Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12

7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12

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6

OSPREY· MEN T RMS SERIES

rmies

ebanon

8

ext

S MUEL

M

K TZ

and

LEE RUSSELL

olour plates

R VOLST D



I)uhlish«l in 1985

O'pr( \ P l l h l i ~ h i n ~ Lui

:\ktnlwr

( 0111pal1\ 01

th,.. (; Ufl.-:, Philip

Crul l ,

12

II

l. llt.: ,\en',

1.\1I1d n

(:21-: 1)1.1'

t

C o p ~ r i g h l 1985

Q prey

PlIhli,hill.l;- Lid

This hook is c o p y r i ~ h t e d under the Berne Com ,·l1lioll.

.\11

r i ~ h t i

r( '('n'('d \p.tr1 from a l l ~ fair d e a J i n ~ for the

purpose

ofpri\ atc q u d ~ .

r ~ a r c h . c r i l i c i ~ m or rC\·ie\\.

as

pemlilloo under Iht Copyrie:ht .\C1. 195ti. no pan

of

Ihi. puhlicalioll 1) reprOOuccd. slOrro in a

rctril \'al

sy lcm.

Clr

tr.IINnittOO in

a l l ~

fonn

or

a l l ~

Illt an . dOClfonic. d<'Ctrical. chemical. I1lIXhanica1.

optiral. p h O l o c o p ~ i n : rl Cording or othcn\i'i(·.

\\ithout

tb prior pcrmi ioll of the c o p y r i ~ h t U\\Iwr, EnquiriC '

~ o u l he

addreSMXI

to the I'uhli:.hcr',

Hli/il/l l . i h / ~ I ·

.{/fo og/i/1/,1 III

Pllblim//QII / 11/ 1

Kat..:. S:lIl1ud :\1. :lI1d RllSsdl. Lee E.

.\rm;{ <;n Lebanon.

1 jl 2-B...

:\Il u·at·arm,

~ r i C > :

16,j

I . l..c-h. lIlon

,\rmed Forces ·Iiston

I..('hanon Hi,to 1. : \ I i l i l a ~

I. Title II. Seri<'\

3 . . i , o o q , j 6 q ~ l .

\ R 5 : ~ .

L

Fihm.'l in

Greal

Britaill

PriUlt-d

in IlonK KOIlt.:

Acknowledgements

Samuel :\1.

Ka z

\\i,lws

t ;>.,,,rt >; ;

hi,

t.: ra,illldt· to ,he

follu\\ iug people for their

help

in till' pH·par.ltion of

this book: his fdlo\\

IDF \'C'l\T;1l1

:\11 Dall Rosenlx'I'g::

:- Is Fa,ina

Husscil1i, for

her

I r a n ~ b t i O l l . > ; lIld nOI1

p:lrlisan a ~ i S I : I I l C C :

;\11 ,\III..1r( as

C:onslantinoll, lor

tcchllifal help: _ \ I ; ~ . D\ora ' clson of lIlt'

I

Dr

SpokC man unit:

and

Kari E. Hannibal of Ill('

Lch:lllC >( Informalion alld Rr«eareh

vnter ,

for Ill'r

in\ aluahk :lS. 'istanec, He \\ould also likl'

10

oni r

hi ,

',>ecial

and

100 jng thanks to : \ I ~ Sie:alil Ehakim.

wilhout \\ hose

hard

\\ork.

10\( .

de\'otioll

and

dedication, this

boo

\\tluld

nOI

ha\'C

1)( ( 1\ possible,

1.. E. Ru ,c1J also \\ishl S 10 Ihank

:\11

Ril hard

Si.k and

:- 11

Peler Ahbotl fill' thcir

hdp

ill Ihe

prl'par;ltioll (If this book,



Armies ill

Leballoll /982-84

I3fldgrollllf to

OlflOS

'/ tltt /H lt. •

lJhmll Jf tholl. ,ht our Jf,mgth t Ol ollr

h 'ft,k nf. II , /alllird /0 hI tnt mrrC IIII/I. IIII bUllk,rJ. and

JII, (Oll -;J/

gllidrJ oj ,1/,

.\1

idd/I

/:alf. It lwilll th,Ji.s:hrillg

0

olluH. JI ,

thol/gll

till/I

bU(//lsr

It had mili/(If) /JOu ,

lIobOl 1 It ould

allarA

I IJ. lIo/)()(b

u ould1m

I t l

r 1I0U t:1t

to

/t m/lto fight I l l . Till f,.wllu w ,hal (odt/) oll{ ·thi,d r fOllr

{ o l l l I ~ l lUll hl ( 11

t/fJ/ro..J / (

mul

ftl Q-/hil d

J

of i l o((upi,d kJ'

jrm ign

arm; J: I.Cb'lIlCM' President-Ekct Bashir

(;emayd.

in

Jast

inlcrvj('\\

hdorc aSSas. I

nation.

1

I St:plcmbcr 1 ~ } 8 2 .

On thl 1.'\ c l l i l l ~

of

Thursda} 3

JUll l

1gS L four

Pall >lillian

gunmell

c r i l i c a l l ~

\\ouuc ed :\11' Shlomo

Argm. J.;:rad's ambassador in London. as he lert a

diplomatic re( (,plion al thc Dorclw'Ill'r

HOiCI.

,\hhOlu;h Ihi') incid(,1lI 10 Ix- Ilw immedi'lle

Gilhe of I,rae 's

ar

in Lebanon, til

rOOls

of thc

connici ( 'I ll back man) )t ars,

I..t°banon achit'\ed il:. indept'ndt'nce in '9-1-3.

. I n n )

1'01 1 1

ofFrench rule under a Leal:;lIl' of:'\'alions

~ I ; l n d a t ( Ihal dalt'(l back 101h('

Fir 'l

'orld

·ar.

TIl(.' CUUIIO').

IOfllwrly

pan of S) ria.

('mbral,.·l,.'(1

a

wide \'ariel)

of

rdigiolls

'Inc clhnk

~ T o u p i l 1 ~ s . all

ll11llually anta. {onbtic. Tbt:

1Il0 1

important

\\cn'

~ 1 ; l r ) t I i t e and Greek

Onhodox

Christi:ll\). alld

Sunlli al1d Shia I l l ~ [ i illS, IfIK<,thcr wi Ib IIH:111

bel'S

of

the '('cr('li\ e Drul.l' SI'CI. Th(' ~ o \ C 1 n m e l l t was

siructul (:d b) all a ~ n t l l l ( 1 H kllO\\'n a:. Iht' alional

( .o\CI1;IIII.

\\hieh \ \ a ~ supp0'll'd to di\'idc 1>0\\(' 1'

prol>Ortiollall) m o n ~ Ilw \ariOll'i f a c l i o l l ~ . 1'hi

r('sult<'C ill

a

eak

ccntral gon'rnml'nl ill-equipped

10

m c r , ~ e Ihe ri\'al

~ o u p s

illlo a

11'(11)

nalional

laiC,

Ho\\e\cr. Ihl' :'\'ational

Con'llalll

,-,ned th<,

coulllr) fairl) \\clI

for

nearl) 30 \ ('ars, d ~ p i l e thl

problems of urbanisation and ri,inl.( ~ l u ~ l i m

demands for

{{Teater

r e p r ~ n t a l i o n In the end. il

as

nOI a LehaneM' iSiuc lhal d l S l r o ~ ('(I it. bUI Ihe

problrm

of

the

P a l e - l i n i a n ~ ,

,

-

Sou •.h Bei ....., A U ~ l I t

19B:>::

this

Golaa; machinr ~ u n ...r

( MAGi . ) n N

'.hr

I,.radi

K ,. la.r

flak

•·

.. .

1

and

h ,lm ,l.

an d

tarn ,

.. his . .·

.. .

pon·

ammuainon

Mit in il s lihel

colle 'tor

b a ~

:II

common

lOt· practic

The

MAC'

bipod

i

.I.so

'rapped

in

h ,,,si.n.. a Tordinll;. h n ~ n p ...hen finnll; th e '''''''pon

rrom

th ,

hip . (ICPO)

h P

Lebanon

In 19,'8. follO\\ i n ~

I

he (Tea(inn

of

Iht ' Stall'

nf

I

sraC'l.

,nnw . 00 .000 Palntiniall refllW'C's crnssl'd lhc

bordt'l' north illto I.ebanon, Tlwn·. lill' morl' lhan

'. o

) ( · a r ~ .

lhl.')·

liwd in squalid r e f t l ~ , , camps in

,olllhcrn I.dlalllJll, and

in

:I chain of ramshackle

suburhs nl'ar Beirut. In

9 8

til(' I . d ) a l 1 ~ l · capilal

1}( (' :ul1l' Ihc h ( : a d q t l a r t ( r ~ of th(' Pah linian

LilX'ralioTl O r ~ a n i s ; l I i o l l . Ihe umbrella

o r ~ a n i ·

,aliOIl

for

more Ihan I I

diffl..'l cll(

IXllilieal facliom

dedicatl'( I( ) Ill< \ crthrn\\

of

Ihe Siall'

of

I

~ r a l l .

1'1.0 Chairman Ya'''<'r.\rafal found Lehanon an

ex('ellcll b. 1 (,'

for

orx'ralions. both a ~ a i n ~ t Israel

itself and I ~ r < l d i ,mel

i n t e r n a l i o n a l l a r ~ ( , I

ahro. ld.

In Outll('rn Lt:banon, the PLO

Ct

lip I M ~ c and

effecti\ (

ha'<.·

.. from \\ hich 10 carl ) nul operalion:.

acro Iht, bordt:r inln Israel. TIl('

I ~ r a t l i

Dd<'me

;



IOF

comb t

cngin r' .,r ,

..

nl I.h

..ir w .,on , for .. n omc r '

inSJ 'Clion,

prior .o

... palrol n

.....

r

AI y,Jan ar) , 1963. Th.. an

on

Ih l fl

w arS

Ih IOF' ,

win l rpark

and a ca.,lur d 'wooll}'

p lIy'

,w I

.. r (Ih ..

PLO

us..d

oolh Brili ,h

and PlOki 'l..

ni Arm)'

pau rn .. ). The Iwo

soldi

.. , in (h

cenlre wear

.he [OF

' ,nowsui '

nn 'Hermoniol '

winl

.. r

boo ls , ( JOF Spok

.. ,n,an)

Forces

r t ~ l i ~ t e d

with

land.

sea and ail'

attacks on

thesc

1'1.0

bases,

Th ... PLO

pre;, nce. and

lh l '

Israeli

military

response

il

allract d. put a

strain

on

lbe

weak

Leballl'se

gonTllnwllt

and

the

fragile politicOlI

alliOll1cl s it

r c p r t ~ s l 1 \ l d .

I I I

:\'o\'embcr

1969

Egypt's

I'n'5idellt :\'asscr

IC)l ( ( d

till Lehanese

to

sign the

Cairo and

~ 1 { l k a r t

Accords. granting-

the PLO

\ 'inual autonomy in the rcfug('(' camps and alollg

t

h(

com 1

{i OIll

wi

th Isr;wl. FoIIowi

ng t i l l

e\ ('llts

of

'Black Sept

em her'

19io. \\'hell

King H

ussl'in 's

Bedouin army violently ejcned the entire

PLO

in{i aStrllCIUT c

li'om

Jordan, Lebanon betai llc

Ihe

ani)

Arab

COt1Jll1 y bordeT'ing Israel

where

the

armed 5trugglc

could

b

eominucd.

A

further

15°,000

Palestinian refug('cs

:urivcd. along

\\,ilh

Ihousand;,

of

PLO guerrillas,

further

llp5clIing the

ddicale balanCt'

of power

in

the country.

Tht' \ \ a k l 1 e ~

of

Ihe l.ehal1('$(: t:entl'al gon'rn

ment

alarmed

both

Chrisliall and .\Iuslim political

·1

panics, who b( g,1I1 to fOrm

pri\'att'

milit ias to look

after their

intl'reSts. For

their p01I 1.

the PL.O seizt'([

COlllfOl of

\'il'lually all

of

50111hcTn

Lebanon. The

PI.O fight\'rs-bored. ;Ingry. heavily anned, ;lnd

anS\\'('I'i1bk

0

no one hUl I

heir

local comm;J.ndC'rs

instituted

a

virtual

n:ign

of terror against the

cj\·ilian

population

under

their

control. Thollsamls

ofLcballt'se \\cre robbed, raped, tor tured or

killed.

\\ hilc man)

of

the victims were Christians, till

PI.O did

not

spare their

eo-rdigionisl5, and

.\Iuslims (especially

Shia

.\luslims)

pro\'ided

til

majority of

th

...

victims. At the ilame time. in

ddianc(' of

t1wir

obligations under the

Cairo

Accords, thl' PI.O began 10 stl'l'n,l;thl'n it5 ies with

leftist Lebanese

~ u s l m

political filction5.

hoping to

dcstabilisc the Lebanese govcl'l1ml'llt still further.

On

13 April

1975.

in the mid

of

this explosive

a

tlllosphcn:, a bllslond

of PLO gunmcn opened

fire

on a church in the

Christian

Ain Rammannh

section

of

Beirul. Pierre

Gemaycl , leader of

the

Christian

Phalangc Party and onc

of

the

most

powerful men in

.\laronil(· Lebanon,

was prC5cnt

for

a

family

haptism,

His

bodyguard returned

fire.

and the fighting escalated. Tilt: ncxt day all

hdl

broke

loose in

LdxlIlon,



The Lebanese Civil War, 1975,6

The

Lebalwse Civil War of

1975 7(i

c a u ~ d 80,000

dead. and lotally splil lilt'

c o u n t r ~

along: r:,ctional

line:.. The peace which had

t x i ~ t t d

fi1r ct lIluri( 1>

betwcen ~ I t l s l i t l l and Christian was dcstroy<.-d.

Christian fought ~ 1 1 1 s l i m . Christian foughl Chris

tian. and ~ l m l i l l l fought :\Iuslim. An cstimated 50

dillcrent 'militias' came into

exi:-.tcllce.

and acts

of

violence \\cn l)(llh individu:al and collccti\ ('. In

Beirul, \\ hl rc the worst of the f i ~ h t i n g look place.

roofwp snipc:n. shot l>l·de:.tri.llh at nilldom.

Gunnll'n -.<. t up chel'kpoillts to examine the papers

of

passing motorists. and :anyonc

of

the rong

religion or political all'ili:uioll \\as killed Ollt

of hand. Battles \,ere fought \\i th unheard-of

s a v a ~ e f ) .

Wilh

prisoners

sow

o n l ~ for tOrlure.

mutilation and death.

In

Januaf)

t976

PLO

units allackcd the

Christian cit} of Damour on th(' main high\\a)

south ofBeirut. :\

quarterofits

population

of

40.000

were kilkd in the b.,ulc or

mas,s.1.cred

afterwards.

and the remainder forccd to nl'e. In r c \ t ~ n ~ e . in

OClOhc:r 1976 the ChriHian militia:. laid siege 1 tho.::

Td

Zaatar

l'('fugel' camp nonh ofBeil'UI for ,jodays.

When thr camp fell. no

quartrl

,,'as gi\'cn

to

thl'

survi\·ors. and thc slaughtcr rivalled thai of

Damour.

By

Ih( n the C h r i s t i a n ~ . initially confident.

were in Il OublC : tilt: PalC'Sliniam had formed an

alliance with otl1('r ~ l l l s l i m factions, and obtaincd

the suPPOrt

of

tl1(

Druzt', the

siubborn

1ll0Ulllain

peoplc who had givcn the Frellch repcalcd

problems il l the

d a y ~

of

111

landatl'.

The I)LO-Icfti'l ~ l u , l i l l l · D r l l 7 . c alliance a ~ 1

Illuch

for

Ihe Chrislian forces 10 handle and. in

February 1976. Ih('y ~ \ ' ( ' tacit suPPOrt to a Syrian

and LcbanCS( plan to end Ihe f i ~ h l i n ~ by

granting

concessions to Ihe ~ l l I ~ l i l l l s Tht PLO refuscd 10 go

along with the plan. hO\\('\cr. hopin'r to achic\·c

their own national stat('. or al the \'1 1') leasl 10 gain

tOlal control ofSOlith Lebanon

. .

\. 1 Ihe war entered

An ' n o ~ l i

na

....J

0 .. .....; .. < ;:11 ..

,h

..

ruin

..

o r T } - O ~ , J u n

. . .

,&2. An

MAG m hi .. sun

and

an M•• 6/M2OJ

r 1 f l ~ / l e..... l:Iuncl.u

ti e d o _

a hand as he i peaks o.·eO an Jsnoeli M1t.2'; field radio.

No,e sh

..

11

coU..

CfoO

baS alonssid

..

Ihe machi

.. e

p ....

(IGPO)

I



•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

,

-

• 0

•

o j

I

,

•

-

.

•

.

,

•

1

.. . li

paratrvops ........

110 '0 ,

10 ..

....

« ; asl ..

(Be;

,u ,

July 19lb.

H ,lm l

.. ,uing

;s

b ,ld in plat t by

band

or ian r

'ubi,, _

....

d 'h e ~ manhas p« l l . .·

..

maga i .... I<.geth.... ro r

hi GIiJ..n SAR (Sbon .......

ul l

Rifl..). A l_ nol 10;

RPG

bag.

(IMoD)

Ii



its second year, thc desperatc C h r i ~ t i a n Icadership

beg.m to consider appru.'lching the ani}

po\\er

in

the region

cap.. 1blc

of

ensuring their llunival: the

State

of

I ~ r a c l .

The Phalangisls

The

Christian community in Lebanon, diwr<'e in

denominalion as

wr-l1 as

in polili< al beliefs, has

always had ilS power base in a series off(:udal-type

lamily flerdoms, much lik(' thoS{

of

the ~ I a f i a in

Sicily. The lhree main families ,\en' the Frangichs.

the Chamolills, and the GClll;ly< I,,: all

of

[he

~ l a r o l l i 1 f cit-nomination. Each had 0\ \11 tl'l'

ritorics, banking and commercial

iTH(:n:slll,

and

polilic'l] orientation. By 19;6 each r. 1mil} also had

its 0\\ 11 militia.

The

Frangieh.s. I( d b}

Sidman

Frangich. had their po\\er ba.sc in nonhcrn

Lebanon around the cit} of Tripoli, and \\rrc

knO\\

n to be pro-Syrian in polic}. The most corrupt

of all the Christian faction their militia, the

\Iorado

named

after legendary ~ a n t s o f c b a n o l l s

pr( -histor} \ \as commanded b} Slciman's son

Tony. Tlw Chamoun.s r a pro-\\'cslcrn faction

\\

~

leader Camille was a formtr Prim('

~ I i n i q c r .

Lad ;I h

lr;pp nd

DF kilba aad rolled 5t«plll bal, a

Onlo . ' ;_1. ......

r

of Brill.en., Yaron ' . paralroops

pr pan 10

oo h,.li,tiflW

10 IbC Ein

Ill.il

...,.h

baul . j ....

,. .g082,

His h,.lm c is conred by l 1 i l l ~

ad

Ih,. tDF·iss ..,.

rubber

r

. . . .

i

n

ba

..

d.

(IDF

Spok,....m

....

)

Camille's SOil Danll} headed their militia. the

TigcN, Th(, thi,'d famil} wcr(' the Gcma}c::Is, :\ot

only

\\tre

they tltc best organis(·d. but their family

patriarch Pierre had founded the II-ttrl {/b litcl'ally

'Oflhl' book') or Phalange Party in 1936. following

f<.scist pattnlls

apparent in Europe at the lime.

The

Phalangist.5 were mort' than JUSt a pri\'ate army:

tlt( } \\crt' a political force.

of

great potcntial.

G t t l l l } c I ~

1\\0

~ o n s .

Bashir

and

.\min, \\('rl' both

militia

comJll:lll(lers a l

till

lime

of

tlw 1975 ;6

Civil War.

The firsl

I ) h a l a n g ( : - I ~ r a d i contaCb occurred in

the s p r i n ~ of 1976 aooMd Israeli ile boats

cruisingoffthe Lebanese coast. Further conferences

wcrc held ashore, and includl-d \illits by Israeli

militar} rcprescntatin:s to Chrilltian-hcld positions,

Thc rel'llionship flourished. and during 19;6 Israeli

planners pro\·ided large ~ a n t s ofmilitary aid to the

Christian forces,

7



). l'am\ hilt,.

f o l l o w i n ~

the PLO , rejection of

tht'ir truce propo,a . the Syrians began to

rcron ider tht eOIlq-qucllc( <;

of

a PLO-)'lus lim

tate in Lebanon.

and

withdre\,' their con<;idcrablc

,>upport from

th{

alliance.

InJuly

19i6they went

further.

and

ill\'adcd the coullIry in ~ u p p o r t

of

the

ChriSli:lIls. From

th<

Ix·ginning-. the Isratlis had

('olhlantly

urg-ed

Ihe riyal )'Iaronite fanions to

unite against the PLO·leHist )'Iuslim-Druzc al

liance. As lhe Civil War came to a close under

Syrian prCSSllr(', the Phalangists movcd to con

solidate their position nOt by compromise.

as

the

Isr:H'li had

hOlx·d.

but by violcnce.

On 3Junc

9i Phaiangisl soldiers surrounded

the home olTon} Frarupeh

and

killed him. together

itll his

wife

and d : l l l ~ h l c r . their bodyguards and

seryanl$.

and

e\ Cn the r.'lrnily pets. On lily 1980 it

was Ihe

tum

of Danny

Chamoun

\ Phaiangisl

assault force SlOrmcd

his

hcadquartcrs.

k i l l i n ~

80

or

his mcn: although Danny

himsdftseaped

and

Aed

to EurolX'. tht' Ch.1I11Ouns were cftectivdy remO\'cd

as rivals to thc

Gcmayds

l

,

The

Phalangists wcrc on

f lp

and

I ,rad was faccd with afilil accompli

The

dn lioll

of' :\ t'nachern Begin as Israel's

Prime :\Iinister

in

19i7 \\'as greetcd with

rdiefhy

til(' Phalange: his

h:mlline

against the PI.O meant

11101'('

l l 1 i l i t a r ~

aid for lhcm, In f. lCI, mall} in Israel

began 10 dn am of a united Chrislian-Jcwish front

;tKainst the :\Iuslim

.\rab

world

around

them.

The

Phal:mgisl leldership look cn:ry 0pporlunit}' to

I

r t . · I l ~ t h ( · 1 I this irl('a. Phalal1g-isl officers wcre senl to

train in Israel.

and

conlaClS

\\cre

established with

th< ·

Imtdi IXlliticalleadership. Th(· dt'Spt'ratt' plighl

of the :\Iaronite Christians.

I ) ( : i e ~ e d in

their own

{nUllt alid f i ~ h l i

Ill{

fill tl1l'ir \ ('Xi,tt'IKt'. :-tru,k

a 1 \ ~ I > O l 1 s i \ c chOl'd in many Isradi

kadt.'I'S.

The

Isradi hard-liners admired the dyllamic Bashir.

who. lor

his

pan. cOlltinuaJly urged Israel to

inu'l'\'('l'l(' din'1:ll)

in

U·hallOIl

and

rid his cnulllry

of

the Pakslinialls and also. by this time.

or

lhe

rian

r m ~

The Syrians in Lebanon

Thc

bizarre Ix'haviollrofSyria in Lebanon call anI)

be underst<XKI by reference to pasl hislory. Syria

lI( 'wr accepted the partition

of

tilt' country under

il

I.. , Ih llh, ,h.. a

•. •

,·.,i<l,,<I, i., I '>rUM' . 7 1I ,h;.

(;'·I1\.1,d·, ;ur. ,1.'1I1l111<'r . kilk,l ill ,, ,.,nl,.,.11 m ,llll tur ha

I d,..,

An Is

.. .

par:uroopu

pau,,;ng 00

th ,

road to

Ik in Jun ..

glb. An M·T<' LAW

. Ui-I.nk

rock.

is

s lrappnllo his pad<- H..

hal

1 _

m p r o ~ h.i.. 0 ....a) · or CIlrT'}';ng Ih , 40 rnrn

ro nds

ro r

hi M••6(M'lOJ

c:ornbiaatiolL

(IMoD)

lhe :\I:llldatc,

and

always regarded Lebanon

al>

pMt orGrcmer Syria. For \'arious reason . hO\\('\er.

the) wanted an indcpcndelll Lebanon. t h o u ~ h one

ohcdicllI

to

Syrian IXllicies.

Toward

this cnd. in

9iS al the

h e i ~ h t

of the Civil

\\ ar.

they Sl'llt in

lllClllbe(;i

of

til('

oiqa (the Syriall·sponsorl'd PLO

faction) and units of the Syrian PLA (I)alestinian

Liberation Army auxiliary troops or the regular

Syrian Army

10 fig-ht

011

the

sick'

of

tht'

~ l l l s l i l l l

forc('5.

Howc\ Cr. as the 1)1..0 and its allies

~ I l l c r l

aboUI

10

triumph. Syria's Pn:sidt'l1t Haft·z ,\ssad sent a

lo,ooo-man inva;;ioll fore(' to hdp the Christians.

'I Ilt'ir I 1 l i ~ i u n \\

a,

to pr('\ t'llt till' ( 'lahli,hlll< llt tlf;1

strung PLOstatc c'lpable o r r e s i s t i n ~ S} rian plans in

the I · e ~ ion. h h o u ~ h late ' sanctioned by the .\rab

Ll'ague as pari of

an f\rnb

Deterrent Force in

Lebanon (as

wer<.'

lInits

fj'Q111

Saudi Arabia. Yelllen.

Lihya

and

tht'

Sud,l11

. tht, Syrians rdllSt'd

to

lea\ '



till' C O U n l l ~ I . In:.tead Ih( )' r( maiued. consolidating

llwi

l

p(m

I ba:'l S

in

Ikinll and

in Ihe Ikka n \ 'alley

in castl'nl Lebanon, Following the ..igning of a

peace lJ (.'aty b('lw('cn Egypt and 151 ;1 . 1 in Ig80

Syria's relalions with Ihe PLO improved: lhe

Syrians withdrew from thc coastal regioll, lurning

O\'cr colllrol to the PLO,

By

Ig81 the Syrians wcre

in conlrol of I\\O·lhirds of Lebanon: ousling lhem

had bccome a major goal for till' Clll'i'Hians,

In

1 ~ ) 8 I , r C S p o n d i n ~

to in( r('a't'd haras:.mcnt of

Ihcir troops by Christian forces, Ih(' rian . \ m l ~

laid Sil'KC 10 thc Greek-Catholic

Cil)

ofZahle, In a

>ho\\

of support for the Chrislians,

II1\' hradi

Air

Force

~ h o t

dowlIl\\o Syrian hdicopters t . 1 I ~ g C I in

cOlllller-ltu('rrilla operations 1ll',Ir lhe c i l ~ . The

' 11........

,KI•.

'

•.

, ..,ll .., ...1..

...·

.. ,{_

drl - ..

ft

,

nl<JllIl>_ I Ii 1..1

11I Ullil

.._

I ~ n :

..h . m < l , ~ 1 n

I 11_

I:,,,rrlll''' 'llt.

,Ill

inrli

id

..

1

1n1l'1

n.

h.. .

n.-...-r.ro

..

r

rn o<k

.1 ·,,

..

, h. . .. .

;>..

I

....

Ihr< ,,,10101

I......

patrol

in

Ik

.....•.. \ ,II.y.

No, .mMr

,g8'2. 111 •

.. .diom

.. n

carr i .s ,

in ..ddition

to

his

Mk,2S radio

. . .n ..

nusual

GliI<mfM203 SAR/II:n'n..

dr laund r

«lrnbi

..

,. .

ion.

Furth ..r

b,,,,;k in

,h .

col

..

.n , a no. h. r n .. .n ;,. , r , ..d ,llh ..n M 21

7'&:'

rnrn n i ~ r

rill

nd

, c , , ~ , 1.\100)

Syrialls responded by placing 1.J ha tll'ri('S

of

Soviet

supplied SA-6 <lilli-aircraft

m i s ~ i l l ~

in lhl' Beka'a

alley, , I - \ l t h o l l ~ h

Ihl' Israelis lhreatelled

to I'CllIO\'l'

thcm b}' forcc,lb('y wcre lore-main in placl' Ulllillh('

982

invasion. By this timC'. many

I ~ r : l { l i

kadel'S

bcgall to

~ l l S p < c t

Ihal thc emire Zahle aflair hild

bl.'cn

a Ph:llall.'{ist

1'101 t o b r i n ~

the IDF

d i n c l l ~

inlo

a war with Syria.

The Israelis

Ahhoulth Ihe Israeli::. ,,'cre collccrrH,-d wilh the

p l i ~ l \ l of the u b a n ~ Cilri,tian , Iheir primary

intcrt t ill Lebanon \\'as to

~ C u r c

Ih{'ir northern

borde

altain::>l

the PI-D. Evcr sillce lilt' first I>LO

raid.. into I rael from Lebanon til(' I racli

~ O \ ( r n l 1 l

...

l l t

has follo\\'cd a firm

polin

ofrctalialiru



against

PLO

targets throughout that country. In

1978.

following:

a

paniC lllarl) \'ieious tel'mrist

attack which

t·

33 dead. the IDF mouJllCd a

s m a l l ~ s c a l e

ill\'asion

of SOli

t ln l Lebanon Oper

ation Ulani

\.

For Ibret' mOllths thl' IOF d { ~ l r o y { d

bunkers and a cnclll's;

bu

I

o\'crall,

I

he

operalion

\\ a5 nOt a success. w bulk of the PtO fightcrs

simply withdrew nonhward

Ollt

of reach of thc

IDF, A

linitcd

:'\atiollS IIItt:rim Force in Lebanon

U ~ I F I L \\'<lS brought ill to polin' the area

following- the Israeli \\'ithdrawal, but proved llsdcss

at

curbing

PLO

infiltration,

The PtO

fighlcrs

q l l i c k l ~ intimidaled the C; : soldiers imo lea\'ing

dll'1ll

alonc.

and

soon l'l'occupied

all

their old basl's,

\, ith till

financial resources

of

the

Gulf

oil states

behind thl'lll. their lost wcapons were quickly

rcplaced

ane

new oncs

added,

including tanks

and

artillery, (i t should bc recalled that the

PLO

is

undoubtedly the best-financed guerrilla organi

sation in histOly

I

llstead ofmaking

do

with odd lOIS

Is .....e1i for..,.... slt;or h fo r PLO

l ~ r r Q r i

.. ,.s;o1 .h , EI B.. .. r ,fus ,

u n p ne;or

Tyr

.. , Jun .. 9 8 ~ Th , u d soldier, p.... ring

e;oUliously

;oround ;0

..

ffi.i-e( ,

..re d

wall,

e..

rr ;

. .. . a

Glilon

;ond

w u r s an

American

M69 f lak · S l .Th m n;ol .h e

r ..

ar ear s

a folding

slr leh r :Illaeh..d

10 a US Arn.y packoo;ord,

(IGPO)

or

homemadc OJ

c:lplul'ed hardwill'C. they ha\'c

always

bCl'n

able to anord tilt \'cry best on th

market.

Bc ore their departure, Ill(' leraeli.; had also

establi.;hed a small Chril>lian ;lnd Shi 'i te militia

lllldl'r the

command

offormer Ll'bam.'se Army ).Iaj.

Semd Haddad, Complctely ilrmed lind financed by

Ihe I:.raelis. it reached a peak strength of'2.ooo men.

Haddad,

n Greek Catholic, wns despised

and

reviled by the )'Iaronite l e a d l T ~ both for his co

opcration with Israel and for his usc

of

).Iuslims in

his militia, This was sulTicimt to prall'ct J-faddad's

small cnclave alld part of th

· border. but could not

seriousl}' challenge tbe

PLa.

In

g

thc PI..O

stepped up the pressur(' with massivc rockel

and

anilkry

attacks 011 the bordl 'r towns of northern

C,t1ike, Thc situation ~ became intolerable:

there were

man)

cl\'ilian Cllsunlties,

and

Israeli

citizl'ns were becoming hostages

of

th(·ir

bomb

shelLers, [\ en after CS Spl'cial Em or Philip

Habib

mallnged to

mcdintC'

a ccasefirl' be \\'ecll Isr<lel

and

the PLO thl' Isrnclis beg-an to consider SC cral

mililary contingencies to cvict Ihe PLO from

Lebanon oncc'

and

for all.

'0



Three

basic plans were proposed by the IOF,

First. a repeal

of Operation

'Litani': second, a

larger-scale operation coc:lcnamed 'Little Pines ,

which

ealkd for

Israeli forces 10

o c c u p ~

a zone 40

km deep

north

of

the Israeli border to keep the

PLQ

alit

of

artillery

r a n ~ t

ofnonhLTll I rael: and third,

'Big

Pines ,

which called lor Isradi forccs to go as far

as

Beirut.

lorting

the

PLO

to either stand

and

fight

or

withdraw Ii'om Lcb'lllon entirdy, The first

proposal was immediately discarded, and

debate

centred

011

thc remainillg

t\\ O,

'Little Pines' was the

[cast risky politically: but

IIw

larger plan had milch

to recommend it. especially since the

Phailln.l.,risls

had promised their

full

mililar} co-op<:ratiol1 in

rooting the PLO

OUl

of

Beirut itsdf. hould the

Israelis advance that far,

I ~ a . ) h i r e m ~

d's personal

assurallC('S convinced man} top I raeli kadel'S,

including I)rimc .\linis(('r

Bc¢n,

Oefcl15e

:\Iinister

Ariel Arik' SharOIl.

and

IOf

ChiefofStafrLt.Gen.

Rafael

'Raful'

Eimll. Ho\\c\ Cr,

many

officials in

both the I<:.radi

~ o \ C r n m e n t and IOF

mililary

i n t e l l i ~ e n c c

oppos<'d 'uch collu ion \,'ith the

braooJi p..,....l nrar 1)......o..

r,J

..n., '982, Thr officrr'l' CAR-.S is

611ed

....

i, h

c

..

r ~ n l p l I

..

rn

n

h

..

ppr.,. .or,

l ..,..,li.n,

..d..

plas ma :,nineli, .. nd •.... ..b ..d· . I la hn,rn l for f ir ing anli_

lank

:renlldell,

(IMoD)

Phalan'{e. Thc} found the111 unreliable

and

ulltrusl\\'orth), and belic\'cd

lhq

' ,cre dragging

Israd

into a quagmire

in

I.ebanon.

They

wal'lled

that

it would be

dangl. rOlll>

ror

hrnd

to

ignore the

OrtizI. and

Shin minorities \\'ithin

L e b ~ t l l o n ,

who

were

S\\

orn t'l\elllies

of

the :\ Iaronit<: Cllristia

lIS . . Big

Pincs' also cOIHaincd a

risk of

conflict with Syria.

which could easily

spn'ad to

the

Colan

H l . i ~ h t s

and

l' cnlatt' into a llu,jor

\\;11'.

Sharon and the hard

liners

t h o t l ~ h t

it worth the rbk: but the

debatc

had

not been scttled when the atlcmptl'd assassination

of

the I

~ r a t : l i a l l 1 b a ~ S ; l d o r

to

Cn:at

Britain occurred,

.\hhough

thc

a S l > a l > S i l l ~

\ \ere not members

of

tile

PI.O

proper

I , Bf g:in

immcdi:u('lv

ordrrcd

a

rct'lliator)

air

~ I r i l

'll{ailht

t.lf\;{eh

in '>Olllhrrn

h n n,',

1.((

,.

mrmhrr- . '10 'icl ..l ,

n1;-,'r

..

t

,

R liem;-1

I

r< >l I

h;(h

Iln;

h-...d

III

Ihr

m rdr r

o

1'/.O

. ~ h . l I .

I

.

0 ....

.I

.I t..

.1

, •

.I.,,,d

mlh., n l t I l l l l I l l , ~ , · ,

..

r '< \1<r



Lt banon and on

PLO

Headquarter , in Beirut.

PLO

artillery units rcsponded with a two-day

rockel b r r ~ t · into nonhern

brael.

Late on Ihc

c\ cning

of

sJune the Israeli cabinel agreed tOlhe

irw:lt\ion

of

Lt banon, up to til 40 km line.

Thl

operation was codellal1led Peace lor Galilee ,

The Mil it ary

Situation

Planning lor the invasion

of

Lebanon had been

llndcr way since ; \o\·cml.>cr Ig81.

IOF

units bcgan

to emphasise

urban

infantry combal

in

their

training. and practised rapid mobilisation and

dt ploymetll along the frOlltitr.

PLO Chairman

Arafat had also known since

1\O\ cmbcr

1981

that the Israelis were planning

somclhing against him in Lebanon, and had made

dispositions accordingly. He was able to organise

three con\ { ntiorl;ll formations. each of2.000-2.5OO

men. made

up of

cOlllil1gt:llts Ii'om the various

PLO

r.\ctiom. The Yarmouk Brigade was stationed along

tht coastal strip: the Kastel Brigade was in Ihe

south: and the

Karamch

Brigade was stationed on

thc eastern slopes

of \It

Hermon.

in

the area the

Israelis called

·Falahland .

Arafat had about 1.5,000

fight( fs altogether. with 6.000 in thc Ikirllt.

Ba abda

and

DamOllr area: 1.

.500 in

Sidon: 1.000

between Sidon : tnd Tyre: t

.jOO

in

Tyre

itself: 1.000

from Nabatiyeh to BeaLlfon Castle: 2 ,000 in

Fatabland.

and

l.OW in the

U: \IFIL

Zone

in

SOUthern Lebanon.

Their

heavy weapons included

T-34. T-54 and T-55 tanks (mostly

dug

in as

pillboses. 130

mm

and

IS.5 mill artillery. mulliple

13.\1 21

Ilfll tlslw

rocket laullchers and hea\ y

monnrs.

The Syrian Arm) had ahout 30,000 soldiers

in

Lebanon. deployed in two main zones. In the

Beka a Valley was the 1st Armoured Division.

comprising the 9tSt and 76th

Tank

Brigades and

the S8th \Iechanised Brigade, Attached to

it

were

the 6.md IndcpendcllI Brigade. and tcn Com

mando

Battalions,

There

were also now 19 SA,\I

missile batteri(·s. In Beirut and the

Shouf i\

IOlllHain

area the Syrians had nOI deployed Ihe 8,jth

Inf. 1rnry Brigadc and

Commando

Batlalions to

protect the Beirut-Damascus Highway. their main

route of supply and communicalions.

Against these forecs, the [OF planned to uS<.'wme

six

and a half divisions, with a total

of

bctwcen

75.000 and 78.000

111( 11.

t ~ 1 0

tanks

and

1,500

I

armoured pcrsonnel carriers.

Further

rescn es wcre

kepi back on the Golan Heights. to delcr a SYlian

lllrikc at till ba:.c of the hracli advance,

Day One

At t 100 hI'S 011 6

Jun(

1982 the Israeli Defense

Forces laullched

Operation

Peace lor Galilee by

invading Lebanon nlong a 63-milc strClch

of

lhe

frontier. There \, { re three main routes ofach-anee:

firs . the coastal seClor from the Israeli border at

Rosh Hanikra north toward Tyrc. Sidon. Damour

and. e\·enlually. Beirut: second, Ihe cell1ral st.·ctor

from Beaufort Castle to :\Iabaliyeh,

withJezzinc

as

the i

ni

lial objective. followed by a left turn

10

lin k up

with the co: tstal force

I1cnr

Sidon:

and

lhird. Ihe

cnstern ~ c c t o r which ran frOIll RachaiYlI and

Hasbaiya IowaI d the Syrian lines in the Bcka ;)

\ alley around Lake Qaraoun. Tht' overall strategy

was for a rapid a(h ancc along the coasl. bypassing

lh ·

major

PLO

centres, while simultaneously

CUlling orr the PLO s escape route through the

Bekn a. Thereafler, the IDF would procel d

to

destroy the

PLO

bases, equipmenl and personnel

in

the bypassed an:as.

The

campaign in the coastal sector opened with

an a{l\ allcc by three brigades

of

the IOF s Division

91. under Brig.Gen. Yitzhak .\Iordechai, preceded

by ail t\trikes and artillery. Speed was cssential; yet,

alier passing through the lilies

of

the startled Ui

troops, progress slowed. The advance had be

made along a single road, which wnt\soon a massive

traffic jam from beginning to end. rhe road was

also bordered by citrus grovcs. which pro\ idcd

good cover for

PLO

anti-tank teams, Their

resislance

IVas

determined, if ullco-or tlinatcd,

Closer to Tyrc a series of ambushes imposed a

further delay. and there was some heavy fighting.

I-Iow( \,( r, the leading IOF unit. Brigade

211 under

Col.

Eli

G( \·a. was able

to

isolate

Tyre in

only nine

Maj.

Saad

Haddad on his

way 10 a C C ~ p l Beaufort

Castl.,

from

lh., IDF,

7

Jun.,

9 S ~ Haddad

slill

W , .r1I

hi s e b n ~ s

..

Army

fal.igue.., Wilb US Army basebal l

faliguc

cap, IOF ....nk

insignia,

and th e unil p,uch of his , i l ida

hanging from

his I fl

epaulelle

in IDF

lil),le. The M••

13displa) bOlh

Israeli and

Fr.,.,

Lcbanes. , naSs. (IGPO)



j

::::..:. ... _

__ : .no;

-

_

::::=:::::::::::--::- .. .

•



I I

, ....

.. ,urd

.......

1

tI ..

, . l..,. . . . . . ,.. I ,I,..it

mUlI t

..nl I....t ...

lh n

I I rll

=1 It.- 1 ,.. lio- ,01 .tor (,,01,111; Ilrill.. I••U t ... ,onh t in ;nl.. I uni ..

..

to

..

II

1M

Ill>.

,

\ 1 l 1 ~

............ ..-1... ..

,m ,,1

~ o t m , l 1 ; .

Golani BI'iKnde. Agnin, trnnic c O I l K l ~ l i o l l delayed

lhe

attack

unlil aftcr

dark. a l l o \ \ ; n ~ Mlme PLO

to

t SC:ljX': hut

the p l a t o o n - ~ i z c d assault force reached

i t ~ j l l l l 1 p · O l l p o i l l t undetccted. and launched a n i ~ h t

allack.

Thc

rC'maining:

PLO

rcsi tcd

stubbornly,

and \ i c i o u ~ f i ~ h t i n l ; r a ~ e d amid

the

ca...t c·s

elaborate 5) t('m

of

hunkers. trencht '- and pilllXlXes,

In lht, ('nd the position was cleared.

panly

wilh

\\eapons

laken from the

PLO

de:ld.

,md

Ihe Israeli

nag \\el1t up 0\'Cr Ikaufort.

The COSI

had been

h i ~ h :

lhl' ~ l l 1 a l l a ~ a l l l t unit had la)..('n Iway) e'buahics.

includillg six dead and man) \\ounded. Its

commandt'r. LI. ; \Iordcchai

Goldman.

later re

ceiH'd

I\rad's

highest

award

for valour. the

Ot

Ham.. for his actions during

theopt'ration. The

next

d:l).

wilh greal pomp and c(,l'('moll). the Israeli

PrinH

.\Iinislt'r. Ddrnse .\Iinisler

and

I

DF Chief

of

SI,lff formally

handed

0\'('1' th('

Ch I l e

to : Iaj.

Haddad,

who

e people

had

sum.'fl'd

under

its

b ( ) m h a r d n H l l 1 ~

for

) ('<11'$.

With Iit-aufart sccure. t\\O I

Dr

didsions. the

16:. nd and 361h the laltt' C'ommalld('d bv

l : h · i ~ . C : c n . .\vi1;dor i':.ahalani. the IDF... lllOSt

ollblanding anlloul'cd

commander

pushed

north

011

hoth sidc'i

of

the east e 100\ard ~ a b , - · l l i y e h .

Owr

tilt

cil)

an

l

..

r'll'li

..-\-

I

Sk)

ha\\ k was

ShOl down

by

a

hand·held

S.\·7

mis.. il('. and

it >

pilot captured.

In the e a ~ l c r n zone. \\ here I

DF

forces wcre

controlled b) a corps·k\'e1

command under

.\1'ti.GclI. thi1;dor Ben

Gal.

1\\0 I

DF

units.

D i \ i ~ i o m 251 .lI1d go, push('d into Falahland. led

:t1onl.;

rcondar) roads by comhat enginC('rs, Bchind

t11( 1l1 \ \( '1 '( '

dt'plo)('d 1\\0 spt.'Ciall) configured lask

f o r c ( ~ :

tlll'

\ 'ardi

Force. under Brig.Gell. Danni

\'arcli;

and

the Spt.-cial : lallOl.'lI\TC Forct:. under

BriK.Gen.

Y,,ssi

P('led.

O\'Crall.lkn

Gal'sobjcclives

W('Te

to push

through

the PLO 1()IW'S

along dH'

border and Ihreaten the Syri;llls' kn flank.

and,

if

I l c ( c ~ a

r) .

10

ClIt

off I

hei

r ret reat

10

l)'lTnascus.

The

\'ardi

Force \\as to take

Jezzinc

and then push

nonh along Lake Qaraoun . . \Ieanwhile Pdecl's

Special : I anocu\ re Force 1\\0

brilf<ldt,,,

of

para

troops and infantr)

opcciall) c o n f i ~ u r c d

for anti

t<lnk operations er to block an ) )rian

attempts;1\ n'inforcemclll \·ia thc

Ikinu-Damascus

HiKhwiI) \ h h o u ~ h

their

dcp10) mClllS \ \ ( T ( prim

aril) < l ~ a i n l > t tht- rian for('t: , IDr f o r c ( ~ in theca.'it

\\('rc orderc d not 10 initialc

combat

aClions against

them

un t iS

Ihc) \\tTt.' din'ClI)

auacked

.

•

; .. -- ,

--:

SYRIA

.

:

,

~ E I G I < T S

ISRAEL

,

,

-

houl'.

The

plan as to

b ~ p a , < ;

the c i l ~ and l l l l

< ; u r r o l l n d i n ~ n-flll;cc camps

of

EI 8aas

and

Rachid}ch.

Ho\\

( \ ( r .

one ofCe\a s

b'IIWlioll:'>

look

a Tone; turn and

stumbled

in lo a

PLO a l 1 l b l l ~ h on

the outskirtsof the cit)

\mid the

\\ rcrkal;L' of tanks

and . \PCs.

tht'

battalion

commander

and

hi

..

dri\('r

,,'ere Iakcn prisoner

b}

the

PLOt:

and it took

sen'ral

hours to extricate the

lInil. .\5 Golani

and

Par:llroop uniu ~ c a l c d

aif the cit}

and

the

camps.

G('\a's hl'iKadc halted half\\3} 10 ~ i d o n and went

into

1:1;\10::( 1

..

Wild

\ \ l ~ t

'>I}k. 1i)I' Ih

... lliA hL

.\long tl1( Ct'lltraJ frol1l. hl'adi

fOlT('

cro:.s(,d the

border at ~ k t u l b An

impOI'l'lrll

initial ObjcCli\l'

was the old

crusader

f o r t l C s ~

of

Ikaufon Ca:.t f'.

Situated

more than

metres abo\'(, sea lcycl. it

ovcrlook{'d all

of

soulbLTII

Lebanon

and

mudl of

lIonlwnl I,racl:

the PLO

had u.'>ed it ror )cars as

an

,miller)

obsen'ation post. Its capture also had

s) mbolic'

importance;

the castle had Ix'ell a majOl'

')

mho

of PLO

domination

of

:>outhcnl

Lebanon.

TIl{ task

of

t a k i l l ~ Beaufon \\,IS gin'n 10, a) ('n't

Colani, thC rrcollllaiss..,nce

commando

ullit

of

tht,

. . ..

__

, I



ay Two

thl'

l 1 i ~ h t

or

U

U U

I

..raeli naval

b c ~ a n landinl; alone; thc coa,t to sct

fill I'LO

rOreM:

amlllw I ~ r a c l i .\Ir

Ftll c(

t a r ~ e h in Beirut ami I h r o u ~ h o u t the

outh. In a

d O l ; l i ~ h t

on r

lkirut

till

rialh 1000t Ol e

On

thl coast,

I ~ r a l l i

llnib

p r ~ d

nOrlh

Im\ard

hill tanks

and

inrant ) 1110\ed into the

PLO

calliI' I l ; l r T\1 ('. ~ l a n ~

hracli

had expres:.<>d r ( I ( l \ ; l I i o n ~ aboul

il.;llIing in lh(' camps. hit-h weI <. a C l U a l l ~ urhan

..

,,'illl blocks ofholhe, ~ ( p a r ; l t c d by

ami

alleys. ~ I i x e d

in

m o n ~ tlwlll were

PI.O

{ j r i l l ~ positions

and

weapolh stores.

ill

Iheir

hundreds.

Ikcaw.e of lhe larg'('

ilian populatioll it

\\',IS i m p o ~ ~ i h l e

to usc

air

and

artillery.

,md

takitl, {

the call1ps

in

a

operation could

pro\ (

c o ~ t l y .

III

the

PtO

had held

olrthe

Syrian

.\rmy lor ,ix

at Sidoti.

innicting

ht'a\ y ('asualtics

ill

1l1l'n

nd

equipmellt. . \lthOlll(h rf i ..tance al Rach

and I:\ler at

EI

Baa '. \\'<15 moderate. it

a s

to

ntinU{' for four days a harbim:::er of OfS( to

COIIW. III pitt' (II lhis the IDF kl'pt to a I ) ( l l i t ~ of

mod(·r:lliOiI.

o o s i l l ~

to mow slo\\ :\\'oiding- the

uS< of he'l\ \\ capons and rcgardilll; Ihl civilian

populatloll h n s t a ( { ( ~ of their

al mcr

hrethrt'n.

~ k a l l \ d l i l ( . the

co,btal

force linked lip

illl

Kahalani s

~ p c a r h e a d s

south ol'Sidon.

and

look the

c i t ~ undt'l' lire

\\Ilh

a r l i l k r ~

. .

\nOll1l'r Israeli force

cr k,S \

the

horder

Ileal' Iht·

Haddad

enclan:'

and

commC'llccd opC'ralions against

lhC' cUl

..ol f I LO

f o r c ~ '-Quth

o f T ~ r c

LaicT th.1I d a ~ . the Israeli

: \ a , · ~

mOlllllt'd its

lan;('<;t

eHr

: 1 1 1 1 p h i h i m l ~ landinl;, puuinl;

a,hore

a

mixed bril::::ade

from

Di,ision 96 at the mouth of the

.\wali

Ri\l r

ncar

Sidon, The landinl\ beach

had

bCf'll

~ t > c u n d

n , l \

al

( o m l 1 l a n d o ~ the night lx-fore.

Huilt around lhe IDF s 50th Par,l1mop Battalion.

35th Parachule Brigade, ,mel undn colllmand of

Brit;.(:clI,

: - \ r u o ~

Varon.

ill('

Paratrnopand Infanlry

Branch Chid: lhe landing-

forcC'

arri\t d \\itl1

0 \ 1

An t ~ r a d

pa,rot n.,ar

S don, june

9 l:

as 100n'( comn,en e a

bund, of l hcd ., olh.,r

pr par

.. a ...oundm ,omMld.,

fo r

., . ,ual on,

No ., ho ... ,b., ID f ....,b

fI.,ar

mall.,,, prO · on for

carl )ins

(hO' MII.:rS

n.dio

and ;( s iSsu.. pack(ra.m.,. n .. Iem

immedial,,-t) be.tow ,h., ....d;o

s

an add;lio

....

1 .n ,n ,un l ;on

pou ,h. (IOf Spoll ....man)

,

,



\'chidc-.. Quickl} breal..ing QUI (I f Iheir

beachhcad. I h e ~ linked up \\illl ,ht' rest of their

di\'ision

and

Kahnlnni's troops

nonh and

south or

Sidon, i ~ l a t i n g the

\:; I

..

racli na\ 'al

\ C f I ~

~ h u t l l e d in rt,inforCt mCll .

Col.

Gna·..

.

t Ith

Brigade

p u ~ l l t d

north

10\\

ard

Damour.

Sidoll and the \\hok

cO<lswl

,trip

\\as dtfl ll(kd

h} the PLO\ Karamch Bril<;adt·. \\ hich o(fen-d lillie

rt

....

i

..

lance

10

the

l a n d i n ~ .

It

\\ as la le r

discO\cred

Ihat commander. Col. .

\btl

I-Iajcm. had iniliall}

hl'Iillkd rcporh ora landinl: . alld \\( 111

to

louk fm

hillhclf. OIH · ~ I a n c ( at the

l ~ r a ( l i

armada

o l r ~ h o r c

was enough. He n wrned

10

his headquarter .

loadl'd Ihe c o m m n l l r ~

<;afe

inlU an ambulance, and

drO\e illlo tht:

S ~ r i a n

linC > in

11ll'

Ikka a \ allcy 0

' i 'pOrt

Ill<

de'itrm'lioll of his unit by the

l S

Sislh

Fle(·t .\hhough .\rafat order('d him ( Oun·

martialled. hi ; l)(. h;l\ iour

\\,1:;

pical of l l l a n ~ PLO

omn'I ';.

Oflhl

senior officcrs

oflhe

PI.O·s

m i l i t n r ~

command.

lor (·xample. the South Lebanon

Illilitan COllllllaml('r.

all thn l

hrigtlde eOIll

nl.lndl·r and l:l

out of

I

PLO

ballalion

comman(k .lbanduned Iht'ir t 1 l 1 i t ~ and ned

.llmOSI

i l n n l l d i a l d ~

\Ian> 1 0 0 \ e r - r a n k i n ~ offirt,n, fol

100\( d uit. k i l \ i n ~ Ihcir lllen almo..t

I t - a d e r k ~ : ; .

mt·

of

Ihe

»1.0

cadres s t a ~ ~ . d 10 fi2;llI \\(·11

and

hnlwh:

hUI

their unco-ordinaH.-d t'flons

a\

aill-d

lIwil

'.III · lilliI'.

.

\ l ~

iJ

U l l e .

II)

F

f o r C l ~

n l l

l·lltered

lilt'

Ein

d

Chri

.., i

..

n Ph:olangi.. . ·Sj>H ial.·o...,n

confer

wilh:on ID.

palrol

in

Be; ,

A u g u ~ l

98 . The)

w n r S)...;a n ....pi ',. of P.. ki,.

.. .

ni

CAnloufl.. , ..niforn.,;, ..

nd

bl ...

k

ber ts wi.h

l h

.. l..ng'

,omm:ondo

badgh ( 'O' Pb . r D.). ry

:o.... arn.N

wi.b Swi .

SIG, . a

..

saull

rifl ,.......d a

.......... , ·ofpe

...........l i dn rms . No. ,

hull loop.. on pnM-II fman a. r ig . benea.h .. Syri. ,PLO

AK 4i c he

...

pouch. (IGPO)

I-lih\eh r l f l l ~ c ( , camp ncar Sidon. i n i t i a l l ~ JUSt 1

dear a route for theinallk:.. II \ \ a s .o<>n e\·idem Iha

this could not

be

dOlll' except by c 1 ( a r i n ~ the \\holt

camp.

:-\

Golalli b:ntalion

\ \ a s ordered

illln

til(

camp.

hut

W3 > forcro to \\ilhdrd\\ al d u ~ k

On

TuC ida>

m o r n i n ~

the

allack

was rCl1e\\('d tank

and

i l l r ; l n t r ~ , supported

air strik('S and anilk·r}

Thl Golanis f O l l ~ l l I t1wir \\

ay

intn the ct'ntre

of

the

camp.

hllt

a ~ a i n r

forced to wilhdra\\ a

n i ~ l l I f a l l .

The

f i ~ h t i n g was absorbing a major p.m

ofKaha lani's force. e\ en

i l l d l l d i n ~

his elite Sa> ('re

Shakt'd

md

Sayerel S h a l d a ~ rcconnai allce unit .

. \s Ihccamp

blocked tht ' main road. eithcr

it

had 1

Ix laken or

anOlhcr \\a>

had

to be found

around

Ill(

C i l ~ .

On

T u c S ( l a ~ . \\ hile Ihe IOF \\t'(e ,till

f i ~ h t i m ;

in Ihe camp. a secondary rO.td \\ as fimnd 10

l)t

uS<lblc.

and Ihe

advancc 10

Iht· north continued

PLO n ....i lann· in Ihe camp did not slackl·n

hO\\l'wr.

hUI incrt. a::;(-d.

The

bulk

of

the civilian

population

had already

managed

10 net ,

but some

3°0 PLO figlm'rs \\

l'fe slill h o l d i n ~ OUI. Now I h e ~

took the remaindt. r

of

Ih(' dvili;tns as hostagl'S

0 p c I l I ~ ~ h o o l i n g the faillt-hean('(

.unolll.;:

Ihern in

li'olll {If the Israeli troops \\110 Iried to n e ~ O I i a h

Iheir r d ( · a ~ e . F i £ : : l l l i l l ~ eOlltinued until

I I l

f o l l o w i l 1 .

: \ I o l l d a ~ . a.-. IOF tank i n f a l l t r ~ teams, aided

b>

engine(',.,. slo\\

Iy

dearcd IhI camp. strN't Slrcel

house

h} h o u ~ t .

room

b}

room.

Thl PI.O

defcnders

liteJ'all} fflught to Ihl'

] ; ~

man.

and

fl' prisoner

were takt·l1.

In Ihl' cI 11Irai zone, IDF units al loO clllered

: \ : t b . t l j ~ l · h

on

~ t o n d a ~

The

arca contained a

major PtO Iraining camp.

and

a

s t r o l l l : ~ derc'nce

\\ a.-. alllicipat(-d.

Tht,

PLO \\('re indet'd dug in. with

a regular balta lion

and

..ix T·3.J tank ..: hut tht

commander had ned.

and

the

camp

fcll in threc

hours with

llO

Israeli c'hualti('

...

A l o l H ~ s i d t , the

camp s

defend('N Ihe IDF also collet·ted a large

number

of forf i1:;:nel i.

intl'rnational terrorists

who

had

0Ct·1t in traininl; in lhe camp. In lot.t1 the IOF

rOLlll(kd up some

1.800

of these in southern

Lebanon. frOIll

:.16

c O U l l l r i ( ~

and

fin' eOlllinenb.

In the casu m S«tor. Ben Cars 1rooilS continued

,heir c a u t i o u ~ advance. bringin1-;: S ~ T i a n position

and

l 1 1 i ~ s i l e hatteries \\'ithin

a r t i l k r ~

range

,\llhouKh some i'iOlal('d clashes occurred. for the

mOSI part Ihe >rians avoid(-d a

fis:;-hl.

even

\\'ilhdrawing

10

pennil lilt' IDF an unhindered

pUr uit

of

n ( I i m ~

PI.O

force<;.



ay Three

n

Tuesday 8June Varon's force. having secured

communications

by

the secondary road

around

resumc'd ils advance toward Damol lr , I

nair

O\'CI'

lkirut

and ~ o l l t h c r n Lcbanon six

:\liG,

\\CI'C downcc ; and fi,l{llling continued

tltt.o I'efugl'l' camps around Sidun and Tyre.

though the battle for Ein d HilWl'h \\as 10 rage

r anOlher \\et:k. the hrael is \\erc able

1

<;C1:m'c

ibdf;

and

EI.\1. the: hraeli national airline.

op{'m'd an unin in til(' c i t ~ ,

In the Cl IH ,.1 ~ c t o r . lhe ardi Force all eked

to\\ n

ofJt-ainc.

tht, >itl'

of

a vital

road

junction.

was dt'fcnded h} a mi:\ed PI.O- rian forcc,

reinforced b} as} riall tank ballalion and a

unit, Both S}rian

and

Israeli units had

f lot

to fil; ht ('arh uthcr; but the road junction

too

important. and

till' ' ·ardi Force was f i n a J J ~

recu:d to allack. E i ~ h t IDF t:mb \\ere lost, but

e Syrians all their T -6Js

and

the town was

in bradi hands

b}

n i ~ h t f a l l . .\lthOll1{h the

new ~ l I p p o r t mi<;<;ions during the bailie. Ihe

S} riiln

l 1 l i ~ i k

b;ltleriC i did 110t engage

C k a d ~

I)re..idcllt , \ ~ ) i l d \\as still hoping to

'oid a dirt. Ct cOllfrOl1lation,

The

otlwr I<;raeli op(:ratioll on th(' celllral front

as a diflerent

~ I O I } .

It \\ as a direct Ihreat to the

S ~ r i a n

I>o,ition in

the:

Bt'ka'a,

s

the \ 'arcli

f O l l ~ h t for Jczzinc. a second unit, Brig.Cen,

'llarh('Ol Einan's Di\'i,ion 16.?, pushed around it

d achanced llorth\\ard, Its first o ~ i c c t i n ' was

ell Din in

the' Shounlountains.

but ils uhim;lle

\\as

to

cut

t w Bcirut-DamaSC:lIs

s ( : a l i l 1 . ~

on-the PLO and Syrian forces in

This

actioll \I'ould also cut off the SYlian

in the

Rcb'

Valk'y. As Einan's spearheads

vanced northward,

hampered

only by traffic

and

g-a<;o im'

shorta1j'l's

al

onc

point Ihe

I ~ i l l a n orckrcd his tanks to pull inlo a

f i l l i n ~ Statiml and Kas up. telling- the o\\ner to

l the IDF later , tht Syriam b r o u ~ h t a new

into thl' f idd.

. J U ~ I

aftcr 1530 hI'S, Syrian

hdicoptcl i attacked

011('

of Ein:ln's units

French-made HOT anti-tank m i ~ i l c s . Toadd

Einan's trouhles, twO

of hi

.. h:HtaliOlh tran:llin {

adjacent roads into a

battle

wilh each other,

d

il

took ~ \ e r a l hour<;

1

~ t r i l ; I H e n them

Otlt and

'acuate c ahi{

..

.,.

In the'

l'

tan ,{'(·tor. { h i l l ~ ~ \\ lTl' rdati\('h quil·1.

Chrislian P l a n ~ .. IroGP' ' U l r a i n i n ~ in I....

Sh.urMo

....>I.in...

198.}-

n y

r

c:ompl I ..

I · dO l

.......

and

'Iuippal

by

th ..

IOF,

from .... Im ..ts to combat boota..

aod

.. armf'd ,,';110 Ali .... ,

and

M_.6 rift...... The sb.ulder paid is

lhal of 110

..

h l n ~

..

· ,

'lAban.. ,..

For,, ' .

(IMoO)

Pdt.'d's Sp('cial ,\I,lI1ocunc Forc(' had.

b}

( , \ l ' n i n ~ .

t;:lken up ib b l o c k i n ~ IXl 'itions al the 'Oluhcrn end

of the Bek,,'a \ ·alley.

The

Syrian position in

Lebanon ,,'as

rapidly

d e t e r i o r a t i n ~ . and their units

were

ddibcratdy b c i n ~

placcd in an imlXW;iblc

tactical <;ituation.

Day

Four

Wedncsday

9JlIne

as

a

1ll0l1lCIlIOlh

day.

In the'

cO'lstal st.'C1or. Yaron's forccs re-ached Damour.

Since th<.' expulsion of llle- C h r i ~ t i a n ~ thc city had

become til(' hcadquilr <.Ts

of

the \Iarxist Popular

Front for the Liberation ofP k<;tinc, founded by Dr

George Habash, The PFLP

f.'lctIOll

had tUrJ1t·d

abandoned houses

and nalural

cavcs into a fortress.

:'\c\'Crlhdcss, it fdl after hea\'y fighting.

In the central

~ c c t o r ,

Einan

had

cOlllinued

drive for til{'

I k ' i n l l - D a m a ~ c l l ;

Hig:l1Wa} laiC into

the night

of8

9JUll('. Al

about

2300

hI'S

his leading

clemelllS w{'re

approaching

the OnlZ(' ,'illagc ofEin

Zehalta, deep in the Sbouf:\ IOllntalns, A;; thc Wilks

began to descend a 5lt'CP rO;ld, borderrd by a c t-ep

,adi. tbc leadin1{ c r < ' \ \ ~ caugllt

<;il; ht

of thc

silhouc ut's ofS} ..ian tanks on the oppo..itc ~ i { k , The

leading platoon opened fire. <;corin\ ; thl'('c hilS. just

as thc} t h c m ~ e h ~ \ \cr( ' ('nl{ulf,'d in a

\\ithering

b a r r a ~ e

ofallli-tank

5 h d l ~ and

R

PC

round;;;. :'\early

a full

rian

h r i ~ a d e had Ix-en lurkillS:;-

in amhush

in

the ,,'adL

The

J<raeli tanks

\\ere

~ t r l l n l . ;

out alnng

th(

mountain road abo\c Il('m, l l like t : l r ~ ( : t 5 in a

;



shooting galler:. :\5 Ihe sun.·i\ ing \ ('hielcs pulled

back to regroup. Syr ian

commandos

crept among

thclIl with RIlGs.

The wilhdrawal

quickl) became

a rout.

\\'ilh

dawn. fighting rcsumed.

bUI

b) then

il

was too latc. The brigade

had

boughl time

w 01

her

Syrian units 10 deploy llnd. scant kilomctrcsshon

or

his obj('( live, Einan

had

losl his

chance

to

CUI

the

B c i r l l t · D a l l 1 a < ; ( u ~ H

i ~ h \ a

y. The ) rial1<;. howewr.

\\ould

pa) a high pric(' for

th{ il

~ u c c f ~ .

B) I1m\ . I ~ r a e l i forct <;

were

ell beyond IIll' 4-0 kill

advance anlloullccd

and

agrecd upon hy the

Cabinet on Salurday 5 Junc. Defense i\liniSlcr

Sharon now insisted lilat the whole campaign

,,'ould be for

n o t h i l l ~

if Ihe PLO

\\'Cl'(

completel) dC troyed.

If thai

also invoh·cd fighting

S)ria. \\dl.

bet ter now

than

later.

E\ ClIl.s

al Ein

ZchallOl pl Ovided him with

an

additional

argu

mcm: Einall would lleed air stl'ikes to ( ' tricalc his

ullit.

and

air

<;up<Tiorily

could not

IX

guarantced

without first dt' 'ilroying Ihe Syrian Illissil(' balteril S

l.r,..,Ji p 'rl ,roop.. o r ~ h ~ . ;rbo ..... iss ....i .

\M{.id ..

r i n ~ I h ~ r. hlinfl fo r I . h ~ Ein

,I

Hi ,

~ r f l ~

camp,

9 8 ~ Th.,

n.:o

.. on Ih., ,.,fl ..·u.rs ~ h . n d : o r d IDf ... ,b ~ . r ,

... il h an :oddilionlll

amm ni ion

po

..

,h

added

: o b o , ~ Ih.,

...

. ,bbing's

;nl 'flul pou ,h : 1

Ih e r ~ : o r . J - 1 i ~

h ~ l n ' ~ 1 .. , , in

is

camou8ase.d

...

i lh b rown polish, lind ~ l r : l I P I l from hi

1m ,p3d s can

also br

Th ,

'MAGist' has

o b s o l l ~

h

. . .

~ l i _ m ..

de

Brili b

'37 Patte.....

Sm.l1 P.., :l< 10

hold

7.62 mm Mils.

(TGPO)

I I I Ihe Beka·a.

The

_\merican gO\ernmelll wa

extremely

a n ~ r :

about the ..0 km

pronouncemen

especially as it

had

been n-defined S('\·eral time

,hile Ihe Americans

cr t

working for a ceasefire

\Ian)'

Israeli

Cabinet

\linislel1; wondered openl

whal Ihe US govcrnment would think

of

a

majo

escalation

oflhe

war.

Sharon.

ho\\·('\·cr. insisted tha

il

was

a maner o f

Israeli lin'S:

and.

after a bri

prcsclllatioll by Ihe IAF·

D e p u l ~

C.ommander. th

Cabinet authorised thc allack.

At

'400

hrs

on

the 9th. the

IDr

c ccutcd a wcl

planned. carefully co-ordinatcd atlack on the t

S)Tian missile silt S

in

Ih Beka'a \ ·alley. Th

planning

had

been don('

mOlHhs

before.

and

Ih

olX'ration carefully rchearst-d. Firsl. Israeli-mad

SeOUl and \laSlilfRP s

Rcmole Piloted \'chicles

simulated actual aircraft closing

on

the Syria

positions. rorcing Ihe Syrians

to tUI ll on

Iheir fir

control radars.

The

signals

rrom

these \,'er

analyzed

and

pinpointC'd. then j.lmm('( \\'ith

variely

of

techniqucs.

Xc),, .

a

Israeli artiller

shelled the positions \\'ithin Iheir range.

96 IA

aircraft F-+Es. F-IY;. F-I6s

and ir

C-2S

attacked Ihe remaining Syri:ln positions. con

centrating:

011

their racl:lrs

and

suPPOrt \'chicles

$c,'cral

of

the SO\'iel-supplil <i missile systems wer

mobile; but. as Ihey

3uempled

10 rnO\·e. a

<;( Con

,..--

•

·

,

,8

-



waH of

92

J.\F

aircraft Slruck. u ~ i l l g :\merican

,upplicd sman bombs and comenuona l ex

plosi\ Cs.

At

least one S A ~ 8

ballc ) \\

as taken out by

an RP\-

with

an

ammunition payload. \, ithin

an

hOllr. 7 of the 19 S:\:\I missile baw:ries were

dcstroyed. and theDlher tW O damagl d, without the

loss

of a single Israeli aircrafl-a n:markable

:H complishIllCllt illdced,

In a desperatc altcmpt

to

sa\ c their missilc

dcfcilces. the Syrian Air Force was commincd

in

strength agninst the second IAF air strike. With

their operations co-ordinated by E-2C Ha\\ kt ye

and Boeing

707

sur\ eillance aircrnft_ thl I.\F pilots

wcre able 10 engagt the rian aircr.lft to

ad\ antage. \ less than

.,

Syrian aircrafl wcreshot

down

in 1111 :

major air baltles.

for

a loss of no

bral li p l a n ~ a tributc to

IIlt I.\1 \

tl chllical

skill

and superior pilot ability. 1\ltogether. the Syrian

Ail Force would lose a total

of

91

aircraft O\ cr

Lebnnoll. including the latest :\liG-23 and :\liG·25

t} p e ~ . plus

six

helicopters. without ocing .able to

claim a single aerial victory in rcturn, Their aircraft

losses

reprcscnled about a

quaner

of their .\ir Force

and many

of

their best pilots. From then on. the

Syrians made only sporadic atlempts to challengc

the Israelis

in

the air. and their ground forces were

left without nil suppOrt

for

thc rest of the war.

On ,hc ground. Einan resumed at daybreak the

batik

for Zehaha hy nying

in

a battalion

of

paratroops CH453.

The

Syrians resisted

s t u b b o r n l ~ .

and

it

took all d a ~ to dri\ C them out.

~ I o r e paratroops. of the special anti-tank unit

Sayeret Ore\ . \\ ere sent

Ollt

to ambush Syrian

amlOur

illlheJebd

Barouk mountains, using-jeeps

filled with TO\\ anti-tank missiles. :\Ieallwhile. on

tlw opposite side

orthe

moulltains,

Ben

Gal opened

a three-pronged oflcllsivc against the Syrian

1st

Armoured D i \ i ~ i o n

in

tht, Ikka a Valley,

Day

Five

Thursday

10Jline brought the Israeli forces on lhe

eo.'lSI

nearly to the outskirtS of Beirut and. for the

first

lime. illlodireCl cantal l Wilh Syrian unitsoflhe

85th Brigade at Kfar Sil.

In the cemra[ sector. Einan finally broke through

to Ain Oara o\ ( rlooking the Beirut-Damascus

Highway, which the Syrians stubbornly defended

with their G2m Brigade, \ \ itll air superiority

assurl-d. hO\\{ \ cr, Einan called

in

I ~ r a e l i hrlicopter

•

....,,1i Golan; sn; r

n n r

fk;rul, A gu.,;. '98 . Th 1\1-'11

( a « r i , , ~ ·

,.&:0

mm M- •.,J a

Ih

standard I.oF

n; r

w apon

during Ih

.. ~ n o n Thi pan.icular

wnpon

has

b«n

modifiM

by Ih .. addilion

ofa

bipod,appar mly

On.. from

2.

sni...,

.. . ,·.,....ion

of lh

.. Gam. (IGPO)

gunships, Bell 209 Cobras and HlIglws 500

Defenders. which lallnched a de\ astating

:H1ack

on

the Syrian armour. The helicopters took a hc. 1\'Y

toll

ofSyrian tanks. and the sur\,i\·ors fell back from

the

tOWI1.

In the eaSl, Ikn Gars troops. grcatly hampered

by

the difficult terrain and limited road network.

finally broke through the lines of the Syrian 1St

Armoured Di\ isioll at a crucial road jUIl(·tion I II

about 1500 hrs,

The

Syrians.

in

turn, called on their

own helicoptergunships, and the Cazdles found the

st:llk'CI Israeli columns good targets for their

missill'S.

To their horror. the Isracli tankers found

that the Syrian HOT missiles outrangcd their own

hea\ y

machine guns. and

t h e n ~

was liltle they could

do about the s.itu3tion. ~ \ e n h c l e s s , Ben Gal

pushed ahead. determined to exploit

his

break

llwough with a nighl ad\ ance,

At dusk ont: of his kadill j banalions dro\ e

I h r o u ~ h

the \ ilIage ufSII[tan Yakollb. ani) to ha\ e

its leading elements cut

oW in

a Syrian ambush.

L nknown to the Israelis. the battalion had dri\ en

straight into the a s s c m b l ~ area of the Syrian

581h

:\It. chaniscd Brigade. which \\as coming lip to the

suppon

oflhe 1st Divi.5ion·s

battered tank brigades.

As darkness fdl. the trapped Israeli tank

CH WS

could sensc t

hOI

t the hills were swarming ,, i,h enemy

commando teams. I-Iea\ y machine gun fire kept

them 3wayduring the night. but Isrncli anempts to

break through to the traplX '1:1 unit failed, .\t dawn.



A

Is

..:uli

M.II ,

tt ofPrled s

Sprci.1 i\1a , ,u r

F o r «

,.

..

V

t

s k V.Ury,

July

198:z.. y ...r a r OR-60.

I.n.krr s

hrhnrt ,

thr oldr I of

hr

t r rr p;>lIrna of e v e hrlmrts usr

by

th e IOF.

(IDF

Spokestn• •

)

the:: Syrian artillery fire

i n t e l l ~ i f i L 1 .

The battalion

commanckr

radioed ror

air

~ u p p o r t : Ihis never

arrived, and

lIu.

ullit also sullered the indignilY ora

Syrian air strike by n, o .\liGs. With ammunit ion

running

low, the Israeli battalion made a dash ror it,

suppoJ \( d <:millery, and escaped. The llnit bad

sullL'red bea\ y casualties, and a Humber or ils

vehicle;; had Iwen n behind, Then had been no

time 10 destroy them, and Ihe Syrians were able to

lOW

away the

:\1605

with lllueh

or

the seerel

equipml l\l aboard still inw( 1.

,\Iso

011

Thursday

10

jUlle, Pelcd s Special

:\lall()( U\Te Force had pushed north againsl scanl

Opposilion. just short or the Beirut-Damascus

High\\ ay IJdcd was ordered

10

pull back, as it wa.-.

rt h 10 1)('

tOO

risky ror him to 10 mailllain his

advanced posilion. On the eXlreme righl flank or

the Israeli ad,-ance, an IDF brigade

al O

reached

the Beirut-Damascus

i ~ h \ a y

al Yallla, although

it

had

>crn

c o n s i d t r a h l ~

hara

·,ed

bolh

b,

commando lIllit

and Syrian helicopler gun

h i p ~ . Isradi aircrart \\ ere called in ;u;ainsl the

g u n ~ h i p s . and Ihey also r o u ~ h t anOlher air

D.'l.t1le

against Ihe Syrian

: \ l i G ~ :

25

:\liG

and

rour

helicopters \\ere hot dO\\I1. \\iI1Ullll Israeli losses.

Day Six

On F r i d a ~ june thc hradi and Syrian

governments agreed

to

a ceasdirc, to

~ t a r t

at nooll.

It would

IIOt

apply to the

PLO

During tlll lIlorning

the trapped Israt li bOllia lion al Stlh,lll Yakoub

made good ils escape.

As

lht· unit I egl (lupcd. a

second armuurcd rOl't'C was ~ { , 1 1 appl oachillg. It

w a ~

the

S ~ l i a 1 l 8 2 n d

.\rmoul ed Ikigade, pal t

oftlw

3rd Armoul cd Di,·ision. which had

ju

t come

up

from Damascus with ils brand-Ile\\ T r. tal1k::.. In a

mirror-image

orthe

prcvious

n i g h l ~

I racli ( ITex, it

c a s u a l l ~ dron

iTllo Ihe

midSI

or Ihc

Isradi

cOllcclllraiion.

10

lose nine

oriu

tanks in a matlcr or

minul(:S, .\ s Ihc ceascfir( cam( into elli.,<,t O l noon.

IDF

commander S had 10 pl{ ad ror pcrmission 10

eOUlllerallack the S ~ r i a n

in

Sultan

Y

.. kOllb,

al

Ieasl

10

J'{'C'on'r Ihe abandoned e l l e m ~ l a l l k ~ . The

dcci::.ioll

\ \ l l I t

111111

w a ~

up

to the Prinw :\lini tcr:



but permission was

rdLIM:d, and the

ccastfire slCXxl.

Although mall)'

of

their t l i t ~ had oc('n

badly

battered.

tht, bulk Drill(' S)ri:l.l1

I()r{ (> ,

ill the Beka'a

\ a l l ( ~ had made an OI'dedy

wilhdrawal

( 0

the

v i i l l i t ~ or

the l - l i g h w a ~ ,

In

the eaSI on til(' morning

of

til(' 11th, Israeli

aircrnli. artillery.

and

n:I\'al units

bombarded

Ekinll. while Israeli forces closed a ring

around

the

Ldlal1t:se

capiwl.

TIl('

to\\11

orKhalde fell. the last

PI,O stronghold south or

the

c i t ~ : and IDr troops

reached

the

out kirls

or

Beinll InlnnatiOllaJ

Airport.

final air

battle

cost the rian Air Force

a

furtlwr 18:\I iGs

ju. >t

befort' til('

ceas«:firt

\\ t'llI

into

effecl.

The False Truce

The ceasdin' \\ ilh the

ri:lI1 > \\:1 >

eXl('ndcd to

include the PLO on S a l l l r d a ~

June,

but

then'

were

fn. ClucllI

violatiom all sides,

On

unday.

IDF units linh'Cl lip \\ith P h a l a n ~ s t forces al

Ba'alxla. tht' sitt'

of

tht, Lchall( 'C PrC 'idcntial

)alac{', This came afla a major

hallie

\\;th

Syrian

units of the 851h Brigade, who wen.' trying

10

prevcnt thc IOF from elltting their

communications

wilil Damascus,

then the

PLO had

largely fled

back to Beirut, where their position \\'as

grim.

Although

they had abOlIt 14,000 fighters in the city,

togethcr \\·ith

the Syrian

lorce'i, the Christ ian

militias held theensterll

h a l f o f t h e c i t ~ nnd

the

IDF

the sollthern approaches, The only \\'ay out was

the

H i g h w a ~ .

:\Ieanwhile, hradi officials met \\ ilh Pha.':lllgist

Je:lders

and

l1wmbers

of

till'

Gemayd f a m i l ~ Tht

Israelis ('Xptttl'C them 10 be jubilant,

but

round

Ihl l11

sulxlued

and e,';ui\e, Sharon

inquired when

the Phalangist troops \\'ould he

j o i n i n ~

in the battle:

Bashir

G e l 1 l a ~ e 1

mutler('(1

that he'd

do his

1x S1. and

Ihen tried t o c h a l l ~ e thesllbjeci. Sharon

\\ould

han:

none

of

il:

( c h o i n ~

Ilashir'

0\\ 11 \ \ o r d ~ , hl homed

I,.·ra.. li m ~ ..

S f t l l r o o p ~

..... rSidon . . . . . il lh ..

ir lu

.... 10 board

th landin ship I. S 11 __ , d u r i n .

ndrploym ' ' ' '

.0 .. . .'

p<> i;lion$ . Ion . h , A.... l i Ri.-..r lio.., .. No\·..mbr r 9112. So:.·..ra l

.....riant,.

or

M '3s ar' ,.ibl..

,

i d ..d'n

•

TO W miss,) ,

b

ch 'r

(e ''' .....

).

Th., ,;;10

rack

..

ora , ra . . .

·0 .·.,hid.....

a

l I ud

fillHi with inranlr) ' paekboard .., (ICPO)



...---

Urban

.. .

r r a ~

in

W..;;I Bdrul , Augus' 9 8 ~ . PLO an d

Mourabiloun lIIuc:rrillas hid and fou5h1

.. .

·..rp ·hu

...

an d

apP eben ion ;s pparenl on 'he: f a . ~ of IhO' .. ' ' '-0 Golan;

oldi .. . ThO

Iud

, n ....·..;or.. an

IDF

K..

vlar

flak

jacJc l. an d

hi..

companion n A ,

..

r;c,,

M

'95 ) 1 : b ,h r ..

:

.. . ,

..

<1 .... i,h

M.,6 ,.

(tGPO)

him: '\\ c°r(' he-,e with wnks Do

som hingf

The lht' 1

DF

Clllcn:1:1 Ha'alxla.

PLO

olliccrs

\\atchcd through binoculars from the roofsofBcirul

aparunclII buildings. thell reponed the news 10

Yasscr Amlin. L;llIilthcn Iill

PLO

Chairman had

refuscd to IX'liew rCJXll tS lhal the IOF

was

dosing

;n ;-trOllnd him. The link-up with the P h a r a l l ~ ( ,

c;Iused panic

among lilt'

PLO leadership. While

sollle

of

his

o m c c r ~

(hanged

ill

to cj\'iliall rlnthf'S and

tried 10

]C:l\ C

tOWIl

\raf.1t called

on

the S)'rian

command('r

in

Ikirul

10

<15k

what

instruetrt5ns

h(

Imd from Damascus.

The S) dan

gem'ral

rcfus<- Clto

tell him. E pt:cling a full-scale IDF allack on his

disordered forces at

an;

moment. Arafat ordered

Ihe PtD archives

10

be burned. Only after the job

\\':lS ncar ) completcd did SOIlH OIU' relTlcmber thaI

no

ont' had

bothcn'c lo mi<T(.film

lIwll1

firsl'.

I - Im\ \ .\ ( . tilt I,radi, \ \ t ' ' t '

,till I i \ g n l i a l i t l ~ wilh

'I

h.

hr

..

di,

h,,,I,

. I)lll ....

1a

Illi .. . I .,

.

Kk. ....

l r \ r

..,..

lh .h..

I'LO .1 '

alII.· I

K 1: n.,lo·

l..r thnr

n-.u ,

the I)halange and. for tht., illOllll'l1l. rC'Stricled their

operations to imprO\'ing th('ir positions <lIang the

Hi'{hway. In soulh Lebanon. the IOF cOl1linued a

methodical dcstruction

of

PtO baSC S and arms

dumps. and the rooting out

ofthc PLO

infrastruc

tun: in

t1w

area.

The

Israeli govcmmem was

determined to give the PtO no chancl' of escape.

hOWC\'(.'L

and the banll' for the Beirut-Damascus

High\\'ay

\ \ a ~

resullled

on

~ 2 J u n e .

wilh the Israelis

:lllacking all S) rian and

PLO

positions soUlh

of

the

Highway al Bhamdoull, ).Iansouricy and .\Iey in

the houf ) lo11111ains. The fighting for

Alcy

\\'as

particularly bittcr. because the defcnders included a

cUlltingt.'lll

of

\·olulllt.'Crs SCIll by thl' Ayatollah

Khomeini

10

fight the 'enemies

of

Islam'.

BOth

sides

look heavy t'asuallics in major f i g h t i n ~ : but by 25

JUl lC

the Syrians \\'ere forced 10 wilhdraw to

Cluaura. wdJ 10 lhe caSI

of Ihe approaches to

Ikinn,

The

I ~ r a c l i s

now

SUlTOlIlldcd

the city

011

threc sides by land. and thl'

Isradi ~ i 1 \ Y

controlled

lilt' ocean approaches. TIl(' second phase of the

Israeli ilw; ion \\as

about

to begin.

The Siege of Beirut

Tht., Israeli .\rl11)' was never mcal11 10 entcr . let

alone capture. Bcirut

or

all) olher :\rabcapital. Yel

therc wcrc some 1+000

PLO

fightcrs in Ihe

c i l Y ~ ;

and unless the) \\cre forced

10

leave. the campaign

could not

be cOllsiderl Cl

a success. In addilion.

certain f.

..

ctions

of the

Israeli

Cabinel.

led

by

Dcfen<;( ).Iinister

Sharon. saw

the remov<ll of the

PLO as a necessary pR'Condition to the formation of

a

Ile\\ Leb:lIlt,. St go\'crnmcnt, headed by Bashir

Ccmayel. \\ hich could effeclively control the

country. Nevcr before had the IDF been used to

achic\'c poli tica1 cnds, especia

It},

in ,mother

sovereign nation, and the situation crcated a mora l

and political dilemma within Israel.

There

was also

the problem

of

IX'irut's ci\'ilian

population,

who

would

certainly

suffcr

1>Cvcrcly

in

a sicge or. far

worse.

an

all-out assault on

the

cit)'.

The American

gO\'crnmcnt

had

alrC ad; \\anll'd that it would not

tolerate tht, mas.,ivc s l a u ~ h t c r ofinnocelll ci\;lialls:

and. aftcr a wcek ofdcspair alld confusion. the PLO

had madc a rcmarkahle recovcry and now began

lalking aboul a Lebanese Slalingrad,

1'1,0

posi·

lions

\\·cr<.

placed

\ I

hlTl' ci\'ilian dellsit) was

• \ e . ~ 1 j. 1I•• .-o,I'I.() heh ••- ,

h.1 1

111:11\; 11:< 1:1 In h' U..nOl In.,,,

II · I ~ I U i

llo.......

lh.. ~ J i n l : II... b

.......

I...

d. il l ,,,.



greatest. such

as

in the ba

mt tll li

of apanmcnt

buildings;

and

the

PLO

announced

mat.

'

hate\er

the consequences for the L:-hant S(' population. t t

would fight to the last

man . . \rter

Ein d Hi)\\t h.

there \\ as no

doubt t h e ~

would carT)

out

the threat.

The

Israelis opted for a full-scale

~ i e t ; e of

Beirut.

\\'hith hegan officially on l.July.

There

were more than 500.000 civilians lrapped

in

\\'est Beirut, and the IDF's first lask was to get as

many of tht'lll as possible to leave. AJu'r a day of

le.anet drops and mock homhing runs using f1a

the IDF opened its lines to any ci ilianswho wished

10

leaw the cil}. Thereafter. twO checkpoillls

\\ere

left open for this purpose. and c\'cllIuallr 100 ,000

I,ebanesc escaped in this fashion. The I

DF .1150

tried

to ('ase out the Syrians. oflering thl'

8 \

Brigade a

safe-conducl OUI

of

lhe Cil)'; bUI President Assad

l'd used

and

tilt unil sutyed

unlilthe

end

oflhe

siege.

II had. however. lost I\\o-lhirds

of

its men and all

but onc of its tanks in theJ line fighting south of the

cit}. and

lOok

110 p.an in the ~ i c t ; ' e

i t ~ J r .

To dcal

ilh

Ihe more Ih,m LJ.OOll

PI.Oanri

. .oou

~ m l i m

~ o u r a b i t o u n

militiamen. \\ell

dug

in on familiar

territor}. the IDF began a full·:.cale homb.trdlllellt

of

lheir posilions hy land. sea and air. Although

occasionally inlcrruptcd

by

ccascfircs, this was to

continue throughoul the siege. Thc Israelis initially

shut off lOod,

W;llLT,

gas and electricity to \\ C'St

Beirut: but as the

PLO

had abundalll food stocks.

lhis onl) hurt

the-

ci,·ilian population, and the

municipal 'if'niccs en: rcslOred after a fe-w days.

•

\150, staninl;'

011

the

3H1,

lhe I

DF

mo\'cd into East

Beirut and began a series ofJimited attacks on I)LO

positions across the 'Grccn Line', \\'hieh had

di\·ided Christian frOIll ~ o s l e m parts

of

Ihe city

sinCl'lhc

1976

Civil

\\ 011'.

Following the pattern SCi

at Ein d Hilwdl, lhe alwck orders stressed a slow.

careful advance, with abundalll

armour

and

i1nillt'r} support.

For their pan, the PLO replied to Israeli

b o m b a r d m e n L ~

ith their o\\ n anillel ') . dem

O I l : > t r a t i n ~

tht'ir r ~ h

and

their ammunition

rcscn·cs.

The

anillel')

dud

continued throughollt

the early part ofJ uly. rising to a peak on the 9th,

\,'hel1 the

IDF

lurned

: 7

b a l \ { r i C ~ o f c a p l L l l e d

PLO

l I ' { / ~ l I s l w

rocket launchers on

PLO

positions, and

bombardc'd them with their 0\\ n ammunition.

\\ cstern

r { , l C t i o n ~ 10 t h ~

operations wert' hecolll

incTl'a5in{{l}

m'{{ati, e. and

x t e n ~ i \ e

I k , ; ~ i o n

CO C'r;:tge

cauSt.-d mall} a oncc·frit'ndl}

KO'

('1 III11l'l1t

to conel('mn tht, Israeli actions n-hem('ml).

E\C1l in Israel itself. public opposition to thl'

2 ; o H r n l l l l I l t ~ handling-

of

,h(' ,illl,Hion in{'r{'a >t <' .

IIII' lonln I }

\\,.,

rin-thn ,t1,:gr,l\;w'd h} tI\I

GC',I

Al1itir.

\\'hl'n nl'ither

till

IXlInhardmCllts liar

the lll'gotialiolls l>cemcd 10 be having the desired

dli.·cl. the

[DF

pn'pared a major operation to

irwade Wesl Ikirut itsdr.

('.01. Eli

Geva. who had

led the coaSlal advance at

til('

head of his . I I

Brigade. as pickt-d 10 lead on(' of the main attacks.

Gc\'a resigru:d

his command ill

protcst. howc\'cr.

insisting that Israd had no rit;'ht to inten('l c \\ ith

u'banon's inlcmal

aff.,ir:s or

take Ihe lin'S of its

cilizens. His offer

10

sta}

ilh

his unil as a private

soldier was rtfmed. and thi, bra\(' and capable

oOle('r was inslcad dismissed from

til{'

servicc.

~ I c a n \ \ h i l e .

operations l'oillinu('d as military

targets in othl'r parts oCthe cit} \\{Te hil, oftl'n with

~ a e r i c k or naval Gabriel miSsilt'S. or with ~ l 1 l a n

hombs' used a ~ a i n ~ t spcrific structure-. \rtillery

'snipers' fired a ~ a i n s t cl'rtain PLO·occupicri build·

i n ~ or l 'en p.arts of building ,

,\rafal.

s u ~ p c C l i l 1 H

that

lkg111 had ( t-tnlllint'(l

10

kill him 1X JV)l1ally.

succumbed 10 a kind

of

paranoia and chang('d his

loe'llion

( ' \ ' c r ~ few

hours,

The s r : l l : - l i ~ ,ltU10\ltlClX

their plans

to

Slay in Lebanon for Ihe lI'inlt'1 , and

e n ~ i n e r < ;

CQl11plclCd a l1e\\ airl>ll ip at :\'abali}('h.

Afl r

Ih

.. landi , : of hi i'

rtiU r)

unit n..,.r Sidon. ,.

fi

1

t in....n nl { ,•• •

j

commandinJil .n

\I og

SP JIlu fi S

propost:d roul .. or . d ......n:.

II

............. ,h .. Nom . . . lanlocr'..

co.·c.. . lI.s, nd

rr

a Glilon 0 a

badly

.. .orn , . I i n ~ . To

m i n m i ~

Ihei ......nut io

,he

0 la

arowod his ..

eelo

has

bC'n>

lilruaJll i..sid.. a

h

....

I

..... and th .. la ir.,;

.. tf

..

o. ·

....t:d ....

ith bl

..k

laJH

(IGPO)



O a,iollal f i ~ l l I i n ~ II ll rolllillllro in th(' Ikka'a

\ : t l l ( ~ betw('( n I:.racli and rian forces. all :. 3

J l l l ~ Israeli intelligence discO\'crcd that threc

haltcrics ofS.\-8 mi:>sik's hnd bc('n

b r o l l ~ h l

in: thc

ncxt d a ~ .

tAF

airrr.:lft

d t S t r o ~ t t 1 t h c m .

Thc <;i,.. CUlllinuro illln .\ugus . whill' nego

tiations stalled O\ ( ' r \ \ hen' t h ~ ~ pI-a

m i ~ h t

i f t h e ~

wt rf withdrawn,

A<;

L'S Spedal

Em'or

Philip

Habibshllttled

t h r o t l ~ h o u t

the .\Iiddlr Easl-trying

to Kct \ ariolll> ('mIllCIl .'> to arecpt the PLO. Ihe

Isradis strpJX-·d up tilt military p r ~ u r e .

On

I

AllKu:;1

the Golani B r i ~ n d e look Beirut

111-

tern:llional Airport

aner

somc of the heavie:;t

fiKhtim; of the

\\

ilr.

On

I ,'\lIgmt Ill(' IDF lalillch( (1

it<; I O I l ~

a \ \ a i t ~ ( 1 dri\'C into th(' cily. feillling first at

th,' Port

C r o s s i n ~ .

and tben s t r i k i n ~ south from the

cilY's :-'11 :;cum Crossing

and

Tlort 1\\'ard through

thc Ouzai di.c:lrin.

'fhe

object of Ill(' dl'i\'c \\';\S to fut

off

dlC

PLO

camps ofBourj d Barajnch,

Sabra

nnd

Shatila from PLO Ht'adeluart('f'<; ill thc city,

nigh,,:.I . ancr

h e a \ ~

fighting:. the camps \\t'rt.' cut

off on three

side:;.

On I 1

~ \ U ~ l l S I IDF forr('S mowd

north OUI of

Ea:;t

Beirut townrd the port ofJllnieh. po:;ilifJllilll{

themsch ( >. for a possible mO\e lo\\ard the

c i t ~

of

Tripoli a PI.O stronghold in northern Lebanon.

On 19 I\Ug'llSI. after a (innl ~ l T i { ~ o f a l t n c k s on thl'ir

p o ~ i l i o n s in Beirut. PI.O officials agreed

to

a

wilhdra\\al

unell-r international

~ u p e r \ i ~ i o l l ,

.\

:-'Illlti<\ational Forc(·. made up

or

troop:; from

Fra nct', lIaly and the

ni t('(1 S l a t e ~ . \\

ould prO\'ide

C a p , u . r ~ S}'rian omnlandol ' al a

d ,' ' ' 'n,ion

faeili,)· in id ,

b ....d . u ' ; r u

..;f.........

ar. . .h.. Syri. . . ' I i u rd '

pa .....

m

t:amouflalt '

; ,h

US-i)-poe M-650 field .Po '''''''

. n.

..

o,. a& ,

her ,; iadit:a, ..

Sp';a

.. pol;' i<::lll 'Spl:<';aJ T r o o p ~ '

bu' ,

.ecordi..

10 n ,u 'rlIljoumalis, ... many S}'rian $Oldj ,r,;; i.. ~ i r u l adoplnl

Ih 'm 'appar ' , , ) ' 10

impr 'ss

.ho: l(>t:al tirls'. ThO

lOt'

inlt'llig

..

'·.·

..

r

atltlr.·,'; Jo: lh

..m wr:or,. .h., ...

; It·r

park ..

a tI .. Ii,· brown G..

n 'r

..1S.. r,·i ..

MrN.

(1:0.1,,0)

1111'

PLO \\ ith prOIt.-c ion as t h e ~ dt'p.u'tl-d -.ea

and air to other parts

of

the :-'liddlt' Ea:;l.

On

the

2[St the

\I: ' \r

\,a in place,

and

Iile

fll':;t PLO

cOlllingellt dcpal'led, TIll' sie.l:r(· was over. During

Ihe next 12

d a ~ < :

a tOlal of 1.1.398 Pale

..

tinian

fil{hters alld yrian $Oldiers left Beinu: thl' PI.O

sea, and till 85th Brigade and ih 1)1..\ nuxiliariC';

under saft'-conduct along Iht' B e i r u t - D a t l l a l > c L l ~

Hil{h\\'ay.

The

\ ~

d,'paned

aflt'r

16

da),.

ib

mission a c c o l l 1 p l i ~ h c d .

17/ 1//lI.IiOIl 1I(/O/ )

. -

Bolh Ihe 1'1.0

and

I ~ r a d clailllcd \ i t · C I r ~ tilt'

PLO

IX'call<;(, it had Slln i\'ed. thl' l'adis h('('albc

they had l ( lIl( l \ ( d Ihr threal 10 theil' llonlwrn

bordeN, Sharon

( '\ ( '11

(le\\ in :-'Iaj, Hadd,ld

te)

w i t n ~ lilt' PLO ('\,tcuil1ioll,

(Jpc'ratillll ' ',,,It·c·fill·

Galike'

had

( fbi

the hradis ]6B (It-ad ,md . ,383

wounekd in

six

\\I'('ks of fighting. a hei \ price

rdativt' to tht, 1 ~ I H : l i population. f\lthoLlg'h til('

I)LO firt-d off tells of Ihou:;ands of rOllnds 10

cdebnlle

their

'\

i l l o r ~ '. t h e ~ had lost [..=,00 dead

and an unl .no\\ n numher \\ollllded

and

their

entire polilical ami m i l i t a r ~ i n f r : t ~ L l · t l ( l u r ( in

Lcbanon. hieh

il

had taken them 15 ~ t a l 10

build. Some

8.HOII

1)1.0 and

PLO

SlhlX Ch

\\t'l e

captured and detained Israeli authoritit-:;. 011 tht·

,\I1:',ar

Dt·tt'lllion Facilit) at Ihe rnOUll

H ( i ~ h t : ; ,

Syrian losst's \ \ ( f ( almost

a<;

h i ~ h : 1. 200 dead,

approximately 3.000 \\oundec . and . 96pri:;OlleNi.

.\Iaterid

\\tTt· also

hig:h,

I . . e b a n t ~ · ci\ ilian ca. uahics. a l t h o u ~ h hard to

('Slimah' e x a c t l ~ ,

\\cn'

t h o u ~ h l to

1>1

000

: ) , ( ) ( I f )

tlt-,1I1

Inri ahoUI Iflul linw, lh,ll ma l l \ \\(llImlt-d.

lUI-

dirccli\'l.':; to minimi..c harm

to

t'i\'iliall:; ,llld

tlwir

p r o p c r t ~ t l l l d o l l b t ( d l ~

kepI

t h t . ~

totah

10\\ cr

,,,It an mil{ht

be ('xpt 'CIt'c1, l{iH n lilt'

mllUI'l' of

the

fighting.

Tht'

d i J e c t i \ e ~ \\l'l'e

~ ( r i c l l )

enforced. and

il i:; illlerl,l>ting 10 11011' Ihat not 011(' incid('nl of

crimill<ll Ix·ha\ iour was c h a r ~ t d a ~ a i n t IDF

soldiers b} the

.chant.'SC.

The Lebanl'M' dt-Cliol1s \\rrc held on . 3

.\Ill{U<;I.

in the midst

of

lhe PLO ('\'acuation, .\S (·xp<·clcd.

B,hhir G m a ~ d

\1'3<:

..kned P r ~ i c l ( , 1 1 1 1)\ an

O\.·f\\hclrllint.: m a i t l l i l ~ . Hi,

~ I I P I ) ( l I t c

\\(Tt'

('(

..

l,llie

\\

it h j C I ~ and adc t'd tlwir

ch('('I \.

,hOlit', 'lnd



:

Israeli paratrooper

202nd Abn.Bde.;

Beirut 1982

:

Israeli

paratroop MAGist ;

ShoufMts. Feb.1983

3: Israeli

infantryman

Golani Bde.; S.Lebanon June 1982



1: Israeli Naval Commando;

Sidon June

1982

2: Israeli Navy missile boat officer B eirut Aug 1982

3: Israeli Air

Force Kfir

C 2 pilot

June 1982



:

Israeli

tank officer;

Damour

July

982

2:

Israeli j

Ansarcamp Oct

982

3: Israeli

Border Guard; Tyre July 982

c



Officer. Phalangist

Lebanese

For ces ; B eirut

Sept.1982

:Militiaman Lebanese

For ces ; B eirut

Dec.1983

3: Militiaman Maj. Haddad s South

Lebanese

Army ;

J u n e

1982



:

Syrian commando,

lstCd o.Gp .: Bek a a Valley, Jul y 1982

: S Tian

T-72 tank

crewman; Beka a

Valley, June 1982

3:

Syrian

commando.

85th Bde.; Beirut, 1982



PFLP guerrilla; Damour

June

982

2: PLO sniper; BeaufortCastle June 1982

3: PLO officer; Beirut

Aug 1982

2



PFLP GC guerrilla Kastel

Bde ; Sidon

June 1982

2:

Mourabitoun militiaman; Beirut Sept.1982

3: Druze militiaman; Aley Feb.1984



: French paratrooper 3

e

RPLl\ta; Beirut OcLI983

2:

Italian

Marine

San Marco

Bo ; Beirut Aug.1983

3:

US Marine

24th

l\UU;

Beirut

OcLl983

4: Tpr. lst Th e

Queen

Dragoon Guards; Beirut Oct.1983



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op( ralioll. \\'orS(' m a , , , a c r c ~ had happened before

in Lebanon: hut l h i ~ one had laken place under the

\{

...

of I

DF

forces sent

into

Beirut to

pren llI

e actly what had laken place, (,rad n.'((,i\Cd most

of the international

blame

for tht' massacre. The

I DF \\'ithdr( \\ from the

c i l ~

.md allowed the

Lebanese \ r m ~ 1 r( 'lIme control. . \ ~ O l 1 d :\Iulti

: ational Force also retunwd to Beirut to protect its

inhabitallls from

one

anOlher. Italian

and

Frelldl

lroops patrolled cst Beirut, including thl' refugee

c a m p ~ when thc Ill:lssacrcs OCl'Ul rl'(1, and 1.:S

\ Iaritlrs look o\ er Ueirlll Imcrnalion<ll Airport

lind

;1 dislrict of Shi'itc slums adjoining it. Amin

Gl'Illaycl. Bashir's older hrOlher, was dl'ctcrl

Pr<'Sidcnl.

and

,10\\

Iy

tried 10

( <;Iahli h comral

o\er the CQulllry. :\ leam\ hile. '

\mcncan

diplomats

s o u ~ 1 1 l an aRru-d basis for the \\ i thdrawal of all

forl'ign troop from

Lehanon,

The Second

Civil

War and the War

Against

the MNF

From

Septcmher

1982 until February 1983

Lebanon \\:lS rC'lati\'c1y qUiet.

IDF

forces hnd

\\ithdr,l\\ 'n from lhc

Ikinn

area to pmitiolls in the

Slll)llf : \Iountains: but isolated al lacks 011 IDF

fflre-es litill

OCCUlTed.

After ol1e of1heSl'. IDF units in

pursuit confrollled CS :\Iarinesoflile : \ 1 ~ F i n what

almrnt becamc an armcrl dash, AI the

b e l , r i l l n i n ~ o f

1983

hallks

look pl:lcc between Christ ian

;mel

DrllZ(' forct.'S in Ill( , hour. and thc Israelis had 10

p l ; l ~ the d a n ~ e r o l l ~ role of i l l l e r t n r o i a ~ between

tl1

t\\o factions. In the Beka'a. occa'iional

dashes

still occurl'l--d \\itlt S ~ r i a n forcc ,

During thi pericxl American diplomatic effons

continued in all

enon

10 find a solulion acceptable

to all panics. Cl 'f t in rk'mcll ls 5a\\' tlwse t a l k ~

('f)tIIrary 10 their illll'rests and, on IH April 1983, a

bomb c:- plo( l.'d 1lLllSide the Amc ican Embassy in

Beirut. k l l l l ~ 63 people, Jiha(J.;tl·lslami The

1 lamie

H o l ~

\\ ar' , a fanatical

Shi ite

lerrorist

,'Croup with ties to lX>th Syria and Iran, claimed

r t . S p o n s i b i l i t ~ .

:\en nhelcss,

on 7

: \ l a ~

accords

were igncd bet\\('('n Israel. Leb.1llon and thc

C

nited States,

S ~ r i a

rcfu {-d to

c o m p l ~

with till' withdrawal

pitaS(' of thi.. ngU'('lllcnt and inC'rC'asro ils pressure

on ,\rnin G ( m : l ~ d weak governmellt through ib

Druzc and Shi 'i te proxies, Prc,idelll Assad also

m a l l a ~ e d to force the PLO out of it 1:I t enelan in

I

nonhern Lebanon hacking a re\'oll agains

Ya.s.ser Arafat

ltd PI.O

Col. Abu :\lu\Sa, ith

S ~ r i a n uppon, : \ I l l ~ a s radical PLO troops

surrounded

Aral:,t and his suPPOrtcr<; in Ihei

,tron {hold on ripoli

inJune 1q81.

Fora S<'Cond

time in a ~ ( a r

he

found hinndf linda il l ;e: :lnd a

second cvacuation, t h i ~ time under FrCllch auspices

\\i1S arrangcrl in December. Arar.,t and

s

men

\\'CI'l'

oncc again

lit.'nt

ofr

into

( ik.

l'rofitil1,l from

the Lebanese cxpcriclICl', most of his host countries

disarmed the PLD COllt ingellts

011

tl\tir arrival. and

shipped them ofr to variolts

d ( ~ l a t e

p a r t ~ of their

( o L l l l t r i e ~ . :\

ILissa. his USCflllllCSS at

In

('nd, was thel

imprisoll-:d in D a l l l i l s c l l ~ ,

:\ Icill l\dlik. ill

:\

UI{USI 1983, Isracli

f o r c (

llllilatcr'llly

\\

i lhdre\\ from thc

Shouf:\

101llllains to

pC)'iitiomon the .\wali Rin.'r.

Their

place was to e

taken Ihe 11( \ \ rn 1taliscd Leban( S(' Ann}

f\mt.'rican·cquipped

and

Amf ncan-traincd,

The

transition did nOi as planned. and the Druze

f o r c e ~ engaged in hiller fighting against the

{O\'('mlllcllI s t m n p ~ Tht., L'nitcd $tat(' had now

l ~ r a r 1 i

parat l'QOl'S ,n jo) ' capfur ,d

I LO m 8 in

n ,:o

O mour, JunO' 1 9 . 8 ~ . One

man ·ears

th., old.slyl ..

lo t faligu

.. . p. Also no .,

lh., tof

efhod of boot la cin g, loF

Spok.,sman)



IWnllIl(' decply ill\'ohed

in

u-banon. and

\Va ;

dcltTtllill(·d that Ih\..·

Leb:HlCS(' . \ml

should nOI

IX'

dcfc-atN . Slarlillg in Septetll ber. hen Druze forces

mnn'(l a ~ a i n ' l Ihe to\\ of Souq c-I CIMrb.

CS

war-.hip<:. including the batllcship. u ]frJ'..J'. firt.'d

in ,>uppOrl of Ihe governmelll troops. The Cniled

Stale:.

a ~

nO\\ per( (:i\C'(1 ill man} circles as jusl

allmher f ( l r t i ~ n arm}

a l l e m p l i l 1 ~ 10

ilSSl:r1 it. >

inllm'nn' in Lell.lIlt......• alf:lir

.....

On Octolxr a Iruck ladl'lI \\ i lh explosi\

lOS

c rO\e

ilHO

Ihe h('adqllarter'$ of the

L'S ~ I a r i n e

ballalion at Ikirut airport. 11'1 \..·xplosion killed Jot I

L:S ~ T \ icenl('11 alld Ihc dri\ n ~ I O l n e n l s laler a

..imilal· louicidc truck bomb < c<:tro)l'd Ihe French

militar) Iwadquart('rs in \\ e'lt Beirut, resulting in

the dealhs of

58

French paralroopers.

Jihad·al.

Islami

a,l.(ain

claimed responsibility. and

wamcd

of

fun her altacks. The grOlI))

\\01$

halOcd ill lhl' tOWI1 of

Bn'allwk

in til(' Syrian-controlkd

Ikka'a

\·alky.

which st'el1ll'd 10 implicatt' Iht' .-ian gO\ ('rnmeTlI

to

some

del{ree. French airrraft from tht: carrier

Fodl r('laliau:d \\ith

all

ai r strike a ~ a i n ' l t Ba·albek.

bUI r.'1ilt'(llrt hit the (errori l

bast

....

111

til(' L nit<:d

5Iillt.....

p r \ . . · ~ l l r e

\\as b r o u ~ h l 011 Prt \idclli Reagan

10 b l i l l ~

lilt'

:\lal im $

home.

:\on'mlX'r Ill('

I<;radi IwadclUaner<i in T ~ f( \ \ a ' o d C > l r o ~ ( ' ( 1 a

~ u i c i d c Iruck h o m h i n ~

a ~ a i n .

thc \\ork of the

~ a n w ~ r o u p T\\cll(y·thrtt I ~ r a e l i s

c i('d

in the

explosion all(1. although the I.\F fj'I,lliat<'( with

an

atlOId on Ha'allX'k. public opinion in Isnlel also

dClllanckd a \\ ilhdrawal.

In l'ar } DeCl mher S} rian

forcl'S

fired on CS

rcconnai Qancc planes O\'cr the Beka'a \';Ilk·y. and

til('

US r t ~ p

fll(k'd with an

ai r

Mrike from tl1(' carrier

bu rprlldrllft

,\ s a demonslralion of American

r{'sol ,'. it

\ \ a ~

a failure: the Syrians ~ h o l dowl1 twO

of the j('IS, including Ihat of Ihe (\ir Group

Commander, and captured one of'tht· pi

lOb.

Ther '

\\('r(' no further

L:S ai r

strikes.

. J a n l l a r ~ 198.1 the Ld)'Ill( <.('

t \ r l l l ~

had IX'en

dt'featl'(l the Drllze and Shi'jlc militia.... and had

'plit

.dolll{ l;Kliollallill(.....

\ ,

Dnl/x .tIld ~ h i i h l i J l c ( , , >

pUlohcd do\\ II from the houf ::lIld tool.. control of

xlllth and ,resl Beirut. Ihe Leballt-o;('

.\rllly

fell

apart.

Tht' :-'lu,lim troops descrted 10 th(' militias.

\\hilt, Iht' Christians. trapped south

of

th(' city.

tre::tml'(

lOmh

across the .\wali Rivcr, S('('kin{

s::mctllar} Ix'hind the h teli lillt·,.

.\min

GcmaH·r

I,tlll' had

Ix ell

rt'dut {'(1

('{fnliH'I}

III

M.mbe orlh , ail '

lOF Drun

rlr'CGon:o;s nc , un. '

0 .

S)-n:on po ..;lio. . . . . . . .

h ,

Ikka 'a \ all ,,.. N .· 'mbc-r .gB::. W ,b

& ,a.r i ·Orn o · ,r

w;nl . r

p:orbs,

wi lh h .lm ,

.. . or n.,.., ....liofll

c:ops.

o r ~

man

is

a rm

........

i .h

. hl : C l ilon SAR

. .-ilh

.Il:och

.....

rorward pis.,,1

snp, :ond :01_

arr i ,

.. an

Am.ri. , . ,n

Kabar comb:o.

k

.. if , on

his

. . · , b b ' ~ .

(IGI'O)

Ihal O f l n : t ~ n r oj Ea.<.1 &irul: and \\i th thf' \Iulli·

:'\:l.lional Force

d c p a n i l l ~

in

:\lan'h,

11( h::td no

choic(,IJUI to

~ o

10 Damascus and OlhUII Pr('sicknt

\

on the futlln' of

his

coul1lr). Naturally. he

w a ~

fll <;1

n'quirf'd to l t'llOlIlKl' the All1ericall'

spons<fr('d \1;1) agl'f'cllwlll \\ilh Isnu'l.

'he \\ ar ill Ld>anon ruined the

C:tI'('('I1>

or I'rimc

.\Iini ler I ~ ( ~ i n and DefcllSr \ I i n i ~ l j T Sharon. hoth

of

\\hom r ( s i ~ l l ( d

ou r \ : I r i u l l ~ a p ( ( t ~ rtf

thrir

h a l l c l l i n ~

oflhe a r and it. > aftermalh.

The

DF still

..

emain in 'iOllthern Leballlln,

c O n c I U ( , l i l l ~ : t

phased

\\ilhdr:t\\al

Ii'om the

C O l l t l l ~ .

,\11 racli-Irainro

South Leb:tllOIl .\rm} still 1) '1trol, Ihe Haddad

l 'nd:l\(,l. a\\:titim; (he da} hen til(' IDF \\ill be

l{Olle and I h e ~ mlllol fend for thelmc H S. Pcace hib

IX'rn h r o u ~ h l 10 Galilee. OIl lea t for the monWllt.

\ I ~ i

'

.. ~ , I I I . I

..

~ . 1 r l , , < 1 . ~

.. .

'

,x l



Infanlr) ' and Pa ra l roop Bran<:h Chil'.f, BriJ ;,GI'.n, An10S Yaron,

s u n s Sidon on 8 I u n ~ '98 , Addilions hi s ....

o: b

g ~ a r i n u ~

(lOp bonoln,

a

rear) a grenOlde f><'uch, an e 'ra Ollnn'uni ion

pouch and a ,ap

< : a s ~ .

The IDF .... g<:ar is an ingenious and

'·I'.rsalile S ) S I ( ~ I n ,

adap.able

lh e ....r ious

n l . ~ d of

Inodern

<:olnbal . roops. E I'.n .h l' . aSyln.InNrica.1 arr ..

ngenanl of

.. .nlnuni.ion

pou<:hes

provide

.he

s o l d i ~ r Wilh an

elbow

res.

....hen f ir ing.

The d c v i c ~

worn on , he gen ra l' s

shoulder is

a

pilo ';;

sur,'i.',,1 mini-nare proj<:c.or, (11\·100)

but 1h(' co:'t

h ; J . ~ hCI'il

high.

AI

1he time

or

this

writing, onT 600 Israeli soldiers h;we died ill

..l'hannn,

Tllf Plflk,

1

l,fI'(u i

Pam/roopeI'. ~ O ~ l I d

.Jil'hol'lll'

IJngndl'''

B im/.

19B:

T h i ~ paralrOOlx'r

Tzanhan' ,

fighJing in the

approaches

to thc Lebanese capital. is

wcaring

the

standard if\Slle oli\ (' fatigue

$hin and

trouscrs.

The

Irousers ba\'(' a l a r ~ ( podct 011 each side, c osl,'(1

with a buttoncd flap. The lefi leg only hns a smalk-r

pockel. u$ed 10 carry mom'y

and

cigarettes. He also

\,'cars the Israeli-manufacturcd K(' lar 'Shahpats'

flak

'5t.

first

i..,sucd in

Ig81 10 replace Ihe

American t95'2 type. \\'hich also remains in usc.

'rhe

'Ephod' \ \eh

gear. in ..,en·iee with fi'ontline

units since 19ii. h o l d ~ tw('lw ~ 1 - t 6 .

1\ -- 17 or

Calil

mag;tzint's. ;llong with 1\, '0 eantecns,

grenades

and

an e l l l r ( n c h i n ~ tool. Additional pouches for

medical equipmcnt. ;.62 mm

F.\ ~ t \

machine

gun

belts and .10 mm

~ r e n a d e

rounds

can

also

be

added. The helmet is the Israeli-malluHIClllrcd

inlantry balli:'lic helmet. ~ I a d e by Odi\{'

of

one

piece. rcinrorced plastic composit{· structure. it is

sturdy, Jighl and comfortable.

The

helm('t netting.

cruddy camouflag-ed lI'ith

spo\.'> of

brOll'n shoe

polish.

is

held in place

by

a tan

rubber

retaining

bane .

an

issue item.

The

Isracli-madc brown

leather paratroop

1>OOis

arc both lighter ami

st 'Ongn than the black leather type issued to other

[DF units, TIl radio is also Israeli-made, a copy

or

the

.'\meri,an

A \ PRC-2:) . It is carried in a tan

rucksack.

Thl' weapon

is the shortened \Trsioll or

t h . ~ Calil

rifk.

called the C[iloll by Ihe t DF, .\Otc its

shortened band: many soldiers add a second pistol

grip.

The

litandard Calil

is

aim uscd. wilh built-in

bipod or atlachment ror tht [ 16 hayon('l. There iii

a l ~ ( ) ; 1 ~ n i p l r \ c l ~ i o n or

the ha:.ir rill\'. \\ilh hipod

and scope,

:12:

mp i

Pnf(J/rM/Il'r'

.IIA(;ist':

A / ~ l ShOll

.\/011/1-

Iui'b, r,bl lluO' J fJ.3

The

winters

in

Lebanon are known ror their

harshllcss alld bitter cold, In thc mountains cast

or

Beirut ralls or lip to '24 inches or SIlOW can be

cl1countncd.

1 0

prOtecl the soldiers \\·ho had to

li\ c

and conduct operations in this climate. Ihc t DF

issucd protect ive

elm

hing. slleh as the' Begcd Hore '

winter

suit worn

by

this paratrooper. Designed

('specially for the Lehanest> winter.

it

was i slll'd to

almost nil personnel.

~ I a k or

insulated material

with a waterpl'oorcxterior,

it

resembled thc tankn's

cO\'('l lis in many \,·ays.

The

rur-Iincd hood has slits

ror radio hendphones and otlwr

communications

equipmenl. Some. but not all suits had the

I

DF

namctape

abo\'(' the ten b r e a . ~ 1 pockct. The boots

arc Israeli-made 'I-Icrmonio,' snow

IXlOtS.

rur-lincd

ror cxtrn

warmth. For further

protcction this soldier

wcars a captured PLO krfi.rah as a scarr: when worn

imide Israel.

til('

k1i.l lIh unofficially idcntified

a

Lebanon ctcran.

The glo\'es

and

goggles arc also

issue itcms. As a ~ I A C i s l lmaehinc gunn(.'r . this

man carries a spal'e belt lor his

;,62 mm Fi\

l\tAC

light machine gun, Altachcd to Ihc weapon is a

cam'as bag

10

collect expended shells. which can

also he used to hold the ;,62 mm helt berore action.

Cloth has bern wrapped around thl' bipod. a



Sl<lndard practice to make a comfortabk

handgrip

rhr

h o l d i n ~

the \\{'apon.

..13:

Ismdi Golani Infall/rYllon: BrnuJort

(:QJII

Sou/h 11ballon, J/III . ,oJ

This 'RPCist' of the elite Colani Infalllt } B r i ~ a d e

wears the

standard r : t i ~ l I C

uniform,

I\radi

Kevlar

flak

\'<-'lil and standard

IDF

webbilll;. His helmet

neuing

is

camouflaged wilh blal·k Shlll' polish

and

held in place wit h :t 5t rip of rubber i

nnn

tube, cut to

fit the hclmcl. The black 'Elba' combat hoots are a

llJ)('Cial type. issued only 10 the 'Colani', to provide

~ r a , c r

suppon

and l'omfon

d u r i n ~

Iht' unit's long

m:u CIll'S. He

is

arnwd with thl' 5tillldard 5,56

mill

Calil rirIe, . \ I o n ~ ,,·jth o,h<T Calil \·<lriaIHS. it has

l)('Come lhe mainstay of the IOF. with \K · 75 and

:\ K:\

I lX'ing issued to

commando

and s(X'Cial forces

lInits. the .\1-16 to rcscn:isLS and

rear-\. '(·hc1on

troops. and the 9 mill L:ZI

S:\IC

to Air Force.

~ a v a l and femak I)(·rsonnel. Jn thc I OF all infantry

and mechanised soldiers han: dual and somctimes

triple) weapons. medical and communiC:'ltiolls

,ask.' . Ik ick-s their pc:rsonal wcapons, l';u:h

mall is

trained and

l L'<luirl'd

to carry and usc: a second

pi('C(' ofequipment: c . ~ , a field radio.

66 mm L \ \\

rockCI. :\12 3 1 mm grenade laullcher. Dr':lgon

\ T missilt'. r

rifll'

grenades, FX ~ I \ G light

machillt'

gun.

5' mm l i ~ h t mortar, medical

equipmcnt or. as in thij

Case : 1

Soviet-mach'

RPG-7.

This

\\capon

became

standard

in the IDF after

large numbers W<Tl' Captufl'd in Ihe

cady

19705

and

during the 1973 Yom

Kippur

\\ 011'. The IDF was so

i r n p r ; ~ s t d br its dlCt:ti l'Il(.'SS that they deci(kd to

product' it themselves. and it

is

now made by Israeli

:\Iilitary InduSlri(·s. Its Clnununition

b a ~

i, locally

produced

and

can hold up to six rounds.

This

soldicr al50 wears the knccpads i ~ u e d to

J

DF

pertlonncl for this campaign. :\Iost troops found

t hC 111 nllnlxTsome. and I

\\

ere lit tic u ~ - d .. \ unit

1 , , . , . ~ l i

<'Ombo ..n :in_r durins moppi

..

:

up Op ralions i

J r u i ..

r .Ju ....

'982. Whilr lap

....

bac ..

r J . ~ l n . r l is

r

r

tilali

-

_p in s

On niSh.

march

.. ' . 'no ..

C ~ I r ~

m . . . . . . . ..

i

Iypical bra, ,1 i rash i

.....

A I_ n

..

ho .. . Ih .. Galil· bipod (otds

n..ally

..

u,

..

r lh .......

ay

wh nOI in uS ,

all

ing

him

I

.. k ~ ~ p

..

rom(orlabl ..

grip on

,h ral

.. .n

al

aU

lim

(IMoD)

37



Srrian

unils of Ih .. Pa l ....' ;ni.....

Lib r:uion

Army

(PLA)

Ihd , , , ' i g

from

ikirul, 2J Augus

••

,sOl. (n ,s'

a auxiliary

lroof ' ..

f lh , S) an Arm) '. and nOI

PLO

fighlt'ni.) Th , .....ar

So,·i

.., sleel b ..lrn..IS an d

,;ree.. faliguts.

n

1. ,

_ldin-

is

Iuipf> d ... ilb on , HM

..

f

.ndi t'

s

S)-ria

Armr

. .

·..b

;

..ar.

i,,<:Iudi,,

1 '0 Ali magaLin..

po..

., h a ..mal lu

po ..

ch f

..

r Ih ,

...

upon·'

.. i1 ,rand

<:Inn'ng

kil, and c n l ~ Ih earner . (lOF

Spokuman)

affl clation is till Golani Brigade i n ~ i g n i a worn on

the wri:>twatch cover band,

H

Ismeli Xtlt lIl

Comm JIIdQ: 1/ra, Sidoll. ]1I e

ff/:J2

'rhe 'Koillmando Y:lmi ,:\ l\\ al COIllIl1;1I1dos arc

(lilt (lrthe IOF', Olo,t l·li\( force:..

goin,l.:

t h J t ) l J ~ h a

dcmallding 18·month training: programme,

They

pl.·rfonn

\ ariel) o f l a ~ k s . ranging rroTllulldcr\\ alt:r

demoliLions to il lldlig( nce gathcring. and are also

used as

~ h o c k

troops,

D u r i n ~

Operation

eace for

Galilec·. thl.' fo\.olllmando Yami carri( (J out a large

Ilumber of assignmelllS. mostly c 1 a ~ i f i e d in nature.

During the first days of the \\ar they landed at

s t r a t e ~ c

points along Ihe coastal high\\ ay to

ambush bOlh

PLO

reinlorcements he;tding south.

and

PLO

units n i e i n ~ north. These missions were

( xtremely s u e c l . s ~ f l l l , Thiii commando is wearing

lhe black sumlll( di\ illg suit of 11('opr('I1(' rubber.

His di\ ing

boob

are

made

of the same material.

wit h sirengthened

<;01 5.

I-I

('

is

still wearing his black

buoyancy \ l 5t and compens. uor. which means he

\\'<lS

l·ilhcr broughl ashor( by rubber boal. or has

Slashed his o X Y ~ 1 l (;Inks al a point

\\ '11('1'('

he \\ ould

ha\ e to swim to n lriC\ e Ihem. His \ \ ( '1)

~ e : t r

is sh()(

polished black: \\:II( I proof sealer; inside Ihe

pouches kt.'CP

ammunilion

and ('quipm('111 dry.

Swim fins

art.·

c:'.I'ric:.'d

011

his back. allached to the

wei suit by a GIIl\ as ilrap. He is armed with the

AK-.j

the main \\ealXlll

ofl

OF elite lI11ilS, He also

carnes

a

silrnn'd

n

Bc;rella pistol

'o r

selltry

r( mo\:.1 hiddcn from this angle in a black

len

shoulder hol,tcr. and a d i \ ( r ~ knife slraPlx d to his

r i ~ h l I c ~ .

V IImeli .\liBile Boat lI'£apons Offim I.\'3

·.I'at.:mall(: off BetTuf Iu,e ·t I /L

Thc I ~ r a c l i :\ 3\·)

H c ~ 1

Hayam' pia) ('(I 3

major

role in Israel

..

'-chanon a m p a i ~ n . nmducting

:unphibioU i operations

and

~ u p p o r t i l l ~

Ihe

~ o l l l l d

ad\ ance

\\ith

n:wal gunfir( . During thc ;lege

of

Beirut they bombarcled Pakiitinian positiom il l the

cily with both COilWill iona

gunfire and Gabriel

m i ~ , i k S .

This Semi 'Captain'

in

the Army

sensc

Ihe IOF does not have a separate rank ~ y ~ t e m for till

: \ a \ ~ . and all personnel hold

Ann)

ranks ser\ ing

alX>ard

a

Saar .jl1li...sile boal \\caN an IDF f a t i ~ u e

shirt \\ith L S·made

DG

106 :\ omex fire-I csistanl

IrouSt'f<:.

L ~ u a l l )

m i ~ s i l e 1x:>. 1

crew,; arc

i ~ , u c d

ont:

piece :\ olllex cO\ l ralls. but it

is

not unC ommoll for

crew,>

to han: iudi\ idual vari:lIiolh.

The

de\ ice

paillll.'C1 on thc :\ :1\') blue fatiguc cap the ·Satil

missile IXl:t1 t mblt:rn. The blue

waiSI

belt :tnd

b l L l l / ~ d l o w mnk

i n ~ i g l 1 i a arc pt:culiar to the

1 :3\ Y

He

weal'S

a Fn:neh·st)

Ie life prcscrnr

around his

waisl. His boots arc Ih( siandard issue black combat

type. with zippers plaC( d

a l o n ~ i d e

tilt laces: this is

a common pr:lell( c , 1 1 l 1 0 n ~ l1a\':l1 .md nrmourc-d

personnel.

who

ha\c onl)

Ccond:.

to

I{o linin akn 10

ballic condiLiom.

B.1: Jm,1i AJi

C·:

Pilot. ]une l.rIh

The raeli Air Forn' has long been r( garckd as

among

the besl

in

Ihe \\orld. and

in

Ill( stimmel of

1982

Iheir high reputalion was fUrl her cnhanced.

In addit ion

to

d e ~ t r o ) ing the Syrian air defrnce

system in the Bcka :I \'alley at

one

blo , they shot

down

91

Syrian ~ l i C s and

1 ix

helicoptns, and

provided close

air

sUPIXJI·t for Ihe

IDF

throughout

th( campaign.

All

this

\\as

achiewd

fill'

the

of

Oil(' Skyha\\k fightcr-bomber and a Bell lOS

mcde\ ac helicopter 10

~ T O u n d

fire. This Tayas'

pilot of all Isradi fo\.fir C-2 fit;htl r-boml>cr is

wearing Israeli copit S of thc .

\merican

fo\.-. B flight

suiI

and H G L · ~ 6 P

single-\isor pilot s helmet. Thc

rest of his equipment

is

of Israeli d e ~ i g n and

manllr.,clUrc. His Type 817 IS cllta\\a) .\l1ti-G

Suit is

made

of:\ omcx fire·resistant fabric. \\ ilh 011('

dear map pockcl al)(.)\'e each knee.

The

suit

l olllaim a

rq)laceabk ll( oprCllc

inflntahlc inner



bladder.

He also wea,...

an

I<;radi-madc

life

prcscn cr

and survival

equipment. The sun lval

pOllches, \\orn

on

a h a r r w s . ~ COllllCCI<.'Ci to the life

preservcr. cOl1lain

sun ival

~ a r . radio. oll'dit'al

s u p p l i ~ :lIld a holsler for

the

9

mm

Berella pistol

\ \ O I n at til\' hark. I<;radi-maclt- f 1 ~ i n J . : hoot

completc his eCluipmcllt,

;1 : .\ tYor. ISI adi Arl/lOIll d

COIPS:

Damour Sal/III

l..that/on. JU I

IgB2

This Hal I m

major.

,he Sol'Cond-in-coOlmand

of

an armoured battalion,

wears Ihe Isracli

manufaclurL'Ci Sarbal tanker's cO\'eralls of flame·

rClardalll :\'omex.

Although

hot 10 wear in ,rum

dimalcs nOI to

memion

inside a

tank,

the} offer

maximum

prot('clion against fire---the

tank

crew's

most dangerous cnemy, OlIiccr's slip-Oil rank

insignia

are

worn on the epauJellcs. The

major

also

has

tht, n('w('St Israeli ballistic

lanker s

helmet:

the

T}pe 602 helmet shdl is light. made primarily of

f\.evlar. and incorporalcs tl1{ :\IK I ~ ) i com

municalions Sy >tCUl.

The 10

lag 'Oiskecl'

worn

around

the neck

is

CO\wed

in

black cloth to

minimise reflt.'<:tioll, c s p e < : i a l l ~ at night. Two more

10 tags are worn in Ihc

boOi

laps, 10 provide morc

dlccti\ c

and

quicker

idetll ifica tion in case

ofdeath

,)

The black combat boots art ' s ianda rd IOF issue.

fhe ollicer earrit,s a 9

mm

Browning pistol a

a

pn'lll1al i,kanl1: Ih('

B r i t i h - ' I ~ l t '

cama:. hol,tl'r

: l I I

:tlso accommodau a \ a r i e l ~ ofollwr heapons.

including tilt'

9

mm and .22 Bcrelta pistols

r.

\'otlred

m a n ~

Isradi oniccrs, Thc

Lebanon

campaign once again pro\ ( (lthe

Israelis maslcrs

of

amloured \\arf. re. A5 a w('apon system the ne\\'

\It.,,'ka\·a :\16'1'

pm\ cd

superior. not

only 1

the

T

55 and 1'-62,

bUI

t'\'en

lO

111(

I:I\('SI

'1'.72.

The

\'1 Cl'ka\'ll \\ as a able 10 wi I

h:>tand

indi\'id lIal anti

tank \wapons >t1ch as the RPC-7 and

the

Sagger

mi'iSil('.

C2: Isratli . \ i l i t a ~ l · Poliuman: ,Insor tftlmlion

ctlmp.

0(106 l gB:.

This Shoter Tz\ a i

milit:lf) pol iceman \\'cars

Slandard IOF

tigucs with the ncw issue f\.cvlar

Oak \'cst.

Although

this is now the main issut. many

real' echelon lInits wore the

older Amcrican

:\ 11952

type in Lebanon. The white-paillled helnWI is the

Israeli

\ Crsion of the

CS )

II :

IXlIh

it

and the

brassard Ix'ar tht, Hebrt'\\ k,ltcrs

Ttli m

and

I:;,ndth

Fighlf:r& of a Main r ~ PLO (Fa,ah faClion)

unit

near

Nabati) eh,

a

monlh

befo

..e

Ih e

....

eli

i n l l ~ i o n .

The,.

.........

bolh g r o aDd pal., khaJ.i falig

.. cl '

wilh h igh -lOpped

commando b o o l ~ and are

armed

... it h A.K-of' and

(. n.r.,me

riJllhl) lin RPD U,1G. NOI., Chinese &Iick

JIln:

....de- I..d.ed inlo ,

,id.,

pock ,.

of

Ihe- n t r ....1

m ,n

..

PLOfS) ria.n eh

....' po

..

ch.

(CO

..

n ....,.

ratiAa

Uu .....ini j

for :\

I

P'. His \\

cb gt ar is an older

1

pc

USNI Ihc

IOF from the latl' 195 5 1 Ihe t'ar } .70s: o r i l i n a l l ~

i11lcnded to hold Fi magazim. S,

lilt:

poueht'S no\\

carry lhoSt' for

till' ~ 1 - 1 6 .

Tll(' USt

orlhis

patH.'1'l1

of

w('bbing is now limilC'd to n'scrvists :ll1d rear

echelon II 00PS, The :\ Ip's .\

1-

I 6 rifle is no\\ Ihe m o ~ t

COllllllon ,,'capon

among

suPPOrt units \\ithin the

IOF. ahhough he might also be issued thC' 9

mm

L;ZI :\IC. In

Lebanon.

Israeli : \ l i l i l a r ~ Police

Wl'rt' assignt-d

numerous

lasks. ranging from Irallie

cOtllrol1O prevelHing anns

smuggling relllrning

10F personnel. I

r\

r.'l\·otlrilc souvenir 01' combal

troops was

a

captul'l'd Af\.-47

or

Tokar( \ pistol.

However, Iheir most important lask was

running

th(' <\nsar detention lucilily

on

tht' AmOlUl hl'ights,

Therc they were responsible for seeuril)'

:l1ld

adminislration

for Ihe Ihotlsands of PLO terrorists,

sympathisers and

a.llil-d

:\Iuslim militiamen

cap

lured by Ihe Israelis in Lebanon. Cnul

I h e ~

could

be SOrted, and Ihen either transfcln-d 10 mort' sectlrl'

facilitit.'S or rdeas(.'d, the

:\lililary

Police were

rl'Sponsiblc for all i l\ 'erage 5,000 prisoners a day.

with a peak of neal'ly 8.000 at olle time,

C3: Irmrli Druz.,J Corporal, Borde, Guards: Tjort.

IAmlo , ]u()' 1982

Th(

:\lishmar

H a ~ u r

or

Border

Guards

are



responsible

for

guarding the frolltier of the state of

IsraeL

pons

or

elllry, and a r e a ~ occupied by the

military against infiltration by KuerrilJa<; and

terrorists, Personnel serye for tbrt'c years amI. e\'cn

Ihough the Border

Guards

arc part of Ihe Israeli

Kational Police

rather

than lhe

IDF

proper. the

sen'ice

is

considered as completion

of

thc national

military obligation. Those laken imo the ranks of

the ' .\ Iishmar HagHl ' arc usually Israelis whme

roots

lie

wilhin Ihe Arab diaspor:l,

::lI1d

who speak

Arabic. Anothcr source

ofpersotlnd

are the Dru:ze

i\los <'ms: cilizens of Israel. lhey also sen'e in tht

IOF and other securilY units. As part of the Police,

the Border Gllard's uniform has quile a different

appearance that or the

lDF

soldier. For one

lhing:. lht,y

:11 (

lhe only ullil in Isrnc

10

wt;ar their

b('rcts

in

Ill< fidd. On thcdark gret'n herel

is

\\'orn a

Young

Ashbal

( Lion

Cub )

gu r ri ll a f ron,

a

pro-Syrian PLO

fa,, .ion (nl1l Syrian ommando

badge

Om

On uniforn,)

al

Ih

UNRWA hool

al

,h e Ein el lIa

eh refugee

un ,p ,

Sidon,

in

982, prior

0 ,h e I el i

in a ion,lIe;s

earing

,h

indig nou

PLO l izard p n m C .mouHage uuiform, wi.h ChiCom

h u ,

pouch

and Syr ian

pi lol

bd Hi apon is So,·i .

AKMS

assauh rin . (Cour

•

.,sy Falina

lIuss.. ini)

sikcr-plated

Star

ufDa\·id' badge with the I-Iebl'('\

le{lcr II1r for ·.\Iishlt'ra'

Police,

Their field

uniforms arc surplus Amcrican

OG

t07 faligues

O\ er Ihe kft breast pockcl the ' .\Iishmar Hag\'ul

nilmctape is worn with light blue Hl' Jre\\, lettering

Bools and \\' tb

gcar

are

standard IDF

issue. The

Border Guards han thcir own syslcm

of

rank

insignia. llsing BritislHtyJc (hewons. This

is

1

differentiate Pulice

Ii om

t l{

/\rmy,

and

aLso

rct'all

the Jewish Police in

P a l , ~ t i n c

during the British

.\Iandate.

DI Offiur C lr;JliO/l Plm tmgi 'Lrha /rSf Forcrs

Briml

Srpll'lIIbrr 1y82

The 'L('iJanese F o r c { ~ 1I0tlO be confused

wi III

the

official Lcbatll':.e Army is Ihe nanl{'

gin n

to the

military arm of lhe Knta cb

or

Christian Phalange

Pan)', Organised inlo a fighting force

by

thei

leader Bashir

Gemayd.

the Lebanese Forces today

ha\T an estimated .).000 well-trained men,

and

can

count on a

funher j.{)()Q

figillers

Ii om

oche

Christian mililias in case

of

emergency, E\'er since

til{ Lebanese Ci\'il War of

1975 76

lhe Lebanese

Forces ha\'e recei\'cd hugc llmOUIHS of Israeli

military aid. everything- from wcapons

to

uniform

and equipment. Consequently, these Christian

soldiers took 011 a rather dis tinuivc Israeli

appearanC(', This

;J osJ.:ari

(onlcer)

is

wcaring al

Israeli fatigue

shin and

Israeli-supplied ex

American

OC

t07 Irousers. A Lebanese Forces

nall1etapc is worn on the

shin,

and the Kat:l'eb

pany insignia on the right pockt' . The cloth patch

on the slec\'{' identifies this onlcer as belong-ing to a

Lebane$(' Forces command unit. His pistol belt and

black comba.t boots arc Israeli: the holstcr for

his

9 mm Browning is locally made:

and his

rinc is a

5.56 mm Swiss SC 5_1 0 formerly Ihl' property

of

the

Lebanese Army, An M-16 or all Israeli-supplied

AK·47 (from

captured

Arab stocksl might also be

carried,

The

black beret

is

nOI

issue, and

is

probably

a personal preferencc. It

i

decorated

Wilh

a

Commando L'nit insignia.

02;

l t r i ~ f i f l .IlitifiOIl/(/ /. Plw ollgi.rl' Lrho1/r:J Form

Ellsl Briml Durmbrr

9B]

This militiaman,

in

the Christian hall'

of

Beiru .

is

wcaring the kind

or

<lssortmelH

of

clothing

weaponry and equipment which has become

typical

oflhe

\·a.riotls militias in Lebanon. Her£', the



lau. St .\meriC:1ll BDC camnuflage uniform is worn

wilh Israeli f:uigUl' cap, boob

and

\\l,b

~ t a r . It

is

v e r ~

difficuh to track dO\nl Ihl' oriiPns

of

all the<;(

odds

and

c n d ~ In addi tion to aid from the

I ~ r a e l i s ,

the Christians purchase a lan;e part

of

their supplics

on the open markel.

and

also make uS{ ofeaplUred

l'lIl:my

~ I ( . ) l b ,

Thc bro\\'n

Isradi

paratroop l>oob

are

also inllTl'sting: cvell Ihough

many

Lcbancse

Forces personnel were trained in Israel. f('w.

ifany,

Ix'camc parachutc qualified, Howe\·cr. as the boots

e\ ·okc 'cl ite [(,rce' SlalUS, t h e ~ haw become a

favourite amOlll{ the Phalanl;c forc( l,

The

~ 1 1 6

rifle is thc main

is..su(

\\ithin this

C h r i ~ l i a l l army,

This particular example is fim-d \\'ith a small 3·

IXlwer optical s i ~ h t . He also has a

Smilh

\\ csson

rcvolver ill a black leather holster. In Lebanon,

where ,,'{'apom

are

considered a sign of machismo.

Ihc more \\

C:l

pons ('alTkd. the

~ r c i l l c r

thc

individual s pn:stigc.

/ 3: ,\Ij/itialt/rUl, .\lajo Haddad j Sotltht m IAJarl St

.1, I ; • \ n h a / ~ u h , ]unt

1[112

This militia \ \ i \ l S l a b l i ~ h c r l in 19i6. under fornwr

Lc.'bancse

.\rmy ~ I a j .

aad Haddad . Its purpose

was to curtail PLO acti\'iIY directed against the

inhabitanlS of southern Lebanon. BOlh Christians

and

~ I o s k m s joined, a lthough Ihc

l'ommand

slruc\llr<; n:lll:linl-d pn.'(lominalllly Chrisli:lll,

~ l a j ,

Haddad

immediately allied himself with the

Isradis, and

m i l i t a r ~

co-operation bet\\ 'een them

flourished: his forces were

~ u p p l i e d b ~

Israd

and

m a n ~

of

his troops rttei\'ed

t r a i l l i l l ~

at Israeli

military baSC >, In 1978. \\11 11 the IDF \\'as obliged

by polilical prl'SSure to wilhdra\\ ' frolll southern

Lebanon. the area was left

1

C:\ IFI L the C niled

Nations IllIerim Force In Lebanon. 'Iwn the 1;:\

soldiers proved

unwillill.L: or unable

to curtail

PLO

infiltration, :\Iaj.

H a d d a d ~ army

provided a buffer

p r o t e c t i l l ~ I ~ r a e r s

nonhcrIl

frOlllieN,

During the

1982 campailpl Haddad's forces took an active role

in

combat

opl r.tlioIlS :lI1d. in many cases, acted as

<;COlli

...

for a d \ a l l c i n ~ I ~ r a t l i units. This militiaman

\ H ~ a r s a basically Israeli uniform of hush hal.

r.·lliguN

and

combat boots, His C 3 m a s \\eb ~ e a r is

locally made.

and

modelled 011 the ChiCom typl ,

The fOllr main pockets accommodate a wide variety

ofriflc mal;azincs: smaller pouches:'lt each side hold

grenades. a

nclthcre

are also

SP: lCf S

for caIlH:ens.

He

is

annro

\\ilh

an ~ 1 1 6

:\12 3 rifle ~ r e n a d (

Ph l n i l Ba hir

Gema,·el

;n Chr ; , ian E a . ~ 1

Ikirul.

i\lloy 1982.

Already,

al

Ih e

age of 34. an -pf'riencll'dl Otilitian

..nd milil.i ..

commander, he had

by Ihili

l im

r U l h l l , , ~ I )

liU prelilied al l oPl Oliing Maronit.,

faClions 10 ,,,k,,

him tr

01,, I ad r o f L banon' Chris ian

com .un;I) .

IIi tal<:.r

a .ss; ....

ation

.....hil., Pr<:sid<:.n .EI<:.tt ....a s 10

ha,·

b l o o c l ~

c:onsrqu<:.nN ll fo r .11 o f

Leb.non,

In Ihis hol('_ I.k.,n

a.

a

mit;lar)'

cere .oa) ,

ht' ·e.rlO

IDF f' igu -li

....

i. b

'L.ban ,..,

ForO ·· D2mellilpr. hi s sboulder p al ch is

t h a i

o f .

command

unit o f

his

milit; (.. ., Plat DI)' I

I t

OIl

launcher eombination.

and

also carries an . \K· l i

recemly taken from a dead PI

,0

guerrilla, Thl' unit

tag i1llachcd to the l ft ep:tulcllC' is almost idC'llIical

in sl) le

IDF tags, and

i ~ ~ u e d

all milit ia

mcmocrs: thc

motif

combil1N the imat;C s

of

the

Cedar

of

Lebanon

and

a

f i ~ t

brandishinl; a

s\\ord.

E,;

~ J · r i o a Comlt/al/do.

lsi

Commal/do

Group: 1 J t ~ a a

,n,, :.), JU[

98

The Syrian

Commando

Baltalions art among the

most cffceli\'('

and

expericnced units \\ilhin lhc

Syriilll milililr}, In the riall

Army

camouflage

uniforms arc issued to cOlllmando unit.s. airborne

Iroops and cerlnin

categoriN of

political police

\\ilhin th(' Arnll 'd Fore(.., e'tablislull( IlI, This

u l d i ( r · ~

unifornl i, a Syrian

COp\ of

a Paki,t;lI1i



c a l l 1 o u f l a ~ e suit, Pasl refcrences to it as a 8 r i t i ~ h

O P ~ d variant

arc

incorrect . His SOl'iet hdOlct has

a

doth

co\'cr in til('

~ a l l l e

material. His lX'rsonal

i (luiplllelll al-.o show..: a < ; t r o n ~ vict innucncc.

The

RPG b a ~ .

three-pocket

.\I\. .n

l11alf<lzine

pouch

and

call1ei'n arc all

of

Russian

pat terns. In

hi

tank-killer role he carries

an

RPG-; and a

havcr<;ack filled wilh RKG43:\ anti·tnnk 1-,lTi·nade-:.

IIlI l,lller rapahk of pt'llctralillll; lb5 mm

armour, He i ; also armed wilh a SO\'icl AI\.:\I

a l ~ a l l i t rifle,

H2: ~ l r o l l

T-7: 7

llIk CrnC71lOn:

lJ ko o

ra/l,..I .

}ullr

IgII

S) nan armoured

forces

bore

the

brunt

of the IOF's

t h r l l ~ t

into

the Ikka'a \'alley. and sufl(-ri'd ~ v c r d

as a ri'Sult. Comp.'lrl'd with thcir previous

lX'rformanccs the

S)rian

tank crews

did \\ e11.

tcnacioll .. s t a n d i n ~ their ~ r o l l n d

and

often

f i ~ h t i l l g with

~ r e a l

..kill. Collecti\ d}. hm\ e\'er. thq

\\ere unable 10 deal efl('Cliw'ly with Israeli armour.

and finally had

10 r l i n q u i ~

lhe anli-tank mission

LO commando

u n i l ~ and allli-lank hrlicoptt'r<;. This

T h r ~ ~ n s

o f l h ~ o r i ~ ; n a l Mulli.Nal;onal Force poR fo r

Ih e

obliplory handshake-:

PorI

ofBe;n:u, 26 A u ~ s l Ig.lI::t, From

lert 10 riSht, they

are

a French

J

RPIMa pllral .......prr, II US

Marin., and an

halian

Carabini.,ri mililary

policemaa.

NOI.,

I ha , t he Amer ic an h as n ei lh ., r

a ma :a ,;

..

.,

in

hi s

....

_ p o n

aor

I ~ , . , n amm...ul;on pouch. . . .

...,

of

Ih e

....

).

Ihl'

~ l a r i n

..

empha...

ised

Ih e

' aon_nfron,:u .ional ' nalure

of

Ih.,;r

oriSinal

m;s ion. N...

ilh.,r

of Ih e oth.,r

.,..a

senls see.ms 10

h a ~ · e

follo . .·ed.

suil;

1hl' halian

MP

ii i

armed. ilh

a Berelta p;slol a

B ~ I ~

Mk

ITAL

rifl.,

and a ba)'onl'l NOI., Ih 'Army'

p , ,nlal;on orlhe

Ilal;an .,001;11.11;

.....1pau,h,

as

compared. . .i h

Ih

..

~ b r i n e

nrs ion ho

......

in

Plale 3. (IGPO)

ue\\man

\\cars

the I ~ p i c a l unifOl'Ill of

Syrian

armoured

and

mcehalli<;t d I r o o p ~ in

tht'

Lebanon

campaign. Wilh Lhc black padded SO\,i{ 1

tanker's

hdl ll l·t . he Wl'ars thc tall khaki fatiglles

issuro 10

armouJ ( (1

and Ilon-t-lilc, non-plJlilical units wilhin

the

Syrian

mililary,

:\

slight ) diflCri'nt

green

uniform

is

also issued. I t i< i n t e r e s t i n ~

10

nOll· that

the

Syrian .\rmoured Corps dcx S

lIot issue fire4

r( <;istant

clothing

to an} of its uni t... The

tanker's

person.al \\'C'apon is a SOl'iet i.62 mOl Tokare\'

pistol.

£.1 . ~ I r i 1 I I Commando. 8j/1t

Brigad : 8,i ,/.

Ig

This

commando soldier. a.tlaclwd

10 l l l ~

Syria.n

f O I ( , ~ in Beirut. Wl al S tht· Syrian 'lizard-pattern'



camoLlflag (' uniform with

~ I a n d a r d

fillig-tlc cap and

an Atlwrka n-I YP('

I-G5

fidd jackt·1. Ht> also carries

a CS-m<tde . \ : \ PRC:'-l':; radio. lI l>d Ihe S}rian

.\nny ~ i n c e Ihe endy 197ft >.

FI: PLO

PFI.P

jiuliQf/) . lIrrrilla: Dall/ollr.

]/Il/r J f 82

The Popular' Fronl fl,r the Librralion ol'PalNline is

a

pan·.\rabisi. p r o - ~ I a r x : i s l

lerrOI'

~ r O l l p

\\hich.

under

tht· it-adl'I''''hip 01'01' ( ; ( O r ~ t ·

H a b a ~ h .

Ix-camc

famo\ , in

till

19ioli fi,r a lit·ril .... ofair1;llel· h i j c k i n ~

ILS

s l I O J H ~ h o l d W;I' tht· f(mller Clu;sliall c i l ~ of

Damour. hidl il

d ( · r l ~ n d l ( l f . l l l ; l t i ( a l l ~

a ~ a i n s l

Ihe

10F ;

II

19B:2.

This .\ IUJftlmdin 'l'r('('(lom

f i ~ I H c r

gucrrilla \\(·011 a

mi lure

o f i l l d i g e n o u ~

PLO

and

S ~ r i a n u n i f o r m ,

i n c l u d i n ~ the PLO 'liLaI'd patl('rn '

lrou.-.crs and a S ~ r i a n , \ n n ~ undcr;;hirt. .

\ though

this

Oil('

i.. loos(·. hi .. J rfi f t picall} \\orn in Ihis

rashion to conCl'al idemit}. H('

is

arnwd \\ ilh an

R

re.

i round

......

turrl'd

caSlI:a1h

into a

SPOrtS b a ~ .

and, oddl} enough, an .\Illl'ricalt ,\1-16 rifle. B} an

xamin:llion of serial numbers on captur(-d

\ \ l ' apo lh . Ill(' b,r.u·li, d i ~ o \ e n d thai ll1am oflhf (

( 1 1 originall}

pan

ofAll1crican

<II

lliPltll·lll

..

tQ

a

lIdi

.\

1 01 hi

.. or.Jordall. \\

hi(

h had 'o;ollll'ho\l ' Iwen

d;\'t rted illio PI,O hamk

F :1: PI.O

ltll/H'r:

I J r m ~ l O l I ;mllr SOli lirtn

J.rbmuill.

J/IIII

gl 2

The

PLO

mark

1I C

or a

trrmcndou

\'arict} of

camouna,:,c unirorm... mal1\ tlluque to their

organisation. Thi nlan \\1 ,11 olle (lr t h : ~ e

; n d i ~ ( · 1 1 0 1 l . l pat Inn ... t U ; ~ i n a l l \ q'cn dUl ill't tht'

'Black St'ptellllx'r' e r i ~ i in

Jordan

during 19in

Thi .. t}l>C

is

lI'iuall} \HIl I l

h}

onicef :.

in'itrUCION

or

'commtllldo'

ulli

\ \i lhin tilt· PI.O. and indicat( <;

some kiml nf;'lilc ~ l < l l us. 11 i'i a1..0 \\

t : l r i l l ~

Ihe

PLO

F...,a.:h MNF IrGOlb o ( l h ~ . :nd . 'ilad Forei .. Le,&io .. P...... 'h. .

R ~ i m . u ('ii' REP) p p r.. I..

m o ~

inco W.....c 8o:inu,

Seplember 198 T l o ~ , .

. .

·

rS r f f.. .. wilh 110 ih ·..

rbad

o r

.....

Fr e

..

ch

Troup li

A i r o p o r t ~

othe

.....

th

..

,.

aro:

dro:.' <SC'd aad equippcod a i.. PI..... 10. Sc:anes i ..

o:omp ''' ' '

c:olours

wora 0 . . .. . .. ten

-houJder:

I....... ..b r pal ,h.,.,.o(c ,

5 J l m ~ c : o l o

.. rs

........

Iso marked

on 110 , rear o r ..... helmet o:o'·e.....

Th

.. , uad l i h , , ~ h o o l r r i'li a rmnl

'ilh

ch..

FR

Fl 7,5 mm

saiprr r if lr , I hr o . ~ r s eo

...

..,.

hullpup-<o..

r. ....

n1

5-56 mm

FAMAS

FI

riDes..

(IGPO)

13



copy of the ChiCom :-\,, -_,

i

chest pouch. locally

made

in

PLO

f.-l(torics and the

main

type in usc. His

I)lXII arc copies

ofth(' French I Off/ugo can\'as

hoot.

with rubher soles. His wlid red krJi.1 I1J is :llsn

supposed to indicatl' elite SlatUs. although

other

patterns

might

he worn, He

is

armed with a Sovict

i 62 nUll Dragll1l0\' S\'D sniper's rin( : very few of

the PLO received thi much-con'ted weapon,

and

many

PLO

had to resort

10 cruddy

attaching

<;nipcr·.,cope'i to

A · is.

Others

made

lise of

\\'eslern niperrines ohwined from fi'iendly Arab

states

or p u r c h < l ~ e d

from

arms

dC<lkrs ill'Ound the

world. This mall has added a

~ m a l l

Paleslillian nag

to his web gear, also a common praClice,

Fj: OjJim. PI.O:

11 rJ

B,il /Il. :lugliJI

19/12

This Qflid commander I

ofa

PLO unit

o p ( r a t i n ~

in

Ihe

a p p r o a ( h e ~

to the Lehanese

capital is wcaring

Iraqi combat

fatigues, possibly

indicating

that he

lx-Iong<: to the Arah Liberation Front ALF, a

Baghdad-hased separatist PLO faction. Like

many

PLO

OffiClTS. he wears a red hcret with

PLO badge.

an cagle

wi

th the Pa Icstinian colours on its chest and

th('

,\rabic

word for' Pak'stinc' below. His k1i rah is

worll a scarf. a cOlllmon prnct icc

among PLO

flghtc'r , He

is

armcd with a Czech CZ :

i 62

rmll

p i ~ 1 0 1 and till' Hungarian vcr..ion oftbl; AK-.Ji. the

.\ ID-65. ('asily idcllli fled by its folding

~ t o c k ,

flash

hider, forward pistol grip and shorlcl1('d b:ll'rel.

The

Karl Zeiss field glasses show that the PtO can

afford to purchas('

till

nor)' best l'quipmClll offcf('d

for sale on the intcrnational

.mns

market.

PI,a (PFI.I (;C)

, /idTil/a . h

1\11 1

/lriwull : ,\ it/rlll,

J/II//

Jsl12

One of

the 'regular' PtO formations established by

YassCJ

Arafat in

laiC

1981, Ihe K<lstd Brigadl..' was

made

up of

persollllel from all the ariOtls PtO

factions. Among the contributurs was

thl.

Popular

From

for tht· Liberation

of

Palestine/Gellcral

Command,

a pro-:\lnrxist t( ITOI group with

about

t,5°° fighu.:rs. Thi;Y achic,'cd their status within thc

PLO

by a series ofattacks inside Israel. ofwhich the

most important wcre those on a school bus in

rgio

and against a ll11rseryschool at :\Ia 'alot in

t9i4.1n

1982, al Sidon. they conducted a , i<:ioLls six·day

defcnce of the Ein cI Hil,,'('h refugee camp againsl

lhe IDF,

holding

Iheir

own cidlians

as hostages ,l1ld

forcin,g: thc Israelis to Ikt ' the cam p hOllse by hOllse.

Thisjrr , mf/ is wcaring' a locally·produccd Cl>py of

an Egyptian paratroop uniform with a

PLO

AK-+i

chtst pouch, He

is

arnlt'd ag-ainst all C 'Clltllalities

with a Polish K-DG).I-60 assault rinc filled \\'ilh

a

1.0.\'-,

gn' lladc launcher

lor

PG:\-Go ant i

tank grl'nadC'$, and all

S.\-i

allli·aircr<lli llliSl'ik

laurlCher,

G :J:

Jloumbifoufl

.\lililimlllll/:

l l r ~ /

B/ iml,

Srl rmher

1,r;8:

The

.\Io/lmhifO/l1/

u a r d i a n ~ or 'Sa,'iours'

in

Ambic <lrc

a leftist :\ luslim mililia whose

main

base

of po\\ cr li 6 within the imllledia tc Beirut area,

H9ping for a :\larxist Arab

state in

L.ebanon, they

ha,·c I)( cn i11\·olvcd in

t:,ctiOll<l1

fiA'hting against

Christi<lll and gonTnmclIl forces lor more than tell

years, They arc \\,t'll

armed

by til(' 5yri;l,ns

and

Liby<l,

and,

as militias in

Lebanon,

they arc well

organisC'd

and

highly disciplined,

During

the

9i i6

Civil \\ 'ar and Ih( t lfb Isradi irwasioll

t h c ~

fought alongside the

PLO. T h i ~

,I/rlllqf/ti/l

fighter) W('ars a Syrian

'lizard paltern'

uniform

and a rcd·pail1ted 50\'1(,t helmct be<lring the i\r<lbic

wurd ·.l/oumbifou/I , He

is armed

with 7,62

mm

Tok<lre\' pistol. an RPG-7 <lnd a slung

WCSI

German Heckler

Koch G3A3 rine, It

is

unclear

how much or Ihe militias' weaponry was aClUally

obt<lined, bllt

it is s: to aSsutllC th<lt

the West

German r i n l ~

was originally pan

or

weapons

shipmcTLt 10 '01111' i\lidcllc E<lSlern

e O l l n t r ~ :

or was

purchased 011

the

international arms market

using

funds prO\'ided

one of

rhe

oil-producing

Arah

states,

(, :;: Dru:: r

.\lililiallloll: _ 1 I ~ , F f / J r l l f / ~ l

IgIJ 1

The DrllZl' sect. li\'ing' in tlw Shour mountains

or

Lebanon o\Trlooking Beirut. arc long-term ,·c\

crallS

or tl1(

political in-fighting which COllStlllneS

Leb;IIl('sl' politic<:, During the Israeli i,wasiOIl the

Dnlze remained

neLLlral:

but

whe11

Amin GCll1ayci

rcfuscd to grant

them

and their ll'ader. \\'alid

JumblatL

the expcCled political rl'l)rcscl1tation.thc

Druzc fought the Lebal'1('st: Army <lnd bter the

Amnican ~ I a r i n e s at

Beil'ut Airpor t. which lay

di rect ly below their positions in the mountains,

This Druzc machine gunner wcars a Pakistani

eamounag'C' uniform,

alw

used by Syrian forces <lmt,

strangely tllollgh, by

certain

units of the

Christian

'Lebancse Forccs', It

is

i llt l' l'esting to nOtc that the



rll7.(' militia \\'orc n \ Olriel)

of

bailie d r c ~ s ,

011 \\ hom they wert allied

10

and what

her arllled Corn's Ilcre' ( l c C L I p y i l l ~ tlH'ir t ( · r r i t o r ~ .

r ( xampk. it \ l a ~ commnll III

t

tlwm II

caring

aeli \\iIHl'r

parkas

\nH.Ticall

BOC

..

and

S ~ T i a n

and helmets. Th( \\'oollen c:tp.

hCJ\\('w·r. is

10 Dru'l.('

throughoul the

.\Iiddlf' East.

he

lllall :trilled with a So\i( 't R PI) L:\1(;

,1Ild ; t i l

\ In('ricall .18

~ n l l

h-no:.('

I ( \ oh

cr lucked in belt.

:

F,tf/(h \/,m1/r

P(lrt/II/lfl I.

j NI cw/iI//I'amdlll/il((

r/' II alllmt rtf

.llaTlllf:

.11. \

·

IJI/rllt.

Ot/ob

HA1

cOlllrihUlion 10

the-

.\Iuhi-Xational Force

s dra\\11 from 'ilHe-n'rlHion'

llnih of

her 3 1 ~ 1

and

Qlh

.\Iarille'

and

Illh

Parachull

\1ll1)Jll{ Ilu 1.

\\ tlu' l R PI

.\1,1. 0111 of

A L , ~ i o n .......... roo

..

~ r r l i < l n

l CO

wilh Isnt l; ~ o l d j ..

rs

during lh r Pl.O ,,r lion,

s.

..I ,b r 9112. Th , Isra ..li .. .

ajor

~ · e r

th e new-slyle

f,u

is hu

..nd .. r r ; s . .. . :\1_,6. Hili IDF

..a lal is war . . , , >o\'e Ih e l fl I>o kel, Th .. I s;onnll; .. is

a .. ,cod wilh II FAMAS FI an d ,arr;u a

TR_PP_.

· 8 radio.

(11\loD)

Ihcorigillalllllil\s<'llt 10 Beirut in . \ l l ~ U S I 1982.lh(')

wcre ~ c f \ i l l g thcrt'

a ~ a i n

in Onohel 1983. In

g(·nnal. Iht' French hrought 11

..

\

nai, el( 10

their

:\ IXF dUlies Iha

some' or Ihe OIhel' contin,g-ellls. the

3

RPI:\la

in particular:.15 year., 1>I.:fol ( t h c ~ had

been ('.01.

Bigeal d\

I e ~ l n d i l l :3 RPe Colonial

ParachutC R C , ~ i m ( , l l I

of

Ihe .\ll{erian

\\ ar. and

l h r ~

had had ~ { , \ C r i d lattr 1>O Ilil1l..... IO.HriCil and lhl'

.\Iiddlc

E a ~ 1 . A l l l o n ~

\ \ a ~ a dililcull

tOll \\ith

eXIFl1.

in

It)jR

d l l r i n ~

\\l1ich

the\

10\1.

among

othcr;;. Ihcir ( olond hndh \\oullc t-ci in a PI.O

l l



US M. .. .

i n n

of thO'

MAU

..

r , r)

.. Ph..

langiM ro d bl...,k

d«oralNl

with

p o ~ I ' ' ' ' ' ..

r ~ h i r

G ''' ' ' 'f ,l;

)ki

.... l. s.:pl 'mbe

..

'96 , (IMoD)

a l l l h u ~ h ,

The

lour ill prou:n' ill Oelt,h,' ' I q H ' ~

('oclc'nallll'd I)i..

doll

1\ , illHlhl'(I

:{ RPI.\ ..,

delachnwnls from

Sl'\'('I ;l1

tll/ll'r units.

and .1 I

g i l l n i t

fir mar h

lI'>Sl'mbled

5 1 X ' d l i c a l l ~ fi, .......1 \ in'

in

I..dlanoll in S<.'pte-Illh('r 1 ~ ) I { 3 . lornwd

li mll

COll CriPh \\

hl)

\olmHt·{'l'(·d for l·;l.tf'lI(kd

~ ' l \ in '

ill

IkirUI,

il

dre-\\

( o m p . l l l i t . ~

from

·\1..·ral

Olher

p<lrillrOOp unils and n·c(·i\cd Ihl' l ( . ' m r X : ) l ; l r ~

ele:-iMlliltion

6

Rt',l{illll'lll eI'llIfalllcri

l

' Pal';\

dlll1iq\,',

It

\\'; S thi,

unit \\ hith

\ \ , h

Ill(' I < l r t ~ ( ' 1

oflhe

2 ]

Orle,I ,,, ' lliri(k bombillA . which t'(1'1 lh( ' Ii \ es \,f

8

Frellch

~ I d i e ~

m o , l I ~

1111'1111>(·1

.... I/f Cit',. I

Rep

R l illl('1l1

cit·

(:h;I

....

' ·m'

1 .11.1(

lun

i,ll

....

,

.\

It-n

of3

RJ>I.\I.I

hdperl

dilt tlllt

their C1 ll,hcd hodi,-..;.

Thi'i

1l.:'l.1'a \\ral' Ihe I'm OCret. (mn' Ih(' lllark

of

Iht,

Colonial p,aralroop, ..

illr(' n'nalllt (

'.\Iarine·

l ' t ' ~ m l I l ' >

hUIIlO\\ \IOrnIH

111

paraChllt

illf:lnln

1'X(Tpt 1111 ],''g inll rq,,:irn lll. 'lIlt' Clllt,ni,1I ,\I.lriut'

lJ.lrll l·

i,

lIl1,h,lJlgyrl:

,I Koler

11,h(>I \\illl

,I

..il\l'r

\\ing'ed fj'l

h o l d i n ~

a

~ \ \ o r d

~ u p l ' l ' i l l 1 p O ~ t ' d SI:IIl.

clarcl Freudl \ r m ~ ~ l l ( ' Iq6.J 'SrHin ' ~ o o ' r ; H i ~ l l ( s

arc

\\orn \\ith hlad, 'l.lll .:l'r'

IXlO '; •• nllnpall\-

colour<;cad :H Ihl'

,houldl'r:

lill'

n - ' : t ' l l l l ~

i,'merl

'\111

I

<l7.J

\\ ell l'(luipnll nt: ,lIlcl ,I

r i ~ h t

5Il'('\e hra,o;. lI'd for

i n ~ i t ~ l l i a .

Thi .. ,tl\\a

hore

Ihe lricolour

nalional

lIa,h

. •llld 4IOl('linll

a

1i:II mali(l1l i l l , i ~ l l i a

hcre

lilt' palch urlhc' II

OJ>

.\ IJ.llioll:l1 ,hit·ld \\<1 al,o

\Iorn 011

llw

I('h lIppc'r

, l t TH

Rallkill .:. nn lab:

'lWei til Ih

..

\'(,llI O 1),IlIh

on

Iht' jark('l

f 1 ~ , \l a .

'(llllctilllr

..

l'1'1ll11\l'd for P d t l ( I I ~ , Thl \ \ l , l p n t l is 111l

;· .; h

mm

'.

\, \

I.\S

F

J.

[I '

h.l) olll'l

h.lll, .:

Oil

lilt'

Idi

Ihic:h. ancl a

Iriplnrn'nadl' pouch mpieclli'om

tlw

old p.1l1l'llI i.. 1,11>1: (\ clo\ll1 10 11ll rit,:hl h i ~ h ,

II: : Italian ,\IannI. Bauae/tll1lr l ll .\101/0 :

.\1.\ 1 .

imt , I U ~ I I . t t lJ

I h l l ~ cOlllribulcd til(' lan,:e't nllmb('l

of

troops 10

,h e .\1:'\1- '1I 1le-

nint'

hall.lliorb

rOl.t1l·d lhrou,C;h

Ikinll

at

\.Idou timl·

...

Indudeel

\ I f r (

lhn'(

l ) . l t t . l l i l ~ l h fll FI11l: (ln ' p.II',llrofllil'. lhn' (' 01

B{,l :lt,:

lieri.

Oll( '

of

r C ~ l l l a r

i n l l l 1 1 t r ~ and

all

,lI l'l10ureel car

lIllil.

till ' ' ( ' a \ a l l e g ~ ( ' r i

di

Locii'. Carahinit'Ji

aCI('(1

.1'

milital \ police ,lIld Ih('

\ .1\

COlltriblll( ( ils San

.\ arco' .\brinc batlalinn. ,ho\\l1 hel'(', T h ( ' ~ \ \ 1

. I i ~ n e d

ICI t

h l ~ .

a

bra and

Shal

il.1

di ricI<;: alt

houA h

1 1 1 l ' ~ .Cellt'l alh

rC.I(:h('<I.l

A lXld

rcl:lIion,hip \lilh lltt

P.t1e<:tini:llh. the\ still 'lIlfer('d 11\0

f

talitil''i,

Italian .\l.trim·, and par ,, ' \ \01 (

the

eharacteri,,·

tie Italian (,illllouflage dothin((:

the I

leI' Lilli

I Jh

e

rlrah l ' l ( ' a r l ~ ( ' a r \ ari('( from unit to unit.

including

Ih(' red Ix'rel of Ih('

paralroopl' :

lilt

h l l l e - l a ~ , c I l t - d r('eI

fel'

of

till' lk ....

a ~ l i ( ' r i

\\ hu al-.o

\\ore-

\\hiu ·pailllcd .\locl.:n helm('h

\\ilh a plullll

nfrlark t,:n'l'll

n'lCbl('r

f('athen. on thC

r i ~ h t

it (' : anrl

hlaC'k

;1Ile

midnil.: hl

blur h('rN'

\\ ilh \ari(IU hranC'h

h a e ~ ( ' < ; .

Thi:. .\Iarilll \lean. a black bC'n' \lith a <:iher

.lmhor-anrl-rifll'S harley. Ill'

ha,

laiel

a ~ i d ( ' hi,

( , ; l I n ( ) U f l . l ~ I ' i.lckc'l

fiJI

a p I,' khaki

..bin.

\ Iorn \li lh

thl' 1I11il \ Iwl ;lnd \ c110\\ eire :.carC

The

shin

bear

.

111( Ilali,tll nation:tl ar of

S ; : \ \ o ~ '

Oil till' collar

point:.: a

~ t l 1 0 \ \

and

l (. <1

'LulllofSt

.\1,lrk· IIllil

c l(-<;I

palch: :1Ile

a 1I:tlional

arm ..hidd

Ix'culiar

10

Ihi

unil. andllHI

1>I:'I'haps

tl f : ' \ a \ ~ oril{in

lhe

Olhcr

unib \\OJ'(' .1

..Il.lllo\\ tricolour n.lsh

Ollt

lin('(1

dlo\\.

I Ie

carri,,,> Ihe

I)

mm Ikret l:l ~ I l .

S.\IG,

;1I1r1

his

\ \ ( ' b b i l l ~ is limitcd 10 an .\rnl 'l 'i tan .\1 l ljG piqol

Iwlt 131 i l i ~ h f i r local p a l l l ' l ' I l ~ \lcrc . L 1 ~ u seell

The

I

talialh 'l'I'm

10

haw

b('(,ll

shon o f

\\ iIlIt'r

( 11 II

hi I l ~ .

and

phOllh .,110\\ <;lIme paratrOOpCl' \ \ l ' a r i l l , ~ IDF

parka ',



fl3: CS

,\1(1rinf ,

lh .IJ.Jt': .\1 \ I BfUIit Odob

1y83

he :\lal'illl ,\Il1l'l'i.,;t , . 'n l 10 1.I'h;1I11111

\ I N f

pnwirkd

11\ [1\1. :\l.lrilu'

.\mphihinu

L·llit

a ~ ~ i - { l l t ' d il\ rntatilJll 10 the ,\Iedih'r ;Itl('an ,\m

p h i b i o t l ~ R t ' a d ~ Croup : \ IARG, Sixth L'S Fleet:

th e uni15

Ilel e

3:.md lat('r, '.l ,md :\I.\L and '141h

:\I.\L',

E ; H ~ h

in

turn

\\a,

built

around

a

Banalion

Landing

Team

of the thh

:\Iarine

Regimt'lIt,

OUI

of

the . nd :\larine

D i l ' i ~ i ( l n

at Caml> Lejeune BLTs

'18 and

I

8, n p < ' ( ' t i n ' I ~ , .

ph

:\I.\L

\ \ a ~

on

d l l 1 ~

n

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Documents

Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12