9

UDC 904.623.41501/02 .

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, (), I IV .1 o , . , ( ) I II . . , 147002. 1 86.. , (Moesia Superior). : . Mirkovi, Rimski gradovi na Dunavu u Gornjoj Meziji, Beograd, 1968, 811; . Mscy, Gesellschaft und Romanisation in der rmischen Provinz Moesia Superior, Budapest 1970, 1316.

10

. , .

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11

, , I III .4 , 6869. ., 6970.5 , 6870. .6 , III, .7 , . . , , (8586. .), , .8 (Smorna) I . , , . , Ib . I . . , , , , .9 , , , 6870. .10 , , Ib. I II , , 4 . . , - astrum Novae, XXXIIIXXXIV/19821983, , 1984, 9596. 5 . Petrovi, . R. Vasi, The Roman Frontier..., 20; M. R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 176; M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 542. 6 M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 558, 7. 7 . . , ..., 98. 8 M. R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 177; M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 544. 82. . 81. . , . 9 . , (Smorna), , XXXIIIXXXIV/ 19821983, , 1984, 212214. 10 . Petrovi, . R. Vasi, The Roman Frontier..., 20; M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 542; M. R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 176.

12

. , , Ib 0,30,5 ( : 0,10,2 ).11 . , , 81. .12

(Taliata) , . . , . I . , .13 , I .14 , 82. 8586. .15

(Diana) I I Ib. I ( Ib) . . Ib , . 8586. .16

(Pontes) . , , , , 11 . , ..., 216217, 219. 12 M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 544; M. R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 176. 13 . , - (Taliata), , XXXIIIXXXIV/19821983, , 1984, 267269. 14 . Petrovi, . R. Vasi, The Roman Frontier..., 21; M. R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 177; M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 542. 15 M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 544; M. R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 177. 16 J. Kondi, The Earliest Fortifications..., 82, 83, 86; . , ..., 265, 270.

13

II .17 , , 0,5 , , ( ), . , , .18

, . , . 6870. ., . , 82. 8586. ., . , , (). .19

I : ( ), , ( 1).

XX . . 150 . 67. ., . 6869. .20 , .21 17 M. R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 177; M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 543; . , .. , Castrum Pontes ( 1981. 1982. .), IV, , 1987, 7374. 18 M. R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 177; . R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 558, 9. 19 I . , (Lj. Zotovi, Viminacium, Arheoloki pregled 15, Beograd, 1973, 4750; V. Kondi, Lj. Zotovi, Viminacium-rezultati arheolokih istraivanja u 1974.g., Arheoloki pregled 16, Beograd, 1974, 9497). ( I ), (100 ) ( ) . 20 . , , 17, , 1994, 2526. 21 , 30. .

14

1964. ., 6 , . . 36 (31 , 4 ), 279 10 . 81. ., 81. 84. .22 , . , , 82. ., 8586. 23 , , ( , ), . , , .24

1947. ''''. , , 104 102. 2/3 , . . 81. . , 81. . I . , : 8586. ., 88. . , , .25

1948. . , . . 3 , , 22 . , , , 1994, 1334; . , , , , 1994, 107, 128. 23 . , ..., 129, 133134. 24 . , ..., 48, 57, 62; . , ..., 131, 134, . 25 . , , 10, , 1987, 56, 1011. .

15

1,5 . 3,1 , .26 . 8 ,27 90 28 ( , ) 111 .29 81. . . , / 82. ., 8185. ., .30 , , . ,31 . , .32

I . 6869. . , , .

II , ,

. ( ) . , II , , . , 26 . ManoZisi, Nalaz iz Tekije, Beograd 1947, 7. 27 : . ManoZisi, Nalaz iz Tekije.., 1214. 28 7 , 4 , 8 , 1 , 8 , 2 , 48 /, 1 , 4 , 4 , 2 () ; , 1443. 29 . , ..., 109, 11. 30 . , , VIII, , 1975, 9799, 101. 31 . Mano-Zisi, Nalaz iz Tekije, 45, 4849, 5459: ; . , , 6, , 1990, 33: - , , ; . , ..., 101: . 32 . , I III , , , 1994, 27, 28: .

16

() .33 , , .

, , , : , , , , ( 2).

1889. . 27 , 26 . . 119/120. . . III ., .34

21 . . (148149), , , 149. .35

1946. . , . 149 . , . , 168. 169. ., ( ) . IV Flavia, 170/171. . . , .36

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17

. 60 70 . , . IV Flavia, . , (latrones).37

. , , 1921. . 160 . 1839.. 270 , 145/147. 161/164. 168. . , .38

1995. . 726 400 . , , 181183. .39

II , ( ), ( ) (, , ). , , . , , I . 67/68. 70. . , .40 , 69. . (

37 B. Bori-Brekovi, N. Crnobrnja, A Find of Roman Denarii of the Emperors of the III Century from Nemenikue on Mt. Kosmaj, Numizmatiar 2425 (20012002), Beograd, 2005, 1112, 16. 38 , 910 . 39 B. BoriBrekovi, The Hoard of Roman Denarii..., 12 8. 40 The Cambridge Ancient History XI, Imperial peace a.d. 70192, Cambridge 1975, 168169, ; . Mirkovi, Rimski gradovi..., 26 ; . , , , LXXII, 44, 1907, 102109.

18

), .41 , 70. .42

, . .43 , , .44 , .45 , , / , .46 69. ., . , .47 6870. . , , 48 , '''' ,49 , 41 . Mirkovi, Rimski gradovi..., 26 33 34. 42 I, 169. 43 . . 20. 44 . Petrovi, . R. Vasi, The Roman Frontier..., 20; M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 542; M. R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 176. 45 67/68. 68/69. ., () . , 69/70. ., : . , ..., 110111. 46 . : E. Shirley, Building Roman Legionary Fortress, Stroud, 2001, 8081; D. C. Campbell, Roman Auxiliary Forts 27BCAD 378, Oxford, 2009, 13. 47 70.: M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 542. 48 , , : B. W. Jones, The Emperor Domitian, London, 2002, 136, 138; P. Conole, R. D. Milns, Neronian Frontier Policy in the Balkans: The Career of Ti. Plautius Silvanus, Historia: Zeitschrift fr Alte Geschichte 32/2, Stuttgart, 1983, 184185. S.T. Burns, Rome and the Barbarians, 100.B.C.-A.D. 400. Baltimore, London, 2003, 216. 49 : I, 168.

19

. ,50 . , .51 , 6870. . , , , .

. : , , , , .

, . , ,52 8182. . .53 , .54

, / . . , .55 50 S. T. Burns, Rome and the Barbarians..., 2024 . , . 51 : . Mirkovi, Zum Problem der Militrgeschichte Obermsien im 1.Jhd., iva antika 27, Skopje, 1977, 174. 52 . , ..., 27; . , ..., 133. 53 . , ..., 5561; . -, ..., 129132; . , ..., 1011; . , ..., 101; . , ..., 33; M. Mirkovi, Dakische Einflle nach Msien und Rmische Feldzge nach Dakien unter Domitian und Trajan, Orbis Antiqvva Studia in honorem Ionnis Pisonis, Cluj-Napoca, 2004, 618619; . Petrovi, .R. Vasi, The Roman Frontier..., 20; M.R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 542; M.R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 176. 54 . , ..., 61; . , ..., 101. 55 / , . . , : , , ..., 27.

20

, , , , . , , . 8586. ., , . , , , ,56 .

, , .57 8586. ., .58 , 6870. ., , ( ), , ( ). ., S. T. Burns, Rome and the Barbarians, 265266; P. J. Casey, LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI: imperial military donatives and the Arras Hoard, Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der Rmischen Kaiserzeit, Gedenkschrift fr Eric Birley, Stuttgart 2000, 445; B. Campbell, Diplomacy in the Roman World, Diplomacy & Statecraft 12/1, London 2001, 16.

, : B. Stalio, Le site prehistorique Ajmana Mala Vrbica, , III, 1986, 3235; A. Jovanovi, M. Kora, . Jankovi, Lembouchure de la rivere Slatinska reka, , III, 1986, 378379. . , . , , . . : R. Hingley, Globalizing Roman Culture, Unity, diversity and empire. London, New York 2005, 105115; M. Pitts, Globalizing the local in Roman Britain, An anthropological approach to social change, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 27/4, New York 2008, 493506; S. T. Burns, Rome and the Barbarians, 212216. 56 . , ..., 95. 57 XI, 169172; . , , LXXII, 44, , 1907, 112126; . Mirkovi, Rimski gradovi..., 2627; , Dakische Einflle..., 617622; B. W. Jones, The Emperor Domitian, 138139, 141143. 58 M. R. Vasi, V. Kondi, Le limes romain..., 544; M. R. Vasi, Castrum Pontes..., 177.

21

.59 , , , , . , , , , . , , ,60 . .

( )

II ( ) . (Pontes), II . , . , .

, . ( 120. ) , ( 148/149. .) . , , , . ( ) ( ), ( ), .61 . 59 , : . 46. 60 , , : Lj. Zotovi, V. Kondi, Rimske i vizantijske tvrave u erdapu, Materijali VI, Beograd, 1971, 39. , : . Mirkovi, Zum Problem ..., 173. , . 61 . Arsenijevi, Skupni nalazi..., 13, 65; . , , 23, , 1985, 1011.

22

,62 .63 , ( ) , . , , , ,64 a , .

(, , ). . , , .65 , , , .66 , , .67 170/171. . .68

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23

, / . , , .70 , argumentum ex silentio . , hostes .71 , , .72 , hostes latrones , hostes .73 .

.74 168/169. . , . . , , ( ), , . , , . 70 The Cambridge Ancient History XII, Imperial crisis and recovery a.d. 193324., Cambridge 1971, 349365. 71 . Mirkovi, Rimski gradovi... 46, 49; T. Grnewald, Bandits in the Roman Empire, Myth and Reality, London 2004, 16 19. 72 T. Grnewald, Bandits..., 1617, 4041, 51, 128; S. Duani, Army and Mining in Moesia Superior, Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der Rmischen Kaiserzeit, Gedenkschrift fr Eric Birley, Stuttgart, 2000, 347348. 73 T. Grnewald, Bandits..., 40. 74 . , . : S. PopLazi, Fortifikacija antikog Singidunuma, doktorska disertacija, Filozofski fakultet, Beograd, 2008;

24

cohors Aurelia Dardanorum .75 170. . , .76 . , 77 . , ( ) . ,78 .79 , ( ) , . , , , , . , .80 , cohors Aurelia Dardanorum .81 . , . , , , / .

, II . , . 75 L. Jovanova, Scupi from the 1st to the 3rd Century according to new Archaeological and Epigraphic Discoveries, Rmische Stdte und Festungen an der Donau, Akten der Regionalen Konferenz, Beograd 2005, 156: D(is) M(anibus) Timoni Das/si dec(urioni) coh(ortis) II Aur(eliae) / Dard(anorum) interfec/ti(!) a Costobocos(!) / vix(it) annis L mili(tavit) annis / XXIII Postumia Spes coniugi / bene merenti / posuit. 76 , 156157 . 77 . Petrovi, Inscriptions de la Msie Suprieure III/2, Timacum Minus et la Valle du Timok, Beograd 1995, 4445. 78 , 40; , Timacum Minus und die Kastelle in Timoktal, 13. Limeskongress, Aalen 1986, 515516. 79 . Petrovi, IMS III/2, 63128. 80 : B. Gerov, Die Einflle..., 118120. . 81 S. Duani, Mounted ohorts in Moesia Superior, Akten des XI. Internationalen Limeskongresses, Budapest 1978.

25

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26

,92 , , .

*** . , . , . . , , .

, () . , , , . , , . , .

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27

.96 , , , . e .97 , , . , : , , , .

, , , .98 . , , , . , , , , ( 8586. .).

96 . 97 : M. Pori, Ekvifinalnost u arheologiji, Petnike sveske 62, Antropologija, Zbornik radova odeljenja drutvenih nauka Istraivake stanice Petnica, Valjevo, 2007, 4557. 98 S. T. Burns, Rome and the Barbarians..., 8, 14, 236237.

28

K 1. I .

2. II

29

VLADIMIR MIHAJLOVI

HOARDS AND DESTRUCTION DEPOSITS AS EVIDENCE FOR LIMESBREAKAGE IN 1ST AND 2ND c. UPPER MOESIA

Summary

Two categories of archaeological record are often used in order to claim existence

of barbaric intrusions in the territory of Roman province of Upper Moesia hoards (of coins and other objects) and destruction deposits of military forts. Their relevance in showing war activities of populations which occupied areas north of the Danube is argued due to supposed connection with data known from literary evidence. In other words, if there are rough chronological correlations between conflicts mentioned in ancient sources and destruction deposits of military forts or hoards, archeological data are used as evidence for hostile activities of barbarians and breakdown of Roman frontierdefense. Although there is a possibility of such interpretation, there are also serious difficulties with straightforward linkage of two sorts of records. The main problem lies in uncertain chronological determination of destruction deposits, as well as unknown archeological contexts of hoards and their (mainly) incomplete contents. Another problem is imprecise character of data from historical sources which limits their use in more accurate reconstruction of events. Additionally, both destruction deposits and hoards are related to the problem of equifinality in archaeology which means that two or more different processes could result with the same archaeological record. Hence, horizons of destruction from 1st century in border zone could be the result of Roman demolition of fortresses in order to clean the area for a new construction phase, as well as outcome of Roman behavior under tactical retreat. Also, hoards found in limes area are not necessarily the reflection of enemys campaigns but could be the consequence of inner conflicts between Romans and local elite, along with other explanation for their existence. Similarly, hoards of coins from 2nd century dont need to be linked with war excursions of hostile neighbor populations as in these period increased activities of bandits are attested both in literary and epigraphic evidence. Even if we accept that hoards from 2nd century are result of barbaric attacks, they can not be regarded more than limited operations of smallnumber groups. The aim of this paper was to divert attention on caution in linking archaeological situations with conflicts described in ancient sources as our knowledge about local circumstances is very low and it is questionable if local ongoings were directly connected with general events known from history. Only if we increase our analytical and detecting skills in treatment of archaeological data, can we hope for more reliable interpretation of Romanbarbarians border interactions.