dots not properly fgnify any thitlg more than a great i3ea; and both in 7;b and Mdrws) 6 Ch. t. 49. (where the Behemorb is trano Il2ted Enoah in thQ ErgleJ%? Bible) the Eehemoth and Leti4than are namSd togother. EXArJs makesthem the Work of the Fifth Day wherein Fifhe -) other Sea Animals, and Sea Fowls were created t by which not the E/ephantx but the BSppopOr;?moS may be meants which Borhart proYeS by the following Arguments. 1 As in Ycb sg. Lan A AnimaIsx filcll as Quadrupeds and Fowlss are fpoken of ,,, Ib in the Jo and 4T. BeS3emotJg and LeriathJn) as lelorging more properly to the Waters are treated of. 2* The Force of tlle Be- eemotS is faid to be ln the Navel of his Belly) whereas ttis the fofteft part of tlie Elepi4?at ; but in the Hippopotxmfis it is rO cllick and impenetrablefi that it rcGlts both Spears and Darts} which hc abundantly proves frotn Authors. 2. Tlle BeDemoth is faid to tuonre lais faiZ liHke a Cedwrv now the 7FatZof an Elepbant is long like tlzat of an 0X) and but fmall in proportion to the Body; and tv }nove like a CeH4ra wollld import fomc Rrong round fiub- Rance, and rather *ctms to agree with what BeAlonigs afErms of t1le ilippopotJmosn that Czdam h4;er bretam crzn d .ratlsdfigmy tfHo Bochart renders it Rerc;qXets & non arrigit CAf{S4m 8& oX/SfZiZT

llas it. +. Bochart fays) that the \07ord in the Origilial will nor s.a3ply Nertz TeJEi1/m ;tofgs, as 7S;7itS has it) bt Nervs Femarxm IYC. NQT the Sinews of his Stones, but the Nerves of his Thighs awe irtricater S. The EXfp2vrt Seldom lie. downX and- never u

the



( sS ) -£1*1e Couert of Reeds and Fens; for tho' it Ioves Water rery well, y.^t it wold e nrery hurtful to fach an unweildy Animal to IyW 4own ameng fuch tnoiRure as Reed5 ufually grow in, or the be- iszg anzsng tize Willows of the };rook would ittnport 6. At tn: taktat, of an ElepJJ"lt they rlever prt.end ttenfaare lt by the Pro- boficz W aSild when taken it is a moP: decile Createl cX lt being more co-np>ible for the Hippopotamos to pars through Snares: The utisal way ̂ -f catching it being in Nets trlade of 1ron) which they make on purpcfe at Dgmarcs, as X16erts and giNcentstM airm; ;and when t3.keD, i5 SO ways managable, but they are fiorc d- to kilJ it with Iron Mallets, becauSe of the thickrzefs of tSe Skin.

. 'T11o thn E;or.es of the Elepbnt be proportionably big enough, yeF they are Sr Dom ftlch Streogth as to make a Parallel between tllem and H;raSs ar Irsn; for they Ridll be iewn hereafter to 1)e more porous tharl tlle Bones of mofL Q adreepeds. And atthough theii Tusks and Tteth may be faid to exceed all other Bones in S lidity and MNllitenefs, yet I am afEllr'de that the Teeth of the

.{ ppapotd7XSs doth even exceed them; Sor the ivery of an FIcphant afiter Some time becomes Wellows and the Teeth of the $pops

tAmas when apply'd to any uSe, continue always of a pure white Colour.

t$e Qw 5,;3ort An Eltphznt in the S7riac and Atic is Sexhab, but in the <,>4¢;^9 e+,he Ctxldvic and later Hebrew Xtis taken for EleplWant s Teeth, be - tJ!s-'[email protected] cauLe Sen in the Hebrew figrifies aTosttz. Hence it is, that X

kings, Ch. 10. . 22@ tiS rendred by YuxixsX Ac Eborx, Semi d 6gaoxest lvbrt, =4pes and PeJcoctss in our TranSation; where Senlb is rendred by the later Hebrew5w Dentes Eleph4atorzmX but hy the Syriatts and the Arofbians, Elephatas; and therefore Bo- sgxrt thlnks it fhould ratller have been Elephantos, Simies cb PaF >axes . FirR, becauSe of their better Coherence, ar.d fecorldly, le>auSe isvry would not 11ave been Ser4babim irl the Plural Number, buL Serha6, q)srs EleWbant; for ffiutoxy is denotetl elKewhere in ScrSpture b)r thW Vv ord Sen as V. 8. ofthat fame Chapter} whcre tis rd} SoloS^t bui!t a great Throne of Iva4<y. Sendaphil alfo in the Chz'dzi; Phrafe is takeu for lvory B for PhsZ {;gntfies an Elqhans bot:h in ths Syrixc7 C.hflldaic and Arabic. An Elephart tn the An- ctent vFGe;rew was call'd Xlilvha6an and by (>ontraEion vglEabxn ellat it may be diRinguifh d from llehabar, wllich fignifies a Buffle or Bslgie, bec3uSe both are of that Colour: So Bochdrt conje- Hturesn that Sen being prepon'd to Kshab, alay by ContraAion 1;e calid Senhdb which tbv a-Synecdoche ulay mean tlle w'nole

Dephant,



( 59 ) Elepbrt. In Creet, it is caIld, eA£Ou, and Somet!Xres 2a¢;s, whsc-th is rendred Eos garttEs* whereby they lllean the Elephrr. In t tin £iS call d -B4rrbssx tErom the Vonce X or fome thin;k that FJrrg

is tlle proper Name, as in Horace- TCgrzs digg^§?iJfmx Bdrrfis ;A[r Ff1X;4t

and that Bwrrire to Bray as an Eleph4ttt comes from it Tllus I 2s !

we have f-rotn t-elloniHs, Eleph44tes berrire dicimBs; J5b;st Qtes ders- Xw balZ;xre Amongft the lnd«ars they are call d lwRfW and Sw ille, Thus Eli4rss fays, MZxims Elephoantorxm q; zzlic fxat Prfiy diSiX fieczl/adi vero 46 ijs esiJ}imJntBr TaxilS. ln the Paic andg^q Moor«jh Langu;;ge lt ls call'd Cjfdr; hence ;t 1SX RS Sertulx3 gays>I3O. t>.

Czrr, vel nyaod safo M4tris Fentre ratl@S e vel q«tod Jvxs ejs [n Xfrica manz proprig occidit Elephntem, q Cofxi PWsrz^] Lings4v. It is aZrc alld in Ltia, Bos) L2c6ts, and Elephar>tasX from th-e Greet

The ElfpkaY;t is faid to live to a great Age: Some aflerting, they live to One Hundred and Tsventy Years; Others, to 2GO?eetlt¢,t t@$

\ ears; fome to goo; and there are who affirm, that they C3t} # 2 t*>e^

I-ive till they be 50c Years old, and that they are very 3trong andl robuflc at the 2t30 Year. rentzelixs tells ns? that when a certain GurnnX svllo had fometimes been in the Indies, fatN thefe Bones he treats of, concluded from certain Nfarks the Jndians have) that that Elephant could not have been under to Years old. Mr. ^T^ l avertli s sernier faysX he could nerer learn exaCtly how long the .EtepbdatsErdz,elr Xp2 livd; but that theirKeepershaveXtold him) tlley knew ft}ch Anlt7dia P 4;

Elephant t() have been in their Great Grand father GrandefEther, arld Father's CuR;ody, which he modeltly computes not to }]aVrt

been under 120 or I <0 YR8fs. And 'ti-s rnemorable, wthich 7{bJ King of lLybia told, as it is re}ated Sy Philofirdtz> that the Knights of Lybia at a certain time fought uporl Elepha,sts) fotr.e wlaereaS had a Tower el}graYen up\on their Teethy sthers rothirlg; aIl d

when by the Night tlley were -Separatedt fuch as had tlle Tower were beat) and fled to the high Hill J4itlds: And tilat the rame Yubx after drco Years took Qne of them which llad thlt Enfign fo Iively engraven, aa if it had been bllt ateiy donet 1 am rscit to anfwer for the truth of thi¢) but they feem genxrally to live tO a great Age; for the Xceper told: that the Elet h4tlt w hich fell in our yvrAy was ?6 or zS Years oid; notwithRanding which fhe feenls to have beellYellugX accordillg to the Term of lJife) for the Epiphefes Rparated from the Pvones ly- Boyling as caf:ily7 as thofieofanHumarl Subjedtwould have doIse attheAge of lo or a2. iffiowever) tis an Animal Swbjed W rnafii Di0emptvs; r>

tbax



( 6o) that £hos they may live to fome of the fore mentIoned Agess yet nloRly them perilh before tiley come to fech length

Zrir certainly an Animal of contiderable ESignefs; but whether £Jrt^4lbkglff%Sever fo large as to contain 42 fErong Men upon its BackX as i5 f ,,t e- relatedt JZaccabthx6. tea? befide the Inds48 that--governd it} ls p much to be doubted; and tis mote probable that this is an Exror

in the ImprelElon, as is well enough obSernrd by Grentemernil, sYho Bochart de inRead of wA^J;s J8u^,ae; JEvo e TexGcKova cx wA:Mss¢ e ocv'ss;, lzirs Sraizdl SS.fortes d&w f trtfintaX pagnxates in xjs} believes Ut (hould be rathert SsrBp,f. C; 27. v^vs 9t3v¢g6Rs io H Tfets MXcovnols 7mAsfUsYTf f eT' v Xl s, Fri fortep da C 1X 2 9 Xt tres p;;gaWntes ,tXper ipr#S eXCXlS. ludeed PhiloJlZzatxs fpea><s p;ailo#??/i6. of so°r Is Indsans fighting in CaRles with Darts on Elephart: 2. C. t Baclis : And P4t$tgs Kneta rayS} that iR the Ginger Inands they have l>xb. * C 4 I, Wooden CaIEles upon ElXhant} Backs, which can coatail] X 5 or oo

Men Bat the Learned fSochart very pleafantly fays of thek Au- thors, that de mAgsS mjora loq##ntBr; becauSe this is a big BealEX they delight to Epeak at random of it. I rather belicse what He

Hetied. Iit3- liador2-s fayis that the Towers upon the Elephants Backs could C81Xa g tatn 6 fighting MenX wilo from each fide drew DartsX the hinder

part remaiIling void; or CowdamosJFt6ss that they put liowers upon 4Po 62* the Back, wilich can hold 3 or 4 Men that fight upon them; and

v£lia7¢;ssX that they carry 3 Warriours fightitng from either Edev and -the xth which governs -tilemX Which 3 laR Accour.ts Senx very well to quadrate with the uEual 11eight aScribd to ttlem * About hich foxne Authers talking more largely, tell us of 18 or 1 6 foot high; but the mofl; received Accolint iss that thPy are fiom X 3 to 8 foot: So that as our Elephart was none of the big -ell, the did not Weem to have been any of the lea& fite 1 Shalt give you her partlcular DlmenElons hereafter

,geir J The nExt to be confidersd, is their manner of Procreations ter of PQv8* -about which Authors differ very miach All agree that it is an ¢r;iun Animal of extraordinary ModeNy, and t;herefore nerer copu

lates in vlew Of any; whtch becauSe 'tis a big unweildy Body hath put Authors to a lofs as to the Poffure. Some aGerting, that it is Retreceient and RetromingeIl£; among whom s Dr.Moxf;rs3 ^firom an ObEervatio e has made ot the Situation and StruEure of tlle PeaM. Others obServing the diftance betwixt the A!ngs and Lagxrz and ffiat the DllFgs are fituated between tile fore Limbs xre of Opinion, that the Female is in a Supine, and the Male in a Prone PoRure : Among whom is fwvernier, who telJs uss ' That ¢ £,¢te Female gathers a great deal of Herbs aIld Weeds, an-d makes

ber



( dr )

; her Bed fome + or S foot htgh from tlle Ground, where fhe i throssrs herKelf, and lies on her Back in expeEtation of the ;N,ale, ' whom Xe invites by a peculiar (:ry; therefore perhaps it may beX that the Duggs are placed fo forward) to avoid tlle P.-elEure. A third Opinion isl that at the Coittgs, the female deScends into a Ditch, arad that the ColzgreSs with the Male is no otherwiid witb them than with other Qtladrupeds. As to. the fi.-, I can fcarce beliere it probable, becallfe there can be no fucb tlling as a lletrocoiellt Animal 1 for that wollld quite invert thc order of Natllre, and give a far different motion to the Mulgcle-s of t}<e Thighs, than tlicy can be fuppofed to have froln their Situatiorl-; and 1 am credibly info-rm'd by thoSe who have been at tile PaiIs to olJrerve them, that Hares, Cats, Rabbits, ac. who are faiA to bt Retrocoient, do Copulate no other way tllan Dogs and othe-r ttadrupeds; and that ftetrograde PoRure we fee Dogs in at thar timeX is nothlng but an endeavour to ger rid, when (by mea;ls of the fwel]ing of the Glatts) the Male and Female are too cloSe together, and far fronl a defigIl of penetrating further into the Yagsaa. As to the Second Opinion, were it not for lAlonfieur S*?teerrierss Aliertion, I lllould tllink xt too unweildy an Animal,, and of too Emall an Inclination to Iye down, to acquire fuch a Po- Suref The third Opinion is, that the Natural Sagacity of the Anitnal diEpoSes the Female to go into the lDitch, and both fore and hind lLegs ftenl to be fo articulated as to falrour this: l>or when the Female would bring the Body low, fhe has no more to doX but to {Eretch forvvartl her fore Feet, and then theArticul-a- tioIl of the HmerBs with the C1sbittws will bend backward; and to bring back her hind Feet) fO as to bend the Knees--forward7 by which llle can bring the fore prt of the Body fO lowX as to make the Nates Pfotuberant, and bend the hind Legs, whereby to put the K-atina in a conrrerlient PoRure for Reception of tbe Penis, according to- that of AriJEntls, SzbJ-it Fzzina, Clxnblgfqze sBb- miJfiisX ia0flit pedibs ac sanititxr; and elSewhere, FleSit serte fias pogetiswe$ PGpJites mado Homiris. XVhich of the two lall Oplnions may be true, I know not, but you have the ASertion of two faa mous lKuthors for both.

What Time they begin to Copulate is uncertain; tho' from How Sony tlleir ufllal term of Life, Authors feem probably to conjeCtttre,tley ro wili? that fom-e begin at the fifth Year, others much later, yea, notWontX, till the Twentietlz. The time al-io of their going-n7i-th Young iS iN debate; for their innate lMLieRy keeps futh as would

I tlvfUrve



( 62 )

obServe them from any certainty. The only way to knowX s (whele they abottudz3 to obServe their Ikparating themSelves frors £he Flock s for iX is a gregariotls AnimtRl, as Naturalifls term them; and Xtis obSCrvad9 wh^tl t!ey begin to be prorld) ( fo t-s Epald) that the M1£51e and Feinale g> apart, (and if any ob'erve tllenx at that ti.me) the Male surls upon tiltm wlth Fury and lM"ad ne$) and GO not return till the Female is impregnave, Some fendly imagin> from their exl:ra0rdinary Bignefst that they go witll Young g YearsX others 6) and others 2 7 ltut to me the moIt -pr.obable is) tbat of iS or I6 +\Xonths; and if we obServv the ordinary courfe Qf GeRation in oXher viviparoui Ai3 mals, it is according to the BineSs and Ternz or tofe, that tfe Femaifi

efually goes with Young. Thus you have Bitches and Cats going

but g Weeks while £ti+arei and Cows go 9 Mônths: So tharX Gtarm paribza, this (3ur Animal may be fspposad to go X T or X 6 Months; and Mlr Kaox ln his Relation of the ifland of CeyldR?XR

stz z iPr tel!s usX thent go nor with Young above one Year: Sot fay, thet Sppl f6m br1ng forth after every thlrd Year; and others, never bl£ once 4* I, p4g, 39* in their Ltfie. The firE Opinion may be probable, but the fecond

-s Rarce to be belsved; for lt would be Ittll ulore wonderfutX tud next to an ImpoElbilityX to fee fuch N5umbers of FlopD4Xts in Armies and Countries, as we read cf. vtr. ravernier telSs us ' Efe has been inform'd, that the Creat Mss/ lieeps Three or < Four Thoufand ElephJnts; but that the thieS Alalter aSur'd himZ s he had not above S°° tdid to be og hIs KouSe, and dblignvd 4 for carrying Women, Tents- and Suggage, and about to or 9s ( for V:Jar; which is a great Sumber of tamsd onSs. And froms thence we may fuppoSe, that there nlllS be a far greater Nurnl- -lber of Wild orles in his Dominions, beEdes what are in the liingdom of Pegx (where, as Schotto relates from Garaixs db Ortxg

Mirab, Sni- at one HUIltiNg there wers rooo taken at once ) siaffl Coahin r;41*Ecr and Bogtaz2 near Great Zxrterya be&des there of the I1land of ib. S. Satmatrx and Ceylaf^; where Taterncer reports for a certain truth,

' That when any JYing 0r Rojx has ane of them, if they bring T7ertller s ' the Breed of any other P1aceJ fo foon as the other Etepb6snts be. I rdWels ° ' hold the Ceylat ElepDtntsX by an InRintR of Nature they do thenn

a 795* C Reverence) by la8?ing their Trunks upon the Grollnd, and raiS ' Flng thenz up agzin 'ris faid tlle hffale never copulates with the Female after oace ihe is impregnate; and fotre will have us to believes that every Male Ateps to his awn Female. vli5

alfo faicI to bo a very temperate Creat;ure3 and feldon:} in La2O Sverni¢r



( 63 ) Tveratir tells us} that the Male never moddies with the Femaie wvhenônce he i) taken, but IS fometines feized with a luSful Rage) whwreof he gtwes rllis memorable Inkance ' C)ne Day ( MIJ.-leR Cheban FRirlg of Indix was a Hunting upon one of llis P*g: 9n t Elepharw3 with one of hIS Sons who fa£ by himr the Elepha>¢ s became fo furious by reafon of his LuIl7 that t1ze Governor, who C was by no means able to maRer him, declard tO the ERing, that c to aliav his Fury) whowould elfe doubtleSs bruiI} him to piece.s ¢ among the Trees7 there was no way but for One of the hree s to forkit llis Life, and that he would willingly Sacrifice his for s tho latiFy of the KingX arld the Prince his So£w } only he deSrvd 6 hiS .fi*:. ajeLRy would take care of his Cllildren i -which fiidX he s th;<w himilf among the Elfphva>s FeetX who had ne fooner G takcn tiirn in i;is T;unl) and fqueet d him to pieceJ with his ( Ff5tta bllt he grew as quict ai peaceable as before. VVhetfiler this Rage proceeds from LuR, or it be a kind of Madnefs) whic}t Mr itzows: in £e forecited Place tells us they are feitXd with at certain SeaSons which is known by the Efflux of a Liquor frorn their Jaws like OylX and trhich afterwards goes off of its owa accord, I ha11 not determine; but 'tis probable tO have been the flatter, and tllat by this fign the Keeper did know the Difeai The faid tQr ICnow addss that the Femafes fuckle indifferently the young ones of others as well as their owno aTisreported ofthems that they only bring forth one at once, tho' if it were not Eor the unanimous Affertion of all Authors, 1 would be ready to believe t;hey bring irth more for Reafons nereafier to be given; and that that one is about the blgn-efi of an ElogX or as fome fiy of an big Calf; which feems to quadrate wIth the Account of Ctver- sier who tells us, that when the Merchants bring the Elephane to fell, tEze Children do uSually Ieap upon their Backs, which could not be done were they higher. They are faid to fuck for 6

\7earsX or according to fome 8; tho I ratlaer adhere to the Opi_ nion of thofe) who tell usX the-y quit their Dame at 6 ltonthss if it be true, that when they are brought forth, they both fee and wralk ; for if fo, tlley may as foon come to purchate their Food ab Colts and Calves.

The Natural Food of the Elepbrr is GraSsg and when thats It! C4twrxl wantit}gX tllWy dIg up Rsors with their Tusks. This perhaps may Eord be one of the Reafons3 why the Bchc¢h is taken fior the Elephno, 5ecaut'i tis faid to tat Hay lilie an Ox, but that, as B^bo4rt tells us X is common to tke Hfppopo*Wfflos alfo. They axt d to hate a

z great



( 6+ )

yeat delight in Cllcumbers and Mkelons and a particnlar InRinS in avoiding svhatever Herbs may be hurtful to them, Tis aio obEervable, tlzey vill not go near any GraSs that has been tramp. led on by MpnX for fEar of Snares. \\7hen they are tam'dX they eat HaarX Oats) BarleyX or 7mch {ather Food as Os7en and Horis. 1t drir.ks a great quantity of iR7ater) whicll it fucks up by tbe TrualK, and whenelrer that.'s R11, it el<ptitth it ln theMouth. iL

narllrally affeAs muddy \vA/ater rather t- an clear: *Vhen 1ame, it drxnks clear \07ater well cIlough. \Mhcn thcy are to go to Batteln thvy gitre the-m SpirituousLiquors filch ai Wine &r, ia corder to make them drunk and furious, gs appears froln tlle Edi ftoI y in tac tl3ird E;ook of Macco6ee3, Chap. f.

It has a very acute fenfe of Smelling) by wllich it readily fi;zds 66n> evfi;J ̂3ut its Fvod. 'Twas pleaGant, Ellat when they ca.me to lfee tle

9;it'Z5" Creature, with Apples iI] their Pockets, it pulltd them out to t}zv alloninlment of thofe utho had them. 1>m lnform'd one of the greateR MiSchiefs it gOtX wasX when in the North of the King doln, being ln an Hou eX next to wllich was anorller ssith a greac deal oECorn in itX and the poor 13eaft being halngry) and EmellillO the Corn, beat up and prefE into a very narrow Doorw wllere its Sides were very much cruShad, and they had much ado to ge: t Ollt: And when at Pertb, it beat tap a Stable next to the &U5e

where it was, and moR induRrioul:ly Engl?d out the ciean Str w from among the Dung that lay among the Herfes Feet.

>ge?erAl a- I come next to give you fome Initancei of its Natural Endow** r! Fxng;ons ments) the rllanner of taking itX and its utonderful Docility when D tfie Lic- Tame. Pliny fayst that maxime e¢ Asmc?ls prowsmxm; hBmrz .lant Atrbxsx as appears in their Care of their Young, for they ra-

ther chuSe to loWe their onvn LiS, than tllat they Ihould Iole theirs They always go in FIocks, and tlle greate£l go foremoR, and when they are to-pats a River, they liEt the young ones acroSs upon their two Tusks and twilE the Probafic:4round about their middle; and make fuch as are bigger go before them, the g-reat- elt coming 1aR; for did-the greateRc-paSs firR, the River might chance to be fo deep} that neither the lelI*er ones could paSs, nor t}e bigger fo-readily aE1ll thetLu. When they paEs by any of their Dead! they cover the C4daver with Branches of Trees, GraSs, or wllat elre they can get. MIhen Any is woundedX tha reIl take care of him, bring him Meat, relielre him from DangerX a-nd run together to fave him from the Hllnter, \1Vhel1 a S;are iu lasd for thcm} they foon perceive it; if it be a Ditchs he thatvs neareik.

haltsX



( 45 ) lzalts, fas it were by an InkinEt) whtch when tne reR perceies tlzey immediately return with Bury u pon thP HUnter, za?>era;r IJOCO r j*t.^-^) - lls us) t That bcingonce-deceiY'd, and }avingeltal)tl tbe Snare, s they are tery d10(<4Eful ever aaer; and wllen thay get to

the Elood again, they break oS ar great Bûgh ft onl one of ' the<Trees with their Trunk, with whicil they examine exre^y s Ste-p they go, before they Set down their FeetX to try if there be 4 any Ilole itl their sray. ei<8Jen they go in Troops, iSorle ofT thcza perceives an Herb one which arly*;9lan has tranhpl'd, h pulis it Up9

and delivers it to the next who Emells it alld gives it to a tllird and Co on ti!] it come to the Xaka who makes a great A eiSe) uper which all go to flight, and retirc to HilEs? Asountains, Shady, arjd oth¢r leS ffeausnted Placess where wherl therc is no Irore GrafsX Same dig up Roots- OtllerS go a.5d pull tend!el BudsX Herlts and Leaves of Trees; arld the firlt that finds any thing*, returnfi alld corvenes thereSb of theF$vcks that.hemaycommunicatetothesn what he has purchafed When they are in a Battet, fuch as are wearied -or vvoundeda return to the MultitudeX and fucla as 11ave been lefs exposds ativance of their ovva accord. Wherl they are to pafs over a Ditch, one or mor& go down (acgording to the breadth of it) and 0and acrofs it, wl}ere nvking as it were tlle Column of a Bridge, all the re& Itepping; llpon their Backs, r?rs over. When a11 have paIt, they bring him or them oalt after thss n?anner: A;t the fgde of the lDitcll one ef thetn ftands, arld liEretches Oilt his Foot) which he tilat is -in the Ditch takes hold of? by twi(ting his Pra600cd round it; then the relt make haPre and pro- vide Branches of Trees, which tIley tllrow in, that he nzay the more eaStly Rep up upon thell?.

Thei£ Lasrej Fidellty and Gratitude is wonderful : 2#liavzs teils7?e ,6i.Z> us,twhen Pora King of Ifldea was fabduvd by 24#Ander the CXreat>trz4exifa; ,gn.{l 1:ie was wounded with Several Darts) as was the Elep/uaat he -rode Gf*4;Xtdeo upon, who was-carefiul to pllll t!zem out of his MaiRer's FoQy with his- Pro60f;is; and when he perceived his Ntafter falnLifin by the loEs of Blood,-- he gradually leall'd hiallelf dowrl, till he Rel] Bat u3Con the Grounds that his Maflcer might receive NQ damage by lighting off. There is alSo a 5tory related by Atbet 3f the Gratwitude of atl EZephwnt toward a Woman, wbe had done lsin L;b I 3 f.ome pieGe of Servxce: She laid her Child vy him, eA7hen it was only Thirty Days OldX but afterward the Woman being DeFae3, he fell fo in Love with the Child, that he could not endure ie to be ablint from himX being moR uneafy when he did not Se it :,.

there



(66 ) < thereS-#o-e wlien at any time the Nuri had fati*fy'd the Child, £ze

aid ic In a Cradle between his Feet; which if the had tlot donea he would not eat any; but when fie dLd it, he would eat p1Ca iLantly by the Chtld the gtho]e E)ay. *WZhen the Child IleprX he chasd away the FlecB with the ProDofX; and wIzen it cry'd, he won!d to£ or tock the Cradlea and tllereby fet the Child aileep ugazu Several tnRances of tilis Nature mtght be given from A*

thorsn b;t thefe may fuice.

it¢4tgitX 42".t' ' 5,t as their Love and Gratitude is greatX fo likewife are they

t ovnXe. fubject to \/Mrath and Revengeo A5itdel Gzps4@ tfil thaE Whu3ta

2Nn/:¢ i?;Xre an ESepXrt at a time was brought into a Thea.ter he faw as fao came along a Reeper oF \Vild iEStaRs {;tting in the jAlarker P1ace 6vhom in PaElon he fuddenly kill d; and that the otcati^>trl ot]j

Revenge was) becauSe the faid Reeper a1)out tI en Yelzrs- 5>t89tC

had Rricken him witn a Sword in that Idms Place. And Jf0yAt{-b avritcsX that a Soldicr in the Town of Cochit74 11ad thrown the Kerncl of a Nut at an ElephXt, wllich the Elephat toolx 8p and care=6uTiy hide Some Days afterX t he Eleph4at eing the StldicP paNlng by threw it into his FaceX made a g eat NQR2X and went

away leaping and dancing. In that fame tfown another Soldier

meeting an Elephat with his KeeperX tonld not RiYE Yay o themy whereupon the Keeper complaind to tl:Re ElephtR+}t of the

Nffront, who fome Days aRer Randing on t'ne River c2zvard,

whch ralas through the Town) anld licing the Soldict llanding idles run llaItily toward him} lifted llim up on the Pro6fiyrc;SX and plungvd him I"everal times in the River, aRer thi5:h hc drew him out (having thus aveng'd hitrjrelf) and left hinz where he founel llim.

The manner of Taking them is ; firIl, tl1ey dig deep D*ch£s) rld Fbe ]et2°8cover them-with 13ranches of Trect, Ec which) tho) the Ete- ffeM4i< plus7yts may fometlmes perceive7 aS is faids yet they are frequent

y enfnard thereln: iSherl any fall ins the reIt are ready fo throwY in Rranches of TreesX and fuch other Materials a3 they can gets to fee) if by aDy rntans, thty can rid their Companion. Another Methsd us?d by the King of SPegx is>. he bllilds PriSons for them of Wooden PillarsX at fuca a diRance as to fuffier a Man to pafs, but nt .n EfephXt > then e canis o 7De Iet go inwo the Woods rome tauze FeinalesX whoSe Pxdend;z are anointed w«th a certain O-y!) for enticing the lblkale; and taking care tht they de slot coplzlate) they drisre all together toward the PriSonX whence they convext thz Fcr3zRlc latO Stables whtl sP311 GQt*tu-no 1nore

bs}#



( 67 )

kt onE at once; and the Males 11ot in purfuit are cagh.t ¢;meng the Pill ars9 and irnmediately fome By- flanders la y acroS $Nt a 5--es of \^700d to htnde, their Ileturn. Whenthey perceive the Gheat they tath all in a Rage and FuryX and fall a grounino even to the h-eddingofTears, and run up and down till thty be atl in a $weatr When the Hunters defign to put them in Qtahles they 1et thevn fee the Females again,-->thom t'-ey lead foremoR and the M!alex follow them to th-e intended place, which is fo littlej that it ad mits no more but one at ance: Then they temove the Female and tye the Male by the N^cli to the StalE, tilt lting wearied both by Hunger and GrieS, theY become more Tame, whith is ufually after 8 IDays faftingX and therl the Keeper learns and ma- nages them as he pleaSes. A third Method- of taking them usad by the faid King is this: He gathers a sa ntmir of Alen, by- which he filrrounds the whole ForeLl; wllere the Eltphdrats haun and having enclosad thez within a norrow bounds, he plck- and chuSes fllch as he has a mind ttorX and lets the reR go. Gdrtiasxb o;+-ta fays, .that at one of tllele Huntings there were taken 4000, hut that the King caus'd them all to be let go, except zoos 1cR his Country {hould be deprlv d of them. 'Tis memorable wllat Edward Lopet Eavs he faw that whetI a young EZepbJnt was catchXd in one of theSe Suares, the oid one run trith viol nce tnottith Pranding of tlle By-Randers) to get -it ollt; whereof being dirapZ pointed, ffie threw in Earth, Trees and Stones in fiuch abundance, that t fillSd the Ditch) and rather chus d to deRroy -ts own Broud than let it 11 xnto the FiarldJ o' the Enemy.

Br1t if z hat Authors ha-ve told us of their mannw 1 Taming 7he mf>?N be trale) ivs a wonderful Token of their*-Natural Sagacity. After ,>f-gdwar

they are talen, they hedge each of then in %itf: great Raftss7tkcw. till they be encloFed in to narrow.bounds:, tlllat they can fcarcd have pJace to Rand: PIhen they tye their Feet and Tusks fo toge ther, that they cannot move; tize-ir Keepers mount them, being girt abollt with two llopes, and Itriking witn their Heels and Clubs, threaten to beat them, and to fEarve them till tlley {hould Die; but if they will be quiet and peaceable they would be kind to them, anoint them with (3ylX and give themMeat and Drink ia abllndance; Then they £ake olle of thefe wild oaes, and put it ln betw;xt tWQ Tame ones, and fo conEne it Qu both rlues tlil it be Tame enopgh. Tternser tellss tit he iw onee two Wild fieph;ntsX which had been lately taken>- each of whichEad a Tamc one plac'd on each fide. Round about -the WXld ElSh. -+s

9->f;+4



( ti8 )

god 6 Men every one having an half Plke tn this Haxd} and a llghted Torch faR-ned at the end vf the Pike, and talking to the lgeafts galre t}lem Meat, and cry'd out in their Language, Zt, rX 4t tt. . Tlle Food which they gave them was a little Bottle of Hay, pome lzieces of brown Sugar:, and Rice boil'd in Water, with r)me fEw Corns of Pepper, lf tile Wild EleWhats refus'd to do-as they were biilden, the Lven made Signs to the 1 amc Ele pXrts to beat themX wbich they did, banging the reEraEory one with tlleir Trunks orl the Head and tiorehead; and if le ofFer to make any refitEanceX the others thwart him on the other lides fo- that thc poor Beadc not knowirig what to do, was conRrailld tO 'earn Obedience. 'Tis-faid theSe htethods foon take w;th the younger -fiort btit +.-or the old one3 they put tilem ilito btg HouiesX and treat thetn very harihlyt by woklliding thcm with arts, ansl itarving them till they be half l:)eaA 5 and then by gentle Methods and fair PromiKes they tame them. d lians fays, when all other WIethods prove inetieAual with an old one+> they nhave a certain Zktnd of Mufical InRrument wherein tiley play the-r own Natural Tunex t-o which they become fo attentiveX that they are foon taken with the rweetneSs of the Melody; and laying aSde their Wildnefs, begin to look to the Meat that's offertd them, and

th o they Ihould talie off ttne Fetters forget their anc ient rude-

nefsX anti faII to their Meat vvith GreedineSs and Aypetite. > 1-is andeed-vPry f-llrpriting to think, they iliould underlEand either Flattery,, tRhreatning or Mufick, when Tame, and iS when Wild they do it, tis much more r. Howevert that it is a nzoR docile (:reature the Accosats of all agreeX and Autilors tell you wonderS fl1l Stories of tllem) foch as their Dancing to a Pipe, and keeping Tinle,, Leaping, SkippingX Gathering and Strowing Flowers, ex-- erci-Eng Futee and Pike, like a Soldier, anti caRing of Colours piaying a great many antick tf ricks in Theaters, and even %7rlting too, and-underRanding Human Speech When it is ia Sorrovv, it hangs the prsgoJ<cz low to the Ground and ;s by the iame it rnakes its GladneSs appear. Tt is an 2 nimal very delirous of vain GIory, and very Piotidt when finely dreR and richly adornsd.

;,Xj¢- Butsleavingthis, Icometotne liloreparticular ConSderation fcrgt eierf os of the Creature I am now treat ng of. I Ihall firLt take notico of +ke i>s> rgrNfl its E:xternal -Shape and DlmenWo,nss and then o-f its Irzbernal Parts, -,shdts i+^ t; with their StruCtllre. That-it is Saimxtl Yv./Digmz l- {hall readi-

as't}t')s-5lt. e,y acknowledge with Franziss i but that it is deformvdn Snce tlaoSe .dl.e



( 69 ) due ptoportionS laid down by the Autllor of Nature are dS c}t

obrerEd in thts as in apy other Animal, I; can hardly grant; ir nothintg can b; defbrm d bl3t what Ewerves from a gereeral Rulei 1t has a bir fhort Head} ffiort Neck) long Nok, or ProhoNczX hango ing almoft to the Ground; a Back fomewhat protubera£t, a ne and round I3ody:, a long TailX fbur great roursd Legs ile {o many Columns filpportinge fuch a vaR weight; arld thort Fett thofE before being broader and rounder} - and thofe behind more long and narrow, each Shod with 4 Hoofes; a lsttle rlarw tow Moutht with z long lfusks proceeding from the Upper Javs one on each {ide of the Pro60fc; 4 0f-00g Grinders tn cach Jaw * EmalJ} yet picrcing Eyes; and Jarge tSat E:ars. }

The Vlmenlionb are as follow : At the fore Leg R3e was 8 Z foot high (A. A ) and 9 a; the hind (B. B.) in length o foot (C C.) ldr ti¢a.<* and a Tall + FQot 3 Inches long (C. D.) round the Belly 1+ Foot Ons tb St (E E*) from 4e top of the Head to the end of the PrDb 8 Foot4afw >Si#* (F F,) wbereof the PrcRoNs4 makes up 4 s foot (F. G) from the Forehead equal with the Eye to the lower Jaw, tneafuring back wardX 27 Inches (H. H) from the top of the Head to tbe>]ower JawX meafuring downward5 4 & fbotX (F. I)tThe Ear was alrnoR lauare in this Subje&, and Emall in retpeCt of thofe ln other An- malst Whether or not this diffierence lmight have been in regaral of the Sexs I know not. 'Twas in lengh 19 Inches (KK) and sn breadth x7 (L L.) The Eye (U) was not fo frnall as Dr. Moo lins would have it; wwho faysX they were no lvigger in the Sub jeEt he treats of than thoSe of a Sheep; whereas in this they are larger than thofe of an Ox. The- diffance betwixt themX meaZ furing acrofo? was 26 Inche5; betwcen the Srs and Z4giAtR 2 t foot; between the Dugs X foot. The fore FoorX mealiring

xound the extremities of the + HoofsX 3 fdot I o Inches (N. N.)

whereof the exterml Eloof runn-ing obliquely forward was S Inches X othe feconel on the outfideSlhuare before, was S Inches, and 6 inbreadth, e. e up toward the Skin; as was the third} Square a1go beSvre} and 4 2 half (}3 Ahetnternalwas morepointed than the Externial- and of the idnze length; the hind part of the Poot was covervd witlt a tough thick Skin * The Diameter of the fore FootX from theRight totheLcfts was xg 2 Inchesn Eom before to behind, N 2 Inches. tThe Circumference of the fore Legt at the Uppsr 3o}nt) was 4 Foot 3 Inches (O, O) At tlle Articu lation of the p z foot d X inche (P. zP*) the C ircunlference of the hind Foot, tound the Haof; 3 {oot + Inthes ( Qf QJ Its

R I;)iarnete



( 7o ) Demeter fcom behinfI to beCoreX 16 X Inches; from the Right tO the Left, I 2 Inches. X he breadth of the outer Hoofs 4 2 1n_

thes (h ) the fore Hoof being Semicircular, 3 2 Inches, ( aX ) the thir(l and fourth E4.oof 4 Inches each; both inner and outer Hoof go czbliquely forward The Circumference of the hind Leg is z foot 2 Inches, (R. R.) Thus you hante the Di-menfions of all its External Parts, taken either from the Body, when it lay Dead in tlle FicldJ or Slnce from the Stuff'd SkinX wherein for tlle moft part they agree; only that by reabll of drying, the Legs are fmaller, and the Back not fv protuberant.

>.S<¢tl,irUIa - Now I come to confider the fticula and CzzzX being the firfE 32?;wgt C->W*lsS fubje>ed to Enquiry Dr ]@oSas has aIready at large infiRed iseave.ibsi. moR judicioufiy on bothx and indeed he had good Opportunity

ro do fo i for he had tlac choice of any part of the Skin he pleasd (to nTiew its Strueure) tllat was not defac'd by the FireX whereas in our Subje&, the chief endeavour of PFvoR Meam^ ieing to prekrtre the Skin whole, in order to Stuff *, (wkich is now done to SO good purpofe and fo lively, that it is become a nzoft cusious Ornament, as rhe Figure after- the Original9

Wh'lCh NQW Rands in our Hall, doth repteSent) T had not an opportunity of making tryal upon any of it green; fir on the gon2dys while I was oblig'd to go out and take care of tbe BonesX the Worknzen were bufied ia falting and preparing it, and afte- wards I had not time: So that what Accounts I can gire you are taken from itX as it now Ikands dry. But that r may give you all the fatisfacRion. l can, I {hall tranScribe what of Dr. MaAi."'s Ac- count I find agreeable to that I fee in thisSubjed) and add my own ObEervations.

FIe fays, ' lle found the cgticxia cover'd all over with' a IErange . 1 ^liss fort oISScabX in many Places reSembling oldWrats,deeply jagged, R11X*,dC - ;;>n: ¢ and the carnous Fibres of the MuScles of Beef when much boil'd d th S;$ ' and tranfirerny cut, but of a dirty tawsly Colour. l hefe Scabs

{ (if they may be fo caIl'dJ both nir and look Iike fllort p-eces of s Whale bone; they didfo firmly Rick totbe C#tiC#l4, that they ' couli not be pluck'd Som it, nor the Parts of whxch they con-- 4 r(ted (tho' they 7ere much di1ltided) kom one anotherv witho s out tearing it) and yet the CutiGlWla was very tough and ' thicir



( 71 ) This is very liarely expreR, and Anrse) exa-Rly to w1Xat I. [vrt,; t.>) v^ZS

find in tbis Subje*. He goes onX and fiays: C The lngrh af tk^fo '¢-'')';"}{'''4''"^

s Scabs was in fome^ above A or , but in other plaves NQU 25oVe

' Ixo or zX2 of an Inch. The cauSe of which dif=CrenceX hie takes tO be the EfeBhants vuearing, by rubbing or Iy;ng, fome Par£s cL them, while others were Iliglltly, or not at all worn. The Scabs of this Subjeci were not rO long; far as the deepeJE z. :t'$5'.tt

X could find upon the cxticzZa was not above fo tL.e thinseRt.t+); ;t*ii.

was lers that 16 of an Inch; but that is nOt marial. As to his ReaGorl why they are thicker in fome Parts than anorlae tho it may reem pretty good, yet 1 {hall offier another by and by, as u no leSs probable Con)edure.

He fays ' He cotild -find but very few Hairs without this ScabX Z>s -];7JF2 X; iX

4 but many within, and even with it. The EZepkants I.nclinati- w;t¢ s on to Itch, and to rub himSelf againk whatever c-ame in his ' way) kept thoSe Hairs that were- even with the outiide of the * aforefaid Scabl from appearing of any contiderable length. Thv s hardneSs of the Scab, by keeping the Roots of the Hairs X1iX s did rery much contzbute to their wearing on tlle outtideX s

well as to their Prefervation on that withm. In our SubjeA the Hairs are every where pretty 1ong} Some

2) fome 3 Inches; others (in Places moPc SubjeR to Rubbing, as the DoEor obServes) but I or I Inclls tho' indeed nvt fo nu

merous as I find. There are Paflages for them through the t* r

ttcXla. I know not what the Do*otr-means by diRinguiShing be- ;' $'4'' ' '

tween thoSe found in tbe C;£tis and thofe in the Cxtic/a, fince I atn convinc'd all arife from the 6atisX arld penetrate the Cer: sula. They are indeed black, and many of thxm Riffer and thicker than thofe in an Hog. As he bythe Fire had occaSon to obServe fome pieces of the Cxti¢la ra;sd from the CtesX fo th: Skin of this Subjedt is in many Places depriv'd cf it, eSpecialxy where the BeaIE lay mo-lZ in the Water at its Death; and fince theSe are means whereby to Separate the one from the otherX this may grre occaWlon to enquire by vvhat means they adhere * Ent l meR firPt conSlder the strllEllre of the Cestlcls145 and then of ehe Ctwtis YOU know fome have taken the CHttS tO be nothing but a -certain Cru{E formsd of feareral Mucilaginoirs Particles obducing the Czta, &c. in the Vterzs; which alter the Ftus is <^; Styrg come to greater maturity is condens'd and form'd iv3to a Slng sre Rf* vi''^

filch as s7ve {ee Xxci!gyes and P*ttefes harre, when aRer boiln¢, CULiû*¢ils they are exposd to the Cold: Others) that the Csti;l> as well

K 2 tS



{ ,£ )

23 cis, is compossd of a cangertes of Membranow fibre inter mixt with a great many C2Pillartes, and endued with Pores fit for Perlpiration: And there are AnatomsiRs who affiert, they llave inj¢dtod thefe Cutalaeous VJetls in the Cx irula of a Fztz as wesl as i the Czets; tllo when the AnSmA1 is tnore adult, tlzeSe Capil- Iaries 11()L onty el2ape the view of tlle naked Eye bllt eveI3 of Opticks That this has been tlle Stra2ure of the CWticla in this Animal, is mor; plain axld obvious ? for tho) I cannot detet minc its thicknef, as Dr. 0215N5 might hanJe done i-n a recent One et now as it is dry,, it feems to be of the thickneS of, or ra-

the-r thckerX thsln common \ellum, with its inner Sutface exca vated) as you ree a VVomanvs 1himble, (the Elioles being mlch about the filue BigneS, and difpos'd regularly) or in an Honey Comb. Among tlle InterRices of thefe Excavations) the Rami fications and Difirarication-s of the Blood VeSels are obvio-us. At

SR3* 3* A every two Lines or s of a-n Inch diftances for vlle moR part are to be obServ'd Protuberances compos'd of § 6) or 7 Columns joining and ma1iing up a Pyramid or Cone; in the top whereof is the Pote or Dz22) mentxon'd l;y Dr. Moglins, through whicll the tSairs paSs; they are nothing but the Interllices of the Fa?viv (\o to call thern) or DepreElons, wbich arife in the Cztirxfa, and are imv pa&ed in the Cutz, for the better Reception of the Hair. Alrd- ntis iprobable, that all the Hairs are conner d otrer with thin Mem- branesn as Dr. !oeZins ob(ErvesX from the lExtrenlity of tlleir Iloots to the Czticsla 5 FJecauSe haxting puild out Several of the Ha;rs, I faw thenz included within thelr proper l?Jolxcr4, and doult n{)t but it was fo with all the reLt £eQX befide the common one wtnich is hoth contiguous and continuous to the CHti(z/4

The Hairs are more l?oJre) and the Pores more patulent--and ob vious xn the CtitiCttQ now dryrd than I fuppoSe theNT were when recent; but whether thei Fores ̂ ere alla deEgned forSepara tlon of Vapours bty PerEpiratiot-le or only to contain, and con vey the HaIrs planted in t5ze Ctz thraugh the CAC#/a) is sYhat

*! >21(o wi@Pre 5 } «all neither contradiE nor arm. TQ the outfide of tbis CSti- ;2¢, ;.X.>*; cvs! are adherent the Scabs whtch X ratI<er take to be a;Suver

veniene Dllzemper lnctdent to thls AnnaIX when out G: ltS 0'#

ClimateX occaSonad by the ConfEriCtion of the Pores from Colds th>n any wiii NStEFal tO i£: And to thls the Accouglts of all Authors agree; who tel! us, that there are two kinds of thern, one of a more dark Coour, antl another duskinl and fadX la YnD boh heir Skins of a-very fmiooth and polite Surfice ) wherew

iQ.1^C.



( 73 ) f<>e the Keepers of this Elephatt witrl tis, cKl'd s- the thiso zephant) in opporltion to the black ones; ev'llereof ore n the forecited Place, faysZ ATigris d/;gf^;,zJi.-.r, P44tri. );3,?; <iWr

{:hey are affCded with the ScabS this DilnFion of o-olours ic not obSerY'd. Authors telA us, as y-cJu have loeardX t53L toe -ll6t thing they do when they begin to Tame rllem IS t0 X29int them with Oyl, wh.rel3y thcy kee? their Skin Imoorlls ioft and flex* lBle, and relax their lzores f0, that whatever groSs Partieles maw fly off from theis BloodX whoSe Conftitution i, now l)eth3ps worEe by the alteration tS Dyet? and harclfl ?s thewl undergo ae taming, may not llick to the Slt.inX but freclv he cYaporated, And I am credibty inform'd by Xch as haxte liv d long in the An dies that tlley take as much care to keet) the Skins of the Elc- pDants fmooth and clearX aS we do witl] our fine HorEesr Since then theSe Scabs are a DifeaSe, and not Natural to thP *4nImals it is reafonable I thould enqllire into th& Cdul} of ttlem > which to me feems to be d craSiie & VifcofitJts 4rgxirz wiloSe Par- ticles, becatfe of obRrudved Porest by a Cold too csceSiv.e for their BodyX do not fo eafily fly offj but aS[er tIley have patt tItt C{{.tf'C#/d > g° no further than its SturXo; and becaZe of the * i> corty of their TextureX do fs cleavRe to and heap upon one another, that they appear under the fornz of a Stab; which by the Evaporation of the more humid Particless harden by degrees, and by the heat of the Sun are sractsdX rcntt and di;}ded: Theat Caldnefe of the Weather will occafion grofs and viScuous B£ood tllere none acquainted witll the DiLlvmpers in tltefe Nortbere Countries will readily deny; nsF that molE of tlelffle lDilten.pers pr¢ceed from the ObkruEtions of Capillaries and ParefX and tha£ this may be the c--auSe of theSe Scabs. 1 o£er otlly this onle Espe xlment; whatever Pieces of the Czltsclxia l cBbirv'dz wilere the Sca}s were thin there the FX« or DepreSons were large atld c-onEpicuous; bllL where they were NrCy thick, th.ese tlzz FwO were sery fimal!, and almoR imperceptible; wl1ich platnly im-

plies, that wherelrer thefe Particles avolatt freely) tew aelIsese to the SurEace of the Skin; but vvI3Wnw tlaeir. Force ss irit!ibiti by the AriAnefs of the Porcs7 ther are unable to re-love any further than they. adhere toX and augmeDt the is1ta1{$ of the ScabO ThereX as is faid, are divided from ont anot cr by fevoral WMos z1.ff- .,;^ or Reets} svhich matyt either bo ocoationtd bh thcafore*me£z sonu sJ/Ivi.j;l tSti;

heat of the Sun, or by the diSreut PolEure the Sîn.is pat .n TJeatt-z;l *e fvYeral Motions of tlae Body. Hcnce iths iSX t-'Au where rlne Ris .S.

* * X,iv2



( 74 ) Skin is moR wrinkId, there Rimx are mat fkequent. It may 13c faid, that this Reabning feems to contradiNt grhat Dr A!of¢Sts has aSereed, v; 4 12at this Animal has a very fabtile Bloods a_

7e Cf^sRgit;* boundZrlg with a pvnatratxng Urinou$ Salt; which lle proves frorv tifen Qt t7 tlle vVacity of the Specles, frors the Urinous EfXa-ix whleh af E}ephant's SetRed 11is NofErilsX and from the fmarting of his Finger by the BS6wOtde Biood, after it was ct3t. As to the firRX that it is a very V1Ya-

cious and Spirituous Animal, both the foregoing Relation and the Account off all Alltllors make it apparent; but that does no£ hin der its Blood from being incraSated by Cold and bad i3yet9 nor tIzat theSeScabs may procced Eom thisgrofs Blood. As to the Secon(l, thoX he might have been Senfible oF an abounding Ur rinous Salt in that Animal, it does not follow it llhould be fo in all, and I am apt to believe it was extr-aordinary , for without doubt fuch a burning as the poor BeafE underwent, even to its liXeath, muR [laare alterwd the Conltitution of its Blood, and made it quite differet}t Eom what it was; and 'tis probable, that it -was at fuch places, as wcre mof affeRed with the BurntngX where he felt this Urinous Smel] and the fnarting of his Finger. For my part) I obServ'd the Blood of this Subjedt to be Styp ick and ReRringent: eo that wben my Hands were imbru'd in it, I could lEarce bend a I:inger; which Effe* I have alfo perceived at the DiSedion of Fiffies, wllich all acknowledge to have viro cuous Blood. But it xnay be objeded, that this our SubjeCt dyZ ing Morbid, and of a langaiChing Di¢emper, the Blood of the one mlght be groEs and viScuousX and yet that of the other Spiri- tuous and Subtile. I Shauld be ready to acknowledge the Obje Rion £o be valid, if I did not underPrand both were affe*ed with the faEte Sca, and by what appearsX the other feems to have been more than thi§.

I proceed next to the CgtwX whofe inner Surface Dr. Moxlsts 72¢ Strs- obServad ' To abound with a great many Glands; when cut

C2re of t2t ' through, at leaR as far as the Root; of the Hair went, it 11vas UtlQe < like the horny or callous part oW Brawn, and its outer Sur

' face abounded with a great many Paptlli. Sas I faidt I had not- opportunity to obServe any of thefe; but am apt to believe all to be true : And firR. as to the Pwpil>; I told you alrea- dyX that the CwricxlJ was endued with a sait quantity of Fxvi, or DeprelIlons svherein I daubt not but thefe PapilZx were receiv'd, tllo' the Surfacc of the zw, as now dry'd, is Smooth; and where £he Papsl feem'd to have formerly been; tbere are now rather

Det



( 7s ;DepreElons than Protuberances. Sllis is an Argument tnat th¢y has been fome kind of Liquor contain'd in tllefe 72vpiliw or -Ve {els, as I may call them, which at the drying of the S!<in is csa. porated; and therefore I fuppok this hrawny part of rhS £;ta ao be a Coageries of daas excretarij, running in a Parallel Line konl thefe Glands to the Vefilcles, arld conveying the LIqusr to be contain'd in themX tiil it be evaporated by Perfpiration a

and thefe \7eels reem to have been both fo blg ar.d .rlumvrous in this Animal, that they make up at lealt two parts of rhe inner Surface of the tiC2l; the Blood VeSets and the lDepreElons together karce make up a thirel part They Seemz alSo to be lodgad in the Cxtz by the one halfx atId in the C;Wr;aZJ by the other; for ;n Some PSaces of the Cxtw. I oblferved tllc DeprelI ons as numerous and reeglingly Parallel to thok in the C^ticxl; and that, notwithnandtng the Membt4asof4, wllere the Humour was included, which now being dryd -and collapsdX may take txp feme Space in the DeprefEton of the 6tXtiSe By this Account both of the C#tiCXtJ and Ct«s 1 come to enquire Fir2 how the one Chollld fio firmly adhere to the other when there feemsi to be no Communtcation by Fibres betwist themv as sppears by their eafy Sepatatiot both by Fire and Water: Secondly, has conSlderableP the PerEpitation may be. As to the Firk; Suce tE1e sis and CxticF4 are two Girtin& Membranes+their Co}R!ia eems to lbe mutual: FirIE, theSe Pyranzids, whtch receive the HairsX are tmpafted in the Ctw and cloSely furround their Roots 7

and then thek Paptilu are impaded in the C1attcxf4 which fs Iong as they are diRended with the hualoalr fis for Perl4?iration witl- slot readily quit the DeprelI1ons in the CHtit#, unleSs the Hu+ mour be fiuddenly elraporated by Fre} or the Sides of thefe lDe-- prelllons or Ce/l!ce be relaxd by \Vater; an-d there may be a certain Vilcofity which obdl2ces the Surface of both, as it were fo much Glue, which either the Fire may dry up LGO mUXbx 0 the Water dilate > SQ that the one can be rn lEparated firom the orller, and the Ha;rs eitI1er be ptll'd from their p3Ctx 0f q*ix their common Ixvolgcrgm- Ai to the <etondX TiZw Tt5e PerEpira- tion) I nlall ofFer no other CalculatioIl thar what is already a*ade by Dr. Manltns * He iiys ' the Fores mulR be both numProus and < large for PerEpiration, erpecially iS we conSder S4rE§ris his s Statical Obfervations of a M an>s snSenfibly perEpitin 3 in a \Vin s ters DaySsO4and upwards; wEsich is fornething morethan 51+ of s an ordluary MAanfs we}ght, fuppo;Ang hxm to be ;7o¢IS, and



( s76 )

i at tllib rate we muR fuppoSe an Elephdat s Perlairation to be- G vaRly 1nor2; bUt (S he fays) 'tisprobable) the Scabs might * bar i£ trolll be-arsng proportion to that of a Man's: So that whath 429er tlan ElephxXt might have perEpir d in an healthly State,, we -ay rt3gnably fuppoSe it to do much 1c when attacked with tlzis 3iSaS } which tnay be another ArSvatent for the Crgrties & COJ;t"S SWxiniJ, wherewith I -alledgXd this Animal 1 dig- te£tedX was endutd,

I can determine nothing about the ttlickneSs of the Skin, while -recent i but as tt is dryX by an Inci-sion made UpQN one of the Hips, -it appears to be lefs than w Inch, and of SubRance not un like tO EnrliJh Bend or Sole-Leather.

I lad no opportunity to obSersve, vYhether there were any Cuv * jo St->e ttneous Veliels, but doubt not it -8there have been of them, and t<^ stttof -) that in aburldance s 1 * from the numetous Glwads difpers d all over

.es £nner SurfaceX which muR hare had Blood YeSels inferted sn ehem; and 2. froln the abundance of 4m3ficat«ans diEpersd in the #tScXl4> proportionable to whichp it is probablea ehey were alX in the Cuz.

* I can fay nothing about the Pxanisxlxs Carnofis, neither am I n C S «lly convinc d of what is related by Dr. Moxlins, vsz That this

*9_ttAt0@u$ Animal kiUs ths Flies, by putting itSelE (uddenly in a PoRure to wrinkle tlle Skin on that lide that is attacked by them- fo that the Ctacks are for-c'd clofe together, and the Flies brulsed; iSer tis hard to conceive fuch a big Animal {hould all on a fudden be fo nimblc. I rather belieye, that the Zr°[°r kom beforeX and the Tail from behtnd) may fupply the defett of the JPdansaXtxs Carnofxs, (if it be wantirlg :) For if we codider the length of each nve-Shall find they come near to meet about the middle; for the Body of this Subjett being IO foot in length, the Probofa and Tail make up between them near g of it; and what i5 wantingX the Air, by the force of their moti()n, is enongh tO expel the Flies, even when without their reach.

As to -the-Fatx whether by rcafon of the extrsordinary Lean 4 nefs of this Subjit, or iS it be ordirlary for ESpba7¢s to be en

dued bllt with lictle of it) I know not but I -could not have be- lieved fo littIE Pat to have been ;n any AnimaI as wt heres for befide that there wz neither a Membrwnv AditofaX or confpicuous Omentxm, there was not one Graixl af Fat7 cither among the InterRices of the MuSctes furrounding the Kidneys) nor round dhe itnts gd L<,snaJ} where 7tiS ur"^ll found; arld what is mow, -

whca



( 77 ) therj I had Spent near a whole Day in boi5ing the Bones iw: Z Byers Veffiel7 without e hanging the M{ater, C7£9ept thar I fup - plyd wllat was evaporated, therc was not fo muctz as a t3rop Oyl that did rwim upon the L,iquor.

Dr. A4oXins takes Norice of a very ffrong Nervous Membranea [>>'5K8t^*tr4 ! (which I ingenuouny conEeSs I had not time to remark3 and there-/>- ve+}ffi;s; t34

forekyou have it in his own Wold) which obliquel deRended tte ti tl^-

from the Spina DorJi tQ tllesternum and Linea aSb. ; This Pflem.i5r2! ;;> la $>;-t brane l?vas very tolIgh, and near as hard to be cut as Wthale- 6!;it bone of the fame thicknefs; which all along the Back-bone vfas about 6 InchX but nearer the end I try d it) the thinecr

' X founrl it. This Membrane Seem d to termxnate in the LireJ s loa, as theTendons ofthe bauSclesofahe A&dSome7s uSuallyde

Its Nervous Fibres were very diIlinguithable, and mig&t caEly ' be feparated throughout their whole length. TIais doubtleEs s was to firengthen the Creature, and perhaps that the wesght s of the Ei%sera contain d in the Abdomex, rnould not dillend tlse 4 Peritonoum and hluSeles adjoyningX fo as to let them hang low- 4 er ,han mras conlrenient A like plece of MAechan-iSm yoa ntay rtmamber I comnlunicated to you not long agoX in my oSfersra tions made upon the Difledion of a Porpef¢.

After the Skin wfas wholly removtd, there being rlo Time t°>}^gcrf+,f,07t examine alJ thc MuScles of this huge Bodys I apply'd my Self par of the Mff

£icuhrly to thofe af the Proborcis, as being of greateR Moment cles of- th} Wherefore the Body being Supine, I firl confi(ier'd the Neck, and Po5oc.ci; upper or fore-part of the Sterngms where 1 obIerv'd two Pair of ûrcles to arife {harpand flethy; whereof two in the mtdellet fran a fmall Orig,in, were extended into large ldtuScles running Rrait forward, and diRinguilE d from each other by a white Liney till they came to the point of the lower Jaw; thew other lXde ruIl - ning oblique]y outwardX till they came over agaid the Ar-ttcu_ lation of the Lower Xaw with the.Upper: From thence keeping the lower part of the Lower Jaw, they returad to the forefaid point, in Figure not ualike thc Cuc/iarir in Human Subjeds, with their Fibres running obliquely forward from this middle Line toward their external part This Pair Serv'd to draw leack the Lower Jaw, and like the Platy0gJ Xyoides, cover'd aIJ its other MuCcles, with thoSe of the Lxryntra Tongue, and Pbvrenx. On tlle outEde of this Pair aroSe two other MuiclesX fmall aE

their beginning, and in their vrogreSs paflblug in betwixt the OsEe*.,<o.cs ;gygomatSfsm tud iculia adhering to the ffi;rC#t t¢porzZis, and Pr , iXisi

L ik6ndZ



(78 1 aRending run up belcw the XeWtXJ Agditoriw, halfway bev twixt the Orbit of the Eye and Top of the Head ; where becomo ing ver-y tllick and rouxldx it pall over a Charp Angle o£ the SculJl toward the Fo££head; wloince deScetlding from aboare the Eyee it cameX and with its Partner fill'd up that hollowneS; in the Os

gz, 3 . PS£i (k.) and coming Rill lowe> made up the back part of & the trunk or Preborcfis. Afterwards the Body being turn'd ovcs

I llad oI)portunity to fee the Ta* t4nc mention d by Dr*Moxlzns>; Ws uJgxX which arifes from a Spsna sn the back part of the Scull (cc.) Rv oz whence running backward alorg the Sides of the fevenS Krtebr

9fw [lwle NeckX it terminated betwixt the 6th and 7thltsrtfbr of t he J3ackX lecolllin-g Rill tbinner ia its ProgreSs. It was abollt lix .lnnes broada pretty thick,^ arld deScended obliquely fiom the Top of th-e Sp$az Verterar2}2z to above tlle Rtbs,- and coverd alL the MuScles which arik from the Neck, and fsppart the Head X

affilfting tilemt (as Dr.- M<lins rightly abServes) becauSe the Headj of Qpadruped;s, tEpecially of this Anxmal« being mort ;pendent} {have more needi of SUppOfttES than the Head of a 1Manfi wllere thit (Contrivance IS wanting. Dr. ASoglsgt tells u-s> t;hat it was plat'd edgew-iSe i the Rea!ot}l of vQhich rn;ay be, becauSe of the SpiNeS of the foar firR Zetebrx of the Back,- whfich are 4* Inches broad; whence the taX wax ralnning forward (where the Spines are narrow, or where there are no Spineg at alln as- irw; the three firA Yertebru of-the Neck)- inl a kreiSkt Line *e the Scull, the f>ce be-low i£ fol-r the Mukles to move ine muit ve th.v :lime at tt3e Neck as at the S<pina) whete tht Epiphyfes keep their

EtetVâre3 Upper Sides at filch a dillance. From above this T#^Q.r ia hoisoic.t ;;e the Necks do -ari-Se- two MuSwles} thinner and narrower at firrtS

Ir.ut th-icker and 'Droac} as ty go to the Scu11 snhere tley firm H 6 -y adI-sel e to the Sid:es of a lar Sia; in its back-part ( b b. )

g whence lEcailng> being lodg'd in the E}epreilion upon t'le top of g¢ 0 the h7ead- and bstwgt the Erninencies ( d d-. ) tlley deRend till

> tilvy come ove-r agairiLl the- H-ole for tlwe Root of the Tralnk (a. 8 and becorne tllic}ier and round; and- in their whole DeScellt make bfoRp the forepart of the Trunk with extrelmitp

Ths;s you Izave the Probo0Sm trac?d Som tts Origin; ve. Tllat Fis compos'd of: two Palr o-f hluR:-les; on& whereofmakes up its- back--part which axi3is Som the Sterrxm, and paffies with RreiQlt Flbres ;ni i}<o\tt the OJ Z.ytomwtsicxm; arld *om tI-exe -orwarda X}1 i;G raX=e;S S1P tS body QF ZZE Trun-k xSelE Another Pair, wkiclz X.!;4tOS:t.hs :CCk 1SSJ O-fC; HC&&3. andde££wd makes

al.



( 738 ) Aup [tS brepart, The Fibres of this Mllrcle detend ;n a Rreight. Ltne, till they make up the Body of tlle TrankX and then beglns a fErong tendinous lnteritices by which they are IEparatel @om their Copartners i whence ther FibrG d>;kend obliqudy tO AA0- ther Itrong Interlticea by wllicll on each {ide they are feparated frortl their Antagoni&>, where rlle fame oblique CourIk of FiJ bres is again to be obkrv'dX that is to fayX that the Ers2vês Probofc«disX (for fo we may call thefe whsch make up the foi* part of £he Prsba0sss) ( gg ) unite in a tendinous- Inter&ice (z c) g+r 7 from whence the Fibres on each fide obliquely dWfcend So likewife the Retraares Pro;oRids br fo we may call tbeX which malle up the back-part of the Proboreis} have their tendinous In terltices running down the middle of its back part ; from RXhence the Ffbres oblLquely defbend5 almo making an Angle -of a Dev m«rbog6xs on each fide xn another longxtudinal te;lulin<;us Inter- llice, whereby the Fibres of the antagoniR MuRcles are con join7d

Thus you See a wonderful Contexture of 4 !dtz!Eles, fo con triv'd as to perfornl all kind of Motions t Jir as elthvr ill the se- tnord or Himers, from Flediony Extention} AdduAion and Abo duEionX proceeds a circular XWotion, So here mrden the ElWVa6Qr and *DepretforX or RctradEor aE together on either fide} £1aca

there is a iatekal Motion: And whetl the Congener E;'vatorvs and getrdgares a2.) then therc is either Elevatioll or Otprellion s un{t ffom chek two, with lateral Motionson both Sides fucceElvely perfbrm->d) proceeds a-circulat tNiotion But this 1s not all; we fie tllat any part of tht Trurik} either Root or EXTFEm4tY) or both at onces can be laended c:tt-er upWa,idS Or downwards i -:,ld this

conctilre is perSorm'd after this mannerX Tllek ttbtsv thes obliquely StuatedX are dividcd into Seareral F*0sicHli) wI jicl] are ieparated by fewfera! tendinous InteiiEdions; -and that av; Flze beS

ginIling of each lnterkRionX there is a conliderable Bra -i<' stD a Nerve from vlle hard Portion, inferted, ly which onc) tweX 1Or

nzore of thefi F;axl; tnay l3e fet in Motion) without aziy other part of the Pradv/cis being concernAd

[Br Mrvzl«nsX and not unfitlys calls the Prabslsis a Frolong,ed NoSe7 both frnln its Situation and Mfi in Suzelling and reatllin7.

And I thln s l may with gead Reaton ma1<e atl Analogy t)etiNixt {t and ttletI ongut * For betides there is a grcat ASinity betwixt t1jc SmellingJ and 1aRinga Suce wh-at>s unpleaSug to the Nofe, can}lor il.,tt n3u{Catt ;tt tQNgUt and Pulate; inSosuncI* thaL thc h>:* ay

1 * 2 'l8W



be callad 2 Taller to the Ta!le : They likewiCe agree in this Ani ma', by retfon of the lJiverfilty of Motions in both, and fes Mfcles that perform theal, tho elegantly exprefs'd by the fi mous Bellins: t (9nis crerlvoa rays he} hxic ta7xtzmmado Vniver s Ling (Prsboficidi) mria daJvert) ita ;st pagcCJJIm«s donatol Mu%- 4 s*iis ixnxmeras prope dsxcrgm obire hMtiones; Extewditgl, CSontra s hrzz, D}tatxr, Exritxr,, v4tollstxr, E)eprimttxrX Incxravtxr mod 4 in Ccis4m aptAt He, modo n Co?:e.tgrs mGXo qgc ad Palat} hr- s ricem fSgrpxm) arsgitrX mo-dd "d Frinxlgm <X¢ <s¢orrXm s rdeStgr qxandcqsse DtpZicatwrs lixs Extn^;att, zodo tremtt. By which only the Variation of Prohorcsdt for Lingz4} Sxrfiwn for

iXtlE ad Pdlti SrriezX and tutpxm (that is downward whea t is brought aSa betwixt the Fore-Limbss or conveys any thing to theMouth) for FrdnX xfiqxc, all the Motions of the one are compattble w the other. And Schort; gives a brief Accxat o£ she -Motion of the Prorci3 s Circnvolvtt exm fwadfigwt e mat-

/Xt4ffi* At s ima cxm sebritateX ¢v pit Patxno <F Ctb)lm atgue sn Os tnfitnt; vtA* j tt;e24 s ram Probofcide nn cdit) fed Ore; nec Orc nc edar4 xt 6;ber S78 8. 8 pattR *?bJ*qre Promxrcs-d¢; htr;- Ad4 N40XtF t¢catr. S enin

4 ReScri ertgst eF ffcrt t conJsende; ed Jrbores pr#ieertst; eAmf

4 sv4z Sqxis smmozitX c}it > eaqf¢e refiWt dtqxe refipir4t. Now tcx snake a irtber Analogy wit*A the IODgW and it: As the Gcafo- gZoS) by lengthenisig its Fibres from the fore and inner part of

the Lower Ja-w) whence it ariSes, to the Root of the Tongue, where lt is inkrtcd} ittetthes it f£21; SO the Iwtxtcres PrvOof. {sdxsa by >ngthning their Fibr from the ?ix-x all along tsk Top of the Heai t the ,Root d .the- Tr-unk, tiretches it fortl alfo * A r;d as tkse R¢rragorePfro60tfssdw-£an tcry well perfor-rn the pot-ions of pulling it in, Aal-agogs to the StJfig>f s 7 fa the two Antagen;Rs on either fide caa pull it to the adverk fldet ths it may perform the- AdtionQs of the GramoglP0fsX wllile the Con- Sner Rers can pull i£ to that fime fide where they:adX as -is faTd. Ahrhez I 4ays that tk Fibres firom-beixe arn.d behind deRe>d obliquely fion the tendi}ous- Infertions ats the middle to thoR at the Ede, X dv na {em tllat they run Smply FO) buB tht the FiSres of each SqvlEcle are difipos imo diffirent StrAtfg, and that tllei:E Stt4tX &0 inrerfed esh othe like toxe-nges or

Xk3- B't figt the F;bre in t-hz MB0;WZX} o&iqxC #¢nderJ snteri* t.<tsg thoe in tm AXfsgls ablisge Pe§endens 4bdone, and fo on, that }5 ta fiyy whereas one- §elXies of FIbres feems to deScend &>l;quelv7 tk a7; unr.n"t-S that aficends aga;ny and Lo (ontiF

nt3



'( 81 )'

nues tP:roughout the whole thicknefs of each MuScle. As tos the circ.tlar Flbrcs flsokers of by Dr. AWoxlias) I do not know 1 faw any, neither dv I th;nk them ntcelEarw for pulling up theTrunk, or deminifhirlg it astoits length: iForthegreatdittaIlcebctwixt tile Origin of theSe NGtiftles, and their lntertion at tI1 Extre- mtty of the Trunk, the longitudinal Pofition of their FIbres ill tbey come to make a patt of it, and the Epace they hate to ach it, and to fmell their belly, and their oblique 5nScrtion in theSe tcudinous Lines, may be look'd upon as fufficient to perform thts motion; arld 'tis obServable for this endx that tlle Skin is divided into feveral Plc or Lirks, as we fee in a Worrn, when Dle dra^ s up and thortens herfelf. Thus I conceve the forenamXd FJ#coc;l; may at the beginning extreamly begin to be contradted, thers the F"fcicul, next to them, and fo in order till they come to the Root o-f the Trunk; by whtch fiutcefEve ContraCtions the Bellies of all the MuScles begin to fwell, and fo their Fibres diminilli as to their length: And there necds no -more for fcrerching forths the Prsbsfsw thus contra5ted, but the Fibres to reRle to their former Pofition; which tt may do with the fame SHtiftneSs) as wes fee a Bow doth bS- its Elafticity when once it ts thor.

Thefe MuCcles filrround two large-Cavities z Inches Diameterbt <raz3i- ar from the Right to the Left, and 3 Inches cach from above mo,8 tke l'ro- - below, about the middle of thc Probofeis; for as they procec&-bZicl. from the Scull they are very wide, according to the (:apacity of the Hole in che foreApart of the Scull, whence the ProboJsc;s pro. ceeds ;- of which hereafter. They are divided by a [trong Carti- Sxgixoxs Septxm, whwh runs treight from before to behindJ along the middle of -the Proborc. This is tlae Sepoxm whereinto tbe MuScles fituated in the fbre and back pare are inferted. The-fe H41 are (3artilaginolls, all round obduced with feveral Nerves, where of hereafter; and endued wgith a-great nlatiy Glands for ipara - ting a certatn M#CHS? wherewith the snner Surface is alwaysi bedew d, to Iteep it moilt and preferve xt from injurics of tht- Air it filcks in at Breathing. Thefe two Cavitics are of gres uk, for thgy draw up and contain as much Water as fierves the Rx}inzal at once, which afterward it - emptieth into: the Mot}th5; as i£ were from a Tunnel : They ferve alSo for Breathing, SnseN ling, and- uttering the Soice. The ProloJsss is not equally great) -but from 38. Inche5 in CircumEerence at the beginningv it be- esmes gradualty finaller at1 it be 2Q Inchcs a-t the- midtiey an t the Earemity [1 lachqs. 1s- x5 D hollow ctttiltit7 u-hre



( 8 t ) the Se Pd>rlages tertninate. Round tllis is a Cartklaginous Margon,

t1-' ) -FG wllicll e;tends ieSelf sL- Inch before, anu terminates ill aPoint; ff iE antl behin(4 it has} as it were, an hollowneS, wherein this Point fixes it.iXf, and taRes hold of any thing, aWs it were a Tbllmb paSng itl betwixt two Firxgerss and keeps it durlng PleaEure. This Cartilage is af greaX StrengthX and by it the Elep6ant can ta'< c up any thing of great >eIght,

A.¢ 7?toZ I come ncxt to @Samiz ttne VeSels andNerves of the ProbgS. Ef/¢ I do not find this Animal enda'd with any particular VeSels for

;this part; but theSe herej Analagous to thofe in otberAnimals, Rem to be adapted for peculiar USes. In tearching for the Ori- .gin of tiSe Probofs and how it proceeded from the Head, I feparated the oReZe7ratores Sro60fsidu; below which ! obSerar'd follr confidesable Blood VeSelsX a RJein and an Artery Ft-n eaci fde, lying upon and defcending in a Rreight Line above the a foremention'd Cartilages, and dirperfing their lBranches h;ra i-zzdt throughollt tile SubRance of the MuScles, with two large Nerares accompany.ing tllem. I had not time to trace their Origin, but do offer theSe probable Conjedcures about them. The External Carotid Artery, whith furniJhes Blood to tne ksSuScles of the Face and lower Jawj has already Suffer'd fO many Dtzfions and SuS sliviGons iln the vaPc .MaSs of large MtaScies in this Animals th 9tis not probable there nlould yet remain A Branch-fo Iarge and of fo krciglut a CourSe, as to be thus diftribited in tllis yart * and the Capillartes of the External Jugular are ifiually 5 dil;tSed

thronghout t;ne extrearn Parts uyhence receives the Blood. tbat

'ts n->t to be fsppos'd they fhould b rOOn form WO conEderable Branches, and theSe agaln unite into one Tt-> nk at: lith diitance from the 1\4J&S 0 the Scull, where the two Jugulars are con_ join d : And bdades this, the S-ituation of the Caroeid Artcry- and Jugular Yein is fo low, and tlloSe Brancles 1 faw were fita ated fo high, that I can fcarce think the one proceeds- from the o har. 1r relnains then, that I thould enquire from whence they come ' f is obirva31e both in Hllman SubjeCts and<uadrupeds, thSt £here is an Hole below the O; bit of the Eye in the Ox Mas- sf;' FBêriores, through which the Superior lAranchoftbe fecond Dvi-f;on of rhe sth Pair of Nerves paCes; fLlrrounding iD itS Pro_ grefi a Vein and an Artery; all which are diSperfed in the Muf- cles of t! e Cheeks, Lips and NoSeX and fuê>A+h Branches for the Acors of t*zt Teeth of the Upper Jaw. ;>ts Hole is not fo con- feits aIc in Human- Subjed}s, but ]arger ou QuadrupedsX eEpeci-

ally



( g3 ) any-ftuch asfeed upon GraSs or E{ay, inSvaluch, tllat by bbe big nefs of this Branch of the Sth Pair in an Ose or i]tt, we may xeafonablg conjedture they have a partial T-aEeX and a moR acute Smell by the Upper Ly, tkhc better to enable them to chuSe their Fzd: For at-the DiQe*ion of a Cali; Bead, youtll perceive

bEh- this Nerve and the Blaod VeICels much bigger than what migi be- thought regJGte for furnifliing either-Blood or Splrits So this part, were there not fome extraordinary uSe for both N-csw int this our SubjeA there is an Hole in the 0r A/axille S;gpew vsvrw- (u) FigX Ia (n.) Fig 2. (8.8.) Fig. 3. fo remarkable for its f&. 3>s bigneSs} fio cornmodionfly Etuued, and fo wrell guarded, that 1 harre good Rea9t n to b@lieve it may be defigned for Tranfimif fon o the atote-rnenti()ned Artery, VeinX and Nerve, and that all thef-e are diKi1- .blted into the Trunk: For iff we conEdsr- the Iargenefs of this Hole for £his Branch of tbe 5th Pair, as it t;- to be feen in the inner -sut* face of the Bars of the ScullX whoFt capaci£y is fah as to colstain a Nerve of above twice the higneSs. of what we fiuppoSe it to 11ate bee£l; if we again conEdel*- the (::ren (t x) wElih paSs betwixt the Hole for the Second Branci ofthis sth Palr and rlh;4 3d (i ,) and how the Hole for the Arte ria dxru eXatris (k k ) i s on l y fieparated from th e H ole fior t h e.; third Branch (i i) by a imall Boney Septxm; we may rUppore that this- Arter.Xw dxr< M;-rw enters where the third -Brancll of the sth Pair goes out, and *uds up one Branch (kk) which immediately enters the dxrJ flvtper} axld Snother which runs forward }n this Oeaa to the Ho!e 6or the fecond Branch of the gth Paire (hh.) and goez along witlf ic, and paffies out below theLafnEa,. which frames.the upper patt Qf the Sinus for tbe Qrbit of tlae Sye (S) (z) and rum farward along with the Second Branch to- £his krge OvaltHole X where af£er it is come, it aScends obliquely iEe aCrera, £0 be kill feen irl the Bone, till it comes to the Root of the Probo,<cis where it iS diEperid as above > and the \tetn re turxiing by the farne- HoSe runs along with; the other two, tho"E does not enter the Scull;; i-ut reaningK backward, paSes i-nWbelobvA

the forefaid LaffiU¢J7 and d:efcends where tht Artersa dxre ;t- trS tfiCeIldS 1 CnOt -poffively. determim the Capacity of theSe- iBlood RleSeX at the Root of the Probol¢z S but they were verS eonrpkusus, and could admit of a Goofe Quxll, tho' they were enzpty-, and vvhen thef were fulla I doulSt not but- Xey were as bose tw<e as bigs



( 84) ,}; Xft't*t T*llis extraardlnary par£ did nA watt fa: Nertes fuScient Cor

it, 15o more than Blood V¢Cels: For firflcX it has the Ilersxs Olv faorive, whereof hereafter; where.by tis endu'd with -a mok acute Scnltion- of Smeiling 2dty, the aforefiid Second Branch (>f the Stll Pair; which accompanying the Blood VeSeIsX is with them di-@e sd throughQut the wthole Subftance of the Proborcz; by which ithasSo acute a Senfation of Touching or Feelingy wherewitl} Fhis Ddenlber is-more fgnallg endued; and by which it avoids whatever is hurtfill to its as appears by that memorable -InePeance Of DE. Moglsts; who te-lls us, that fuch was the CareX in that fubjeCt he treats of, for the ProbaCc} that it thruih it two foot into hard Ground to preferve it froru the Fire. 3dly, rhe hard Portion of the Ntrvxs X-dsta7tia; which thos it be diEpersd

- -in the MuScles of the Face in E{uman-SubjeasX ye in Quadrupedss FUCI1 aS Oxen, it continues undivided, till it comes to theAngle --of the Lips .; . and Ilere we-tracnd it-a good way, running forward -above the Temporal 1N1uScle; a littlq below the i;ar, tiSl it came to the Upper Lip; -whensc it proceeded to the forementiond tet2dinous Intcrltice, wl;icil runs down on each-iide of ti)e PrvZ

ayr, dirperEng a Branch to eacb of the FarciXhs of Fibres already na1n5({. This feems to be chiefly adSpted fbr the different lMotions *f the Pr&bvfc; for a we fee ia the 3>Xxrszg aa, Abdomitu$, that at each of the tenditous-Interkices7 wherebg its Ribres are feveral times gather'd together, a Nerve enters ac *tIze beginning of each F*icglws ; So here the MuScles of the Pro- -soJ X being divideS into Several Farcicxls, each of=them have a Branch of th-is Nerve difpers'd in them j and 'tis Stuated on each fide, - thai it may the more convenlenly diberfe its Branches both to -the farcic!i of the El¢tatores and Retr4#ores -alternatively The ffead was lo mangleid at the ->eaking ;t off, that we collld nor u-ell find iti Origin; as- lt proteeded trotn the proper Hole; but its Situation here Analogou) to that in other Quadrupeds re moves theXfuEplcion of its belng-any other than the hard Port- on; thoa mr-llen I co n-WderXd its bigneSs -beii? as great as one of my Fingers and -thc fmall EIote through which it palles om the procej PetropHr I was i! fomA doubt about.lt; but bvhen again I begun to conlider its TextureX I vva*i foon convincSd it muR be that and no other. 'T?as indeed vfSry pleafint to behold it) ffar Several Plzyfitians and- Stlrgettis Ost; US btS ng togetlier:, we cut off a Port}on of xt-to linc>w its S;luaUred lzow that Several fmalJ Fibres were kniS together lato orle Bundle S aX how feverai of

thele



t 85 ) theSe again were inlrolved by common Metbr4sslz into diMerent FaJsicxltX till at length aLl were includcd in one common Tunicle. We indearrour'd by MicroCcopcs to view tohe Castity of the Fi- bres, but could ob'erve nGNe: That which 1 fappofe made it bigger, Vrl asX that whetI it pait througli the- Bones the Faficicxl were more fl:ridtly coherent to one another, whereby they oCctlpiCd a leiKer Epace 7 blt no founer had they paft it than tl ey began to be more looitely conJoined within the cqmE;on T!tXc!^f by which the .whol.- Ners-e vpwalsd (0. be blggerZ

Thus you fee how (ignally this Member is endued witil InfCru- ,d, Ag0gy ments for the, Per.formance of itS different Fundtions. Iis tlle be.;DJXt jsk'e

principal Seat of two of tlle Senfes, and partially partakes of the P,^boXcis third: For by it the Animal rwell(l; by it Feeling ish perfornzds .C.Cw fte ^>rv as by the Harads with us, whereFore the Pr boJ;is is not irupro- ix ssher Xrt- perly calld Ma?s iMAJ#taX as before we obfervd; and by it the mzls,Ee,ard sth Pair of Nerves affords a partial Idea of the TaIte, to zzhatEanE2' Food it takes hold of) before st conne5ts it to -the Motit$l; and it has a great Analogy to the other tsvo Senis, tit. to the Ete, by- its 3 Pair of NervesX namely one for its Seeillg, analogous to the other-for Smelling; one for its pathetical ̂ OtWnSX ana logous to the acute SenEation, affirded to the o her bv the sth Pair; and one for the Motion of its other MuScles, analogous to the lard Portion of the other; and to tlle Tongue, as vve have already {hew'd at large, by its different Motions, and by its partial TalRe.

I corlle now to the Abdomen. sVithout having time to confider TZJe Abdag its MXuScles, I cans'd it to be opened longitudinally ; wllereupon men. the InteRirles jeated out in a confilsd Mali; filR the Paunches or TrypesX as I may call them) (being o£ UNlikC the OnfZzl and -4boma0gm of an 0X; ) and then the fi£naller IrlteRines. Betng ear- - neR to employ what Tirne I had in viewing the o£her Parts, I let thefe alone afrer ttey were extra&ed) tiEl tIond7: Btit thenX as I told you, (by reaton of their leanneSs) lzeat of the \Veather, and emptiMe&, tlXere being nothinO in them but a ltttle chew'd Hay or GraEs3 t;ley were all fpoiled; fo tllat I could llot receivW

atiar fatisfaCtion of the£n, eithcr as to their Strtl&ure, Fi@re, Llnenfions, or Namber. The Figure Dr c>oHli.ns git'fte5 of a part of the Colon and Re#,m, fee£ls to be pretty good; f-or 1 took a -great d&al of tIsem, and 5iretc5zed thom s:lUt upon the Groulid : -t;ley were about 2 foot Diametct, b1lt ; l.sad not tlrLle to take notice of tlleir p£eciSe lengtin

l,



( 86) 7he Def riwp- I nex£ applgsd lny Self to the Extradtion of the t'}^F-J and t an of {h S!dd&{37 s becaufe the p2? *es G:,-ierowtiorz Jnfervieates are the moR utctu c talien notice of in Comparative Anatomy9 I could nor get the VaJEa

Pruperanota preSerr'd; and only got aut the tterxs itEelf wirh the Cornxa) O?oarv, and part of the Lig4zeata L4fa) (a. a.) of all >>vIlicto Se> the f igure. Tis not unlike the T2tvg of fuch Ani ̂

T>b 3* Fig mals as bring forth felteral at one Litteri -Xss 4112y ca*l it:; for I5, when t had in-fl&ted itd I ptrceid reveral Protubetansto Jript

(e. e.j as if they had been fcy inanf^t C^/>w/6 filCh aS BiFchPs, Cats, Hares, cE. have, for containing the Several Ftxs's wlth their proper PlJcert and Invol8cra i which might have determinad me to believe they bring forth more than one at a ttmeX had not Au- thors affirm'd the contrary. For whereas tlle b'ters of fuch as bring forth bllt one at a time, is-- proportionably large, and the Carasa fmall X here the Body of the Vterza was fO fmall ( c, ) that one woufd tllink it were nothing but- a Biv;2m to the 2 Cer- YtHd: For after the Tube had pak the Coron2, which is pretty

Cornr<;ft {frong arld clofe, I obEervd the Corta4 (f. f.) t0 f4-ell Ox1 every Ede by InRation, leaving a SglcXs in tlle middle (d) and theSe different Protllberances to ariKe with DeprelEons? as fo many InterRices betsvixt them. thi) Furrosv (d. ) Seem'd tQ me to polnt out the Seprxm, whereby the Cornua were dierided from each other; and thefe Interllicestodenote, as it were, fo many .MembranesX whereby thefe Protuberances were bounded and

CII;it3. form'd into CellzZfs, each communicati-ng vvith one anotherF Thefe ProtuberanceS (ee e) were regularly difposd, 2 or 3 in Number on each fide of the Septxm ) and tho' fome of them bt obliteratedX yet the VelTgia of others do Ilill remaln obvious in tlae dry:d VterS^> as it is now repofited in our Hall. I had- a great lnlctination to open one of there Corawra or CelluleJf to know the truth of sshat I fiurpeCted; but would- tlOt aderenw gure, for fear of fipoilinS the Preparation. Each of the c7aa- r; W3S as tyig as a larqge AppleX with the 0Sa fitly diRinguifhXd by their proper Membranes; being for the morc part about the bignefs of a lma,l PeaX and all involvvd within a common thin; and pWllucid Tunlcle) tlltough which they Stlone; but to defen(l them there was provided a looSe thicli wrinklel TunicleX (i*) which I could remove at plearuxeX it no wiSe adhering to the oS

6> 4wf*/* saria X but fuEtuated above thems and proceed-ed kom the Cor- raa ( :. j I open d- oac or two of theSe ow) and found tlem filsed witt a tst7 lJimpikl SubfEance; not urllike to Hydatidess

bt



( 87 )

but that theEllmour was more rificuous; which is nos erapod rated in the ryed VterBX and the Ouarix quite colEaps'd. The EstrWmities of the C07^Xt!4+ which rectived the ovd were very°t* narrow; for when I had inflated the VtereSX it retain'd the Aic for fome timeX witllout paIStllg immediately out by the CoraxaF

tho afterwalds wben I had itriEtly tyXd the Vveindl I obS>tv d the Air did inSenfibly nide out, and now and then I could it idell BsflS arife toward the 0vra 1 could not fee any fluGtu- ating 1s£ Verpertilioa)m or MorfBs D4boli; but do (ilppofe, that the Ovx are- received into the Extremities of rlle Corna¢ by an Hiatxst below this look Involxcrxm, which I told you defend ed the OuRriXX I carlnot deternline the precife length of the h

gina ( b¢ ) becauSe I know not how ml3£h of it might have beer} cut off; nor Situation of the VterusX becauSe the Body lay rupin and I was obliged to take the A1fiITAnCe of LJutchers at the talting it ouc. The VagtnX WaS very finall and narrow, nor admitting above two or three Fingers. Its Inner- Surface was 7hitilh, and moi&ned by a certain kind of lElxcxs) and all fulA of Plic or Wrinkles. - The Bladfder is rounder than tllat of an Oxea and much la}nger 7Rbe Bw4*t'tgi't4c

than Dr. Xotglins would have it s for he Eayss 'tis mucll about the fize o f an Ox Bladder; but 1 find} when inSatedX it can contain fix or feven E>^gZiJ]} Gallons And l doubt not but l might have fErerched it out larger, had 1 had i9icient InRrumerlts for in- lSating, for this I only did with- my Mouth and Tube. 'ris in deed nrery Ilrong, and the wVeSels appear very prettily diEpersM through the TllniclesX which I could have eafily feparated} but did nct defign to loSe it. The Ureters were about 2 of an IncIl Diameter) and I could have eaSlly diScover7d their InSertions if I llad not delignea to preServe the Bladder. Both ov'ters and Bladder were involv'd within a Duplicature of the Pcritonasna fo that I had much ado to get them feparated.

Since I have gone fo far in giving an Account of tlie Parts for Generation in the Fentates I hope it will not be unpleaGng, if I give Dr Moxl-znXs Accoun£ of tllem in the Nlale, with my Q2

Thoughts about them. 4 ln feaX5*cEzing for the zefes he found two Muiles very like Dr.MoLlliÂfis

{ them,, which he fspposd to have been them, till he had trac'd Arcoxnt -of t them to the inner and lower fde of the ZJUbiont where he found tl9 +41¢

i them implanted: He trac'd the Tendons likewireX and folwdX E.tfPh3tXt ht z that when they had gone fingly near upon 4 Inches, they join'd dl0taed

M 2 iin



{ 88 )

s,K0*C;.tidU tt i'2 2n} >kUwl:ch ztat ditedly under the- middle of blit Zenib

^Fr;ffi£t,*$;sws s ld C}Ctzd beyond a CrookedneEs tle obServ'd in it Thts

*} tXsi5. i?*' i WEiSv ifl lvngth about 8 InclEles, and teruzinated within 6 or 7

>ti{{$;rs 4 tnches of the Glan.<, havinq expanded itklf into a a£embrane.

<* f $+ s Th*Tre was be&de th-efe a Nervous Body, t}lat began underneath

4 near the aSorefaid Tende3^sY about 8 Ixlches from the Root of

s the Petis, and reachvd (diRinE .from tbe Yard) g Inche*, be_

' fore i£ Was inSerted again in it, at a l lace S ; lnches from

s the Gldrs, t:9 X} r He is of Opinion, theSe MuScles irl that Nervous B¢dy be_

s ing fO conveniently placad for th-at purpate, that the Eiephant z is a Retromingen£ anii probably Retrocoient Animal. The

& cr-OkedeX ad bencling downwards be côfervid in the Zenz)

s fonlenntllat fhert of the e}d of the TndszaX and ttle cosfeElon

4 of thok tlrat were his Attendatlts, who to2d hsm tXn-at when

t the Elspn"twOuld make \Mater, they obferv'd hinto untheath

4 the Pettiw -and ind it backwardsX and fo Pifs betneen his

6 Legs outwatds, confirmvd taim it} tllat Opinion > by svhichX

' ho aiys) Xature feems to pres7ent this unweildyAnimaLs wal- ; * * ., s owlrlg n ts own < xcrements.

FIad G'Ur Author had the good Fortune to oblerve the EreSorts -et4 Sera as well as i£sEetradores, it might liave been oI; Service:

StbRn bgwt, * EfAr adu3itttng tlaere be lich, (as 1 I1ave no reafon to call fo- +22 3'lngenious a Gentleman's Authority in- qutPtion) tis probable-

thJere rn1uR have been Ereeores alfoX and that upon the foliowing

Accour.ts. FirR, becaulk tis- req;uihte the Penz o£ the ElephxXt be freed of thi$ Retrad}ion; that whereas tt is brougM back at

t.Lle Sf S2tGS) It may be brought forward at the #ttXS. 2dlye Be cauld it is requirite that the Perw at the CoXt#, be-brought (if

nor alrc:,tEier} yet) obliquely upwards: As we fee wI2en a Horie

pifrss, - he. firR unhaths the Pcnz, which byiits own Gravity de

cl¢nesn and if a*ElReMby a morethanordinary SuppigoESpirixsX

st t;nds a li.ttl.t forward; but in ths IZaphmt there is alwayst a Supply of St8ftits req;uired at the Xin2#wX both to make the

.eaxpenetrate tbt Sheath7 (whoSe inner Orifice) asourAuthor

fiyst was {hXlIt 2 cIok that thes e was 1lot rcom for a a)3 littl:e

flnger to get in, fo that lie 9ras forc'd to divei it beffe he

tOuld come at tlle Yard) acl clldut it lsith a certain Rigidity,

and ec fWeR the Retrv?2-atesX whereby the Serz being render23

z Si;ttle iEl-} rX1ay be dra?n back. Stippof«ng then there be ise, vq24 sPex;e) n-¢ muR liJcwifec@ateie thm to bB or a imar

gr catez



( 89 ) greater force anld oulk than the Retr42vrew; fbr if; as according to our 4utnol* the Fenz at the Xin2xs be brought back far beyond tile u@al PoLlure of the Pengs in other Animals) we avy belleve it alSo to be endued not only with Aptagenil:E isuiles to £heIE Ratrvists;fesE whereby to bring the lng to fxch a PoRure as we fee 1n HorEes} but alSo to make it aScend fo far as is re. quilite for t:he Costgs. An(l if what 1> have elEewhere advane'd be n>ot fefficicnt to prove this to be nd .>tetrocoient 2kL0itirJ8Ig t flzall add the foi;ostring Arguments - FitRw The ligira ls not placvd chlnd a little bglaw the Aa;sX as in a M:are) but below, in a direRt Line with tlle reR of the .Belly, wlltreby tnere is a NecelI*lty t7or tbe Pers to aIDetl(i. 24a, The 62Ifa tvrZatniaata alS cend oblsq;eivtX ss7lzich m7;lk oblige the Penz to do fo too RdZyX The Authorvs Acconlb of the Fenb4 itSelf) (for he fays tis bigv ger tita-n that of a H0r;> lut not- fo long) fo that it can hardir be f}ppos7d both tO be iti backwart;.s aScend again s and enter the ywgWXw Ib far as )s tefqUih*e.

3lje 'Cefesp heIays wesellotcontain'dint ScrotWm orCx,- HisS:cort ' fila, but lay in th;e Peram) cloSe joirsed on each lide go the orhsbe Teligsf 6 Penw. They were neither of the 13fual [hape, bigneXX nor sn s cluded in a Procef s af the reritonStWm6 Their Shape was sery c like that of a ClleRnut. They were thicker on the fide that s grew to the PerMt than on the oppofite. They were flat ansl ¢ round, and not fuitable to the other Parts of his BodyX bni:lq s no more than about 3 or d Ounces in weight Shey sverW 6 joined to the Perr by a great many, vt lea¢ 100 Serninal Tubesa

wllich may be properly callnd Ko04 veferenti4, and which depo- ' Slted the elaborated Someif in fevetal it.,homboi- ae.Jl--sX placnd iLl s the Body of the Penm, which in this Creature was the cornw '- mon and only Repoftoryn where the Seed could i folxnd ¢ Thefe CelJs were turgid with SpermX and fo were th: t! ubes - The latter were very large} receiving a Block-lin \Jire of ae ¢ equal- thickt}efi with the biggeR ordinary Pins, or above an ' Inch} when th-e Tlbe wa-s kreight, as moR were*> but belng 6 purMu7d filrther into the Body of the SeJeSX tley became Enaul t ler and flnaller, till they dilappeard. The Blood tame into

the rldes by the V4w bleferentia.

Our ku-thor, as he pr-oceedsX ss Romewha-t perplefd } and therefore I clluSe to continlle in- hi! own Words, tllat you ma- the better know 1R-is Ttzoughts of this part. He faysX t a-r 11ough 6 i>* were filuall 32d difproportionabIcx 7et i tooR then to

.



( 90 ) c bP ttb rSX nothing elSe outwardlsg appearint, that containd

selllinaryVelielsj until he underAood by theCurioub and ( Lealszel Dr. Z!J¢edhamX that his DeScription of the Sewl?eS of the 4 Elepbx7zt (}id agree to the ProJ}Wr of a Bear: Upon wich 11e 8 miftook- the trefes for tne lvroyWr> there being a great Itc c klnbla^ce between thefe Animals; and having found t}YO Sllb < Rances bet;^ ixt the Kidneys and Neck of the BladderX tvilict-a ' lnigUlt very well be TeJDesX and which, till he diScouss'd tnaa s l]genious Gentlem3nX he did not inomr what to makP vE AIad tllen hes proceeds:

, s I'lle Zen Repar*?E^tes were large: He divided tl-Xat Vi78lirt2 \ 4t5§tPrs;< c was iuSerted Into the Emul,gent iengthwiSe; and within a iit- > Jt1 9^- s t1e n:lore tilan an infill of its InSertion he fouIl(l t};lan-y Va vcst

s totbe Nlltnber of abOt 8 or loX of divers Shayes7 a11 fitted to s hirlder the return tr t'ne Blood into the variouny dxvued Speto s matick Vein} wllich here from 8 or XQ- Rivulets becanile onW < great Ch2nnel. W itbin about an Incll of thisX and fomewllaX 4 elore thall two firom the Kidneys, he iound a Stlbitance vt z the Sllape of a Pears vut near three times the bignefs of a ve : ry large £ne. He was at a loSs to know what this might bet t and confeSes he can give but an imperfedt Account of it, finces 4 £tie SllLcllers Cut it ojutX and fo its Contilluation with the Se- ^ tZesX PUas, and other PartsX could not be diScolrered.

<; \^Jhat t}e oblervzd in it YvasX that the Sl)erlllatick Veil'e1s i entred but a little way into this SubRance; but below the 4 middie of it lle fou<d thern more deeply plac'd, and their r Banches grew fO fmaLI, and leSs numerous to thc eight, as iie s here tIle Veins began. The inner part of ehis SubRance lookad ' Qf a palifh, but fomewhat mtlddy red Colour. 'Iwa} very s S ongy, nor mucll more compaA than the Lungs of young < Animals. He doubts not but thiQ ;;:ubRance -was deEglacd to s prPpare vlle Semen; but by wha! VeQels it was brought to the c Pez>ts vt any other RepoWtory, (itWelf containing nonej he could X nor diScover; neither could he find atly pec.>liar VeSelv or s 1))S-;£dX or any thing that reSemh7ed that b-Aire-*mentioned & qllbEtance, by wllich he might be (liAeRcd in i .s EnquiryO Ig c lies lengthwile fron1 tne Kidney to tie Teftesw vvith the I+igg,cR s end loweR. He is of Opinion, frtSlIl what lze has heard ftom ' Dr. Needhwm cif £Jiefe Part, that thcte two near faXlion'd} c now defEribXd SubLLances, wer9 IXei7as1 their PIaces Si:7.ea Fi

s g1lf:



( 91 ) ; gtlre, and occaSonal Cutting the TraJa defcronti> beilSg th s Occation of his former T8noranw in this Point.

4 He could obferve no If'eJ)sBlx Seminales) nor any common llet ' ceptacle for the Sean, e§;cept- the formerly mention7(:} Rllom- ' boid Cells in the Pettu itrelf; but doubted not there might be ' fome ftill, tho) his being intent upon other tllings made his s negled the Dificovery of them Xhus He as you find, in- genuouIly confenes his miLlake *f the Tef es twice) and he leaves them in doubt the third time : However, this may ferve as ;3 Pre- caution to fuch as may have occafiIon to dint^: fuch a Sub1teNt as this hereafter, and thereforc I thought fit tO give yon his .Account in his own Words.

The Intefinesx Vterxs, and rEerc being extraCted,, 1 3aid alide the two lalEX in older to a fruture Preparation, and went to ex Eke Liv¢ts tra* the IJierer, wXaich Tou know takes time in other, and rnuch more in this great Animal. tNthether by the halle made in taking it out, or not, the Liver of this 51lbjeNt had any fuch ilfemw brana Hepar inteJZieasx as Dr. cSotwlins fpeak5 of, 1 nlall not be too poSltilre; but am ready to believe it had notle, and that the Aem6rana mention'd by 11im is nothing but the prol,er Tunicle of the Liver, raifed by lCiren - as we Chall See hereafter; and my Rea- fOn tor thinkirlg fo, is, that 1 was very carefill to have it taken out whole 'Tis true, the InteRines being taken out in haRe, I had \ nor fo {oon a-n opportunity of obServing the DUsws Cxmmnz; but I viewed the reR of elle Lixrer exadly) and cauSed the Figure and DimenElons of it upon the Place to be took) (being 36 1n cheslong,and2aatJ the broadeRpart) hecauSeit woulirlor keep. 1 was indeed ia great doubt) what to thinAk. of the g{JrskJ;} Pel7MS when I did not lind itZ Both the FUJ cza anal I?artw were very large, as5t1 had t-$<ix Exit and Eintrance in the c*n carre Part of the Liver as rotl fee. This had only one Lob; but both the Veins difiBrs d themfelves, firft inlo two large >traches, and then were fubdixlided there} as in the ordinary mallner 1 open d Several, an j ff,allnd tllers diSer in nothing from other A^ nimals, the subRance beingJ firm, as is >slfualt and Clwndls largev and confpicuous; the exLernal SurEace imootfXa and its proper Tu- nicle firmly adhainS to the G Sad; which is all l wI)Ierv d in its Ste the Figure. 7-Xb A

But becauSe 13r. Aytsxlias does te1l t3s of a embrzlx Aq;?r i>Z- 1 Qt teJfiers- t Ihall give you hls Account of it; as allo of the Wile axld Perxs biliariSX which I can give no Account of nly Self; He rasX

4 ThQ



; Trze Nfembrane-tht;t ttlve-!ied the T iverf was raifed from it t a COSl-1(7 crablc way, as if xt had been joi£zed to -it. Zhough

this Nlenlbralle Iket:n d to be whole, arXd look d -like the C;X; s cxlx raiSed tJy a }stiRring plai&er, yet there vias no SPS;¢8 £0nE s tain'd in it; and where it em'd tv be intimaely ioyJlsd to t1ac 4 Liver, by a gentle pail it carne cZ *^.<ithout tearirg .any thr3g < that I couid take notice of, as if it had bsen bue V<ry ilightlY r fiSned to the Liver; or rather as a Bag, wllXch containPd and ' exaEly fitted it. He takes the ule of th.s to Le clQlefly to ter- ( minate the CapilIary Vetlels, arlel prev7ent tlze gZPeting of SIQ 4 ESUIMOURS; at]dconWludes, that 11C muf:twho"y supure theclear ( i] Solre Places, and in others that eafy Separatior o1 the Mem- s brane f-om the Liarer to the Fire: BJy a11 which this feems to be not<lng difFerent kom the proper Membrare wkiclu I obfev'dX and you Ice the C:irbumRa-ncc of firmly adherinrg aI}d loofely il- ve5ling.

7-ft+S g?r- The te, as he gives an Accou,rt, was depofitew. at the en(l oF 7;r*¢fZ? t.ZefirlE(Sues +ffilachesbelowthePa-orses; fron) wlencche Hit 7 trac'd tlle l)zabCi!Xis CommtWnis ta the ttYer to See the FeVi-cxlx Fellea >

but it was wazting, and in the place of it he found the Porxs b lzariZ!s coming 0ut cf tlle LizerX as the l)zv>s hepxtiXs uSually deps. lde obicrv'd likewife? that the hilz fot)rd in that, differ d bOLh;;l1 Cvlonr and ConfiPtence from that he found in the DxNtus J2epw+;ft-!; for the Iater was of a clear liglae yellow Colour, cou- geal'd Jike a Jelly, and the former of a dark Green) and fomewhat more fluid thrn the Gall of an ()x. He hopes Time will dxliovcr Ellc-h a dlfEcrence sn tIle (:;alls of motl- AnimalsX - and that dikerninb Aten will be excied tz fi.nd otot tlleir USes.

I fiil'd alfo to obirve tile P4acreay, becauSe it was taken away in Cxmslo) WItl1 thc relnt of thv Intelti.5es; and thereforea11 gilre you Dr 5qo;WliN's Account of it too.

4. [tac PazlL,êas was very lor*> and large; for it reachsd from {rv ; ¢, pa* ' abolit t he n:ziddle oF the Stfimacll to the Xejaxmx thich fpace '. 4 could not ot 'els than; Foot vTwasa 5lJndglaConglomer;?t#s

' as the P.tatre aIwdys is and ha£l its 79#81{5 fo wide, that it ' could witholzt fotice contain ones litthe F;nger. Itopen'd Into

4 theGut,-wheretheEv;zE>isvSlie6fsdid. Ehetherboth the PaS. 4 fages join'd into one before thcir Aperture into tlle InteLtis3cs s or nor, he b;Ss forgots The Szcc An the D>as was not limpid, ' as it ufiua iy appiarsz butef a very dar.* GieenColour} and yet c sct y Suids Seeming to contain ao v {c *1o1:3S Phlegm,

The



(93 ) tShe SpbcaX of which I had not time to take the FigureX wasOy"he

tn this SubjeE 3 X Foot long: On the backfilde its Edge wasSplee. fomewhat curvsd, almoIt in Shape of an unbendeds Bou¢: on the fore-fide, from a narromt Point at each endX A enlargd xtSeltw by degreesa till it carne toward the middle where the VelIels et1tred, where it was broadek Whether the Zeax Splenisz went forth by o.neX two) or more <:)riSces I cannot pofitively determlne, it being cut cff in hal9te; and when ctlt oS I raw it ragged for the fpace of + or S Inches X which 1 sonceive to be becaufb of the Orifice-s of fiQ many Veins. lt was thin and Raccid; what Blood Bras prefsvd out of it, was blacker than any I had feen throughout the reR of the Body 1f it had not been unwarily cut by feveral llafhes of the Butchers Kniveb I delign'd to have biown it alp and preparX it. 1 cut off a little of it and prefssd out of it Ve nal groas Blood from Several of its CeAlgles. It was in breadth frotn 3 lnches toward the Extremities, to 8 Inches about £he middle.

The GZand-lu Rentres were plac'd aRer the-uSual manner : They Gla lfttl. were about S lnches longy 2 Inches broad and Oval, arith a loofe gena< * outer CoatX which 1 remorXd, as it had been a Sheath; withia wLaich was contain d the Gland itSelE, being divided into feveral I.obes, like the Kidrley of an Ox; from w-hok Interftices there paX d Seyeral thin A!ebr4aes which paEing to the looSe Y<gaw kept it faIl; and by which tbis Vagifxa was only coherent with it Its YeSSs -were tut olf fo hott} that -t could mal:e nothing of

them. I cut it longitudinally, and found in lt a Cavity} wllich coalld co£stain about 2 Ounces, all full of a black grumous Blood, in Colour much like that I obferv>d in the Spleen. I [hall not muck inSffi upon the Ufe of theSe two E0cer4> about which there is fo much debatg ; but only tell in hortX that i£ isprobable, as the Spleen s to the Liver, fo are thefe Gl4ad)rz Wenales to the IRid neys ; that is to fay, whereas the lUlood after it i5 diRributed into rlue InteRines by the feveral Arteries, wlsicil proceed from ahe Aort" is receivad - by the Orifices of fO n3any Yeios as Serve to mXake up fo many Radiscs Venx Port4; it is convenicet t}is Blood Should be animated by a new Supply of Spitits, tlle better to enable ;t to continne its CJrculation in the Portx through the } iver, and difpofe it f9r the better Separation of the Bile, for which Uk the Spieen feems to be adapredX both from its Situa tion m reEpeXt of the Livers the Venal Blood c3f the one entring the Port or the other; its StruEture; Xora of the Venal Bloods

N after



( 94 ) ter difichargd from the Arteries; and a confideral)le Branch of

a Nerve furnith d to it : So the Kidlley being a Vircs where there ss a vaR Separation of Serm required, thek Renes Sasentesriat; Eem to be delign d for furnilhixxg a new Sllpply oF Spirits to the Yenal Blood, after it has paffiled the Kidneys, and undergone this Secreeion. Both which Ufes I doubt not may apPear from theit Stru2ure, as you hav& it at large declared by th^vle accurate Ana tonzilEs) who have flouriShXd in this Age.

> 1 11e }ridveys Yere of a large and proyortionable Szc, being Z;te73* one Foot in lengtll--and 2 Foot in breadth of the uSual FigureX

nlllch lillie that of a lVlan; their external Surface fmooth, and equal wlth their external Coat, clofely adherent to the inner Sub Ra;ce, without any perfpicuous Lobes to be Seen externally ; but when I openad one of them, 1 perceivad 6 large Carxacxli Vrs- nariy. ; lts Suiance was very obvious, and correfipondent to the Stru2ure orually obSers'd in the Kidneys; i. e the Glandulous SubRance externally was sery conEpicuous, for the Epace of about 2 Incb -in Gircomference, then began to appear the Tgbgli Vri-

nar3 j firft fmaller and lers obvious; then another Serres largers and a third icill larger, till they began to hurround each of the Carrsxl Iike ro many Etays of the Sune } had no AEl&ance of MtcroScopes, (for I open'd it in tbe Field on AUo>iday) and £hereEose did not fee fo clearly the Coalitxon of the EmalSer X. ;li into the Jarger Dutts: B-ut as it happens in a11 theft Excre- t¢r3r Veffels, they did not appear branched and divaricated, as :31ood VelEels ulually are; but continued paralSel to cach other, till- Som the leSer to tEc greater -tbey at laS emptied them-ellres nto the com.mon fteceptacles I am not pofgive whether there was o-ne comnzo-n UreterX i2to which ali the fix C4rXncali did cmpty themfelve-stor tf each had a particlJlar Brarlch of Gn UreJ ery irjto w hiich they wers difEhargSd j only I remernler 1- 7 3Ea PeS>z, wh£h for the reolt part happens where the Cdr/acHl« are sery lcirge. The Reafoll of my uncertwintv about-the lJretersX isX that aRer I caus'd the fDorwns and A-vSozev to bs olDen d on tei<,tfls>) slet a-l-onetle lRidneys till the.Bsfzdayi but tlxy

r,, involv5d witllin a Dtlpsic;ture of the Pvrton2m, and no-Fat WllsrolSts<si-ng them3 that Membrane was fo dry d -up and ffiS, that CYCS- t}tC Butcirs Knives were tarce able to pterce it: So that ;etlriireng, tine tlelp of a Burcher, who alE;fEed at the Excarnating e? the Bones,. he tools out the Ridneys without ny* regcx d to t 98? gis 7 i@; ̂;.;4t R (t0 S#ctari4tfi W cr ] ucki1y taReii C t t he

Da



(95 ) ESay beforeX when all the Parts werc foft and flexible And l-lere sa gencraL I [nuR tell you; that the Fleh Qf this Anilual was for thc moPc part fo Rrong, that no Lullncet I had} how keen or Rrong fioe6zers could do antr Serlrice: So that I was fic'd to make uCe of Butcher's Krliere;, when I could no£ adtnit of their Hands; and how unfit fuch Initruments are for MatomicaL PreparationsX I leave you to ludge.

1 come next to the lthor.z; where there was IEarce any thing remarka7ste. I think I 11eed not tell, that the4/cerx here were large and Ltrong. One of the tobes of the Lungs was oppn d by the ButchersX and the other 11ad nothing obirvable, but its bgneSsa whttll was proportional)le enough. It did not adllere to the RibsX as in l;)r. Mlffioxlin'S Subje&; but ]ay flaccid on the one fide of the Hea-rt5 as the other had done, before it was manged) on the other IEds; fo that I look upon this Adhefion of Dr Moxlirs to have been in a morbid State. At firll I defigned to have taken out the whole Fifsera Iharaczs till the Butcher prevented me a-nd as I began to diredt him between the two fitfk Ribs} I faw tw-o large GlandsX one {ituated Qn the outJide of each of the Ca rotidesX as ther paSed out of the 7horZ; they were round, and n-ear tlle bignefs of a Turky Henas EggX each hating a xnfpicuous Artery inferted, and a Vein pall}ng kom them. Thefe 1 took to be the tDym; which, tllo' Seldom obServ'd in adult SubjeEssTh>u¢* yet perhaps may at all times be feen xn fuch a large Animal as this. I cut off otle of them with part of the adlterent Ar tery; vand could obferlre nothing ae the opening of it, but fBve ral life thin Membranes- without, which 1 fuppoSe b have fupported andcontained inthe Cavity(rvho9Se {ides theydefcribe as they run to and fro) a great deal of Fat, whell the Animal was in good cafe; and a frm glandulous Subflance within, withF set any Cavity. I {hall not poGtively deterxnine whether thefe were aecually the Shyrm&s, or only adventitious Glallds; iout be cauSe they were regularly fituated, whicll Seldom happens to adventitious Glands, 'tis probable they wero. T heir Veffels were proportionable to their blgneEs, but I can fay nshing to their Ufe When I faW I coald not extraE the afser Clnoracs whole7 I trac'd one of the Branches of the Aorta afGetldens down ro the X PiDlvus Heart; and was filrprizsd, when I cul: it above, to fee a fat like tn t Af r* SubPtarce jeat out of it; and pullirjg it, I got upwards of a Foot ill length of a Polyps adapted to the Capacity of the -Artery, which was abolt: X -4 of an Inch Diameter, This Polypgs wa5 no

N; wiSe



( 26 )

wlfe fibrous) bllt as it were fo much Fat moulded after fuch a mannerX being- not unlike the Blade of a broad Swords near to 4 of an Inch at the middle, and much thinner at the EdgesX tough and Sesible, with fome grumoals Blood not fo firmly cospaCted at the Extremity

st4t t, When s came to the hrt, I faw a11 its VeSs very large ̂ t}le Fstizm Aartx very confiderably thick and flrong There wras nothing about the Heart remarkable, except tlle lSigneEs7 mzbich was proportiollable to-the B0dy. Tlle A#ri6/es were large and the Left as well as the Right fulJ of grumous Blood P>t thc

0]8tptts a?ening of the Fentncles, I found them both filltd with the fame t0;1ts XyvapBS; which krangely twiffied itEelf in among the Valves,

both Erscxlpides and Segiltxnaresx and alEo among tt Re&y Co- lumus at the lxotrom of each- Veatrscle; which here feemsd- to be fo many little firong round Muiles, fome 4> others 2 and ow thDrs near o-ne luch long) with a round fleXh^y Bellyt and two Tendons lrarioully 1ituatedX as you Wee in the Hearts of other A- nmals ThefePolyps's, from a mtany Subllance in the middle of the VentricleX Sent forth to all Parts thear Branches, which here an-d t}lere twiked themfelares round the-f-e flelhy Columus, t}le;r tendinous Inierti-onsX and tht tendinous Fibres of the VaIves, with a wonderfiul Intricacy. In a wordX there was no Angle, no- CTorner ar Cavity, which she PolwPses did n(vt occupy: Anl yet fo

ch was it dikng3gd fiom the Subffance of tye Heart, and rwa) fo krong and toughX that by pulling its groSer part in the

middlen all the other Bran-ches mov'd; and by cutting a few Parts of it, where it was snol:E engagXdX and where the fleffiy Co lumus were thickeR, I got it out altogether; and having Rretcll'd it out, did pleasntly behold theSe Ramifications, proceeding frOEul its groSer part like fo many Thongs or I,aces whereinto a -pxece of Leather had been c11t, Ibme t?road and fome narrovver; but none v¢ry thick; of a yellow-:Cobur, and -fut SubrEaRce; each. of them weighringf 1 t whicb I may fafely Eay, was more Fat: than w-as ilpon all [he Body beGuc. From m7hence I may reafona- WIy conclude} that altlao) it hadw not Flet syith the formerly men tion'd Hardihip§) however it might have livSd fioinetimeX yer ic could nor li-:re Jong, it be jng evident, that this Polypus wxld at length hamre prot'd. Rs -Rui*

§*S4UsXj Yingn aS J told yout but Sittle tme to take Noticc of tle external Partq of the H>ead>^tither irsX refyed of the .bluScIes wllich [Qve it *< rvX Pk"rysxt or Tong?3eX on in reEpesS Qf tb:

Salicatoq



( 27 ) Sa-livatory AleSels7 thich etBpty themfielves in the Mouth-; I IhalL only tel1 you, that the Nlouth is very little and narrowX in pio portion to the Body, and that upon therc Accollllts: 1. BccauSe neither Lips rlor Teeth are emptoy'd in gathering the Food, as iz other %uadrllpeds; ro that the Moutb only Serves to receive the Aliments from the wrobsrcH) whieh both gathereth and con° veyeth tbem into it. 2, lhe 15ent ¢8 dwi-ll4tes are of fuch a thickntfi, hoth inl the Upper and Lourer JawX but erpecially the latter, that they ferve to render ttie Mouth narrow; nor need it be broader, becauSe tlle Strength of the Gtinders is fuch, that- that they can at once render the Alimenti fo rmal], that there i; no nced for the Tongue to moVe them to and froX in the Ntouth} sn order to have them further mafticated, as ta her Animals* thererore is the Tongue fllall7 fhort and round, terminting in a Point, thick, and not thin and Sat as in OxenX with a fort Emooth Surface, withnt any l?errpicuOus PapsAZax by whi:ca it Seems at£ to chew the Cud.

The {hort View I took of the Tongue hindred me trom obkr ving that fingular struUtl}re mentionXd by Dr. XsuZins. - All It toQk notice of peculiar to it, was the firM Adhetion of tlze T.hyw rxdes to the-- Or Eyotdes, which made.me Separate and preScrve both ; vvhereof fee the Figure. As to what Dr. Moxlins fays it Tab. 4. JEi;z;* fecms to rne very improbable; and I am forry the Head Ihould X I.

have been fo mang,led at the cuttitlg off; that 1 was ncither able to receives nor to gtse you any fatisfation-about ite Fiovere -I Chall give you his Aceount, and acquaint you with my doubts.

s The PaSageX fays he, to the VentsicleX was through a peCu Xa Obfervaw ' liar Hole, near the Rootof the Tongue, and exaOly in th@tion afDr ¢ middle! of tl>t part; which ilole was the beginnislg of the Nloulin'sX

dpopbaE#v : lRhere was no Communication between this awd coNcetntng

the Pa into the Lungs contsary to what happens in other the P4ffi4Xc Animals; fior tbe MtmbraaJ Pttgitarsa anterxor [eaCh?& to+t£ Qm tbe LS

s very Root af the TongucX below the drOp4g#w; fo that iittY'4wtf !he s could- emit no ltoice by the Mouth, but by the Trunk. ThisMe 4 brana had many hEages for the SrlivA uEuallg>Eepasated ther¢¢ * There was between the end of the Probofw and the L6ynx) tY s MeArana Pstgimrm poJFer«or-} which had many of tlle e Cort £ szfz I3X2us.

Thiss I cmfeSs, feems to depend wpon particular ObServatio> and yet I cannot- ree lkw it CAQ well--happen > i every xe is IbXle:, £hat £he IJ4tWnac occurpKies thtwf part, ad the 4

.



( §)8 ) phxg lies bethindbetween the VerteJrx addvLarynx. Nozr how

- the XfXaw can lye thlls behind, and yet have Xuch a Commu r.;cati3n with ths Moth, as tohinder the Larynx from conarnu. n cating witll it, alSo is to me a srery great- doubr.

- t{ proeeeds; c ThP AgnerJ Arterioz was lrery large, and defti gd5XrZks s+t s tute of an EpaglortzX tl1ere being no danger of any thing falling or; the foreo s into tlle Lungs from Eating and Drinking, Seeing there vvas no fxil Obfert;t c Communicacton between the ophagg and it. Here the difE- tea- culty Rill renlains; for how can Aliments be ingelled into the

Mou*, and not.pal; orrer by tlle L4ryxx, as is faid, before they cllter the e>£phag; that wozld emply, that the egophagg lies befoze, and the Larygx behind) whith would quite invert all the Rules of the Oect>Znzy of Animals: Since then the eAJbpagxs ulu& haGre in its defcent pafid in betwixt the Head and Lungs, and then penetrated the Diaplaragma or otherwife, and aEcer it had defcended a little, muR hare turt2'd a(ide and paiE behind the Iarynx, as the Jrteri Iliac do over the VenOw Iliac which,, tho' by cutting off the HeadX I could not obirve, yet is what feerns irnprobable to me; becauSe then at thA Deglutition, by the Preffiure of the a£faphffs on the one Ede, and gerttZ 0 thc Neck on the othffl, cver and anon would the Animal be oppreR with a difficulty of breathiE when it took Food.

-He fays filrther: c To the outlEde of there Catilages he found < another grQW svhich was faflned to them, but fo as to be ca < pable of movin-g up and down, by the help of fome MuScles s which were implanted in it. 'Twas Nrong on both Edes of the s S%pera Arteria ; but oppofite to the eKfoph<;, or on the under- s fide it was very Limber. This wanted about 2 s lnches of com ' ing round the aforeDaid Cartilages, (ai>. the Cxrtilxgines ArffiteZ

4 noides, which made a Slottts, in length abou£ 3 4 Inches, and in breadth about X 2 Inch abotlt the middle, whoSe Aperture

' -was fomewhat Oval) on the upper fae, er that next to the s ophxg. This lweemd to fupply -in fome meaIbre the want

of an Epsglott;SX in leSening the Glortsss to prevcnt the creeping ' of Anils into it.

Being some tQ the Hcad, I have very little remarkableto add ^jrre IDad. in this Place: For the Brain itEelf very little differeth from that

of an Human. one< except ia bignefsX and fomewhat in FIgurs - -the other being fomewhat Oval, and this more roundt The DxrJ Xater wz a Erong thick Membrane every where diKengag'd from the PtJ Xater i thich tog-ether with all the 5ublEatlce of

the



t--99 ) theBrain.was much more tender, foft)and flaccid, than could hamc been expeZted. Whether this proceeded from keeping the Head z or - g Days after the Animal dyrd, before it was diS&ed, the Weather being then very hotX or from the languid Diftemper whereo-f it dy'd, I know not. Its SubRance, Ventricles) and other Parts were the fame as in other Animals. The Gfrc6rMm had three large ProduEtioss at the Bzrs, one anterior, from whence the Nerare Olf42orij proceed, and tszo -lateral on each flde of the Cella CxrcicaX reaching from the Procelfg Petrofg behind to the aboYe nam,ed ProduEtion before: For the BloodVeSels andNervesy which enter in and proceed from the Brain,- we Ahall diScourSe of them more partlclllarly, when we ceme to the Holes of the ScuD. ] muflc not forget to tell you, that at the opening of the longi tudinal Sif, theie were alfo Polyps¢W\, which proceeded from the Orifices whereby the Blood emptieth itSelf in the Sin#W.

Thus far the Anat.omical Account of the fofter Parts of this Animal; which I scknowledge to be deficient in many things} and thofe confiderable. I rather choSe -to giere yon a lame kc- count o£ what confiP6ed with uly own Knowledge, than intrude UpOIl you meer Conjed:tures for poSltiere Truths, in order to ren der it more compleat.

I come tw to theVi;Eth Thing I propos'd, wherein I hope -to the ,?o!aB be more happys as having azore time to conEder the EBones thangicalXccowa-r formerly I had to Survey che fofter Parts; and doubt Rcat ,oof tlne te

render this DeScription fatisfattory to filch as {hall be wiilingE'llallts to know more-articularly the Struflure and the Parts of the :Bones of an ElephAnt. The Aninaal is b£g, the lCones large, and- there be feareral things to be confilder'd in them, which do liot readity happen in the C30eoloW,y of other Animals X therefore I hope you will execuld meX if l proure more tediot}s than mighe be wilhZd My clwief defgn is to fatisfy yo-ur Honourable Socicty, yow SelEs and Zentzeliz; a¢nd if 1 do that, l llave my aim.

I {hall begin at the Etead, as is -ufual in OJffi4Aogy>rhere X flall firft take Notice of its Ex-ternal Shape in gerleral; next giY an Account of the Bones whereof ?tis cotnpos'd; and;lall:ly, :re you a- particular Deficrsption, firft of xts Externa-E, then of its; lnternal Parts; ihee?ing tlleir ptrticular Elimenfilons and Weight,, arld aSctibing their USes to each of them as th.¢y occurx and a; we ca$ probbly cone^twe



( l co ) 4 breef De i[¢he Head ( A. ) beiag composd of the Bones of the Upper jirivtion of and Lt3werJavv, onitsupperpart is almoft7oundshaving tWQ l;hS:ll- Fmlnencies wr£h a seprenion in the middle before; which DeZ

prelllon) as it runs back, hecomes a deep Sin; and theSe Emi .encies drawing nearer to one another, alld as they akend be

hindt inctiniW obliquely forward, are not unfitly compar>d by rft 2. Mr Xao > a A1an's Buttoclis : About its nziddlc part it is almolt

Quadrangular, being flat before, till it comes to the Roo£ of the Trunk (a ) where it is deprefl:, fbr the more convenient iodeing of ffie>Proborcg, till it has pait over the Mouth (t ) -At each lide 7gi-s much contratted for the moving ofo the MuScles of the Lower SW (G,) at its back Part it tbecomes very rlarrow, with feveral Eminencies, Sif^gs and Holts; of all which in order. At its lower and fore partX the lSone of the Palate is narromrj zirhere the Pra60fcis hangs. cver : On each fide of which are the Alvcol; for the Tusks > and bebindx the Lower makes u-p aU the re{t of the Head, ;as to its ExternaE lr.ew

D:ript}}. We ffiall begttl the particular<DeScription of the Exte-rnal Parts t th, tor- Of the Head at sts sore-part ? the Dlameter of whok uppc ^ pa rt O be is 3 Foot, the two Eminences are almoft round (a. d*) an. 1,, Ssll. Staxs in tlte mlddle is 10 Inches fr the higkit to the LeS, and

7S. 3. Gg. z Inches deep f e. ) Rom thence delcending $ Inches, the Bone 7

* flat before, and bagins to form axl Angle on each Sde for the -Ca ivit.Yt iC1] contains the MuScles of the Lower Jaw and ProboM) between whicil Angles 'tiS I 1 laches -(f f ) thence defcQding gradually the ABJ8IeS tend ol*.wardx till they come to the upper ProducRion for tlie Orbit of the i:ye (gg) where they are I7 Inches > betwixt lshch is fitead the Hole for the RoQt of the- Trunk ( . ) wl his Eiole runs acroX the Hea-d, leing from the Right to the Left X z Inthes andirom below to above on each fide 7 Inches; for in the middle lt has a Protuberance where the (art_

bgiSOJ>S SeptXm aroWe, which deitnds 2 InchesX and terminates in an obtuSe Poir.F. Withm this Hole are to be Seen feveral of the tamin whertof the Cullgler which run betwi-st the two lsables of tneScull are comPosd-<b.b ) O:f which hereafter, withthe hmer in the middle (e.) thesce the Stptum of the Trunk ariSes. aTis pretty tllick heret and is compos'd of two Lotmin¢, with a ipongy Bone ill the middle. At is upper and fore.part it com murS icates vv2th the af (rsboXffl, and you may fiee-the Several Per- ioratios, tllrough which a great many Branches of the Sruxs spea,S pars, wand cover thc Surfacc of the 4ttin¢#s Sep-

tW.S



,(. 101 ) rhM At itts lower and bactpart, whtre it becomes gradually thinnet*, it divides tlle Choana iIltO two; whereof hereafter. At the lowor part of this Hole the Bone becomes Concave (t ) fo tbat rneairing from the middle af the C)rbit of the i:ye on both fides3 wllich.are 3 s Inches diRant, the DepreElon besomes- z Inches deep. At the middle of thc lower part of this Hole be gins a Suture thich runs down to the extremity of the Bone fm.m) ;t hefe two Bones are articulated perSymphyrn. Dr. AMa^ liNJ cat]] theSe Of a JA4tsltj Sxpersoru; but I rather inclint to call tSm 0fJ Plts. They are 5 {nches broad at the upper part, where tiJey are artIculated with the oF M WXt4 Sxpertors, bs Dr. Moxli>7 0ffi4 R214) I)y the fame kind of Suture (n n.) From che upper pAtt tO the OWer eXtremity of this Os Patati (b.) it is x S Inclles. After they have quitted the Os Maxillx Sxperiors on each lidel they run dowrs with an obtuSe Angle, being Protube rant on their outcr fde, they incline gradually toward tbe Su_ ture in the middle (m. m.) forming a Cavity z r Inches deep at the lower extremity, which is not fo deep as at the middle. Xris; deSwn'd for the Probolcg to reR 1lpon, -and the Eminencies on eaclx fide are for grantirlg rpace for the X]Xolt; whence the Tusks proceed (a.Q ) which areimproperly calltdTeetha (and thereF fore this Bone which contalns them {hould not be call d Os M*- iJI) Slrlce they only IErve for a LDe-fence to tllis Animal, and ffiould rather be cali d i£s Horns They are cf different blgneIs in dfl:cre}t Animals, znd the Male Seems to hate them bigger than the Female; s. g. The Elephant which wat burnt at Dx61sa had them mush bigger than this thich died here; svhich conflis with the Knowledge of feveral in tbis Place, who remember to llave feen both : And the Figure which Dr.MOtl«Ews gieres of them, even tho broke, feems to repreSent tilem mucll larger thas thofe in the Subjedr we llave; which are very fma-ll, not exceeding $he bignefs of an ordinary Cane, or not above one Inch Diameter, and flreigllt, fo far as they remain unbroke * So that I am no£ in a Capacity to aflirm or deny ti1e AUertion of AriJZot.2 who Iays eXares grxndiores refmatolgut hatcat, F<min minores eP coStrJ quam itSares} teratGn enim deor,E2m9 proniqse deviaart Per laps it might have been fo witll the*; and that the Keepers (that the difference of tlle Sex mlght not lDe known, by their bending downward or upward) vlzight have defignedly broke them. tudeed there is garcbt difference 13etsXicen tIze weig,ht and lengtll of thefes had they reen entite9 and thofe wonderful big one$ whereof Authors give us an Actount. Cltzeli¢ tel]5,u5

t that



( 1ot )

tlldt t-he length of tho-Se deScrib'd by him is 8 Foot; and lle, with Etveral other;) tells usa that there are of them wllich m7eigEl l co Pound and 1lpward.s, fome 140, others X 50, and thoSe he tallks of were above tco !Cound; infomuch that fverrir tells llSw that irs the Sndie5 they make PoRs of Doors and huge Pales vf them: And 'tis nzemorable} whxch he fiys alSo) that the Elept4Z?tS

of the lfle of (Se7.-/4rad have no TusksX lJut the firk wllich the E:e- Inale produces: And this we have con1;rm'd ly >dr lCnox irl llis

-Dey riD/;;oa Relation of this I0and;, that few of the ElephJnts there hare Tus.ks, of tb¢ ExsEs, and thofe only bflales. Thcre is a great delbate among AutLwors,

whPthor tlleSe Ihallsbe calld Horns or Teetll. ThoSe who would have them be Horus) I)y; Ilt, BecauSe they rire ftOm the Scul1* z. I3ecallfe ttz'ey can be poli(llXdx and brougIlt into any form) which 'tis diGicult to do with Tecth. 3. Becallfe they fill off and grow llp again, which the a eeth of no Animal do, except-of h!anX Such as would have thenl to lDe Teeth, tell us, that 'tis peculir to fuch Animals as haYe tbe Hoof divided into tWO, tO have Horns; and that Horns are aIways cavous or fpongy within; wllereas theSe are altogether folid. For the firlt ReaRon, that they rlIe from the Scull, thoX it be grarited, yer it is after a different manS ner from Horns ; fior they. always either adhere to the Scull by a certair2 Articulation, if not cavous, as in Harts, or h-ave a Prot1- berance arifing from it, and filling up their Capacitya if carous commonly call'd the Flint. For the fecond, tho' it be granted they caIl be poliD;z'ds fc. yet they arte not capable of fllch A te- rat;dns, as F30rns are by Boilingt or burning in the Firew fucll as being made flexible. Indeed they feem more to agree by their Strudure with Teeth X for t}ley proceed fronl the ScullX and are planted in it per Gomphofn; having in theSe we are fpeaking of a large Cavity, about two Inches long} Iarge accordtsg to the Dsamete£-of the Tusks, at firk, but as they deScend taperirJg ;radually, till they terminate in a Point anaIogous tO the Cavities n the Roots of the Teeth, and filled up with the Eame kind of

SubPrance) whereby they are kept firm in their Places. And as to tlleir StruAure, I doubt not bat they have been composd of a mucllaginous SubRance at firlh, as Teeth are X and that afterwards they augment by the appofitioIl of Several L4minav, or StratdX according as the Animal enareafes ln Years Hence >tisX that I fiuppore zertze#s his Friend came to be convinc'd, tlIat thoSe Bones he treats of, were of an Elepl34R^t a oo Years Old by fucll Marks as thefe LJm?t) which might lJave been taken from the

Teeth9



(-go} ) Teeth. . Thefe 14uminx are very obvtolls ill the Subje& we halre? and the fmallneSs-ot tlle Tusks Seems to be another Argument or her-being YoungX according to their term of Life. Whether tiley be call d Teetll or Horns it matters not much; for if firotn tlleir Subilatrce we take their Defignation, they may be calld Teeth; and if from their ute in puffiingX we may call them Horns; and to avoid any- debate, let them be callid Tusks or Defences TIzey run in this Subjed abollt 6 IIlches high in the Os Palats, and adhere by a ilrong Ligamentj as 15 already faid

We proceed tO confider the fide of the Head. t \Ste toId, thaterhe rde ox defcending S Inches from the middle of the DepreE1on in the tbe H4JX fore part of the Head, vfhich is 7 Inches from the Top of any Of"be 3. zig. th,efe Eminexlcesj it begins to forrn an Angle (W.) and the iide of 2-

the Head becomes contiderably deprefs'd. where the MuScle of the Lower Jaw and Probo/cg is Iodg'd. This Depreflion from its beginning f a. ) to the Os Z]gOmAtsC^tM (b. ) (where it is 8 -; Inches deep) is 4 1 l^ches diRant; and from the fore-part (g. Fig.X) to the Orificizm llSeatas Aditorij (1<v. Fig z.) is I 3 lnJ

ches; alfo from the upper Protuberance ofthe Orbit of th¢Eye (f ) to theArticu}atIon of the Os ZygomXticun with the OstemporaZe (s.J is g g Inches. At the fore part of this DepreElon is Stuated the Ssnuss;us r -t¢ for lodglng the Eye; for 'tiS improperly call'd ()rbitX fince only the et¢*

halfof the part where the Eye is- lodged is boney: It has 3 remarkable Protuberances; one at the upper and forevpart (f. ) whence a Rrong Cartilage ariSes, and }sinlerted inanother 7 Inclles di Ilant (meaSuring obliquely) form'd by the Articulation of the Os Zygotfolticxm with the Os Maxillu (g.) and a third in tlle midZ dle (e. ) at g X Itlches diRant from eacla of the former. This Protuberance ferves for the Ir.Sertion of the tErocl1lea of the tHf- sBlxs obliqxtss mJjor. The bottom of the Ol bit l?as another Sinxs ( s. ) wh.ch conveys the iMerwxs Opticxs to the ltotrotn of the EyeX the upper-part whereof is compos'd of a LJmina of the 0 frantSs

which lies over the os MaxiAli: From beneatll this Lamina not only proceeds the 2?(-er?JUs Optic#S, c,5mtaRiX and Patheticw, bU£ alfo a confiderable Branch of an Artery, Vein, and sth Pair of Nerves, which running forward, paSs through a large Hole in the -Os iVxxillx (m.) and are diEpers'd inthe Probofc; whereof here after. This Sines (s) whofe lower fide is fornzXd by a zspine running along tize os 11KfAsl>) is g Inches- long) X -2- Inch broad at the midsile, and one In61u deep; kut as it comes forwardo 'fis -tnlargd as the G:lobe Qf [5ze Eye encreaRs.

o ,, T1it



{ 104)

27r i 5! !\! *2- The ow MZ)Rx b b sery irregular Bone At the foreZpatt of

j i.¢a .!pexio- the Scull i£ begins vvith a nzarp Point (p.p.;) having that part oF s t<. the 0s frontss- which brms part of the Orbit (d. Fig. . 3 on the q: tX one Elde, and thattpart of the os Pxldts (n¢.) whicll forms the

Hole for the ROQt of the Trunk on the other; thence running 6 Inches, and inclining inward by a crooked buture7 it tcrminates in a Protuberance; beneath Yvhish is a frnall siaxs aScending ob IiqueXy t:o the Hole for the Root of the Trunk (Z.) fram'd t)y the BloodVenels (whereof aboveJ as they go to tile nourilh mcnt -of tlle Trunk ; from thence it rens obliquely backwardt ar3d ib arg-iculated with the t s Palati-by a broad fquamous Suture hom Ele middle Protuberance of the Sings for the Eye (d.) it tUIis ftt-eight backuvard, being articulated with that part of the Gs frvstz which forrns the aforefaid lower Edge of the Ssass for £tlOlVervs OpticA (5.) for the Epaceof Is Ir.chesb where it bc-- g;ins to be overlaid with a Lemsax of the-Bone which fiornls tbe upper and back-part; wheuce it (lekends o it}ches? till It comes to the Root ofthe Teeth (>>.) where we ihall learre ita anAd reu turn to (12e fore-nam'd Protuberance; from whence having made upa partofthe Sings forthe Globe oftheEye, as is faidt it runs lzackvvard 6 JnchesX -and is articulated (by a flat Suture fZ, which fit ll defcends 1 Inch, then runs obliquely backward > X n ches) wlth the Os Z>gomatscxm, At its beginni-ng its 2 ¢ Inc}es b;Ôad; plain on its luner, and conYex on i-tS outer surace; bend ed: as it defcends,like a Horn, and terminating in a Point. Fiotn the lower part of this Sut:ure it becomes much tilicker; and ha ving fram'd a 5snxs about 4- Inches long, it runs toward the fore- part of the Scull From thts Sinxs, as it has returned 3 Inchesf is fornsXd tlle filde of axl OYAI Holet which running from before to }zWnitld is about; r Inches long and from the olle iide to tlle other two Inches. At that flde whlch is framzd by llle Os Alvgs- iJ/z, and toward the Procefxs Zyg0mxticksX 'tis two lrches thick; and at its other fide, it reni Etreight backvfard from the Os Mdx. il> in a diret Line, with the great Cavitsts whish contains the Mtlrcles that mave the Lower Jaw and pro6arG;Se This Hole is -*analOgous to tllat in a tWuman Sceleton in the OS 4Sil[4) beneath -the Orbit of the Eye; and is larger in Quadrupedss being deiti- sated for tranfin-iflIon of a VeinX Artery, and thefuperior :Eranch of the licond Divifilon of the sth Pail of Nerves) which in thofe gG t0 the Upper Lip and Jaw; but in this Subje* as I have alt -vady Chewn at latu.> tis Qvobable chey Werve for the blourifbmen£

and



( 1o5 ) and otherRncRions d the Prst&fc. Tho it bn verv ob{ixYa-ble, axfd ot {iXnalUfe) yct >tis [o Stuated, that I was not capable to gisre ich a View, as might afiord a trt}c Idea of it, in any of tlze iFlgures of the Hend . HvwtXrera t have markad it (r. 7, Fig. X 3 ntl (r. , Fig. -2. J ( S. S. Fig. s.J From this HoIe the Os ASJx- a14 iRcl;nes 6nchesX towardtheRcot af theTceth (>P.) where

we leave itX alld return to Tl1e Os Zy;om,xticHm (S.) (h.) ($|) wllich, as irs al1 other A^>he 0 ity-

nlmals? Idtves for a Guard to the MuScles wItcb moare tl:ze}ma,iXclll8.* tower Jaw. In Mel), and leveral other Anitnals) 'tis form>el of q. I. a ProduAion of ehe Os fimpor4-tt{) articulated with another firom>[fg 2* tIle 0 8wle by a partictllar Suture, ca lld tea trZ?J*vtrgR i balF ei^. X . i¢ere ttiS ahe mvR diRiI5guilrhd })one of all tlle Heafl z f5r bejng X > tuches Ivng anl two lnc.> es btoad) ;tis ar£tcÎated with the Os AM*i; betore} and tenninO backward S Inclless t trleers at its npper part wi£h a Produtkion of the Vs C4/f<URriZ (f.) as we Fig. S may ca1] it} which accompanies its lower part other 6 Inches} arad th.^n terminates in an taR Angle. Flsis lootely joinad with ttXs YroduEion; and tti¢ probable --that 7t5S-(apable of confiderable blotiont ljpon thF bIIouving Accounts. X . The Sin-*w in the t3ack- part of tne Scuils as jfhall be IhewnX for rectiving the Condoles o; rlle Lower Jav are larger than the CondsZes themSelvcsv hy wlaich they Esave a pretty good fpace to move from the Right to the Left t and the extremity of the- 0s Romaticxm being theit Guard on each filde at the outer part, which way they move) tizek luav be fuppOs'd to yield. 2. The Lower Waw is of fuch weight) that its MuEtles muN require a great Epace to a& in} and that may le conciliated by the Motion and Yeilding of this Bone* <. The Grinders of the Lower jaw are nluch longer than thofe. (35 tile Upper) and therefore they require a greater fpace to move in, for the better PerFormarTce of MaRication, (becauSe the UpF per Jaw in thist as in moR other animals, is ixnmovable) to which the Motion of this Fone muR very much aIIlft. Add to theSe, the manner of its Articulation i for it reRs upon the Pro ducRion of the OS A<4XillU befors; and behind it nzouress as it weres to and frQX upon the ProduAion of the aS G4lVArS4, which refts upon ;r.

The bacle-part of thc Scllll is next to be conGdertd: At its; upper part the two Eminences fUrmerly^tntionsd now appearnttbC;ib, more coutiderable becauSe of the intervening Ssnus? which from PHd: s two taches deep, and IO laches Eom tbe Right to the Left, be- t

comes



( st S )

[ig ; comes:4 Inches deep; for she Elrinences (X.44) approach (as they ruli backward) much nvarer -to olle anotherv and the Seln3 running o5Dliqvlely downward becomes Rizl deeper,- havirig a St?za

Eio* 60 (G*) 6 Inches long and one Inch deep. fhis Spiax ferves for Infertion of tOhe MuSclesX whicil snove the Head. The Bone on each fide of it is very rugous; which fieems to be an excellent Contirivance, becauSe there is fuch a deal of Strength requirvd lz>re in the Tendons, for fupporting the weight of the IAead of

- this great Aninial, 'twas requiiite the Surface of the Bone whelice they ariSe niould be rery uIlequal, that their Fibres may be the nore firmly impaded therein. Here 7tiS alfo that the tlan¢-lzZat

formerly menrion(l ?vas iIlferted By means ofthis Spana in the tniddle, ancl the Eminences on botil fides of the SgnBs, the Surface of thv lWone is much more enlargd) -and the MulEles with their Ten(lons are more capable to move the Head, either diredEly or obliquely to either rc) thau if the Bvne had been plAit]* After the Spiaa of the StS#S iS ended, theBoue fwells out toward the bacLi part 3 Inches, axid then defcends X s Inch till it comes to

/,7e > the Hole for the Spinal Marrow fd d*>) and here the Bone from above the Orefism Ment-s Sxdstorij f f. ) ors each lidel becomes Protuberant IO Inches (e. e.) till it comes to tlle Prscefgs Cond- loides fc.c.) This Protuberance has the fame Ofi:ice astheSpo phyfs Mafitoiges in other AllimalsX vio. for- InSertion of the MuScles svhicil t3end the Head inward. The Proce%JHs co;vdlotdes (G C.)

are 7 A Inciles diilcant islclufi>re i each of the Co,azdyles being 2 Inches broad from the Right to the Lekj as they arife gradually from their outer fide, and from below to above ariling 6as it were Semicircularly) y Inches long. The Hole for the Spinal Marrov (d. d.) at the upper part betwixt the Condyles is g Inches broad, - Inches at the-middIe, and 2 luches at the vIowerpart, tillat laPs it terminates in aPoint. Tis 3 < Inches long, and its Margin about t}e a1iddle of the CoadyZe is z Iriches thick. *{3elow thefe Condyles the Bone becomes more flat; infomuch, that tending inward there is a S«faxS framd, aSove whtch the -ProcetlJzs Stylotdes arifes ( ¢.) belng-there arttculated per SyncDonS drafn. This Proce17tzs Stykidas is cartilaginous about one-lncl t b. ) at its Bafi; v7hence ariling lav^d and rOlid 4 Inches ( k. ) flat

- on ith intideX and convex on its outfidef being one Inch broad, it Is aR^3rwards dividedl fending out anotlaer 13one 5 i. Inches long (i.) wilicil hending toward the SculY, but outward from that place wheA1Cc it proccseled for the Epace of two Inches) it becomes

gradually



( fO7 > gradually fmaller) titl it terslillates in a Point next unliiMW i!,ha& i)2tt of a Pen vYhereavth W5 writeO lthiJ Bont is lo Stzated in rsle s<#fs of the Scu11, that 7twas i-mpofEble to give atly l:lea ot ic

zs S*tz, and thereSore I causvd them to take t}le Fg,0re of it apart, 8£-*LDIiX'S the Sia2s below tht Ptoregis Styloidr3 and the Cot.yZes) 3t t 2 lucll diItant, is Stuated the Hole for t}a\ jugular \Znin (m.n*)

through WlZiwil alSo paSes tlle Par vagSz (Se5 af Fjgv 4.) SwIaicll being 0va1> is X 4 Inch 1ong) and 2 Inch broud. C)tl t1an cutv fide of the Prsceffius Stylzmi«lesX is t0 be feen the Hole for t1£c JaurcI Portion of the Eertvxs 3zd«torixs (l.) Tllis is fo near to t-lze RQS of the Sinzs:, that it collld riot be well {hewn in tlle Figure Be -twixt the OriFin of the l5tO[660AJS Styloides (gg ) and tile LloIc feXr the jugular Vein f>Sm.) is lodgd the boney part of the <8gBa dd (S.n.) whicll deScends S lilches; atis; Inch broad, and Id flat thax it could fcarce 1)¢ repreSented in the Figure FCm thence is a Crena, whoSe Orifice is repreSented by (o o.) whl-e its flenzy part was contain'd, whicb communicated with ttle Pt.^ late; it deScends 3 lncl+es olJliqucly inwardJ Froln the foteEa'<:i. Hole for the Jugular Vein (ts.m.) is Eltuated the I-lole tor tl- Carotid Artery, nvhich is fo large as to admit the Poirut of one> Little Finger (p p.) Defcending in a Areight Line frortl thW FJoe

cegxs Etylsides (g.) 3 2 Inchas, you come to the Hote wllere the irteria drue I[atrM enters tlic Scull, and by which the xd Pvfunch

of the sth Pair of Ne,RYeS paSes out: Here alfo tile llein X whic}z returns by the great Hole in the Os Maxzilare from t1).e Probo/CgsX (after it has paR fome Epace beneath the amind, which nakes up the upper edge of the S;nBs for the Orbit of the Eye2) paSes out7 and runs back tosbe joined with the jugular 07ein. Thefe Holes are fituated on eacll fdeX betwixt tle AqBedzA ar3cl the 5S axs for receptiorl of the Lower Jaw (y.) and are both receiv?d within a like Sing, fo that they £ould not be repreRuted by AIl

Orifice. The Bolle for lReception of the Procelfxs Sfetoidasv as I have faid9 is depreR; an(l from thence for the fpace of two Ine!es till you come to the Hole for the Carotid Artery (p. p., it is rais'd for the JeduA (n. n.) From thence, betwixt the two FIolev,, ?tis gradually Protuberallt to the co?7dyZe: From below this HoNe ( p p ) fEreight downward) during the ProgreSs of the two Saze dEcs (n. n.) which are 3 Inches dittant, atis depreRX till you corlle to the Chodna, or PaS;age betwixt the Palate (t. ) and the Root f<t s-

of the Trunk (ffi. ) Between the tmro Holes fior the S*ter cfBrw matris vtis 6 Inches (q. g.) The length of the sin> salled in EuP

£ntA



man Sulnjeds the Glee;vid Cityt tneaSuring from th-at part of it whicll is t)Ward the Holv for the Jrterix dxroe atria (q. q.) till you come to the titremitv of thn 0S ;>7,VXOmatiCkfflX iS F * ln <-23es long. Tt-sis LSiags is Rarct aP attl depreR; Stis ratllel Pro- t{lber-ant, witl1 a Senricircular Surface from aiove to below : JtiS

Ntell ena-tlgh guarded -on both Fdes; fo that notz7ithflcanding this Pretuberant }teteptton for tle CondylesX yet their Villscation is prevented by the extretntry of the 0s ,>XvmatcuM 0D the sAutisde (+r+) antl an t1-$c inSlfiC? firlE by an hollowneSs, and then l:ey a RiGng itl t-he Bone. - And this Contrivane itS5 tO tilitktt

£he AIotion of theJaw very much; for 112d tais 3*g2fXw been pro- zortionably {o deep (llowevexSuperficial it n}ay be) as in Hurnan subjeEts its LAtuon 31ad ost betn to ovry free7 as we {ee ic lg >

Fvr by this ilalf rot1nd SurfaceX the Cvn4p-les have tile more Epace to move leackwardt and the Lovver Jaw to be depreRX tlat it may nove forward, and prefs the Aliment againPt the Upper Teetii with tlle greater Force; the Mllfcles alfo preYent its fallirg toto

much--back, and the Qs -Z>,;Gm4ticxm its ncli-n.ing tc>o much to

ei£her fide as is obfirv'd. Above tbe big ProceEs of the Os

Mc-llx - whleh is arttculated with the Ow Zygomxticxm; is the trtto 2 XflcsSm mcat;s Jxditcrs; (i) which being tval, is one nco1

^ Io;zgX and g tnch hroad. Bettixt this exwernal OriE-ce and the Proc{ffi#a Petrofgs, the BtXt4J iS 8 Inclaes long i whercof hereaf ter. By rneans of tllls great Sinxs on each fidee tile - se,¢ of the Scull is-;o sontrattedy that fronl the FIole (g.) dovs7n towrd the Root Of the Teeth (g. 4 ) rwhich is 9 Inches Iong, the! breadth is but 7 s Inches. From the extremity of the boiley part of the eXqxed£2 downward) the BaKe of the Sculll is -composvd or tz,ro cavous 130nes, abetit z T I-nches tilick, and a 1arge Sinfw irl the snidelle 3 X Inches 13iameter (>'7 ) at the end of the Sinzs for tJie feXhy part of the 4qreda) an-d at the Ito¢t of tne T;eth 4 - tn clzes. This Sixus, after 'tis b;come 2 Inches deep} termlnates in the cwkf,x7X. This PaCage is 8 Inches 1onrgX al1;3 7 $ Inches broadr vri£I} the Vamei in £1ze middie f.) extendtrlg frorn Icnce to tile

;<Qot of tlle Trunk 8 lnches. The back part of this F?acr is fu;XX ? -and thin} but its fore-part thlckers contill:ing of LYVQ t4/t,Zi<*7+4i'^.

{:}r yUogIirs is of Opinio upon ObSrv£ion of the Tongue, whe c sof before, that the EleploJnt OIlIy Brearns TJy this PaSgen a¢so

ot l)y the Moutl1. I do nor find that tnis E>a(Tage is proprsi* 1ally more Patulent in this Animal than i-n any other only ;k¢ms to be more -clirZ; for as in otElea Kli32als tbis Hole cz*1-;-

SAt ]2llb "tta+^



( l09 )

man;cates ̂?itll the Root of the Nofe, and the Bone gives ttfe

Air at its CXit aother direNtion X WO here the fore and back-pars or the Choana are diredly oppotite, but then the Trunk itfilf gilres the Air a quite other dir<&ion than in the Bones of other Animals. Indeed there is one Argument which feems to Itrength- en Dr. MlinSs OpinlOS? Wit. That by the Trunk the ElephJnt fucks up any, iquX'r it has occafion for, which it afterwards ernp- ties itlto the \?J- uth; and rO by drawing in of the Air, it is able to keep in its extremity any thing it takes hold of. Howevers the ObjeAions advat}c'd againlt this Opinion formerly, Seem to be of greatei Moment, than thele Arguments here propos'd, are for it. Thefe two calrous Bones on each lide the Choana, are fill d up fronz the two firm, folid, whiteX weighty Tteth (3 . +.) the 1Feet*} or

back one vvhereof does not grind, but lerves, as it were a wedge, grinflers of to keep that berore firm in its Place XS.) This Tooth runs ob- the Upper liguely backward 3 Inches from the fore -fOoch. l hat part of it ya>

which is without the Jaw Bone is half round, being 6 Inches in Surface from itS Root on the one lilde to that on the other, very posite, as 7JentteZiG iS plcated to term it, and fmooth like GlaSs. How far this Tooth or tbe other tnay go up, I. cannot politively determine, neither give any Account of the Figure within the Bone, unlefs I had broke the Scull. Howearer, I {hall infilt more llpon the Teeth, when £ come to the lower Jas; all I Qlall add at prefent isX that their SIveoliX eEpecially tllat which contains the hind Tooth, are as tbin as can be imagin'd. The length of each of the Teetll is 7 Inches. TheSe 1 eeth are not atike on both fides; for that on the Right is but one Inch without the Al- teolxs) throtlgniout its whole extent, Ot1 the outer fde; and on ics inner, 'tiS one Inch Protuberant at its fore, and two inches at its back-part; whereas that on the Left lide is only one Inch ProtuZ hexarlt ; fore on the olltfide, pnd g Inches behind, where it forms a kind of Angle, as it is joili d with the hind ToW;; r nn the outtide 'tis s {nch P; tuberant before, and 2 . actles behil The Tooth on the Rigbt wide ( t.J gfilIdS WiJo6] that *>f the lower Jaw, throughout its whwe extent; vs hereas Lhat iLX tbe Left, after it has run back b1 lachess runs up witLI a half round Surface twq Inches (5.) before 'tis join d with the hind Tooth. lt would feem, that this diSerencebetwixttile t!ane, Situation, and Dimenfions of flie Y.ight Tootil from the LeE is not fl}gular here, for Dr. toBltas doth Iikewife take notice of it, in tbat which dy'd at Dgkli;N; for he ays, s The length of the -Iêth c t: w Rxglt Upo

yer Jaw is 4 lsches, but thac of the oppol,e was but 3: et he P ' two



( tlt )

* two outward or fore Teeth -of the Upper Jat, ttere Some-what s longer thaa thoSe of the LIntle-. He takes no notice wllether tile hind Kleeth of the Upper Jaw griAd or not; but here, as X have faidX not only both the hind Tecth are free hrom grindingX but alb part of tile fore Tcb of the Left fide. There Tecthf as Dr. boSlins well obServes, a*Xe atX A+cla*esr being 2 Inches brad; that prt of them wherewith ttzey Grid xs 6 X Inches cr} tlae Llight Srde, and S ; on tIse IJeft Their Slurface} th ' fla yet iS YCa y

unequal, for they have alternattvely placyd (running frcm tho Right to the t e-ft) an hollowneSsX and then an Eminence, and lhs Emlnence is Xrrounded -by -a rot}gh Protuberant Border. I here are nine oteach of the 13o110wneSess and as many Eminences, un dlllated, as they uSe to paint Sea Waves ) wbich Seems to qua drate with what Mr by faysX viz That thefe Teeth have 8 or p ' parallel undulate Lines in their SurEace. -The Situvtion of thefe Teethr for what I knowX is peculiar to this An;ma1; for in0ead of running from aboveto below,, as tn other Quadrupeds, they run from before to behwad7 as in human SubieAs being plac;M at .. . Inches diRance at tile beginning, or ire-parts and . . . In- ches at thetc hind part. From the fore-part of thefe }eth the Os Paiat; runs dow-n . s . Inche<, having that divbion in the n:0ddie fwliereof formerlv) much entargFd c1o.) 1 his Bone} as to its thickneli in this Subje2, is correEpMdent to the Tusks whicht are implanted in each fide of i£, as is fa-id. It Seents-to be thus placXd up3n twv Acsounts; . That it may anlSwer tolthe dlflance, or coter that part of the Lower Sw which runs betwixt the fore-part of the Grinders above fF. c.) and the Ps oceS ae sts lower

t>*t 7. and middle part (¢w) a. That it may affird Epacet as sve fiormerly obServids for the Trunk to TEPR UPQnX leEt it {hould be obnoxiou; to the A*louth.

]-he lLower The tvower }aw is the onty External Par£ of the E4eads which i>* conles now to be clnEIder t3} contiRtng of one big Bone) and

omposd of lts fore and ksind part and five ProceSesX siz. two .:* / 8 Csadyle3 (X.W ) twe Proce,fiwf fv2--0Nd (b. b) and onoProrefixs Mt7ltiw t f e.) 2tis artgculated wlth the Upter Jaw, as 1n aTl other Animalsa

tSy a doubl-> ArthrodfiX. The tvio Cordyles f. 4-) vre I 2 tuches cliPrant incluS;ve; t.!zeir S;rfices Coilvexn both from the Right too the Left, B?.hiCb is 3 ' IDchesX and frolll beCore to behindX which ss z lacheso Tt<-ey are received ;tnto tile- Sinxs of tlle U pper Saw

;;^> 3> t-Z*j W5ic;^}7 I have kd) is 5 ?1, Inches: Sothatthey haYerpace

< enough to tlOve t l^laltication. The heck lzelow the Cotwd>}S ;s q tthss sr*§Cs btfirC to beS nd at its fmalltlt part, whence

t deRe-nd



( t11 )

defcendClng z Inches, it becomes 6 Inches broad (b.) and tWQ ln- rigz s cbes thick at its back-partt where it fortus axt obtuSe Angle ; Yvhence ruaning forward at sts ollter lide O Inches, it begvis to form a Sins for InSertion of the Mulcles which move the 3aw. TilisSinzB runningforward 4Inches moreX terminates ina {harp edge of the Bone, which defcends to tnake up the 5Proce0" Cororse (6. b.) This Siogxs is S Inches from above to below: At the upper part of the procelpGf Cororx, 'tis 8 Inches broad from before, where 'tis {harp, to belrind, where tis thick and obtuSes and at its middle g > lnclles (6. h.)- the PrsceWxs Coron frorn a- X. S bove to below 6 lnches, with, as it weres a Semicircular edgeS ^ but fomewhat nlore Protuberant, where tis not fO lbarp as the Margln above. How we come to the inner fide of the faule part of the Bone, where we find that defcending 7 Inches iom the Condyle, till wc come a little belotv tlle forefaid obtuSe AngleX there are the beginnings of a large Hole (b. b.) 3 s lnches longs Fi g ttz. from the firk framing of its Sings to its lower part, and a a > Inch broad. This Hole is Evr receiving the venels fit for forming and nourifhing the rl eeth X whercof hereafter : Here the Jaw begins to be about + Inches thick behlnd, being convex in its back-part; whence running 4 lnches forward, it inclines a- bout 2 A lnches inward, wkere it forms a large Sinfs for inCertion of the M0cglBs MaJJratar, and wsthereof no Sdea coald be given in the Figere; -for the outfide always obRrudted the view of tl}e in- fide. This Sinfgs deScends obliauely from the Neck of the ConZ dpyle, till it comes to the Root of tbe Teeth ( c. ) 9 Inches, which fpace does not appear fo large in the FigureX becauSe of the PoliS tion of the Jaw; and from thc fore part ofthe Coron backward, till the Jaw become thick, 5 sInches : From the back-part of tht Jaw as the forefaid obture Angle, eill you come to the Poiat of the Procefxsments (h.) inaRreight Line, is z7 Inches. The Arch of the back Surface from the fame Angle, tili you come equal with the beginning of the Tecth, or lower part of tlae Ca- X ane ( s. ) is I + A ICzches 4 from whence meaSuring owltward from tiZe ROGN Of the l eeL11 it iS g Inches to the forefaid lower part of the Corovx i fi¢om thence to the middle of the back part Ij In- hes 5 an.tl from the Root of the Tecth at the External ta the fame

-Stace at the Internal Part, is I 4 lltches; and here the Jaw is as tzout + Inchcs thick behind. At the jOilliNg of the two Teeth krveight downward , ?tis 6 A Inches; anel here it inclines graduall y outward for aborc X Irsches; wllereas its inner Surface xs almoR plain, or at leaR for tI}¢ fipace of + inclaes-> and thell inclines

gradually



( 1X2) gradua-lly outward below, forazing an Arch rn its Progrefip Streight downwmrd frotu tlle loweR part of the Coron4 the gtt*g

is at the thiclie-ll (c^) and he e it begins to rlln obliquely fbrE wardX till meeting vvith the faltle part of the Bone from the o

Frf3celSus ther lide lt terminates i-n the Prosefiss Me"ti (h fig. 9. e. (Ig. 7 ) >N9cnti. which about 2 lnches runs o!)liquciy outvv;rus and feems very

connrenient for defending the.tMoXuth fi om the Inwlsl -;etst-ncies of the Trunk-; which by its vveignt <Jo pfe0s too rxs le;-t tssn itt were ic slot defenaled botll {)y that part of tE;e Os i alti} whicl] runs down Som the Teetll in the llt.3p9.f jaw) upon whXcl it leans ;

and Dv this Syrophyfis or Procefgs Xiqe*?i, b. eP wl. .Xn kceps it Itill aqlit itlg downward) at}d futlFUrs it nor to bend inw^rd . Add alSo.

that thisProceS xray aElPt the l'robo fomets;at in its Elevation, when the Animal bending the Heafr a little forward, may ma'rse; the Point puSh or bear up the ProbvJ<cvs from above iL As the low_ er part of the Jaur in its ProgreX forward runs abliquely dowa- ward, fo its vlpper part of the Root of the Teeth runs {treight

o} 70 forward) or rather inclines a little upward (c. e ) fo that whereas 'tis only 6 - Inches from above to below at tbe joining of the Teetll, now Xtis 7 z nches reigllt downward, (and here its Sur face is more plairla for befiore 7tWaS convex, and as it were half- round) but aloslg the edge of the SinGs for lodging the Tong:ue

-iEtig) 7)J 83 fd. e.) to the outmo pofnt of the Procf«ux XentiX 7tiS 9 Inches> Now we confider the inner part from the Place where we left it,

SiFluS for and find it Rill more platn; where mea.furing from below the. jOtgltC tte jrorefaid joining of tlle tmro Tecth Rreight forward Xtis 4 InchKst F°tlA-8ffi; on eael} hde, till both meet in a Semicitcle ff ) about 3 nches

@' * I)iamcEcr at tllQ lower part, andbSornewhat llearer tt the Root of the T@eth. After it has ru-n ^ Inches upwar(l, it runs kreigt}t 0orward with Z conves Surface 4 lnches thick; thene it aScends

ig 9 9* tnches more to the Root of the Teeth (d.) This Sinxs is for liR i-ng the Tongue, which is very narrow and pointed Tbus 11a. wing giveD a particula Account of the External Figure and Shape of the Lower Jaw) we thall confider it in general. Tlle Con dyles are i2 Inches inclufilve difEant, wghence tlle Bone rllnning dewnward) and fomewhat backward 3 Inches, irnls an obttlfe Angle, which is s7 Inches excltlfiere diRant from if s oppoiXte; and here the ENone begins to fwell to a confideral1e tllicJnefs ly ilegrees: Mrom thence deRending gradually - 8 Inches, 'tis X gt luches dtflant; tloence inclirsing obliquely forward S IncI<.es more,, >fsis xa & Inthes di-{tant } inAclining Ititl more forward; to tlle gaX WL Mrt ti tECii BDnc5. met) t}]*e B.One Rill becoming thiwr,,;



( 3 )

ls- g Inches; from which on each rde till you colne to the Prv;. aclfxs Ment«, vtis 7 Inches: Thus far as to lts back-pare, Nowv to its fqre-part: Firlt, there is the Condyle f a. a<) tbef ul there is F > a lharp spine thich runs obliquely to the Coron (bv b.)- wSsnce &' >3 to the Rovt of the Teeth 'tis tllicker and of a Semicircular form :: (ppoSte to this) tbe Bone begirss to fwell ae its outer Sfde, and becomes 9?lain at its illner; that is to fay, as to that which re- gards t:he Mouth, and that which dceh nor Its Surface on both fides is very polite and Xlooth, having a great many Holes for immiton and egrefs of the Bl-ood Veffiels, which rlourild the Bone > and at its fore-part, it has two large Eloles for the A1W>ilivr&s iv 34bt 2; fierior fZ, A.). or 13ranch of the sth Pair of Ncrve-s} whtch are: difperid at the Roots of the Teeth. Next we Col1le tO the inner. SubRance of the Bones, fo far as catl be guefs'd becauSe the pre fierving of the Sceleton entirea has lie?t me from penetrating rO far into the Knowledge of it5 aS my Inclination might hatre led- mc. Every one it fenlible, who knows any thing.in OJ:ZeDlo, aS

well Hllman as Brutal, that immediately below the Coron or therebyX there is a pretty large Hole in proportion to tShe Ani- mal, for the emiElon of a Branch of the External Carotid Arte M-iX'.il2tif ry, Jugular Vein, and Sth Pair of Nerses, calltd Maxillaris i7Ztnttti0ti feri4rX which are aifpers'd in the Roots of the Tecth- for their Nourilhment, and for conciliating to them at lively Idea c*P Pain, which thoSe aSefted with the Tooth-ach are very fenfit)le tt; and that in this Sle in Sheep,CallresX and otherQtladrupedst cipecially fuch as are young | as alEo in Children before the 7th Year, and eveD aftetwards for Some time, in the cavous patt of the Bone} urhere the Teeth do not penetrate the Jaw, thcre are Rudiments of T>ceth to be Seen cavvus inSthat extremity, which the 2*< tiw is toward the BaSe, (in which thW Ligaments that keep the Rvot t't2t tf itie

fix'd are firmly impa;ted) and folid at the other extremity, 1O Veet-kt in this Animal from the f-ore-mention'd big Hole9 X oiirv d lSe-- v.eral of thefe Rudiments of Teeth Iying^Stratgfg ps4per JZr6tt¢m or rather placed perpendicularly acrofs the Bone of each others Sde< firom the Hole fb. b.) till the Teeth began to appear. T]ofe thatzfig S w-ere plac'd neareft the Hole were fmallew, not above ote Illth in breadth, and tnci in lengthX i. e. from above to below) calrousX

as Is obServDd, at the lower or back-part, (for reception of the I Igarnent, which is guarded by two thin hard Lamin) and folidE at the other. Tbofe nearelk the Hole were two or three times interlieded by 1vembranes, whereby they could be disjoind) But aRsr 1 had taken out feveralX I found no .more fuch a wepao

r at <st 3



( 114 )- rratio11, tut tllat frot the Right- to the Lefe, they wee wholly cavous : rach of thenz vraS inreffed by a membranous TunicleX as it were a Perin*Xiexm, and 11ad fomothing like a Cartilaginous SllbRance betwixt tlle two. Their SurEace is very unequal atthe Orifice, where they receive the IJiganlents and VelNels ( c. j -and as if they lad been folded into Seeral PlcK, and SJEterward taken afunder, from whfch there run felreral Ridges and Slci (6.) from one extremity co the otller ; where the Ligaments ceafe,they become extreamly fivlid and ponderousX and at their upper Extree

7, mities half round, and fornetimes forin'<l into Digitations (a.) 5tb S fX£ When they apprzch to that part of the Bone at which the ) eeth

tu3e appcar, they bcgin to quit the Periafeam} by which they weve diitinguiffi d9 and unite cloSe togettler, fs as to form one Bone. vTis obErlrablet that at their upper Extremity tllere is a Lam;7on, wllich beint, Convex toward the Jaw, and Collcave tovvard thefe lsudinlents of ieeth, do as itwere knit tlleirfolid Ex-tremitic-s together, fxo-m ̂;hich 'tiS alfo feparated by an intermediate l\tembratle at the beginning; but afterward that cealing, this LR- aninJ conjoins them at the Extremities, as they are at the Sides, before tlley appear without the Jaw. And thus I conceive theSe Teeth to be form dX and 'tis by thefe I am perEwaded tlle Jaw becomes So ponderous and thick ; and that which Rrengthens this Opinion is, that the hind Tecth of both Jaws (for I doubt not but the'e Rxdimenta DentiBm are in the Upper 3aw alSo) before they corne to grirld, kave their Upper Parts Semicircular ? and that both before and after the Grinders are form?d, the Linea- nents of thefie Rswdxmettt appear plainly like fo many Ridges

!(d.e.) hasting intervening Furrows, where they forriy had fig 9 been diftinguiffi d by lvembranes: And 1 fippoWe tho? at the 1lp.

per Extremity they are united ipto one compacCt Bone) yet at their lower Extremity they have ilill the Iime Hollownef7es for Reception of the Ligaments and Veffiels as formerly; which Opi- tiion is confirm'd by 7e7ltteliuvts Account. The Lower Jaw has 4 Teeth, 2 on eath fide (d. e.) as well as the Upper, all Grind- ersy but no InciCors) Qr fore eeth. The hind Teetll are 8 I.} c'izes dillant, and thP Fole not 4, betwixt which is placd the Sx for the Tongu (d. e ) and 'tis obSerarableX that from tllknce to the bDttotll the si is fo contraCtedX as only to be one lncll

;e-ar. 7* 2 broad ( . ) lxlle 11ind Tooth on the Rigllt Sjde is 4 Inclles, &n the Left y> The one half of their Sllrface? where they begin ve appea-, is Semicircular, with the fore mention'd Ridges and Sztcs run.ire traulrvcrScly, 4 ors the Right 5ide, and 5 on the left. The

othcr



( llS ) otber half has $ of thok Emincei, wllere it Grnds, (sbereof fora3sly, when Epeaking of the Upper Jaw,) and 4 Qn the Lefr. i:ach of the fore Teetb is 6 Inches long, and has 6 or 7 of the fore-mention'd Eminences, and as many DepreSsons, TIze hind Teeth of Dr. Moxlin s Elephant Seem to hare been of an equalr length on both ElSes, and mach longer thanvthe fore Teeh. XTio obEervable, tit the Ridges at the fides are correfpondent to tbe Eminences where they Grind, and the Sxlcs to the I:)eprelions, The Teeth of the tower 4aw exceed thofe of the Upper about 2 }nches in lengtb X by which it appears, tha-t the motion of the Lower 3aw mull be very great in Matticatxon, and tllat the Ete- / phdnt for tlle mo& prt moveth the Jaw: from behind to 4eSore i 1r2Sr;etliSr'.¢ and fcarcely from ane fide to the-other, as in hnimals *-at ru of 11> ,,ov minate} or chew the Cud. Thefe I eeth are the moR firm} folid, yZ; and weighty Bones of any Aninal yet known, and are-as good I. vory as the Tusks themSelvesX BeCore wFe quit th-e Lnwer Jaw, X

hope it vrill not be lmpertinent to Gtquire, whether or no theSe Rxdimenta -DesztiFm may be fspposSd in procefs of Ttme to deScendF and expell thofe Teeth already form'd, and facceed in their place -* and if not, what may be t;h&ir USe. For the flril queitions 'tis true, Chtldren -havc two ranges of Teeth tho' not equally folid7 the fecond theteot expels the irit at or about 7 Sas of Ages and fileceeds themX the fi-rR be}ug only So many Sheaths or Covers,, whereby the fecond being yet but ha f4ft Mucilaginous SubRance, arc defiended from E*x-ternal In)uriesx till tn procefs of time ehey have atrainXcl to a conYenient hardnefis; md that there is a great difference in t-he PFeeth of liome Q9adrupeds, fuch as young Horfes WhoSe toleor Co1-tTectht astSy arecalld, }>veSomeNlarksX which are obliterated afiter a cer£ainPperiod of Years (well enougtt known to Iockies ;) f¢v that it would aWear if thefe Teeth are not expell d, yet thPir Surface by degrees is abradedX and inltead of that their Roots are augmented,. and the Teeth receive fuch an alteratioll, as their Age is no more known by theSe Mxrkss I have already obferv'd t-hat there are lse£al Ridges and Fuz tows in the Teeth of tais Animal, which Ikem to be an Eviilellce, that thefe Wxdsme22ta have grovYn together and llecome one tCOd1 X

b-ut whether the 'txdimfatax which have not as yet appealXed wwhout the Jaw7 do ever expel t-heSe wtlich 1lase appeared, ande filcceed thes} is t-he que*ion; no Experiment yet being made concerning the Produdion of thok in this Antmat, The period; of the Xime thG Elephatts liereX and the Age of this we trea£ nt

bcing unknossn} we can giVC no pofitiYe @ctermlnaton; itz th;* XF3;} tt 8

f ) d t



( ,ld) cr: Yet I am apt to believeX theI*e Teethw as weU as the ldi-

ment4, have been a prima farmatsore, and that becauSe, . The .taw Psone fo firmly adheres to the Teeth on both iides, I*o foon ,s- they appear, arld the p!ace of their Aoots is fo well lnown (by the Protuberance on the outfide of the Jaw) to be enlargd within the Xlseali, that I dQ not fee howr they can be expellsd by a illcceeding Set. 2* When one -Set of Tteth expels the orlter the feconcl is uSuallg belo6s the firrt, and not placd in the fame -Rank, as there are; which obliges me to enquireX what may 'be the uSe of theSe RBdimenta: Which I fuppofe to be} 1. To fill up the Cavity of t-he Lesrer Jaws 2 By their Az eight to add Strength in Mafticationx 3. That there may be 1o mants dtSre-.* Bones to afl^tft the Teeth in theis motion; and Athl. - irYe if$aisl of a Vtledgv for ke > ping the Teeth firm in t1le;t ; Place > > {, * ><R, vtwas conven ent the Lower Jaw Jb)uld bear a equa] proportion in its bignefs to the Upper? and have lufficient hpace for InSers tion Qf the MuScles fi-t for its Motion; aIR2 if a proportionable flbigneSsX than eitller t:he Bone mufL be- altoSether folid, or cavous and fluffd with fome other ponderous SubItance; foy, if fpongy or cellulous, then would it have been too lightS which lvould have been sery inconvenient. As to the Second} the AJeight i' of conSiderable Moment, for the morn exaA Attrition of tbe Aliment, which i5 here requiAitev becauSe the Tongue of this Animal is botll fitlall and polite on its SurfaceS without thofe fl3arp cartilaginous Pdpillx thoit Animals are endued witbt whofe Teeth are not fufficient to grind their FoOde As to the third l conceive that tbeSe Rwdime7Z4, with their intermediate luembranes, may be the more helpful to the Tecth in their MotionX if they have anyX or Prellure, than if the fiurrounding Jaw had been one whole continued folid Bone, For the fourth a hard and Soft Sub- f;tance a ternatively p!ac'd, is certainly more convenient for keep ng any thing Srm than either ol the two alone; for had they

been lrel SubItances that lay upon onc another, th>n neither would yield to PreSure v and if foft, tho' they yielded, yet would they not fo well retain the Preure they xcceive, and keep any thing firtn thereby as if they had fome intermediate SubfEance: Gn a -ords be the pfe of thek RdigGrta what it wlll, the Teeth xnd they tog£her harre rendered this r-O ponderous as to amount to * 1e \7Vei;,5t. And thus have we ended the External Parts of the t{cad.

N. B. fFe rezxszirg Pact of thz Dsg2ogtre (with the Fi#raf)

tiAl 6e $9rr$vid sn thf foXlowsrf Tranfadion.



Documents

Osteographia Elephantina: Or, A Full and Exact Description of All the Bones of an Elephant, Which Died Near Dundee, April the 27th, 1706. With Their Several Dimensions. Communicated