520

Osmanlıca

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 3j-*^s*. t^^j^J lfl^ if . i

    ^\y'^

  • r v JjJ.^ vjl^^J \ia^

    kj\^-

  • -3

  • r \

    , jj^l jiwl" j^ ^^-.c-i jll'\ ftAr^

  • J-^^- S.x>- jjU

    ^J^**^} U ij J^i (3*1-^'j^j^ iJ^ojSij^ijyS cA*^-^ ^^Jl^

    cX'L-i.L sijj^>- ^^ JU- o-^^.j^y ^:j i>^.ia* ti.-^^^ cr^-\^ ^i jl^i' /5_^*.

    si^'l' jU. j^ia^* jllol-- jKr^::>. jx^,i> fjj\a^'] . ^a_;lj^J ^Jlr y ^-

  • _M ^ J'J I

    .jj.z.Vi o^'>lc Ji-^^ ^. (Sy^

    A'i^lJ^^ ^!^^.-^j^J

    ^i'j ^Jlr JUj^ Oj-^^^^'T (^-*^< J*cl^-\ oJ^:Xj^i\ c^t(^ c^kS^ ^tX'^x^\ t.

    ^J^J (>l oJ'^^JaO^^.J ajl3 ei,^

  • iac^ jl!a^

  • :-^A-:j,^\ jUr^ jTi (^JbiVj^ -Clc ^[-^^j A-*l*i-l o^bx ^j^jh fJ^

    y

    . ji'j^lc j^-j ^{^>- \S^^^ b\[^^^ JjaIj^ - J^-i ^'VjU* l oAc. jj^AA t^^l!U -j^*v.> c.- Jl-->r

    jJLlLlj O5-JJ* ' U*'^^ ^*^*^ 'y^'* v^*"^- ^-^'^-^ c/-^^'*' - ^, "^ -*>^J

  • 4^ jir Y^-v

    jj^-^ A)(_^a: jt-^-^ ' ^"^^^^ S'^^^ jiyj^ jU.. o\^>^j j*>.\ j/^ts^'Ljsijj

    4j^*l djjj^ ^3^j^ ^_^xr ^U; ^j^i ja^:io-\l>\ JLJ^j(%l^ ^ jjUa9 4^u:5\ J.c\c^\

    J\^ t ! 4i.J-^^ s-^^>- 4*.^. ^^^ Jr.*^'!; ^y^^^ "^-^.^ 'J-''^^ ^J^^ (^ JA;;\

    ^li? J-^*^ j^^ ci'j-'^* vjUJlr ^l* J^T d\;4>.l^:;- j.-\l jJjT

    ^"^"^ ^3^ ojy''^ y y^ jaj aZ-I ^U'J' ^^t/Ul^l^ C^^.:j^ ci>'ojKJt#

    k/*:*^^ ^^^

  • t^* Ji-

    rJ

    J-)l J^a!^^ jJ_^> *jlI>c>'j j^;.j^rc-U6:*\ ^j; -^U (>.-^j^ -^^t ^>\ 3^^

    c/"j jT^-^jj.f4^\J^CjJ-l^ ^j9- o-^-^i'J y*^'- ^*j^^ j-^h S'j^^ oyy/^y,

    01*3 5-^--j j>t^ A^A.ii^/i"j;V ^u. j^J\x J*- -^-^--^^1^ vJ^^^" -^*^/^.

    ^-^^ sjy^ \ j\j ^\J^fr\ ,jr^jU:\ iA^-a>\ J.f-lc-^ ^-'L* ^^iJLUj i^Ai^

    (^-^^ cT^r -^^-^^ Al-:** (Sj^ J'^j^ -^i*

    J^Jj>- Ij^ iS^y'^b ^5>^iA.UlA.j8-jA^ Jit^j.^ -JjijU a.^j^3 J- VI

    '^-/'^. ^^=^--^-4* jV^l^U^i *x^^}^ A/uy .^UL ^- 4J jWj iAiUl j~.9-^^i) jUi* j ^i^y\ ^>.aj ^_^-A>-i^:^ ^\^^->- ,^x\^^jxJ\ JjAJ :^Xa\x^ ci4*>j^f~^* 4**l*^--.Vl JAil y^^A^

    '>rk^^ J'l^yy Jj^* i3^i'3 JJ oiU'lv^ d:-j.:k^_ Oi>- ^.;i'" [n]

  • ^(^aii^ JjU jir [t]

  • (j jl-ia^j ^jc\ jlia;j ^jU . j-k-.jLlj^J wiJl" -^J'jU-* (U [.a:^^:- ^ .vv ]

  • ol jUM YAY

    : jjj^>.^- -L-. oJbA;i

    j^y C-li^\ ^^'^ aTjU. ^^->- jVj\ J-'-U tJ>^^^ -Uic -\ii>- j^^^ .^^*-i*

    J-l fc ^^^ . j^a.j3jl Jj_ jai^-ljlifr, j^jj^ ojjL) J-L *ii^^fl ^'-fr J^'^'y- ^y\c ^'b^^ ^iit j-v*^^ '^.'^} ^\. ^^ ^y*^ v)*^ \>^^ ^^i"^ o^ j^^j^^

  • ^ti^J^j jl^d^ ji^j\ jyi o^-^J ofe^ ^'-^:' / ^-^-^^ -'^1-' ^-'^'^

    A

    A*

    -s

    \

    r\\ r\\ t\\ t\\ r\\ r\\ r\\ r\\ r\\

    . j4^J^

  • 4Jl jl*T T^*

    A V 1 o 1 r r N

    V ^ o t r r N

    J^- a:-.w ^l* ^1, j

  • . Jy^ ^/^^ i

    lT^^-' diu* j5j>- jjJ'y ^^J^ i j^^

    iJj-Ac- jVj^ vb -'^V.v^ dlu. Jaj'U. K\yZA t^i jjA^ij >

    *y y^ j-j -v.^

    NtA M n N^ A t Y \A V 1 otfYN

    . . . \\A M rr N"\ A 1 '^ N

  • ^ O^^ ^-'^ Cjj^ jUC < oj' li^^ ^\

    ^*.j ^ ^ \

    ^Ju^ j Cy ^

    . o^ f

    JyS^ Y

  • r V Ji^

    j>^ i vi^5-l jjj^-^ oUs- jil* j-^ < jA5-l^ ^.L_=^ Jj^J-^ jV^ -'^-'^

    ji\y T ^-A,^^ :-.- A^^ iS^.^)''^ oVj ^'^}^fj jl*3>U ^-.a.^j

    j-b a^.Cj^Zj\ c.>^ Jbj.; cj-y/^ o-vJjU ^jj ^ aI.xi.-\:j o^J^ a^p^^^^I^^ cIjuLj

    ^^t ] -V,*^/' ^>-^jb (5^-^.^ jy*J f^^ J*--a^ *-^b>. J^Al JA.-- ^lUlJijb

    cr4Ho^-i t^^ ^^j^^ xA'Sy o\s^iy\ .jAw^*9- A>*U-* 4-Jo iJLUJTy ,C^a::-

    ctl:-J

  • Cj^fj}} ^3j^^\ J^J^J i

    > Oy*-ii^(J V

    : jjJjLc jjji;^^ ^j^o^ ^^T''^^.^-^^ oijU jVj\ J^"^> ^1:3^^

    [ lT (i*!. ] ^ J^

    [V ] - Jt.

    vl.X.M*) Oj^C

    14^>-

    (Ia^'^V^'^Jo ^ OVA

  • tA# Jli

  • ^Ul Ja i ^\J:'>: Cj\J ^j^i^ o-x:--a,.>M*> ^^-^ NAoi [Voepcke]

    i!XIa A>*4r c$^.-^^JJ:^"

  • [ Casiri ] ^j% j^r^* ^} ^-^ J^-'j^^ ^ y 4-"ir t>L-^i^ j^^3\ J^l^'c^ ^^.Jl (>I .-^^-^4 Xo^>^^.i o-^5^^.^^-a o-iM^ j^-^^^^ ^-^^^ '^^i-^-?^ J^i'^'^ di^)\jl:L>

    J^t-^*^ cT*^.-^ (i*^y^ * c>ll|.U\ il:^V\^ aJA\^..J ^K^J ^:^U x-l:5"

    ^jU* ^lUV^Oi; L=^>*^ (^J

  • 4JI jlM YAY

    . jj^^Aj^ ^^^j - VI

    . jA^OjJ jj^ j^Jlr ^aaj^a k\a ai^A)^^^

  • VAN Ji^

    . [\] jjbjJ^.-;l; j^J j{^^J^\ oa^: 4,^1"! .^"jr^;^! ^-^ ^

    (^^^ ^-ac ^^J.X_^ dllMl5 ja:^-\i> (iAp-^t t/'i'^-^^ cT^-^- W-^

  • Aji jirT YA

    j^^U*.^ j jW J-aJ

    o-xl.^^ .jjj;l:.r ^_^liclxv -iiJjli> ^ja^^J jL

  • -jl^>- o^ol (^*.x>.^ ^lj

  • vl jl*T r V A

    oj^l j\jS>- zJ ^lU- *J3\Jr^-^ .AU."L.;. ^J\j^ ^^'-' VoA - viV" [s] *^

    jXi\ jU ^31_^t^ v>-^ ^*^^. ^/.>" *^-J^*-^ >^i u/J-^^ iJ^- dDyJ^ cr^-^.-*^.^ J'*0^-'(/-*i (i-*'^ij> j;;-'- (Jy^Cj-kM j^ i^JoJ (j2.*U U:)lj jly ^^.^> ( ^-^J O^*" )jl>- Jaij

    . y^x\ tJ^^ ^Iftl 0^>-^ (j^^-^ ^j^ jf\>.l JjAjl Jl-i-Jlij t^Ji-vb ,^1; >>1 -U-.A:,- V t V' 4"4>- li^^'J jUfil A.,^-.^!; jJ^L Jkm\ J^\ A^jS >*i ^->;^^

    j>- Vl .ja^^jli.>. cjjj^- jj^^ ^r:'*^^* Jj-J ^ ^^dji^U ^jC-JUj^ l^1 j^^alsL. Jl a-^:^ VM ^^-jI ^\ C^^yZ*- %j\^ /*:*-/ iJjaJ^J ^-^ -^jI^-*!

    .ja-iJK^ a/U.

  • YVV Ji^

    j^.c A^iAt jU sil- AL.^^ O^.-^.^

    0'>^j^ ",^^^^^ JJ3 i>y^^C^ \K\ J

    .jJ.^i:.5 c-\.\^\ J^^\j J

  • ^-ac ^fS^Jb . ^^JJLI ...^iLl [oj^U* /^. -A^ c> - ^l^^] ASU^C

    [N] j-^-'^>4i.-j^_^ ci^ia" .

  • Y V o Ji>

    jAiaJ j-^j^M^ 'f^=*-> -^^* .jAJLij\*iU ^jb L^j-^ J>=^ -^, ^ jXL-- ^-i>cir j

    .jA^Vl o*Mc AiU. e^^ ^-l jA.LS^^r

    ja^ j\^\ (^3^^^^^ yj'^^'^f jjjjj^rL^ vixu '.^ A^''^* < ->u-luj

  • Ju^-\L ^< J-i-v^J (3-'"^" JA.'j^l^ [TerquemJ Sj-" >:-'^* ^:SsX^\ Ikc^ ^.^j ^^

    NAiN -

    ojP jj 'a!^J (^'> Al^lij^ CT^/.-^ OUjl* ^_5^*i. 0-^* -a^ ^yui'^ c^c^

    .j^i^^ A^ eA:;)^4!^\ (J3j^ ^jTu il^lj^^ jj.:.jJoJ \j1 4^1 ^ij J^^J^j

    -\^ ^r>- , ^A>ji* j^.-^'-'J ct-'"^" oL^ij

    ^i^ ^Ij iX J.^U.l- jj^^^-^ljj \iJi\ ^j^^\ j^^^ oi*J ^ jVjl C-'.^j j^*

    ^a^^LJ O^C- |.M* tr>*^ -^-2:.^ UlJ-i ,^i^\:)l-^ [^]

  • t jJulljU \*

    \^t i)^>l:> jf^.jl'^ i\\ s^j^ ^.jl'j . ^> o^: A>:-^ L-^^p 'J -^l-. [\] jj^j^}^ ^^loJLI *aJ-x,1 jl:^*

  • 4JL j\,*T VVt

    1

    o

    y

    \

    Y

    o

    Y

    #-Ci>- ^^jjj J^-.^\ cA^*uij ol..^ *'^j^ f"^^ t^^ti^ f v^tj^z* o\iyy {S3^

    J^> j-^ -A.'^J ol'^U. j^i ^olj ^^ y-["\ viiC^ ^>'' ^^--'.^

    ti : - -r^i^^ cr>i [N]

  • n\ y^

  • .i ""i. , ". - --

    ;:r^X- [r] t^^^l eJ\ ol-?- - j\j^

    OA^ljj fa;y^U^ c.y^J^cjl->- 4U;.^^.5jj j^j^^SDU*c , ^utl ^i^\ a^K.^X> *^J

    i ^Li-i^aii* elh.-ljUjriXl\ -C [-1]

  • o^-^ j'j3i\ oj^ jlJ j_^:fj (3^^''^J^ (^j^-5^ b\ o^^Uij jJ. jJkjL;lHd jxJ^ ^i O*. ^^* ^- ^^-^ ^5^ALiV Les Lemmes] wl^^-^/ Ali?- t^yy^ jVi\ jrb Al_?- ^*:^^i*

    lil^L* :all 45^JU jJiiLrJvl^lij ^X'V^ JiJ^ -JjJlo^ VjlJijl c;-Jj4laJic ^^

    elAli.4^-^lJ4l *L^ O'^*'.^*. S\ C^^ Jj4I cJy-- jVjl l^. ^y^j^ *^hy *:^**^ ' i-^J

  • ^L' -V^\ jliai . *A:JL?-b J>^1* (5^j-- _^-' O^i L^^XO < A_** o^j^^y AO*

    [N] -^^y^ 0^^ r''^. ^'"^ ^"^-^^ i^^ o-vi--A*l5^*:5 dlu^^j^r^i^?- ^il* j.^?-!

    jjc;>J^\ ^U\ ^^^^' 0>-fJ j^'V^\ j/ 4^ J^^* ol> < JI^Ji

    c^^i a\iX^\s^Sa (J

  • .jj^^c ^y iSy^ L^^.-^'T JU,^ (^^^/ ^ L^^\

    J^-^ 5.-^.^ *^^^^ ^^f.^ J'" dCV^U J^^-y^} Llafi^i li^^^ (S^:*^3 ^>u^vl*-l 0^4 ^-J j;^>- tf (^^5>=.)*^IIj .j^^c j^j cAJ\ 4^\ J_^i ^(j- j-^j, J^y,

    jV^ ^4* ^->-^ jJb^iij jV^l ..>-l j^j^>- dl_iil> . *>;^J' ^

    aJU>\ dll\^^;j'^3^o .^ci.^jVjijl^ -bU>.^jr . Jt)' r

    , jJUL>lljl ^jj^^* ^dl'Aill (jrU i\J^ -ojilii^^

    jjTju cjIlToU^ [N]

  • ol j\t'\ y-vn

    jVj^(ijl^la* -(.'jirjOj (l^j (o'L.9^\ cjA^ jliL 4.^\ t^j^-^'^^-^- ^J^j^y,

    ^A> jjliUii ^_^^j^ . .^^jij L?-l j4^Upjl*i jVj^jtj:^l3^^

    jJbJ vl^L\ ^ (3^ JvV*Jl-Jj^ J-^i jcJy ^^^ vil'

  • ^.^ jVji C^l yu ^Uljy jjjjik cJ^--^^" -^^-^

    A^JU^ [\] ^.^'-O. jV^iii^>-l 0^4'.U>jjj^>- (jrj^^^ . j^'

    t^^yS^L ^x--)Ot d^^\\jll^ jj} Cyj}^^3 JJ:\j!>\^\ iJlll3 c^^ v-i)^*

    r j^ A)* o J.t-:ij ^\^5t!--\ t^Ap-ij* 3^1 jr i^-J^J j'^ jai^i ^^^ ^fc

    - * .. I -

    oJV. ^

  • .a:-.U-^^^^ j,uzc. j^:^)^ . ^jCi\^^'^\i-jMj'^ a/] ^Cj!

    ^L^u [l]jjJjb_^*-ilj *llc^ ^Jy. ^^f'J. >-^'^*l

    ^j--a- - l^\Jcl C:U./ dU^^tfl ^^>.l ljJ^-[ Nen^^t*^ ] 3-0^^ li^*/ - ^'^ il *t^j i^ vlj^ j-j^J o>ai-

    .

    jAAiUj ^^-' dlu*J ^C^ *J-*:*^* '^Z -J^**-* ^'} Ji-Jj' (*'* 'i'^jr "^^-^

  • o-^^^ -^^^^ oUjL ^i^ ol*>. jljiT ^jyj^\ twi--lr .(^-ij jd^ *^^A.S (j^?-

    c^-H^ j^^ 3^/^ i^.lcjj ^*j>- -^^'-j ^-J^J

    .jaJ'i-j^ c^^i'* jVji j'b aTL-^Ij vii*^

    t^-Ki^l oL.J-\j jJ3\ c.^1 olf >?

    . jAirl cj^^ JCb^ Jl^Jl Jj^l 0; Ja i^MaI

  • f[t] j^^H o^

    ol^i-^(j o Y,jX^j[\e>.

    ^^J^^- Cjjy^ ctV' J,?l^>i Jblc AljU^ ^ c U-*j\^w Y*

    J^j / ^^^S ^^^-"^ .Jjyy \ s-i-1^ ^^^, -J^ ^j - o

    crOj>*^ di^liU^A 3

  • ja*^^^l viLjlo oL*mp-^5^j>J ^Jlr j^ii?- OU^* c-i^-U* , [\] jjjjj

    : JJ.J" I -j/ t^jl' i jVj^ ^ i^ A"L^lj viioy w?-L

    t^yi ^^o^J"! iJ>Jb\ j\f^ ^:^''S y^^\ (jAijs^ J^--^ jVy J^-^*

    O^^ A\y ^.^^ cA.'^i^J ^l--

    .jJb^Lc jAis-^ ^uUy j-^^^\^

    . jJLii-l Cj^^ X>- j'j- 7c:i)l v/ jU- j^Ul,j-_^l [N]

  • c i;^i.i u^u j/-j iUj ANc tijC^M oijj !^-j ay

    ^jyM A^^\, i o'jjy} . [\] jj^^v^ ^^y ^j-\;^i S^Ai) *-*^y V * ^-^^

    o-A-i'j w*ii^ j^ ^by jj^ ^^.^^^=*"' 3 cT-^J -^y o^ji^ij ( . J)u.>^ ^.- .jj y\

    J^J\- JJ ^1 |>^i cr>*i [>]

  • Va^ek:

    t .\cJi H:;^^.. u-^^^^ iS^j}j'^^\ ^jMli J^A^ dilAM ;/uJ lUj

    ;*;.y^\ sl^Jl !"Vl J^iJ 4!Uj

    ;:J\ ^\y\ J^^\ l^cj 4Lj

    c s^ps^ lA"^j ^r^b Ji^^ ^^-J x:'**' J*^^cy ^"^-^ ^ ^^'^-^

    j-^.-jS^l' ^ c ^jVl /^* ^;^IJI ^^^A JM:^iJ lUj. jjup-^ c!l:5^Lii c-l:S^J [

    c j^i^I ^[J\j ^jSOi\ lUj

    OY

    er

    ol

    co

    0^

    ev

    OA

    -- o\

    1

    \\

    "vr

    \r M~ *\o

    "V^

    \S

    ^A

    ^^

    v^

    YN

    Theodose ]

    VY

    vr

    vt

    vo

    v\ vv

  • JI jlft YAA

    i lk)i^ JVJ C^I^^ S\^^\ 5^ ^;i ^^^L c^^j 4Lj

    f ^%^ jA\ ^V\ dUl\ UU ^^j ^l::;.\J yUj

    nro

    \\

    fV

    YA

    t^

    r^

    rN

    rr

    vr

    nro

    r\

    rv

    rA

    t^

    !Ntr

    tr

    ti

    10

    V\

    IV

    tA

    1^

    e*

  • -JU* oj3 iS" c (^ai^J^oLJ- JL*:^^ *5^ ^-a:*l\ o; -^^^ J^ !^-j > Y

    ;-LJ\ ^trj ^t:^ u/'s ^i '^\j

  • ji:'^ ^j^lk^^S^^- jx} c.^->'^^ j^^^. l/Is'-y -^^3^ .j.^A'^j'/^J

    jtjJ^ O^t^ A^!^; J>. o j3j^ vil'^, ^^J J^J^'^^'l^V^^ ^^'>* ^^^-^i*^

    j^t lUcl

  • r d d J>>

    [\\ . jA^h ^/ir jl:^^ jj^l dliP-J J^ ^jfU;^ ^^J, --^3^ Jij^ ^^i-'"

    .jA^Jbi r/^ b-^j^ y^\) ^^, oJ>' ^\ ^^)^\5 j^i-^O vitt*l^^i

    * *

    J*-^/ Jl^^j^^P^a^ j^lU^ J^*l^* ^b^, *]^-J^ J-Kii -^^Jl^^C'l 4-a^" ^/*-*l

    iS-^) ij^) ^j^ ^-'L-j ^^^^li ^jl^ A'^j Jri: -v^^j,^ *^^^>*. "^^^ ^"fr^ oiyc c ^^-ij j>\^i

    .^U./.^U->- J-*5 A'Ua>ti jVjl ,^J(/> 5^-^^ 0^C>.

  • (JVjU* Jl^i ^^^) jW^i^ (^r-^ ^ aIjUa C^-^J cT^^^ o_^c^ .l^^\ J Js- J*^-> >.

    j-^-i^^ -Lll ^\'S3 wM-.Ul

  • [Algorithmi de Numero Indoruml .a:^a,'Uc.:5 J^U\j\^^^j^ J^T

    [P. Boncompagni] ^\yy,^h,*^jy,3j^Jy,^x'*^y^. ^'V"^ .J^^t/l'

    J' Lc aTLJ^ ^'^"^^'^ [Trattati d'aritmetica] oX.).^>t* ^.jlT NAoV j-^^^i*

    o^ [Adellmrd de Bath] ol-i^-jV.JjVjijij^\

  • ol j\:\ r t

    [Verba filioru Mo^'si filii Schaker Mahumeti ,Hameti ,Hassan]

    : aI^aU cj:j ^jL [ Libri ][Liber Mahumeti filii Moysi, Alchorismi de l'Algebra et Almuchabala]

    ^*c5-r "/^ J^y) o^3^S^J. o^J^y.3 '-^^^3^ Sj"^ ^/^V. ^-^^jS

    < j-^.^^cJ^' ^l--^45 iJ^y ^t-^U^c^ir Jib_^>-^* Al-.A.'Uc^r" [Bodlian] jUj>^

    ^p^J K^K^S^^j^^^ JaiJj^

    J^i/.j j^'^ j-^^^i [Jan Uri] l^j^\ - jij

    . [Colebrooke] J^j^'y jXJ^jj^a y^j]I \\\y zA^ . .1* [Histoire des math6matiques en Italie] J-^. J 4I^U ur3ji>^ 45^y *^L/i.,^Ll:/ t^^l:)\*>

    , jj^LaJI ^LT y -*'>l'> < jj^l jlji ^^l jJbJL!* ol-M^ < JO*^

  • ^lij_y^ .j-^l5jr^cT^-^J ^::^^" oy^^^y^ jjj^(3^i^ jU^^s- ^-^^^-^l 4.U>i^ jj.>.

    AJaJ .Aa^^ y>^^^}\>y J^\ Jdf .jJ.^S,jX 1^1 iJjl.l^'jl'^y JjU) Jb aj^^r-

    (^-^>-j j; -^^U'olj (^|--^' ^^->3j^ *\^^ (^>^^^y^. -^Jl^ol . jjbj jLol3\ t^^U J^if A.*)lj ol < Oi:o (i".^ J--^U clr^^jS ^j jV^ J^^^

    A/l^iiV^^lj ^ja)^ jTfFibonaci] (^V^^j^j^^ .-^uTUJLUjjj dl'l^j^ULii-iJ

    J^>-1 tf [Lucas de Bnrgo] y-jy^ j^Bj a:^ .j-J^-^^j^ ^^>. ^^, j^3 [ Tartaglia ] Ui^l'jl* j [ Cardan ] jb^li ^ [ Paccioli ]o^>^s/j\ jAl^^^y ^pcIaTV *>Ji -j* oJi^w ja5 -^lj 5l| el:.jJ4A;^ j^O- tjl:5^JU^ [n]

    (^l c//L j ^'j^^Jy ^^ ^"^ 'j'J . t5-*J jUjl jijiM_^l 4j^ lUl ^A Ic ^ Jc

  • ^^\ jUniI^-Ajy; JAl^^l j^*U

    43l oa:;.1' jUj^iblj'^l jlr^^l^ Jlkil Ari-;\Jic\^^i.-xJ ja>^l

    j-C^i Jr^^^[^ j\^ ojyX* A 3 ^-^b^-^^ f^^>' A4.tl jjJ^^ . (^J^J JL^} ^\*^3V i^>-i 4,y\ (i'^y^ SJb^j^JloU^i-i^ ;A.Ai\jrL*M\ 6^j)i\^^ j^djy^

    A, '^^.* ^}

  • i^J.--^ .AtL!> jl^U \^ ^^ j IJLI; ji^L L^ i^ rc'i j^\ J^-'V\ ^ oU

    dili ^^Jl JIca; A,l:rj (y3jl>) U^ri j)i -^* ^ITj^'j 4^U>i^jj>>. bX^[^ _ j^a*-lL

  • ^^ sJ^s}i\ \ j\^ j^>- Jlt A9^ JJ^^ j^^-^lj Oi^J^^ l/Jj\}>-

    . jjJ^ aju-A otu ci^*5^C*.ijJ>^ ia . J^d^Clji-y j3j^,3^i^ -i)J* j-^J

    dLiijjl^p- 4i-\J [N] iS^^^)^ Ol^j vi^^ ?y^y^r*.

    *-*^'^=^ cAiajjI^.

    /lf ^i^^ j^^ij^ jJ^J ,3-'_^>* cT. -^^i ^Liiij j^>-^(j J;*-'b i^'^-llf

    : .a:-- -^^ ojl^-ci-l- ojj* ^^^ *3/^.' j-J 0^

  • V IV

  • i ^J'V}\ j\, ia { ^S^i\ jly^ ^jr^ ^--^ J-Ia^^ > AUi l' Ji-\ iiy cr.i ci:^ -cj\^jx^a.^\^\f^j^j^aL&ijt,:Ssi\ ^:^xS ^kJ^^ ^j^^ (jldj ^jl)"^ (S-^y f^j^

    dlU i;>; f)^-- d'*^y} i j-\(/^ j^*-^!-? j^ft^-^* o^^y. (Sj^^^'^ ^r^^ ^y

    ^U^ J*'^>J ^J"(j'^2*jj\^i-\^''y , -^^ ^X" 4Jy-i S'^^^'^J. ^^J*^. l w>.l,^ -u-.

  • d'

  • .jji^^jV Ji^\ oL>.^^ ^y-^y ^V-^3^ Jl^" ^.-

    . j^^ vitt^ iS^-^^.^ .-JJ Al-^IL ^ ^XLm\ c jl^ ^cJlI->-^p a"-^\

    ^JS\ ^K^y.J^ JS\^ ^X.\ jUj^ j^f i J/^ 5-^^. ^"^^^ t5^*^^J C^4*J'

    ^^jiJjU ^ij^ jA-j\ ^jii'J ^^?. ^^l?/

  • . jaJ l^:\ jl^i Tjj^ -^j^-^^ ciA*l5^^i:-* ^^ Uik. [n]

    ^jfj V.^-*-^ *J^' J*aVj' Ij>-^ ^^a VU l'^U j) ^3jfys^\ di ^^Ui [Y]

    ^.Aj.

    j-5^j C>lj^^*"^^la)U' J''^. -^"^J cJVj 4JL:-I

    ^J^jy L^. _^^ , jaiT^ jlU |>^ JL*j)^ D^

  • vi ji;T Yit

    jx^X^^\ ^^^>- aI>1' c*iiiU ((Sy^^^^ ^^Jy, d^->-j -i^'^^j (jrjjS^^^

    jj jj''^/ (J-^^j^^ '^jy-^ cA.\^l

    > Jl/1_j> ^\ A)^-v> ^lij\ A)L"'r j-Cll^

    jJ^I.Cji>.\ vl*^ j-V^-Jsj *-jL->- A^-sli-L .

    , JJI.U v.^(^U_^:-V^^iJb*_^^^^jl" d:\f Sj\ c^j o^jlllj jjoj ,^^ jJJ.I> ol*p- -djU cT^b^

    g-**#-kwl:j ^)^* aJU J^J^^iy ^^j.^. t^-^^ cT-^-r^ /*^*^

  • . J^jSjfj^x\ \j:>A ^JVj jji;>. ^^-iT Jj' < (J^ ^.^-^^

    J^i^^\ jVjJ^. (i^U dll^ijji^ * cT-^^^' J-^

    ,ji.j ^^i^y_)\i ^Jk f-Jl^l j*\ja^ Ji^lili ^L>l

    w:XJ|Jwa:* ^a ^I ^^uijI ^^j-^j *-^j;1| j sJI-^-JJ* ^lo^Vl _jJij j j^' ^>d il dHir, ja^J jL J.i>. i^-u^ J^*'' yL-i Jij| ,*^ l^i^ i j

  • Ol jl* 1 Y

    Oj^^ c/6^^.^ - 0^^} ^>- ^'"^ J, jVji JLc) J-*U cAll aj^JT _ A .jj

    ^jb j^i U- jj.:;o4)ji ^^i 3 ^1 ^-^i j tf oj3 j^\ j:* ^\ ^'^x^ Vj^

    Jl Oj'j^ /-JJ .^-a^ J^'-'jj^ ^^ \a aI-CI^I j^ JAlisJ^l

    .jaL*-j^ cX ^^^

    ^-c^^ojtt jaOj ^^t-

    -^>, Ju . (^j^J j^^fJVj^iij^^^-a^ kX jlrT^, ^^>/ ^^Jl^^i' ;3-S^ja:^>U3 JU3 .i^^ ^3> x.^^K^A'kA cU.lS'juJ ^l' oj3^i ^\^\ ^'jJlJc ". -^-=-^ jv^i-i^i ^^J^A jiy A,j J-lil:-.\

    J$JL. l_>j cX^/ i)j^i

  • ^rr^ t

    : jAJL.s'\ A.^y^^i^*

    [yo* ^0** X

    r ^ ^^x V xr L Y r

    r s \ \ \(-x-) + (v X )x(-xt) + (VXY)\ X

    N N r ^ ^ + NA

    NA : b \ X NA ==

    o*

    YO*

    X +Y

    \X +i

    NAVo ^j^ (J-^U o^^ j f'

  • N..x[Ai( J +n)] =

    V* X [YN + Al] =

    ^^ A) .5 J^j^^^ U*^-^^^t^3 ^ ^^J ^^. j'^^.y*'^ A^J 7^-^ JJ.C'/ ^X.J ^J^^.^ islX^\ jL ^j^^lS ^/^J, ^j-^y . dlJ^,*! Jl^^UL*. ^^j^"4^L^ i}\/-\y^ [*]

  • J^^^li ^L^>- ^ji|t^ jjj^ (J>-%^')t^\ j^^\y ^J^^ j^-:^. J-^ \^JX

    jy^^\Cj[f0yf\ ^^^mJjS.\y9 .jJl|llS^^-^JIJt ^0.1^9-^ V>^>J ^J^^ ^^

    . [N] j-^jjjf JJ-Ji^y lT^ flj^ U*> J* Ji-^h^

    ^

  • j^^^i' l^ T^/^ -^-A'-?*, ^4=r ^^ ^^ J^-^-J (^-^-^ ^^ o-cLs- cj\j^jr A^*;^^

    clu^^^^ As-^j ^^-j J^i^ jijj^ i zX^^ jVj^l JL:^\ jl'Lj J^\ ^jijV^^ J^\a:* jiUii^ iXX\^ ^Sj^f^^^^^j^ 3j^3^ J^* c^J^J j^-^JlT o\c-i"

    y- tA = 2;_>-i Y ==

    [ ] : C^kJ) ^AZk cJ^y^^* j^J i ^\ {J*y^

    sjj^t}'\j^ jLL-.4^j di/iJl^b Ij t>x\^y^^^..S ^/->-j ^>-.1)j1^^^a)'Jp^j^ [*]

  • h M = + \r =

    V +v =\r

    M - - ^ ^

    1 T

    ^^.\ jj)^i

    (Xj+frx j+f xN^ j+(rx>0=r X \* : l:Jir

    .+ Yh Yhr* =Yt T Y

    o N X H(\+Y + Y+t^O==

    A r

    C^-X\ j^La)^

  • V / N / N ^ N / ^ ^ N / N / ^ ^ ^

    c^V j^fj J^^4^ v-;^-'- jVii >:^. ^^^^ s . j^ja^^ ^i-j j-u cai

    (3-i-^5.i ja:^i-jl diA^/.x,>-J^ d:\jyJi

    J*i ^^idS ^_^-i- j^ [t^-v.J J^ cT^^ ^-:^J j-*^^^ ^'-^ / ^^=r] *^-k-^J '^j^

    ^ ^ 1 r Y

    < /*->J t5^^i^k^^j ^^y^ c^-j^A^ r^^"-*^ *^^k'^y ^, (*i-^^^ lT'-*"-' J. ci*l

    dli-J j^j^ ^y

  • -y j^fj ^^/ (O u--^ o^J ^j4i-\\ ^ vi.!?/j :^f*'"^. ^ J^'' t/^' [^]

  • Y r N , uU

    ^-A'>. /"tS*^-J-^J ck^^ ^C5^ I ^J 3^J* j/j^ JX ^^^ i]j4'>J ^^-a-J" JjJ^cJlu.^j-^fr ^^\ jj\3x /*-^^^ ^(^J^J j^kj!"^^.^ \S^} ^} 'n3^^^Jy, iJjA^^J i^"

    lil . i^JJ j\.i:J}\ ci^^'-a aT^)^-!/ ^-./fc ^y^} ^J A-^i^^n o^-^ \:^

    Jjj^J j3.^^" j^ia^-M ^ ^ - a-j JjU>. di^^"j

  • -1 J).3^r j; ^^ ^

  • 1 r r r V

  • cU |SjV^_^5s j$5 (^JJ^ c.^)i j^^Vi

  • rrv a/U

    (j^ J^U 4*-^* c^Aij vil:^*-5 ^jU- o jo,*^^^ j^^i i ^ j^\ oj^'^ j^S^lo.^^

    AXA \XAXA = Ytxn

    0V\ ==

    ^j^c-j ^^a^ ^-.\ o^r Oj'^ ^Sji -3U t/'^^-U Vj^

    ol^J ^- O^-^ J^^l^l/-'*^ J^X^^^ ^r^ 3A^\ ^l_u*^ . j-^*i*A 4.:^ll^\ J-^:*-A j ^^>*jr*jAJlj ^^^j>6)\ ^^>. .jt^Aj^ r^^ ctkj f ja-:l>

  • 1 : Jl:-

    < A* ^ ^V-*wA:-_^j-ic t ' [ S^5^ jAii^i jtj^i j^^ Jj4j^ 4-^i d\:-jj.c^ t ] j-"^'^. J[*] [.

  • Tro cU

    . jA^ij-uJe^l}

  • 4ji jt'T Yrt

    %^

    = Yxr*

    0*'\**

    A \ *

  • \r zz Y X 11

    j^i i;^^ Y>v == \ xr\r

    j^^f^ i ciU^Uj j^^^J >ri o^j J\jJiC'^ ^Ui ^^/ *^>f.^ Jr-^ ^.^^.-^^Ll*

    . j/j^j^ 9- JjA.*j> Jl. jy^ o^i^y *X>-' JAs^J I j!^>oU j^Ac jV^

    ^N*X(N-4-rN*X7+^>*Xo-f-7^ =^(^N*+r)(r\*4-^)

    r w. + NX [( r -^^ ((>+ v-^ )] =t JjVIJ^ - v-U-IJlcJ amjJlm ^M Oi-aII^^ [t]

    jr^:-.4J^jJ oaJC^ ( i n + T ) ^J.*j' ^^ jV^ yu ^j oU j^ ^

    Jl/.y^ ^i O-^^^ ^5*/ ^^-il; j-U^-A^y 4,_JjIc jL.) liilL*^^ ieJLcI ^_J^^ ^jh^

    ot X ro + \ X Y X [ rot + to ] = ror x YroOY X ro + N X Y X rAY =

  • i} (S3^ j^At S'\}^/^^^X'^ '^hr'^ ^.^^-^. iJjJ^-vc j-v53^^ jju*^^ Ul*

    j\J^ 3j^ ' J^* oi^^cj^ _jVj\ Jj;^*- ^^^>f j^'j^yj -^y^^^ ^^ ^hA-^4|,/^. (^jU\ ^a^ S'-^ W^* ' ^-^J j^J^t^^J i^ ^^^-^ J'-'^j y/-^ 4^^ 03^h X iyl^J^

    ^ 4--\/*^

    - *

    J>^ 4^1^>"i J i .J/ 1>J 0^-^J JLa>6-\ ^^a J^U Al X YO

  • t^jj^c ilji'^ 0>fJ /-^ dVo^^ j\a^ jVj^ Ay tlU '^ ^-^^ J^ ^ri/

    0)^ jA^ jtyy ^ .^iki ^^ j^u^j f j^k-^j *t'/*^ ^.// (^-^^^ ^-^"^: J-^u rv ^yf:

    JJ^ ^j^

  • 4jt ji; I YY

    jj^'A^ j^j'jAc jiy^ V'^^'v/^J-Vf 4,'^J^/Vy - .iiy^^.^X,S^^'>^'^*'>^^^^

    0^\i J^ X o ^ o = t~A < r=:V NJCi;^ Mi: Yxr ( tzzA \ < r = V N

  • ^jU*kj Ji^* 3 ^9^ ( jjDUj ^.^^1^^ J-mJL.>i j j^->.^* vll^Bj^ ^lki*

    jtjl^^ oLp-/ .^^\a-.;j jJ^^I 4^^^ ^^a^ i^^^^ ^^3^

  • I (^-^^ -^yj^j^ ju5>c:^\ t^^A^ ^ji j^ j^^ ji\ j*i ^^^ jv^^ ^y^

    ^y>:^o^'S^J^ d^Aii iS^J c5^->^X >^ c^*\^ ^t-^J (^-^ ^'"-'^ ^'^^ S-^^^

    { jy^^\ >. ^j^jjui c^-Xj^ jVS Jlj (jj^'j^j '(^j^^ >^-' cT^ j-^-^l tr^.'>^^y. (S^-^^ (S'^^jy^ 0^^^ Tj^ J^U A.p^ii.^-' j i/ J3J.C jl j^j^ i>' o^i^*is- (^jAc t^j^^ j'VS Jli Aj^*:^ >^ cr^^ o-^-^, lT^. "^3^ ^^'-b t^-^J

    . (^-\)\ ^j-AjJ j^^^ c-j^u. (^jb jl'j5^\ 5-

    jLX- jJbjAi^ ^'^''- j^-fj ^j c-^^ jJb'^A;^ ti* (^.-^-^^ YAo diIlT

    oy^j\ i>- - oj.

    [j*i 3x -^^ 3x] ^ (^J^^^ ^-'^ iJj4>:^ ^\Jj, ^-*^b jy^y j/ -^/ i^^i v-^^/ ^^^ -^X '-^l-^ -^y^^^, j-*^ ^vV'u^ 3j^-:}^\ jA*-Vv/^

  • t \ V ^^^

    jVi' jA-x>- j^^

  • t^jAC ^VI^ -^3^^ tS^-^.^ ' -*^. C^-^^ V->L.?- f>clJ^^^C

    jy^ j yiif jy^ ^5^1 i jy^ c>^* ^y^3 j-v*JjAc jl-.*- y^ ^ j^^

    [N] j-vT^t^ j^J^JiC

    r^j jy^i 4*^.^^^ < r^^ -^-^^/u^ jlyj^ j>-** ft-vAjk *^l*>- -So* j^jj^F A.*y^i ^ly 4--'^ici

    ^\ o-^vj j^lt^i t/l* fcJl^ viA-^ vL> o^^j' s ^\ %^\ ^\ ^y^ A*4JL

    Oy^3 i" d

    jllljl ^M-*i ^l:^ '^Jy^j^ ^^ ^^-^^ cr-'-J^ *^j3j' JL.::-! dl'-ua:* (lijl \^^\,JJ^

    ii^i.i ju >-.jj) ji-yjWUiL^ dijui^i^ ijjji .-ui. v^^y ^J^**^. lc^-rw.> di

  • ^(^

    jU_-V) J jUl! ^i:) ^c U\ U_Aj

    ^.">j J^^* -^l-^ . ^JiJlc / *> (^-'^^>-^ - ^\ ll*j t (j'^^**^i

    ^l^l^'j c ^^jJ\ i^L>- ^t^-J^^^ Ojl^c jj^l5- aiKj ^5^jJ v1*>.\^ cA-l* J(-\ fy.^[^ j

  • ^y^ i 3 (-**4JJ>4^ -i-^^ ^t^^-Vft \ ^ ^ J^X ^*-i^ jyj^^ w4-^Ja) Jc^jAc\^

    jVl Jl " t^jJ^ 1 jjb*j-^c \ ^ c^ar\ . jyjJ>^ t^jL^>

    t Jf jVi\ j>-a;j)> A^\ jK^x\ c.y^ (S^^S' "v ^ cT/^ . jjJj^ Jj^** ^J J>4^ E)-^^ ' -^"^^^ C5''/ ^^'^' ^*^^^

    ^ iSj^J^i^ ^iJlr J^Lj A^yJ - c^/u^^-A'j. A>*J^

  • jljbi ci^^--a ^j^tm v-^i5 j^^i r^---*l^ cs'.J'^-^^J (3r^" ^^* ^^ J>***^ ^.

    [\] . jj.l j 3j*^\ jjjjlia.--j iJi vHTl--*

    [N] o^ji ^ J-i J^ ^^ ^>. ^^4-^^

    ^^T

  • ^^^y

    Io X A V

    Io = = 0>)a/

    jyji\ J-3C-\

    ol*jj\ ^^ ^^ UJ-tj . JJU-.I31 o) I li oj3^1 V^y* i^lai. jl'j!^^

  • t N N J I? -I

    r = r 1 Nr

    V X NYY = =cr

    ja:i9-V^\

    > = ! +1

    6 == = ZH ^ ZZ cJjU*i

    J

  • Ajc-J J>- Ji*l-> '^y^^ ^jj^'l-> j^j'-j'.f j'^* ^aca:1\^ dUl^-'j AiU-j JJ-'c^/

    (N) J = ^ + ^^

    tS^J i-r.^ j (>^ i5^!^ j^J cK^-> jVji ^^Ia ^:-^J . jyjJ^ ^l^^^i

    -^' = ^^*

  • YM j: *-.

    = X f-o H hoo \ t I i

    jyj^ ^b^. ^^^1 Jj^j Ab\ J -^/ aJ^ 4^-1^ ^Jy. ]

  • oL jlfT t^A

    ^^S*^ -^33^ S^.'^J'^J^ oj,^ S^'^c^ (j A^*^>/ AJ ^.

  • 'r V JiT yl#

    ;":rv--^

    jj^Ac ^;U jV^I

    h^

  • o^ A-J Jj^ t^^la^ ^jLlT J^3j^3 fJx^ J-^*^ oV"^ * ^-^^ -t_^^^ i)j-A*J. jJbjV^c j^diV) yU5> J^i? J^U ^;;L-'jfjt i^y^ iJjaJbl

    jl' ii^^^J J^\ Ji_^^

    '

    '''7 7

    7 7

    ^jy ^^J^^-^Jy, "-^'-^^ J^^^ J

    : j^J^->4f er J^^>1 yU JjUl J.C ^jJjU*^

    ^7 7 o(V) ^ = o-

    7 7

    - 7 + 7 o(a) :: = u-

    7 + r

    : jJ^^ii /L Jjl-i v-iiitf j

    f . jjTj^ O""^*^. ^-^-'' tfl!^-l ol'jJj' "

    0_>^J ^\lj' . y JifT

    cl^_^ L>^j c^-^l o/_Ji" ,^5^^ . ji-x.Vj (j*^ ^"^'Jy. -^^ / ^f-o^j ^^:^*> Jx

  • V.i

  • >-cil'\l5.4l;j t_$ji>. dl'-vI^U- .oa,l Jl/

    -'-'^J v3j j"** V it j-x:-y*- iJi* o ^^^t-ilil (^ ) l> cry,^-,j 4j>l (3*iy ^j-**jljii ctUjlT ^ j^IU t54!y 5 vi-^ (5^1 ^ ^^ * V- ^j*6^ (^ oJ.:j>" ( ^^ ) I c^)

    ^-lT__

    (^)l>~(cr)l>

    ^ u- (^)^ (-)^

    w

  • J^4f : Yi : No : \^

    NA = J^4f\^

    .yj

    . jjj\ J^^ ^^'U. jj Jl ai^'^jl ^jL

  • J^4f : NY : : r : V

  • Af^. n =J^*f

  • .l| ^ JJ.J J>-/.-J^ ^j'T vV *^.^ J"^ c5^-^ 4*

    \ : ^y4^ : : Y : \

    ^ >Y Nj^ = Y ^ N = J^4f

    YO \Y

    ^y^y JjJj*

  • N I n j IT ^l

    n r X AA ~ = = J i^

    -^y^y^

    : jA:;ij^-J^\ (J^j^c t jj^J jl^l ^^ ^\

  • oljirT ^^^

    N

    : *^:'y\ f^\y/^ jj^^^

    \ xr

    Y

    iil'jl #j o3-yy--*^^. j-\j^-\c t* jJ^-y (^j^-j ^^^ ^j-ij^^ Oj-^

    r : J H^ : r : A

  • ^^v

  • ^ ^ / X- X V_> CJ C-J-. r = -^xr X r T r

    *4! >^^^ U-^j/ 4_l> J^-J ^ (^A-*.^

    O < f:i-U t^JJL^ i JX\ JJC) (^^^J^ ^r-"^- ^"'^^^ ' -^-^^^ lT^-^^ Jl-a:>t:-\

    r : J>4f : : o : 1

    ^--j vi"/^ j-U (lA'^t 4i^y ^b #Aa_-^ J^4f 0-^*xj *r*f-^" ^>-tr^^ ^

    \\ ^ _ ^ ^ J I A r\i

  • : >S;jl j ^J}M .jl:c\ > jfU., j^4.i ^t'l j^l^u^^ jT

    ^ = u-

    . jjjl^s/ t jL-^JIj ;^ljJL ^['^^ Jij^ ^D\_^- py y^ ( jji^\ j3^.i" ja:j^aXj^l ;^jL^* J-.c jM J^

    A \3^}^ J->i(^J-^ J^4f A^^ j^-.*r

    JTL^^ (j^^4f/ J-iV^^ ^^j-i dl\'< t>*-.l^ />'-=' j-^'^J ^. (S-^^-^

    ^ = u-r

    (3!.-;^ jly^^^b' jA^Us- ^lT

  • (0 = u-r

    ^^t

    jy ')J^ 1

    5

    7

    ^^^5

    (N) i0xr ^Xv^

    ^r- : i0 : : 7 : O

    . s X ^ =:^ ^j- X^

    : l/^^ vili'J ^^ J^-^ jj^^i J-U ^^J (^

    er : \ :: ^ : C

    = cr

  • (Sj^J^*^ JUt^i ^^'^jS \ cAVi^ yj^\^ Al-^^-ap- ^>- iJL'o.L>. JTL.*

    i xjy>^ j . jJ^-^ j' A^cJLtl (^^J^j^J JU.!-! -VL.- by^} J^i-^ Tr^,^^^*--'^

    jA)^j-vcjrL; ^'^^.^-^^v. 4.^. >>>'!^ jaJj:b'\ jAA*^^ L5^>tf/

  • Ol ji;T \\x

    Y : N : : "V : r

    ^>-^j^^S 4^\ s ' T ( o sJ'^'>- vil*

  • NAN

  • ol jV \ \%

    >

    7

    b

    = b

    ^ : i

    : ja.^L: ^^\ JT

    5 : i :: 7 : r

    ^ : 5 :: r : w^

    ^ =^ b

    rH- r

    ^ +^

    =~ b ^ : 5 :: 7 : ^

  • ^A^

  • ol ji; \

    p : s :: 7 :

    \AA

    :Vji

    :b

    I j 5 :^ :: ^ : r5 w^

    [S] . j-^^1/^ cyV

    A^U j^"b Oj^^^ (J J^r^ ^.b i-A.'l* ^^\--i

  • VAV jV ^l

  • Vb jU N A -I

    J^U ^J^>- jl'^x ^[::a j-^:.5^i jOi-^^^ y (it-*^ '*'^^ o^ ^^-^ jS,xS

    ^Xt-= \X\~\KX\

    jVjj jAi^^jlij^ t^jL o^S^^j.^.^ ^y^ J^U JjJap- jVji ^l::*

    .

    .. M ^ V ^ ^ < r ^ r \

    . ^>-V.J J.i^r ^--a:* A^My*^^ (^jUf:! **y)._i-

    ^n^^iS^-^^ J'^ iJJ^p- jjb\ jXr j^"-*^ ^::^^y*/ '^-'^ *^. j^-^J^j^ r j3 ^J^>

    i .-. r .-. N

  • . \Y M ^ A ^^ ^ 1 < Y

    JJ^J^ (3-/ - ^^c^ j-C-li^\ c^^^-- ^-^^-^ C^J^ ^'^ i^.

    J'^jbf^ J^j^ t J^^V c^j^t 'l)x>- jjbjJ.^" jA.Jit ^

    J^^JC^ U.J^p-J

  • 4 jul* f- '"^^^ t -^* -^. * J^-^^ -UojL-j ^-J^i ^iac'ij

  • \Ar j; C.I

  • ^YAr^AorY^v^oA^o

    jyS'^ ^"jj>. oji^ c^^L-^Lti iSj-^J. ijyj^^ ^.^ *J ^*> ^^a^ t^"^. ^^^ ^^-^

    jjAJLj- CjJ^^^^-f ^^'S^5 -^V/*^ j^:-^l-^ ^^3 / g-**

  • 4^ *

    : }.kX.\

    3j^3\ *- Jy^>- U^dl'_^ c^J^-^ oIjjJ ^^,JU.^ ... c^

  • r V

    ,

    ^ N+txY

    N

    t

    [N] jyJy.

    o_U* Jj^Uy ^jJji L^^l--^ *j^uA:mU- ^j^^-^} ^^Ss\j} ^-^S f'^j, jV^J^i isj^-^)^ JU::-\ iiJl*o>\--i ^>.--U oa:a5^ j^J Jl/l f-l^lb .(^j^\ j^l>\

    ^-^;r.t^

  • \ V \ Jl* ^\>

    o e

    r = -^ r

    or "V

    [N] N-=Y \t

  • \\ '(X\XA A

    :\^l\jj)\ dks^^j^) \j>'\ J'^'Tj^y,

  • >vv

  • \ N_

    \ i YY rs ^ X r n^ Y ^xr ^xA ^xA ^xA ^xA

    : ^c^*.i ^jU- jVjJj -JU^. .jA^^^ c*-J\w-ai i ^^, ^jyjy,

    \ \ r r\ X

    -f +t=t ^ r A VY

    > \ o r\ n rs ^ X i X X o = = = .\ A ^XA ^XA ^XA ^XA

    \ 9 t X + t^ A A

    -X +v^ A r

    b

  • >Vft

  • J^y.y. J^ 1 i ^y^fo^ Y ^r-^^^ ^'^^ -^h^ o^ ^h ^'^^^ .-^:i^--: i Jt^^' ^'r^^ j'^ /--^^^S^^ j*. ^'^^

    f \xox\ \

    n xrxr r*\ 1X0 X o o

    J^.J f^lT j^x:>c:X\ b

  • V V t jV y If

    + M-N.-

    : />. . ji \x = t X t ilJ^^ 2.-^ .-by.(r + t )-^-('\ + NY

    )

    \A =Y

    '^(t+^-t):a--)\ jJL>\ ^^ dl^y Cf}j^ l/^H o^ Y=o X t ^J^* Cl^^ *^->>.

    : t^Jir\ . jo! wjl^i cjp'\

  • \\xo no

    ^^x o ' ^^ >^ o e

    ^^ X o 1^ X o o

    tr r ^^ '\^ x o-v^ x o ^ x o

    +V^ o

    (^t)^ s*

    (^4- )-T- NY

    NV = = V-- NYV V

  • \v>

  • OL ji;T vv*

    \'\ \XAX Y \\XAX\^ VXAXN^ o

    N* Y A YXAXN* \XAX\* *\XAXN* ^XAX\*

    ^}^\>^ jV^ OJ^ia/ JU^^ . j;^.-^J X*^*F A.5 C jjL>S\ uJ-a) ^/ > *^>> ^J!^}^, [N]

    -Xc3V JJ ^JJI ^-a) jO^ v-^^[*]aP*^ j\^ V^l:^ ^^^ o^h^ ^^^-=^ A:^;;^a>" v^lj^jT ^^"

    r* N* xr ^ v-[Y] \ = = ==r ^ - ^

    r* o X 1 \* o

    N* r

  • r TAi rr X NfM = =

    A. 1 A. ^ ^

    s \

    (t-t)x(t^v) -^(o + l)x(r+ A)

    ^

    (oxt)x(Axr)

    lA T X n

    ^^**\ jl'j)j\ ^.^"\-'^X ^>-^^ Zjjy^ J^J A**-J ^J^, ^JjJj^ J-^U

    \\X Kzuz \\^J^\ . jyjy^

    S\x\ \\1XAX\ A*

  • A-l; jt*T \^^,

    vr rxtt r[\] ^ = = = Yi X

    A A

    : [*] ijj.^ ^\ jJSJ\^^'f''-^^ '^r^

    ^^*

    N S\ X i t

    V N N N Sh = \x h X

    r A YTN

    o =

    A

    ^i^\i

    \ i\ /N\ S-=-=- X-

    A A V i / Y

    : [*] cJy-^ ^\ _,.-SI* jc-^JJlC So,^iJ^ U)\j

    N \X^ + X^ = X^t Y

    o = o + e

    : t^jjfJ^\ jSS\n> e-^jjift iJ^-Xj\ c-rf^jAt l_U.

    r \

    i Xr o i

    (Y--oXi)(A + iXy)_

    oXi

  • N _ V A

    - N

    NY"^ Axr "~ A r

    \ \ \= X r

    N \x\

  • 4ji jirT ^ '\ \

    1 \jX;iJ^ n=:^Xt ^J'^^ ^j'^ ^i^.

    o rv rrr^=: f o

    rA t\ rOu* / v/'^^' jMj j^J ji di.jf\ A.^^r ;>^^y -i- j^T . ^yj)^^

    Ji^idl K'^J^^JjJzA

    \ ^_

    ^

    ^xi ^xt ^x

    N \ N__

    V

    r

    r r r

    [N] ^y^^J^ JU:^:-! vii: l^

  • \n Jf a

    i AY + o

    i \ r

    4^jl t\ = \xi S^* nJ^ ^Jj-^y,rr *\A r^ rr

    A = V = Y + ot\ n r\ t\

    1 X A = rri*i>

    -^y^^^.

    5^Jl

    rr

    r'\

    o-r>. ^

    A rrA = A

    : [s] i^^ ^b .iAJij^

    ^>

    Nt NY NY

    _ \^^;j JyS^}\ 1^*2*^^ jj ; jl^ljl>^! iY^^* t^l

  • : [\] ^\ jb Ouf iiX\jyS . ^ c/;N N \ + + - Ni r X

    N_

    \r ti \Sr NV NY Nt \Y

    '^x Y l ^^fJ ^V. -?-^J ^-'^ (3f.y "^^j, v-^* J^^ ^.-T'^'^ yV ^* -^-^-^^

    \ s \ + + - r1 r Y '

    \ = = 4- + ^ 1 1 1

    Jyji^

    r r r

    jj\ jly-j jj-^' o K^^ li^lc -TrJ --ij Ojll^

    [ ^Lil jil/j V^* 1 > t

  • Jir

  • vV -> (^-^-^^^ ^^ ^^J *-^^^ *J ^*. f^-^/ l/ * lT^ * i jV^^ At{^>- Jy^\ iSj^^Jj 1^"^ ^^ *^\

    ^5 / : i^^r-J^J ^^^ ^J A-jLiA / jSGl .^\j^, i]j.Ji*\ jy ^.^^^^^ J^^-^^-.j^.^ J3\ jA*:/ ^j^ tNoA Vy J-*^ jJA^AL>^ jM^^l ^f\}^\ J^>.l"^^- jj\ ( ^\ ^Ksr\ o^ A-J y\ yS^^^f- NOA ii^^^' J". jV^\ J>-AI j^jC ji)l 3^^ dl^ i'-?-^. i!>j2"-^ ^i'U. jiJ.-Ay d\o ^i vii? w--i

  • ^j^t/^ '^^^^j. '^}'t'"y. -c^J^.^ j^j v^ ^\ . J^ ^^) j-vuTlli-l cU.*c^--.r ^ jt^J^r-J

    I

    jU^ y U> Lia ,3*31 J^jy^

    [Praction en rapport] j S^^J^-jT-t^ -*y c^^-^i ^M'-^V. ^*--^'^r o-^->*^*rT

    t r

    i

    '" Jjy^ ^y^J 0^_^J ^^^) \s,j^t 4- X f

    r

    o o

    [ 3 sur 5 ]j5Ciyj^.>Wy^y >*^yj'v *(C*^' ^* tJ>0. r>.

  • Ol j\;T \n

    Jjj^/ o^yc j-'iji ^* ^^.J^j^ iij/-^ ^o . ^x\

    tI

    r VN V t r 'i|vv VtV VTi

    : lik, ^-^ jjljl ^j5.i-Jbl

    jj-

    iiHiT

    ; >^fj ^y* -^t'^y ici-'l::!*-^ j^-

    VI

    VI

  • > M jr a

    i

    \ Y0--*^ Ij

    oj^j A--H\ *jj ji:i;j

    '\xr

    ^xxr

    \

  • Jjjo\ fj^^ o^*^\jy^ j\i^^3\ (j^.^jAt ily^^ y,(j>- .

  • SAV

    -X --' X X =1 V rr t V M

    Mt " Mi - - L. L,-

    S \ \ \ X X ==rr 1 V \ii

    Vh

  • ol i;T > o

    \t' X 1 = VA i V x: t =: YA

    jj- vl ^^.^^ ij^\\i^\^^\ ^S j t/I^^i" yV (H v\ ff^^* -''^-^ '^:'->'''. jl,J J-.U jL:> ^^i^j". JT A.

    . [\] ja.J U^i dJfJ oi;:* l^y -Jlft^ -^^S

    kS-^} j^h^- r^-^-^ -'-^-^^ J^y^^.-? ^j^" -^^-^^^ o^ j^'^ j-v^-u ^^-^ iJ_^-

    j:> \t ^^^J ^jU. jl^^^J jy^^^ r^i'^'JV -^-ii-^^< />-^" J;l 4^ V ia9j

    ^"jl *JJl 4-i>- J'i-Jj^ Jj^ ^-^^ j, i J^ ^t ^ ^^^9 ^^U. jlij>. jjJ^^j^ty^

  • > o 6 jl* ->l

    J|15 A*Jj^^ ^\j z**-*^/ V^l J-^U j-Cx^ K^'^j\t^j\>^ lja^ ^j jV^^ o^Lfi.

    A3-\j 4j\.^ j^^h 0-^^ J^*^ ^^>"^ \'J.i (^^5' i ^ cJj_;> ^1^^ c^yj-uos o^>^ . j^^^:,3 [ Nombres premiers ]ojclJ ^^.j VJ/^ jj*y - v3;4j jj\ jJ>-iyj >-^f:- - i/ JaI'.j^.' ^T-^" j^.^^

    lx\U Jyj }jji .ij^U i)j j^^ jj; j^-l:^^^ dl.^^" ^lo^^^ jjal Jj^ji ^i ^^^j

    "^t*^ j^- 'j=r'

  • N \

    ^*" V r

    . j^j^^ jwj f*^--r

  • sor jVjl

    V o ^ ^'' ' ' ' ^ \o

    \i

    r ' V

    \ Y ' V t*

    V r^*

    -Mr \ ^ * Y

    '

    r V

  • ^^ri^. (ij''^-^^^ ^^ia* ^J >^^ ^.j^-^^- ctil*^^> ob^-' o-^J J*S[-^i ^y/*

    S c^^-^l ^jU jV^l J--U jx^.Jh' 4^^^>xp \A ^:-',^-*^ N >^^ l*

    N

    \A

    \ r"

    ' "

    "

    NA

    V o r' - . .

    -

    ^^^

    : l^ o--J ^jU. jV^^ J-sU jJ^**)" c-^^j^t \^ :^jiJ

  • r r

    o r

    : l^ c>^^9 ^jU jVil J-^U jA^^J"

  • * /--^ -?/ J-^^

    >-5\^ jjj^*

  • N N N

    : A-^ : ^^^

    oJlij\ OjU j3-^p-ij (Sj-'^J^ ol*->- Ja\j S

    jAi v^L^ j) Ji^^^lcjLa- j^^ jj'S^y J^j/" jSJ>\:.S^ dl*]

    . jj-J-J o\*r oijJ^ikj cjl-M- a'^-^ ji>f)l w'\*4.- 4j i'

  • IJ^. ^^jl^ .c5-^.M-J J^JJ Jiiy. .AU-U ^ae^J j\ ^. ^.s^ j;v .iii j.^^ij ,^^^j ^vj\ ji_,^oX^

    . t^Ai jAt j^i ji^^i;, o^j^jiA-u. j;iyj

    oi-r' ^ J-u- . j?u'^^_ f_^u. ojj>. .^Jl, ^ud

    ..^-.-.iliil, ^-..^u jiy ^r^ j,j,j^ ^,^t^ ^^,_^ j_,, ^^^y^^^

    ^5J^^.

  • > t V JI' v^

    \+rxr+\xr+ r = r+AV = N^V (fc;

    r r

    e

    ^+^+Tv

    : cHIJT . jjb'i^ jjJuA ji>. ^^ ^ jyjy.

    + r = o + TV \; = rr V

    e o

    rv tv

    **J f:-^Cj.C ipc.^ 2\j^\ l^iij AUaf . ^^J t^L *J/*J 'j-'l/

    jAu*^^Cj.J., ^-.U:;.l < Jlil

    (SJ^-^^ \ ^ SA S

  • r+ ^

    e->Jj^ (3^3^ ^*'-l u-^-^=-b 7" jAii^Aji

    O) \r+o) = f

    r + r ot+7Lv- + L> =^

    . r

    ^ = -^ f

    (r) p+l^-^: oxJ.^^\ (Y) j (^) jA:i>.

  • [Y ] t = + Y = o V9 \+rxr 1

    r =: + Y = A V

    Y = Y

    =

    + Y= ^ V

    :b

    \ + ^

    ,

    ^

    .

    !

    (N+o)Y ^^ -Y ^

    y i i _.r = Y = + Y = A Vr ^ Y + Y X Y

    ^jU; v^*C^y^!^^ ti\ jVji J?-b a/^j^ 4\ JAP J^-^J T^^^i" ^^ js^

  • .Jjxj^^ o^'i.^ JMIm jl'jJ^ ^^y^ S"^^ */.-^'i-J^^ ^ =p A^4>-j

    : Iftjbi Ai\j\ ^yi ^\iy j^Jli-iar ji^jJ a^-

    ^ ^

    >

    [s] r = + r'--=sAV

    V N+rx:r

    :b\ \ \

    [N] Y == +T = N% V

    [ . jj o > ^ ^ jXy3 \ = * f V = w) .jljj>. ^^>- ] j;^-/JI

    [t] r = + r = o Vi Y xr

    l-i

    : iA^^>" Cm-j ^Tj / [t]

    ro o \ o /

    . joiLti' lij^^ "^ Jj; t/^

  • Mr

    N + P

    ^ +4- + ^r

    i/^^ . jh^

    r = - i -=:r

    = r

    (\+^)r r + ^'t

    l-^.^^.J

    N + > +^+ -- = rV

    +- = fV

    ( N + ^ ) o 1 (N +-')r

    ( \ +-.)-'

    Y

  • zz r

    b

    (r) 4- c^ = 4--= rV

    : ^Jb'jU^ jXyJ^ o^^AA iXji 4.?*iJS A)(jl* jj^

  • > + '^ r N + ^

    f < '( N + ^ )

    : -jj' Jiy ^l Oj'^'-b (^j^-A** y Jl^y . j^^J^ S^>^

    ^ + ^ =^

    '( r + ^ ) = 5^ + L

    '^ + ^r

    ^--r^ l5''*'^'^^^. ^^./--^ '7 -ia-J ,j-^J A)\j< (^jAc jjbj 1^:51 ^^

  • 4Jl jlTT M

    J^Ju^J *.J^ j^ JU 5^.-^-^J (^T ^\ J^-i 1$^.-?^^. cl-^^J^ (Sj^^^

    [^] ^-^^ ->yj^3^ /^-^ ^j^' ^lu^ -'^r ^. ^^-* ;^-^^ olj^X il^4|.JbJ ^>^''

  • \r\ Jl* t^\>

    (V + -) =

    r

  • -Ll jlM \ts

    . ^^:\ A0[ - ^j V -HjS^_ ol . ^-vi

    iO-^y *S-^} ^V-^J j^fi- oj^l M.>- dlUi^jj^fr V j^ (^^j)3l ^.j3ii siJjl-.^\

    i-^L jl dliLi ^^i jj ov J->a)->J o^^ aI'J V V^l ^j o >[ Jy-"

    t^-v,^ jyh^ xJ^ ^^'^ ^^ ^"^-^^ ^.r"" '-^"'^ ^-^'-^- ^-^^.-^-^ ^r^ ^

    .\!L}\ VNl m A 4- VA ^} oM^ A jVji ^^j J^- iJ^>. Aw.3Afi. VA

    : jj^^/j j3V oUl

  • NtV jr ol

    : j^^lj^

    AN

  • 4-^*^^(J ^y^ (S^'^e-

    osifjj^^j \ < t < r ^0^

    ">j^ ^.J-^j^ J^*^ < t^'^^ -^^Jl t^'Ac ^ oA*ij.j^*j^^.

    o^JiC^Jf^cS'^^l/ VVVV 'O-J 0000 M** .j^j^-i^. '^^^J.^0_y^}i}^y,J,j-^

    (jy^j JJ. ^J^y. 0^^) JU>J^\ ti^^i? J-pU d^j.t ^J J^-il. j^'jli^ Vi o

    c^-^J ->y-?^^^ vr-^ -^.^ ^-^-^^ \YrtrrN jV^

    (NNNN)V X (NNNN)o =: VVVV X oooo

    NYrirYN X V X o ==

    AN = ^ X ^

    ^VN x^ x^ = ^^ x^^

    Nm\ X ^ X ^ = ^^^ X ^^^\mrYN X ^ X ^ = ^^^^ x ^^^^

  • \rt> u iu\>

    ! xrx\' = Mr* xr xr = \y*

    X O = 1

    .jjJ^j ^1/ i.l jj^--! ^ J^^-^J-i j>fj dlU^.jl Jai'U-

    ja*^X,aX. j^aTI^-^'^^^. '^^lJ J^J-J^J ^/^ t^J^^ \

  • K^^j\ ^^^^j^a 4^Jo^^-* 4,^

  • c/^^ ['. aJ:>.4!jj/

    Jaajj^^=r-^ ^^ ^"^ ^"^-^^ J^* ^ ^V^ C-^*^ N^ ^- ^(^^-^ VA oV5 Jl

    o.U.r ^^.^L^^^f- NY 4^ lA ^3 ^--ijJj^. V.X j^ tA jVj\ Jl 1

    JA^^J j^^i (^^ac vr 0-^.U;:^> (/"^-^^.^ j^^n t/^-^ n 4^ tA JAl-S^Juri

    pA^ iA-^^i^jU- 0^ ^t^^o 1 jljJ^ ^ cAl^Jl fA

    Y- Y* (/^-^

    (S^} Jj-^} f*^ ^--^

  • J/ J^.^ ^ia^^. ^^.j3^^ VA c'V^^^^

    A^ ( Jj^.i" 4*^ ^J^ ia^/ (^j^^^"*-^

    jij ^J A^k ^^

    AA aj^^ JAJJjl A^'j^-'-'^. J** < 1 < r < Y M

    ~~""NY ^:i*Jl^ ^j^V^T J.jjj\ J:;-!^ viA:^xCjU jjiL^l ^

    y^ ^ - 4jj^^ J^-^J^ J^^-^ ul:^^^-^^ ; jVj\ J*> o dbj-\c

    lA VY ^'^} -^yh"^ J.j^ cJ\x>- ciAij V j o j3j\ "^^:0:=r^^ ^ ^^ A JA>_^*4>. AU-'l dlu..5Jc V jVli Jl jJ^>-^i* liU:^

    VY jjjJU^ . *^^^'^^3 yJA : ^A^.^'^ . (^-\jljf\l>J

    ^"^

    _^ cS\ J^ . . M < A ^ 1 < Y !. J^^-^^ J^-^i Jr-L"^

    ^-^^ 3^'j^J O^" ^)j^j^ Aj\ A 5 i] V y ;u ia V 1 ^ f AAc ^

    .

    i*

  • > r\ ji' ^\t

    ( > : Jt^y)

    dl.A^ ^(3*'^ ^i^^ f^*-^-* J3'^ j-^*^.J -^--^J -^.^^

    -l" C(S^jy^3\^}j [Y]

  • j-J^- lJ^^-*m-j i j^}^^'j\ ^^jJi^ JAu.^jAp Yo

  • JAlJ^o 4.-U A,'U. j- ^^^^ c^--^* t^Vj jj^yy^^ () ^^./. sl^^*-jr jU- j-\Ii).3lijlja:;).\)^\ j:^b t i'V -^^-* ^. ^. J'^ s-^} ^y h^ j.j^ kX^\ (^j^^jj^I

    j^-^^^'U > ^ JO'^ ja5-J31; -b

  • ili

    (S-^} J3h^ J,A ^^J 1 ^'^ cS^.^ J-^. ^y. :^

  • ^ ^^ Bil

    : lijy

    - X (YO)Yo

    [*] SS X YO 4- lYo =

    -U 4;li^ ct^; j-U aVJ n n i)3Jicj'%j3j\ ^>.^^JJ/^oJ.._c\^,\ jiy, ^^y- []

    cjU-i j^r.ua-;^; t : Uio- [t]

  • ^f J^^ Vr-^ ^J N ^^*

    jUi^I JAiilL* ^w\.J"l oXj^^cS^-^^J -^^4''^ z***^". "^^-^l t5*"* *'^^^-^. ^-^.Z

    r^=:(r+o)rrX 1

    N N

    [ ^^} >AV ] NAV = X Vo*

    \AVo* ^ o + \AV*^

    rw>= Xr l^ 7^=: X-'

    c ^iJ-iJUi ^JJj : U.M o^i - i j

  • :0l)*j5^, Aj'j^-*^. ^t^J^J ^kLjjJ ^^i (j^Af.

    [N] (S^) J^}^ OjLc jJ^,/*-^ ti-'U- ^^f' (S^-^^c-

    ro* = Y YoY

    t

    ^ 1

    [\] t^Jk^ jy^^j^ cT-^-^ o-o^j,*

    r,

    (^.)_^^

    N YO N*^ NYo

  • r ^ =\TX ^ 1(N0

    : y^} ^}^x }yo* M'>

    \AVo=rvo 4- \o**: i]j4 Jo\ o^i 4^ N ^^>^ ^.j

    NAVo*

    4,bi-V; jl'^J^ ry^ llJ X^ ^-i-^^ (Jt.l.\i\ JJA3*.L' Ol^^. -^^^ -^^--^j ^"^"^ s

    : t^jkij^^j(,J 4*^** (3^y IU- j 1

  • N N ^ jV wL

    i-"r)-i-r)- a^ = YA +n*

    f = YA* n

    [N] c^^.^ ^yh\ J^--^ c5^ .A>B*Al

    N + t* =tN\ r* = Y^

    : Jr^ J-'le^ ^j^^. }.-*Jj^

    '( S ) V) = v^xY'^

    A^^ =

  • : *.Ja]lj jwJj^i Jl,**!L.i aXj^^ S^^^} P'^J^ J-Vt J^> ^*C 4-'"j^'-(3l^*>"

    : y^) JUp*i- v^^ J^U di:-J^a^ ^A ^) \y %

    >** = t'xr + '(N*0

    :'u^U:^ljA:il]a* (j-iy j xjy>^ tji'^^^ ^jam^j^c jj

    L jiJ^L -^.J'^* v^*" J^^'-J! i j^-'* ct/'v-^ L^I

  • N \\ Jl' a

    6 X N X \y/i. / Y /A

    /^ X A /v

    \ A Xa \ r ^^B

    \ 1 \ X \ A6 \ \ \ n\

    4.-^1^1 j\j ^^x^j ^y^\y^ . ^0.1 j^J^Jil ^ >^*U *j) j j^kJ < (Si^b^ ^^^-^^

    c-^^^ Ji=r Vr^ J'-'U /A j ^

  • ojj^jU- o^*jj-V)' jj5^^.r'j*^ J>*^^J*. [N] ^^y. '^jx^ 4*^^* j^^J.U wj^^

    fMA

    ro^^y[Jk*

    ^ ^U Ij (^j^jj ^ijtt^ j-^:

  • 101 .^^i'j^u ot=^x jV^w t/yf (^>-^ Vjij >,>>.

    J.^\o^ ! .n 0XA < tr = V X 1 . n = t X ^ jVy 1 J^^r c^>-\ bi'

    rovxo it'Y=Axt jvy o t/^if^

  • ol jl.*T N M

    r-v

  • ) sr ^u w\

    tY=VX"\^'-^"^ .(^J^Jj^'J! t^J-^t lA -vjj^^ di>.4)&

  • l"jlc.(i^J j^'^^ (^jL;. oUi' ^^ vilic^^f dl:-jl-,\ iljlij^. ^^^-dli-^-Aj"^ ol>.\

    (^^at VA^ j^J ^^j o^ j^'TaI^--! ^^ 4jJ va^ (i:^->^fr 1 01 M**

  • I\ jj^ aiJT iJ>-j. (i^-^t > jVj\ (^yf J^Vjji ^ ^1 >- 5*-^^^'

    W ^^J *->^ o^.r-*' J^^^ oV^i ^j^ ^^. ^

  • AJpjL'T \ \

    ^JJ^^t J^^jV Y ^^.^ J-U >Y = Y XI /^-^ J->^*->J ^ i ^ ilj^x\ ^ ^\ t jj'^it \ 3 j-^^/ . (^j^l J^LJ^J r}S J^j^r ,yaJJi; : U^/i 8 *uU ^^ -t t : -^-.JU-^ [>]

  • s \ Jl* C.I

    j^JL ^ c^^-r tS-^} J^j\ -'3j^ -j 45^-^-\^ ^i^*' -^.->^X -J^' :j

    ^^y^^ j1jA-* (^--Ujl; A."_-^\ C-j\ J^Jy^j> ^ J'-;^ j^ Oj--s JV^U- Y jVj^ jj>- r'^'^ J^U L^--x>J jT^^- j-^i^J!

  • c.L jl' N A

    vxt=tXi='\X=txV==vxv=nXV=:

    ^Jj^^

    AY\

    ir

    \rol

    v

    n

  • \ V jir yi

    *\ * J\i jVB j^u.^ 4,\ \ S

  • . ^

    [N] ^S^^Jj^J^ JJ. JJ \3j^3^ J->j(^^-5 S\-3J, (o ^^/'y ) cr> J-^U-

    oVMA

    il

    rN*AN

    i .jj>j^_i^> jTj^^jy ^J0^> OjfJ^^ iS^^l^^fJ'j ^.'

    - o33^ ^S^aIjj/'oJlpUT ^ jvAl> J^l ^-^ viU-^ ^5^1 ^ iaii . ^x\ ^

    t : Jl jVlijJu-^T 4,j3^it d\w.5-\t ovtv

    n : r^^^

    \ : 1 YolA

    iS-^} jyh^ M ^^j^^ ^) ^>-ii^ ja:X.a::.J La:^) ^-Ujl (i^l--

  • c^jj'. cAs-j^L .c^a.J jrijl

  • ol jirT N i

    ( 'f j./^y

    )

    o^y^

    Lr

    r

  • n^l^Jl^

    ofy. J^-^^ (^jJ^J'J JU*:--' "^^^r" ^'-^y'^>- ^^ i)^Ufr\ . -/;

    V. i J^^. JO"* 0-*^5-^JI - -^"j^-' CA:^^!^

  • \jS^\ J/^ ^5^^^ ^ J^*) . ^'-X-llj\ ^^ ^^-^^^ ^^.v^"^ J^J^A'S ^U:^ J-'-aUTj

    ^-^i- j^ : jJiJL;.5=^^-

  • oj^'jiU:^ji3l AyJ>\'*J\ oj^'^-afr j_^:Xjj^\ cA;^^ ^^jV -'^^ U> jk^ cA>\U>

    oji yMf JJO jJ^\ 'T'Van^ ^^^j/S ^^y^>- ^\j,c\ Jj J^Jy^y^ #^^,-1.-*.?- v^l5

    Jja!^^ . . j^j ^ ^^j IjUti jjwXJ VI cii-,^-^ tS^-dil ^J^' a-^'y > S "I _ N > o d:._A:5l ^=-}\'>^-t S^^^

  • j^ Usij

    ^^x^^\sj\ 6ji^^\^ ojA.^j^jb\^^J J\i'^\ **^ ^'^-^^

  • jVji j^*"-.> oJbji. i)'U < d\,"j^> > j^-. i (^jM-V ^-^J ji^*^ (^-^* ^iy

    iZ>\f^ tf^U^ J.)(^ ^U (i^J^-vi'^j^ ^J -^^^ c-ii::i5t , ^5"^-^- '^^^^ ^/ '^:-*'^^ * "^-^^ (^'-^(j* ^>^^ -^-^"^^ w-"\^j

  • ,(jj^\ jilj,} jj^T \^J^ oU-i j^>^. ti*}.^'^ :^a)-^_^-'^j\ cA* (^^\ Cj\j^^^ i '. OJ^ j^-^, j^^ ^j^^ si>l^i:c- ^^^cj Jy^

    j^jls^ j-\^^^ j-CJl :(>JJ (^jl^cl t^jI^U*) J^^\ ^r-^aJi^A-^J't/^ \:^

    [^]

  • j^.^r t^^^'^ J-^'l 3 lT^J j^-^I* A'.jJ-'*- JaX?- oX^\^a ^_f\y>- cA,l~.3- Ic

    ti*'^ cr*3l /< / j^^ -^'^(^^ '^-'^ -^^/ j->^*3j^^>- ^^-^ ^^>^ J>^^.^j3j

    ^Ji^i\ ^ ^^^.^ 4J

  • ^}f:\ v^^-' -ii^*^ ^.-'^'^ f^ [N] [Lucas du Burgo] ^c-j^ - jj - Sj^i.-^jj^^l^i ^U (i^^6i^^. ^V-^-'^^^ '^. o'Ul" i^' [ Paccioli ]

    ^- ^^1 jj^ y.-^ ^Jj j^ i ^i" -^;-ojl ^^^.J^"

  • [Leonard de Pise] j^jl'/t jIj^\ jI aI^I' [Fibonacci] cTI^: j^^ [N]

    [Eegul] d^^o.r'^iilj jijl;^^ L > v -dr . ol-il^ ^ jlT _ Jy _ jljij ]

    / -^^ -?'^*.'^^-'' t/S-^^J ^'T-^" ^/^-i-"*^ ^^'[ Ezich Jafarie, el-Haresmi ] j^Jj

    J*. ^ i\JJ^ i\-\}\ j-i:>^ ,^^-r^ j-vjjjl ^l; tj;\>^ ^j^^ . jA.-l>l -J^

    a-v:a I1jI oVj^ JjJLjl JO*^ j^^^ ^-^rr* ' J^S^j^ j-^^JjJ -CJL... ^^ -^'j^

    4;^:j;V Ijuli" j 1 til:-ui^el:.-3ji^ .a^'^l [Algebra et Almuchabala] oju^-jI;c cjLi-lyUi^ [ Liber Abaci ] -^L JiiJ-'V oVjl JMi-i ^ja^Jbj ^ jl:.r J^>. ^*^i^" ss*^^ ^y^^ ^}i^ ^^y^i -^jj^ -' ^, jjijjjjl ^^J^ c^-L- c^^^f-i ^U^Jj yt^**k-.l:5^j> 4 j^jV^iI . ja-ii;! -J'j'j aJj UL --

  • ____^Ol jl>'T M

    ^Bj^ ] t Algoritmi de nomero indorum ^-^7^. Sj-^^^J^^ u"-^^*^ C^^^J

    [P. Baldassar Boncompagni ] o?'Uyj^,-jU\4)l^iy^ A^--.iyc [jU>.a,.a.:a

    [ Adhelard de Bath ] ol - j^ - jVoJ jAu;^-.-:l|j c^^>L> ^^c c^I-^ jj\

    j\j^-iJ ^-r s'l*^* ^V^ o^-^*/ i)>l^L ^rj JU^i a:;U JO,^ ^^^

    *^.-^. OJi'J^b o'-'t ^j^>' '^:>'l'* [ Campanus ] u-y^t ^N iat Jj^ljl

  • Juii x>ty J^--^/ -^^^ -^'-'^-'^y "^Hj^ r^jf^. ^-^ (Sj-^^y, ^Jiu^

    jA^l*M^Jl/\ j^wA)^jjyJ>A>6-* dllL*i--l^J^J cA^jy J^-^^/AJ^. .j^j^-^^_,U^-

    Jljj^ Ij^ jx^j^ t=rVj^ ojL.c jA^i:-^! ^>.1 UJy O-Ac^y c#'-'J oL.>-

    ^^ ^, -^.j^'^*. ^*^/*^ ^^'^A^ V'^ ^oJ^ ^^lj

    ^jiijl f^j^A)* y\^^t/'-'j oL.>- -C luTi (S/^^ ^'S,\ iiXj^ ^A'S\m,M

    : jjAi*U4/^j\ ,j^^r -^Jj' j\^

  • dt

    -dikili ^L^ cil:**3^1_^t iS^y* if

    jjLi^ ol - jj jVojT 1^* 4\^I

    t yS^ di* f t/3j'^ > ^j-iJ^^^ OJ^V.

    ^jji^i^5->* if, -^-^ 'jUcyl Jj--^ *^j^ dll.Jj c.L>- 4^i^ j^XA cjL>-

    jL. v^V^4^l ^I>:-1 .^mTUj Ji/ ji> ^>nl.J-lyL^ ^^i>d\j^L-j

    [Aritliiietique ^^^ yL^ jVj^ J-^I*m> -^u.'U A)*a^ JU ^i;!; 0^^.^^ fSj\^ ^^ aI^Cjju.) iiJ^U ^y J^-\ t^j^^t .^^t iAi de position]

    ^\y\ jVj^vl^^'-' >Jb/ ("^/ J-^^J r^ (^ J*Hi-^-^^'*'

  • 4,51 jl'T

    ^ j *Uj^

    fSj' ^^} JU.I- il*^ y-^^ (jf'-^^^ \^^f^J\X^ Jl.^-i j^'^*-i t/y^^ Xy^^M j^a' f^ }\ ^jJ

  • jljl jaJ^ a^jT^^ U ^ jt* ^j_^fj cll>.i (3- y^\ ^yi\>\ ^} A>_jL-^ ^ji J^J^^ ^-^i^ j-V'jl)^-^ ^V^-"'^ ^-A(/^

  • A^\i jV'\ AA

    \j.'^^yX^'j^^!^lScJ^^'^j*^(S^^*^'^'^}j'^^^^ [ Sipos ] 3^*^-

    aJUi-.\ dl-^iU jrj iJjJ^J Ol) -xj^iii j3wl| iaii { ^X\ }^X\ J^J ^jU?- J^-^^^.{ JJLs:\^^ K^JkJ-J^^-^'J^^ ^^ JJ^AIJ^*.^ Ob^-^^^. - ->^-^*^^

    -'^^^V

    ^a;^ ^ .x-L:5"v:U^ ^ j^jl-J^-J ^x--l"j ^-:,j (i'^-^ v/y'^ -^"-j^-^ ^.i

    ^/ j^\ ^-l^A-.^A JAj^Jj jr oa:;.1* ^\^ o^^9, ^:'"/ -^^^-^ -^-^'^^^>l-.-^\ 4,J ^U ^_ - --i ^.-^ t/y^^ - -^^ t/i-^^^j^ ^x--i'>

    j->^(/^j-> vi^l^^jli- ^ttji j^l : ^=r>* iiV^^bi

    .jju-i

    o^^y^j

  • AV J^l ^l

  • ol jirT ^^

    ^^j^ij\ ojj^ ^i- Sj\ rJ-^* -\'Jc-^ ,3-J jVj^ jli* 4*^^ L^'il^^J oUjjJ -3 ^jL> jV^ ^^Y^ S'''yy. ^-'^J ^'J^-

  • ij'yV ^J3 fji ilj^oJ^-* j-v>. cT^Jcr^^ J'j^-^^. jV^^ J-^*:*^ ojj^> t'^i

    \ ^

    c . )^^^ J^J jlU j^fj ^JC^x\ b

    J^*t*- x-'L* (y\y\ ^jj^^ Uiij . JjJij^i jl/ tJV.i/^ *a)'*^^ t^-Ul/M

    c-j^>- ^5j^J J^^- il*A)jU> 4p9J ^>^ j-Ct^I^A j\*lL>i -\ ^^

    JU:-*! jl*Uj-cC-\ 4-^3^ j J^^y, \3i/^3^ ^3{/^3^ oSi)j^^a> dUJ

    ^^f^ jf:^-'-' ^->>^:^ ^.jl' ^>:(/^3 J-'^A^ J^-^'^^ 3i^3^ ^t> -i^j^j

    ^^-lc^\ ^^ f ji,s'\ jU t^^^J^^J JL*.\ J^-l jA)^A^ ^.>^>. jVj^J-^C^

    jlk^^^ j^y j;^/ ^^}^ ^^j dAii?- iS'^yy cAu.o cA*j^

  • t^^cy ^3>-i- ^>- jA^ iaii j ^-^-^} jU*:^i dl>i5ji A)l^ 4.>lij' (Sj^J^y

    ^^j; jV^\ jjiijl j'ij \ [Calcl Hindo] (^a> ol oXJ^l ^yy,^4^:1 J^y^^ ^.^x [\]->-^>-^^^5 -^j\ xA^ ^^j\ j^^ Oj^jij^i j^j

    oJu J^=r^, ^-r}^ ^y-^^J. 4|,Jl;i t^X3 UAi" (^Jliil*^^ oj^Ujl Jj^^

    v^ J^ ^jy^ jjT j^>-3i j^-^ji^^j^yj (15 ji ^y ^5h.^ jj\ 4;;-, ^^^^^f^^d^f / akll.' jA:-.5>\^ ^^t jj^:^ , jaJi^J jJI^ c^^J^.1 J^ ^^^j^!(/^^i\j jy^ i

  • A.-*.J^Jb

    ^jU ^jl" J'L-^'j^^. o^-'^ / Jj'^^r^l. ^^ ^j.>.ja:> .au-o [Geometriaa^]

    jiJ* Aj'j^- / g-** (5*^-^-^ JL:-.--\ (j

  • [Charte] ojL^ S 3'^j ili'i J^^- viil^-^ >*--'>* ^>^i^^^ 4;:'. -^^^ Ji^^ /^ (5^^ (jhjf^' j-^^y^^ *a:>-4) lis^llT

    3 [ Britisl Moseum ] ^3^'jy cr:^->^ ^*-^. tP til-\li dl'Uj j^-^^ 4*

    ^Ki j/ ^jijfj j^^J jL:-\ jT JK;^i ^U^ a_a> vJj^>- a^ j a.^jLp ^Isjl

    j-J^J^ 4];^^ . o-J^^^^^jVj^^^^*>j^-^\yt [Le3 apices de lioee] cj^J^-jT dl^vf^t

  • D^t^ji^joj ^-^>-v^j ijj

  • v^ Jjl wl

    \ -

  • (3- Ji-J3^^^jA--.j^ Ij ci^-T'^ -v^^j^i jj-i;J]j !^.;i l^i. ^2;* -^'^'t^^ (3:^^-\ ^"^j J

  • l/.^^ -^>:^-^. J^^ O^y^ ^J^^\ }[ jl-J^ yy^y ^^J^ .(S-yAJjj^^ .Jy

    c^j^-^-^^. -S(^A,JJ.->^^3 [ Mistique ] .l U

  • Jjjb t^-*^**^ t Laon] jj^V o3j^ Jij^ JJ^ !^-s a:-.Icj^^ c^-J^J j^A^ ^-^^

    jXJjj! [Herman] jl*^ 4} jjj j\^ J^^^f^^ x^La i^\y\ ^rV d^5 0.j^ J>li.\ ^-Ic^l ^c^Jbl ASJ^-^ jVi^ jx-liS' j5^oA:;t [ Arenario ] yjl*ji j j^^jU*>. ja .a^jI

    *

    . NAAi - [M6moire sur les chiffres indiens] - Ji ^ [>]

  • Vd J^l tjl

    [ Ormis ] .j^Ji"^ t

    [ Arbas ] ^\j\ t

    [ Quimas ] o*^-*^ o

    [ Chalcus ] b [ Caltis ] ^^^1 1

    [ Zebis ] l^ [ Zenis ] cri*'*-^

    ^

    [ Zementas ] li [ Temenias ] c/V^^ ^

    [ Celentis] ^^^ ^

    ^^ ^i. c^-\j_'j2.jb\ /^^ Sijyu ii)>-^\ cij^r ^Jy^ ^y^(sf fsj^j oVj^

    ,^X\ oy 4^ia-b J'ii/^i ^'(S^}^^ ^^j j^-^> < ^-^^ (*^-^" J_^-^ . j-CjUt

    ^^ Vr*^ cl^*4**-> ^JIc-pIu* o^^-^,^-^J^^ (J^ ^-jjfc A*jJ j^j (jU5 oL-?- tj^^il

    ^l ,y^^j^3 v^^'r- '^>.

  • 4ji ji; 1 VI

    :^A^>-^ .c^-\^=^ j-^. Ai-2^*-'j . ^jljbi Icjl

    c?tdT dj>u ^ji; i dii^ jj^i, A,^i di>..j^j 4!\ji *'^ -^ aI^a1>e*Ij eijjAZ) I

    ^^r 43< (jv^ vS"*^-^ (i-^y^* si^yS^ 'J^\sJ^\\m (sJ

    [Andras] ^^^J^'l Y

  • e.ii^:)\ *ii ^cjf-^J^ V''^-^'' t^^v/*

  • (J-^^-^^.-^J *^V. (*!-*'-^'. *^-;r^ 4--^-^ L^yV -^*--^^ J^'-^'V 0^:^ VI iaJj

    ^Lili L^^^i i j^ [ Sotene ] o^U\ j^^ ^U j>._j* il^iJL:.^ ^^^JcOil^* 43j.:^a::^J ^^K>jj>^ o^^y-^j ^^y^^'^t j^^.^jljj\^\j^\ jy^ojf^j^x\ jUj^ i)j^.\z.\ f^yij ^ il -^U ^r^fi iS'}^^ ^^^^-^ 4-a:A

    Jj^lv5^4*J v-:ir .a;Jl>l:Lr^i d^jlU^ J:^"J v/-^' J>-^^*^* ^.y-' ^*-*X J^-Ia.*oU-j; oiy^A ^*jl Ij jf'^y^ ci.>^ *j^ J:'-*'V. Ok-H' b=r' '^^-J'. -J-^ 4.1--^J^*

  • Jlj^i .-v:-A)^^^t*

  • 4. J-^^ ^U jjj_y^ ^^* jJ^*-^>-

    ^3j>-

  • jjA ^*r j^ VI JU*:
  • J^J^^c- 2^3^ i^\ *->^u.*L3 ^:a,'^jv ^^,Jl>- t^-^jj^^j j^^ (i*i-^*^^.

  • [y] . jA^^J*^^ I JiJy\ oj\f xy

    -JJ3^ 5^-J-v,\jL

  • J^yj^. - jU-Ol

    [ Algoritlmi de Numero Indorum ] .^Ua-^jj^^jA-liTJ'j^^U cJll>3j^^>-

    [ Tratti d'aritmetica publicati de Baldassar jU^j^jiL-C- \aoV 3 ^-J^).^xzsr\ ^ji ^.-a)^ cUl^i dl"L)^^5^jj;^jC-\ -^Vj /^ 4;;>^ Boncompagi ]

    : joTjLi: jjjl^-^ *i^>l::;i-\ jV^ a-1^\ . Jj^t,jSS\ ^\j\

    ^Ui:| (^^' tN]

  • j^ ^' (J-^) fl-^' v^"-0. (J3^ iS^^y j\^ ^^-^^ '^^.J S'^J. r[^^* ^jy^^j >

    ^^j3^\

    j J 0^^ -^ci*!."^*-?^-^. cT^-^J oL.^?-

    ^-l:** dli-^^p al* ai^ . (^4j.j.\ j'^^^ ^*-f Vji cJi^> 4**^*' j2*Ajfc a:^

    jVj\ J^i^>i

  • ^ j^ ^^ U5\3 . jyJL^x\ J-sU- ciy^ A^(^j.i;b 0^5- 4'J t^"^** fSj^ < ojluTl

    'viJld^ ^^^j"'^.?'. .j-A*-llj\ cT^JiT^--^" J.l* ^-^u-j^ [Pied de ParisJ Ij [Pied-du-Roi] ^-^jjiy 4^u3laj ^^ . jaTjLfi jAii^J S.c\y^ otV^' J^:* -^^^'^3 ^r^V^ ciMi. jaJ^L ^,^ 'j^^^jicr^/^. ^r-^* i' j/' Ji-'-?' t Ligne ] ia^ 5:1 Oji I-.-! j3 [ Doigt ] ^^^l ^>\ j'j^jL.- 4:w ^ki- > j*^ ilj^^-^ ^*^ M' ^. * i-J^J

    -^-^r.-**-' J:^" T^y^^. c5*i t Toise ]

    dl'

  • j^^^Oj)

  • vi^l:j.:^ 4^^^ jjy.iU3 ^-.i c1)j^ jVjj\ jI 4**1* [ ^otation alplabetiqe ]

    cA>.^^ijl'j5jl JL:.^ o^^\^^\ t^jU^l iiS^3^ K^^\}\ t^j^U^-ac ^^'^ j^l

    dill^-^l^^'T^^ ^yJ-^:* ^\sj\ Jl^\ j^a::^\ JL:>- ^Jr ^-V^j^^ < I*!

    I'

    i5.-^^ JU:--.\ di>>l--^ i\c j/^. ^'Jt^j;!- ^Sjlj^CjiJ JU*i-\^jr dl^V^jvcSA.

  • /

    ^J^^y. ^Jj-^) f^}/ ^) r^J^ ^y/ \^^'^* - t>^ ll^ ^J^^f^A L?}-^ ^^^\^:>-\ XjJ^\ J^J^y^ J^/^^\ J-^^i-Jj^ v-J^y* A)_*--jlir3 jS^U dljJ^S^l (^^J^J^

    JU\ ^. j- jI-UTL dJo^^c jjisl-.^^ i!jM'> ^-*^=f -?-\^

    .ji-dU ^^j^^y ro 3 Nvv :

  • 6 \ Jjl v-l

    tblc iJJiJ-\> J^v^JOl^J^^.^ j-^J 09-U- ^A)A> jUa\ tfJk,Jk> CjJJ,f^^'' ^3j^ 6jo^\ ^j^'^' v-^^ ^*:' / ^^./ c^ ^^^j"^ ^\

    : [ 4i^L j^ Jfi ^1 ] I.C [ a^llji.!^^^^

    ^1 ]

    . T >

    -i:x-.-. t.

    jj^Tj J^VtjAiA jj;^j V^-:^ ^->>^ -^J^ ^''i jA^lJ^cl j*^ Jii ^li ij^j jj^^J^fi'y,

  • ^^j>^-_y jAj^i^ c^--'/ j-^'^-^l; (i^j ^J'J^j^-^^j3j< J^^^ ^-*

    i^oi^ iljAj^j t JU-'V\^.vi (j^i ^ ^ Ui^^bjl l^laiii :i).^:_*

    P- y (5*1^ u^ oJ* ^^^ vil:^^U-- ^l^* J^'cfJ

  • ' jVj^ J^r^^ xJLa J^v J/fc\ ^^^ Ajl^ ^^l'

    JU::J1 ojlJljj^^ ^*l* [Cliffres arabes] t o^^ ^^j\ .^:^ VI a:^^^ . j^:^t

    J-^Kj ^t^^ ll jJ-A.^i"I;i^ A-J^**

    flj^ f- y t5*'^^-^. *-^^f.-^' V.^-*-'" '-'"^ w^^^er^3l t:)T 4 4i.j;,L o ctli^-

  • 4jl j\!\ o'y

    ^jX.-v*i *-^j jk^ .jX\ C~-^^ Ai^A^L^ ^J^'^^ -^! y*^. ^4^--^j^^r^" '^-'^-'j:^ -^-*^^r'^.3 i)j^-^^oVy^_

  • I^ A** V** *\* * o** ! V'** Y** /\**

    iAi^\ C-IV^ OjJjj^ A*9*** ^ c^J^^^ A A* jc^'O . (^Jo\ jyj}^ [N]

  • ^U-:, j^* c.-^i ^A*- ^^^^ , Ja^- j_>*^ J^^.^

    Jp

  • jli^i,j^a:* jL-il. ct^i^^j^ ojj'-i ^.--'A f^j^ p-^j

  • J'i^

    J^l j^^r^l cjLVI Ai^

    * .J crV^"' J^-^-< [t] i)>l:

    di' 4,

    \)\^y^3j>. 4;_a> |.lj\ |.lji Ji^^i ^J^ JjU:- a-.M-l lU Jj^^j-^J

    cn*>'> ^3-aJ jjl ^jjj O^a:^ o^sl^*'^^ jl3 J>*^*^ '^*::^ Jl^*^ '^Jy^ .jl,*jI^^ J\c^\j^ J^fJ^ Jjlil' .j-O^t iJ^-tJ^A^^Ji-Jjl ^a^^ i-u-UA Oc': IjJ^a:>iI,' f dlAjT Jl'j^j o-uwA;3M.- A"ir 4^0^ L'W(jepcke] ^^33 ly- .^pi

    .^5J. ^jix\ o't'ji Jj^j^ jjuLJ ^l^--l j_j^ ^^JUa ^^ J^i-^lji crO\ \'^y^'

    oLJi 4, ,5^13^1 jjjji o4-^ ^z jVj) d^l j:Uii>. j;i^lji A^_y_ ciiv. [ri

  • o V AaJ^a*

    . [Y] jJ^'^JaIU^ 0^>^ jy ^^ [N] ,5-'^^^^^-^'i^-A^r-'c^^/ *^*r'^*^ -'*-0. j*^^^ J^^-^^ ^j3^^ -^^-J ii/'- oUa*

    . jjj^-\*> j^j^:* - ^^

  • .jA^ljU^JllS^J^j Au.^jLci^y A..^l::>.

  • .jj d^c^y ^f-''^

    o^jl.lli* '"^/ JJ^^J^ ^,j^^ ^Jy^ .J^\^A f-y^-* '^>-*^^**^.3^ .^^l-aj"jg^U dl^^b^ jj^^l Jl;^-^\ ^\ ^\>- j

  • (S-^} J^H^ d"^^3 eJw)l^9- *U j-^ vl5vl j^. Jl/1 jl i^>.\

    Jl^jti-i' (jj^^J^ ^l*^p- A& j-v>\ ^y>-l ti'l^) *^A'^j C.Awi^jk-^.^ JUj -^S ejdjlj^^ sk) . (^j^J j_^.J ^j4LiUj

    (^Aij 4j^i ^-r A>tii>_-^ ^js.^^^ jjc j'^ oj-j^- cl"^^. -^>^^i' *j\^ ii\^A>

    ^

    *'-'.^j^)^jj^^ 0'l"jj*V.-'* ^j-^-^ >^l j. - Jj^To^V**' j^ Jr'*'-^ ^c^^-^ J'^^^

  • IV

    (3

    *aAa

    ^---U ^'j'^. l'^'^/ o^^Ad Jj^:-ij* (^^^ ^P^fr (jf^J^ M^-CV^-^^ CJlia,J

    ^^^j^ly (^jU)i oL^p- i-

    J^lL^j ^^l jAAiLfril ol*-.?- Ai:/ (yi* c^jLill ol->- ^.a?*^ a:sJ^aj^ Ii*\j)\ y^} isJ^^ ol-.>- .j^Jji!k)\,>^y^K^^ i_i ^.^-^-^/*^^'^. ^wLJ^J J^-^:-

  • JU' f^ *rj^ '^ l>-^-^J JL*"^\ A)^^j.fr -ii^^li fSj ^ Ji^^lic->l-*>

    ( ^jic ^,ji" .\ >i ujy

    5JC.I'-xJlJ. o;^*>^i ol--.i-\ ol:Lrj dli^lLtiVl^ri-l jcv.U)i>\ .:>jl ^^0.1

    jx\ ^>v) j^-.l-J*iA dl^^j^^ (J^y^)^ oL*?-_y^ ^*-^!^ ^(^ 0^1*

    jj^\j: ^- l^ *1^4))ol-->- jA a^ac^jiifl JU:-'\ ^yt "^^^ /*-*^ c5^"\ ^V-^ fj*y*^^ \{/^ A*)^ oL.>- A^>\>-

    0J^jl ol^i^^>- i^^ J'j A^ oU>- :>Jy

  • ;^jj -^t/^ iSj^J^ ^#^5^ cPj; A)l..^J^-\ ^^.c -*::>- iSj'^ j-^J^J ^^^'J:* J-^^^^} J^

    c-^^^ o-^^'^-lf ^ [Jativa] _^-'U 6 a:-* [ ^^^M,.. ^:- \ N o ] -o^

  • 3j^

    t)!]i ol*-?- (^\j^\3 vl*5*')l ol*M- A)l*?-J^^\ jV^'v!^'>-l j-^*-'!^^-^

    tf j\^J-iI\ (j"^ jl^ a:;dJ ,iS>^-^^JJ iSj-^^ * t^jUJi c-;l*?- I3 f A*^l ol*?"^5^jC1* ^x'4.n u-jl^-lJ c=ci)\ olij > ui\^SCll\ ^^^\J-! eU.c (j-^

    -^^/*^*^Jj

    o^Mjc oL^-1 oLr dUriUVl ^ri^i j^-^1 c>. J*^ ^-U)\>J 4il::5"

    -A-f^ Ji^ f (^L*:^l Jja::;^' j^^. 4^^ jji b 3/

  • t r 4-^i.

    A)*a^L JU 47I jV^j jV^ (j-'^* ^l.^ *jJ^ J^l iJ\

    ^^Uj i^.J)r'\ j.}-Ws^ J-:aA)l^^\ ijliLf f(^A:^\ oLJ-' JU*:^\U5^ :yUj

    [^] J'^'^^y ^ji^ ei^l-) ^jiii viU.^ ^^9^^x\ ^\xc - oJ^ ;

    jjbl 1*^^ jJbAl^il ol^?- .(^-V)\ ojlc jjAj^j-.^ IjUJ^ (Sj^^jJ t5*^* j^j;y

    (S^\c ols- iljl-J^^J^^ e^^U-JU (^-^*V^ ol->' l'^ic . (^JbJ Jy-^J^^ liafrl

    . c^^J Ojl-c jjU>- (^^-Xj^^ [Arithmetique ordinaire]

    jaitljl-.j5^ej3ji jiji y*r->*.^ Jj'J-j^ cr^l* oJoIi-^ ^^\ ^_j-4*:Jrdl'li^^ [\]

    Ajj\ O'^!^^ 4i >fj jJ

  • 4ji, ji;T 1Y

    i.u^^^ :^^Jla\ k^l*M?-^j>-J* i

  • ,ui^

    ^* *(:h:^--^^ o^y^ ^s^J^- J>^*^1*9- . (^J^J J^j j^i^^ A^l ja:^U.i/ jCll AU^JliU (S-^j}j,^"^-^^

    ^/^.l/^*^**^ ^iUj DJ(^^j4>6^ Ii^X:>-j j^*i jaJ Ul5 i 4i Aj^^AP

    ^f^J^i^lL i)[ Nicomaque ] u^^^^^V ^ [^] o* *. ^A* ^^^J ,j^J.:Jt\

    ^^JsU jViJ w-^L4^Jo1^j J [ AoOuuTiKi Ecraytoyn ] c oLi-i J^J^>

    jA,*>U\j.[t] jA^h ^Jlr yU-O. ^'u^ fJ vT^iVI ^X^\f\ i^^Jl^UM_j.l jAiT^C [y]

    .^A:^A- Ji-a* dlj^ J^-J^ 'v^' ^i^-^b ^\ij^" L^]

  • i'ij jl ^5j ^^^f^sj^-^^ J. j-^--^i ja:^oU:x.\ ^^^>- Jj^-.\ jl*jj\

    oA*l'>^-^-A A AA; j-J^*^-^^j^ iSj^^

  • ^-ac. J^^J^ (J^^ L^*=^J^ L^^J JJaII'J ^^ JJ}\ t$-J-^J ^-^. ^-^\

    .j^^ibjA^>^ij^ (Sj^j^>J, g-* ^'-'^jJi^ciJ^'^ dV^J^i j>2^i-> j-Xj,b^-fri^ -^.^

    ^

  • - ^^} ciA.'^^ (J^^JJ -^^ (i-^=r-^J ^^, jAi^^Jl/\ cJl^x^lj

    ^U^l : i-J^*--^

    .jj.^]:'J JUaI-1 ojl-^i J^--l ^j^ ojLc j^-^-r^ o^ l^

    dX:^^JuA jjj\ JJ ^^]* O^^;^^-cT^J ^l Jl Oy C^A^c^j^ ^.^ ^^J ^/"^ -^^^ .J-*^-li^^ ^-^j -a^ C^^^f\j^>^\

    ^^fc*.k^\yA,^

  • vv J^-^>

    r''\[/^ j'^>-']^jj^^ -\ ^C ^,

    ctX*V.iU> ^^-^. JJA^'I* >-JJ -, (jUAi Aly; oVjL; ->V^ ^>-J^ - Ik-l^

    Ji^ A*Uj ja,J l-ia:5< jj^J ^5"^^^^ jA-^>-^^ jV^ a!-J ^-^ j j-^-^>* ^Sj;

    k-)l*>' b^^^ j^jLi. Ji^l t^^i^.5 A^,j^^ldj\i)jiJLi^jijc:--A^jX b^--^

  • f^ j^j^^^ y-^*^ (^^Xj j^l jT

    O'Vji Ji' jJiJ^l ^-.-.^ ^-l^'>J 5jl J.V.w^ V-^ cjU)j oVj' jXj\t! . jjL'c^jl drl j^C l'^U . .^j J-l- ^^^\ ^^.->^*f ii*^.-^ ^d-;

  • ^0 J.-U

    (f--)

    tj

    t=

    (r)

    \f-'-)

    f+'-t-[-Bfl

    J^lJ^l

    ^./^.

    -= t '

    -=u-f ^ c

    ^

    -^jj^ 4\ [Wallis] ^j-^^33 jAU.*^*-:l; ilj^^l^ Jr^Jl jaiJ^I [Fermat] U^J

    J^ tS^L-^/.^

    t

  • fjfj^)^ o)tj\ j\c \-^.^ J;^ ^^--J / ^^-5 ^^l'* LKuttaka] 151"jT jlj-VJL^ cT^^^J JL*- ojUl ^^ 9*-* ol' j eAi^AUj ol*>. b^l^\^

    J^^i^^A>L^ 4^-^1 jVjl J^*t^A ^_^J1 J^.lj^.j

    ^cT^i*. ^t^.^-ll'- ^j^-- sJVjl

    J>^ o3jl dl^jo^ldl A*J *

    j^-'b^ t^^l-^ ^^Iv/* .3^J

  • '

    ^

    :

    -

    !

    ^jA^^J jTi Acli/ o^j^^J ;> (i^^^ c^Jkv/^ cA,*wl ^Uf.1 ^ l'U^lctij**^i j^jAp- ^js. 0^jj fj^^^Vjj, vii*^^ -jj *^>- iJ^> : joJjLf. jjJ^-i- ^^n

    (N 4-i3Y)(N+^)(0

    j*. ^jj>j\T X X T

    jj^^l-*.-* Cs>y.

    cjj\s' j^A.^l" ^Uci dl' jf^ oV^U>xw5/ J^Vji -j^ Uljl ^^^U j-^'X

    * Jj-^^ til^l^^ ^^lj> j^^i A,^^-vp oVjU>

  • .j^d-^Oj J^U ^^jii^ (j^l-^J^ e^'^j oVjaI; jl:ji

    4,\ (^^^^ ^a5 o** a?- ^ 2Jl:->-4)..-U ^\j.:i l'll;! ai^a^^jj^ jVj\ vi**-L

    jjj^^ JT^-^ JA9jjT (i*l/^j-^>- ^^^^ y,3 -j-^.-^.^ /^^ (i*lv/* ciU^U" tS'-*'-^

    JJaJj o J^\ J.>-^ c/^if (^J-^=^ tS^-l^^ J-^> ^ v^'a,^jA ^^-^-^ / A^.^.

  • O JI.C 5 AU.-.m'

    v^5" J.i^ #^3^1 ^5^-J-\.^ O^-r: ^^'lf ^4>- ^/ jVj\ .L-s-l jjJL*jy^ :>^J''3^^}^ ^^3 cs^l-'iS^*^.

    ,j!^^'^^y'^''kJi)*^\^x^j ^^ [Ujein] c^fr3^3 l1'Jj^c5-'V^:* ^'-^ ^^^ -.5 jV^jClc ^,"1:1::* jjjjlT eJl'b/ l^i/i)/ < tU/ J/ .j:^.^'CXx\c^\y

    jl-J c.,^S*vL-j J^^*; [\] -0.*>l' [ Aryabhathiya ] ^-'^l;i ^ j^ACi-f

    v3j4j1 i'^^^ j-^^^ j^4_jJ^oldi:> a)J iU ^:A

  • j^j ^^j J-^Ujyl" j-^ ij^^^^ di oA^ j[:J3\ jyj^\ J^jy^^ yllT (>3-j_^4i j^* y-^-> ^3^J. Us^J :^y'i^^Jsj\ oo o*i

    i 4- ^ i = u- + u-

    X X

    (N+u-)i--(N+Lr)u-

  • w!l>_jjjy jA-i>-4j( ^v'J. * A iS f. O-^J^ Jy-'i -j-^} Lidil Jlj\

    X

    \N < < \r

    VY 1 = ^^ Vvtii-j j8>"

  • YV J^-^

    n L

    C'li^^j jy

  • olji;! Y'^

    o^J-^U i}J^y ^j-\.jlUi ^}|Ly^^^ ^-^s^S*} [N] ^^-^ jjC'

    : ^'^Ss^. Ja . ^AJL^^

    JJ.J Jidr j-

  • : uJy cJ\^y Si^^^t^ ^j)^. ^ ^^^^

    (X'* cr') + (W cr)+(Yi u-) + (VY lt) = o-

    : J^ap jVjl o^jlL '^^'^^Jy

    ^ = YY y^S

    V=Yi--r\t = YV r\

    o>^-'bT ( ;^ V = ^ ^ \ = t >i^ ^;;iy.3 ^>^^ *:-*'^x^ *->A^^-^ X

    : 4*-^* ^ ^^r

    *-^*:*^-^ *a!^^> ^^ (^A^ , jj^-iV\ ^jk^lr jJ^

  • 4ji jir V 1

    i2) + - C = V 't

    J z= ^j^H-^

    = c. + t

    ^4*-^/ o-^J^ $j^j^3 iJ^^J. ^^ (J^^ J^^ ^^>- J-^-^l j-*'^^-** ' ij^ ^^'}^ JU*:^1 j^;^l JU5>u:--l l5',j';>- ii^'V^U> ^-^^^iaijj U-^ jl^ jl -^/

    J^-^'H

    Y^-cT ^ YV - u- ^Yt - ^ YY -

  • :Xj^^ J^l-Jj^ ^-*^ / iJ \ == "^ y^*^^ -^^ (3-*^ d^4.^J ->>.-^J J'^ ^^^^

    P + cT i0 = f;^

    ^^i-^f 4^,-^^.^ ck-^* J4*-^ JoO^- 3f^-^^ -^tl-.>

  • (^- i )(r ~^)

    : ^^-aI^Ua -j^ UcU j-\'^^ . ^-^j^ ] ^--l-> O/ jjjilljs*^^ 4.--|^\jjA>. jj (^^/

  • ia c'.-^-*'^ *c/NN -ls^^^ ^"'fr^-^^J^JjlaA^J^J^^ ICl (^JiJ.^

    jU^^^ ^j^^r-J Jl^r^l Sj^^^ 1^ j^fj ^^^ -^^ ,jj.j^^\ US^l 41.^31 A,"l jl

    lT == (N + V o) -(c/A+'u-)- ^(^^3 ^ - 4J oijL^ jV^^ o^y-^^

  • ^^*at ^^J^ 0!^ l.A ^pAC

    ^i jA^^ \_\] [Maxime Planude] ^yy>^x>~5U jVjJy^ ^^-j^J. *-^-'^-*^.^M*\Y ^X JAii^l [ Baehet de Meziriac ] 3^/^^ jj - ol

    l^I-^^^ (J^^3

  • ^^.-Ol* [ 'A-p^niTiKd ] ^;i*;O ^ [Diophante] Oife^^j ^j^ k^A j\j J\ j^

    ^^ 1 . jj^^\z,A 4'-', (^i-J^^ cT^^'-'l o-i^^^ ^^>U di^i^U^A .jjb^U: jAi^Uj)^^

    ffjy \^^--^y, ^j^AJI^^ i (^|.-Jj\ ^-.^ U^ .^ jji ^j\ y^ S:^^^^^

    jjIjlJ J3*>^' J^^ (^^"l T -^

    A t = u-

    -?yy^.

  • jiM-^i oj^-yc jS^-i^^ |l'^ac iJjft-A*J .>Jl^f ^j'jjfi^^^J'J'-' C-/.

    t jj^j^^c j^ r * Y ' N ^T'J^^* jVjl ij^ i '^'^>- O^-l" ^-*^^^ (i-i-^^c^''^ ff^'-^

    (0 ^-xE)

    ( N T ) Y j

    r r X

    I > Y = > Y YA=(> Y)XT h: z=z /^e

    j, )) tN=N Y M-^=(\ r)Xx 6 = Y ANYA=(N Y)XY V=^[Nombre abondant] jJj^a^ 1 o:^^^'^ oVjl i]>_^^jjJ-^^^^/^^t5j^*-^ ^^ 4-O-liltc-itil . j^Jl-iL>.j'^^ j-1,' [ Nombre deficient ] ^sl* ^j.c > j^^-u jVjl ^y/]^^j^a* n 4 t t Y' i Y * N oVjic^j^-*-^ ^j>. .j^J^\j i-Uj; ^5^-^ N Y M:-. jJ^\aj3^^iAc A ^^^L '^-^yj, J^'^-^^ ^ Y ti J-^* \-\=:-\+i+r + Y + N jVji J^^^Y = 1 + Y + N j^^i j-jf, (jiAfi t * Y * N jVjl t^JU-,3 6^ ^=7 . ja^SU :>Ac j^

    . A^V-J^ c.*>.lj^ o^^i^ VY"\-vv* el:^.k*

  • [t'V J YA J oi:^" J^^

    j3-j^;->I ijj^tA J-% J^J^ / [j^kJ^/'^J ^'-j/ ^*^-5] ^V^ ^^.-*' i^A^

    .^JJL^\ ^y^J (Jj] (Sj} ojy

  • ^p^JL^f .Jl;jjvtifil JJ^J J^Js* *Jfljl ^-ac -jl ^>^:l^J:* u^-a^^ [tj

    1^^ . jAi._^>i S^-'^^ e/**^-^ ss^'-^'* A A:/h y^ Jjr^ il d\*..j.j

    .j^aXkijj\ jVic\ (j-\-l

  • ^itaS

  • 4j\) ji;T N Y

    i}^^3y^ ij ^ i--^ -^^*)^U j)>^ ojIj3 o-^Jjlj> ) 1 ojijjl ^> JU.J o^:S^^

    m\

    ( V ^K^ ) ( N cK-i )

    jj^iJjU.^. \(sJ^y^ (3-'^*'^ L^j ( p-^^ji A) j\ Ji5^ji-L^l ilj4.^."^^j c/^-^l

    Uj j^^j jl^i '^.c^-^. cs-^l^ (S^*"\^ ^-^"^^ ^^-^/H^ (i'-'^^^.

    A,'>^i.(/bT ^>^ ^jjj^ J'^^U. oj^-' 5*'^ ( ^ J^^ ) ^f^y*^ o^^yS^.

    fyj^ JU:>-1 KX^yi\\ o^jjpy j^A\ ,^-'^j>-\ dlV^L?- Jl/^\ J^U^'U ^y^^dlu/^jlifi-i ^v'J^^ j.cr"*'* cAu/^jl-ci j\a* J_^^\ ^X^j

  • 4l^. j-j^*h-^-^.^ ^^'T^ 4-^^-J^-'>. J-^^^ ^'^^ c5"'^^ -''"^ i^-^ "^^^ -^^^ J^" o^ '-'* ' *^^

    oj^j^ J'-'U oj^.^ S'^^ (N J^^) '^J ^="^X JSj^kjx^\ \ij^^jh^^ -5-^ roL^J dlc-J^-^ ^^-^c-j^ j^^VY^ ^^ ^-^^ jl'j'^^ ^^^ A^'j^-^. (^A^^

    ^*_j^_yw^*J jr^^*^:*\t' [Fibonacci] ^rl*^ c5;^r-^ii iJJ^il^Vjl *a..I,> [v].lo-l o-i A^liIij j^l\* jj-\ljl (j.O\! Ji: 4,^^^ . fcj-xxr^J^ ^.-.-U ^j. c^yll ilj^ t5*i-^i' siJV^

    JL.1-1 lUl' [ Boulier compteur ] jJ^^:X ol:V ^jj^^ J-^ o/5*. '-^*/^^ [y'I

  • ^J^^ Ojl (j^\ y^ SV.^**"*" '^\.j^

    /ra5 >^Aw\ ^l iXZ ^^y^

  • uJiwJ].

    aTjj vl*a>it^

  • ^uu" ^-^^ i:>-k^jJ^ J^^--^ *j3^^ ^j.:x1 JI:;,'^ j^JUUJg

    N N N N \

    ^3^ i(S-\} J'^^) ^y^3 r-^^ A.la.*.j 6y'^\j^ oj3j1 S\ ^\j\ ^^kJ^iS::.!^ j^A^

    V

  • >-^'

    M'

  • yM >^. j^>- j, J^,^ J-^y^ ^^ j-JU*:-\ ^\ J^J^ jVj\ J^..:-^^ jJ^

    a ? Y 5 ^ ^ "I

    > r rt o \VA ^N r t- ! '\. V A* ^

    p (T T L C y 4^^ Gr

    t t I t t t t t

    Y... V... i... o... -. y... A ^

    ^^ J^^ J' ^ J^.J'^f ^'^j>- M (jjA)'j)j\ iv^"i >x^\y j^^\ J^Js^ yy^

    ]M* mp m^ vr

  • j_^JUu>

    lx,*ii;U^ ^-'^bj ^Ji^l* fUl^JJ dl'ljU-l *ljli:l ^jl^^ r^-^ -i ^^^*^" J-^***

    Vjl j* 1^^ j ^y Jj_^i JVjl J*:w>. j.^Jl i-AiA kJ^^>. ^j^.^y* ^'-^jjj^ JL:-!.

    ^\t'xA eti. 1-3-

    iO jTs ftiij^^ .^ki jaij^iji ju oj*^^ di;4)_jjic oiji^ c^^^A^ Ju: iA^^*->.A^-*y '^*'r^(/^ ftjijlr' jjbj^^^ ja:^

  • ^\^ S:>lil

    Jj^)" A.^^5 ^\ l5 ty^ -^-A.^^^. *"^/ 3j;>^'-=' j^3J^

  • ^'^ U/

    c^JJ ^^lLu> ^-c o ^^Jc- _j> jV^l A^'f o-^j^^r J -'L^ Jjol ^^IjT^* j^^ojJl:.-'j.> ^j ( A>xA jAit^ ^j^^J ^^^>- ^ij^j ^^y^} ^^ i*** J-^=^J^^JC-L.P- *^ CJj^\ ^y

  • jj.tij'j -5 ^^-) ^^"b-^

    jj^^

    jT^u

    jl* jU

    jJks-l ^J)^3 V^-

    -*^^:5;2rC^4r

  • AY

    iki-

  • t^JJk>- CJJ^^ T '\

    ,^\y^

  • V . o Jj-^ -i *^ ai.

    kjl^^

  • [*] Jj-^ ^j'^ 3 ^i

    c- *^-f'3

    At

    Ik^

    -e.

    M [t]

    >.

  • Yf

  • j\^Jy9 J^l^J j^S^.J,) jii J^^^J U- j\j 4^^\)^\ 3 oVI ojjjl '^-^C/^

    : jj.J\ -}j (Sj\i\ jV^t jrb ^^\jj ciX\^y ^?-l--

    oA*m.I'

    ^T u^iljl (!) jil; **'/::^ J:*^' iU jJ'lX>j .l_^! j.^Jl (!) A^-* ^*'>- X-'U ^Ujlj ^.3 -*^- a--j

    ^f.f^

    , j-v^U- j^^^ cJj^ Jfij^ ^uS^^jl" ^j_ jL^- 3y. jy^ oj}jSJj\ j^ ^kU j^

  • 0jjV^*.JjU>. J/b\*. jla-a>i jl'j)^ ^3^1*5^:^ *-^:if Iji cs-^,^-^^- ^V V^l-a

    * ^^\ (j'^-Jl -x*^ -i^:>- j^^

    0jj^\ S.ij^^ j-X)j^^ cJ^^ j^^-a* ^*^

    [v] o-^-J^-^^ j^>^* jS^^J 0^-^ 4^-^ (aX^\ \^j

  • -^^r'^.j^

  • >^1 J'>

    j^^lj j\*l^/ A-Ml*_^* .t^Jbl j_^^-l* 4)^.-^ ^^^^^ b^y^Vjk Ac^\^^^ J^j oljiAi^'-J'c^ki (^-^-^

    ^'c^-^* crA^y*>l'^ ^r-^* J^.^^j c/j; e^Uj^^'i jj4.J\t5\#l-^?^ (^-A*^ ctl:.9xi.yJc >^ < cX"d^^3 ^^'^,^^ jjjj^^ C'^>- c>^.^ .j-^-^^J^

    J--;lfti jl'j^^ eA-'iL-^ J^^^'l:-*.! a_*JLa c^^i^jli" A^^ - AVV j-^j^U o^T

    (J-^-'^ d-xi?-^ c A.*>eij j -vu*Fj

    , J^^r-J C^A^\ j^S>'\ ^ijj\ JA9 O'lj Jjji ^ O^^^C- A>^A)*J^1 -^*|i ^f.t>^ 3^^

    . jA^h d>-j Uillc ^iij2\ [ .X--A)^j>\.;. - \oYo ] \ji^ -/j

    di."^i3 '^>.l^^. i^-a-^lj ^fj-^'j^cjl db-vi'^^L oV^lJ-U (jj:>-^ji3l *^'--''':^^^*:^-^yJ^

  • ol jlT > \ A

    / l-^-^'I -^3^^ t5-->^ jU*i-^l 6jluri^aJI^Ar^U^jj4*tL1j 4,U jl5^^ ^j^-^y

    ,jj- ^ (J^*-^ j.

    tvrr .a:>-a;i^.:5' aJ_^--pIT ^^.^^.Ul ^i>^^) jV^^ ji3lj 4I> i*^ diA^r. j:>X

    [N] j-^-^^j^ -^'-^ ^-(^^ r-^"* ^-^'z^^ *^^ "^^ -^/ "^^ Z^r*'^ ^Sk^ ^"^^

    ^.^:'^ -J^^'^-\ J

  • -\y>- is,y^ lS-^'^ ^j-A.JLij\ J^^jj j^J aT^iL; o^^-^ c^k^V^A ^^S ^\(j* J ^.s^msU -j^j\ J.:L/b Ic

    : jaJ"! A>-jj; ^j^O^ A5*lJ^ OjlM ^b AlLfcj o^-^ljj ciA.'^.i'y ^c^-Al-'j ^x\A^^JJS\JC:^^9^,^ l^-j (>i-Jj^ (j^^v! ^^ .-v'LJ? \

    ^jixjwi.' a:j:^ a^jj j% j ^Uil ^^LaT Aj_c?t-yjc jlV^. j3j'^-I^ A^^l:-' jjJ'j-J

    A,L5^^ Ja-.j^^ OMi-J- O-^-'^j^ J^x r-^" a,'^Li^l ^::':-^5 j ^jl' ^ [ s 1

    cJj'^ O^Jj ^^jj i_>H Oy^ J-^ l*Vj> i^ iW*>J^ZJtJ jl.^ ^"iA aJ^ 3jj Aj'j^Iia a.^i.A Oj^3 "^,

  • ^ItjL oliJl^^JA 0^1} ^ jjJ.x^a.;!ji^^^A.^ oX.]y^} aT^U^-zj^ ^^^^i^c .ja^H

    ll-a^KJ ^5^"^"^.^ J^'-'lo- ^" crj"*-5.'- j'j ^(_;^J 0^,*^" u^J"^* a:^

  • ^.-i LU ^ \Ail oJ^:;i J-^j ( j\j^ '^J'^J ^>->*^^^' *-^ NAt^ -

    j\\ Jy4r^ :>jY^^\ *bjU X^j^ J.AZ. J^jy-^ . [ - v>-JlM* ] ^-^y^j^A, fj^jy"^^ Ap-ctl'A^y v--^l--J^^J-^J '(J^^^

    Au.'l| iJj-\;J J^i 4,J A.>.3V U^^rj olc^J (J^>-y c-.>-l j^>- o^j}\ d^>\

  • pUO^ cA)'^Oo^>. ^ [ Herblot J ^^^ ^'>-^*^

    : A*l>cJj A^'l^c jy ^w

  • (*^^j^lV_j>j (^.>^ ^^U^^fr ^^^>>- O^f^^^ S^j'^^ ^} S"^ "^l^^ -*!^oli-j

    ^-.uh (j'^-\iu>^>- v^* i ^ji^ c-i*-y v^"*^ ^''^ jb^^ii^ u^ tf (^-ijj jA,.^

    d\:^jju5' iJ>j^i *A'U.A-j J^S* k!X tJ^^ . t-u^iy.>. c5"bj

  • ^}\ ^j-^) ^'^ jL^l47l ^^^y X^l^ aJj:^^ ^\^/liLh

    ^^-^; AiL-oj! Jif^jU^J \>S ^"^^ ol'^U_^^ j/^. ^"-^i^ 't^-^^cT^J jUj^^\ ^-i^y,

    ^.U^jU-c^: ^4^^^ .j-*^-^i^ ^-*'7* ^"^'M / '^yj, ^^->j (jt^j J^^^^ J^j/ jV^

    j'>Ul j^'^ JAJS jJ^^ jA9 a:;6 j^^'t-^3j^ is^j^ W^y^ oA.'i^^^ dl^^j^

    (J^*JJX ^-^.->3j^ ,^JaAlb,c Jc-jl 4.U AJi^'ej JUj3 di ^j^i^ jVj\ S^^j^>-

    j^yj^ (Sj^-^^ ^-'-'^jjj^ ^^,}'^ j ^^,J* ^^'^ ^. ^S-^} tr-^J^ VJ^*^ ^'-^J^

    ^.^t ^)X3^> JjUs^y^>c5*-i^.^/*^ cr^J (^^-*'' ^'^,j^^ -^J"'-^. c^Jli*^^-^:^ (3-^-5jS

  • N ^ \ J:^

    JaiJ i iS-^}-^y^Jy, .^aJ^^-- iil P-jJjl J^^.J^ J^} j*Jt fJA>- .a: A,_^.^

    j\^Cr Jij>. C^^ ^-^"H -'^ "^^ ^"^-^ J-^^^-^yJ iS^\ e-^'^/*

  • o^O ^j^^ e-^b^^i j^iAiS* 0^.^)1 A^jjU 3y^ 4-*^ ol-i-ij lUj > \

    oj^*^ j^^j, S^iJ^d JU*--I tiA.''j* dj.UMA> ^^.^5 ^>l>. ^ij^t J^w*l:--.i

    c>.lc ^1^ ol*^?- oj^^ cAx>. liA^y ctDA.>-j^^ 4*;l' ,^jA 4Uj ^

    .j^^^aSa jj.:_^fe^l J^j^-Jji cT^l AuTLs- jU3j'b A>^^ ^1^1 jV^^ ^^ij fi^l{3 ttAj^ x^\a) cX*fl^lj ^;>S ^jjjU*:jl jLU

    ^KUj^^- j)l^\^^^^M k'X^^j^^cJj:^ [ - '3^* (3:-\li ^;i- ] dl-c>j!jl

  • ^.:>.l\ jja*iL>- c>.Jl^L^ ^S.Jl-*!)^^l Al^Uil o-\Ua)^^.^ ^^ATt

  • V=^J J^^^-" 0^^U ^j^^) (J^^) '^^3 t3-^^^^J Jt>^ JAaJ^oT oU- [^"J-^^J, ??-**

    ,^yi A>'L.^l^ ^.i j 5^^ d^U (^S o^^l^^ -V. f j-^^ jAJ^ JA; A)J^

    jUL LUij^^ .>"^Vl J-^U jUjjl ojU ^. ^jA-^t 1 U:r\ 4)^::^^^ ojL;:!

    ^;-^ dJL'o^'j^i 5 j-^iij-A^-t^^s^ I JI^U*-. 45^-^J J*-J ctl:-A-.i ^jj ^^y-'\>'*t5^--^ r-'-^*

    lU'l.Mfi ,^'-J (i i I-"-* I Oy-i- D oa:-.-k^^f_j cil j^jlji eari;.- 4>-y v-^>.U [t]

    v/.J^j ^U ^M.-* l'Vj- JJJ-J' j^aL. ^aI,- jj,^M

  • SAV J

    VV ^^ ^y^} J;;-a^"J'^l c-lV* ^:-^!.^*-*^:'^.^ J'"'jr^o^j^ ^'.^aj^I^^jIc cJL:--LU

    ^s}\^^\3 f ^ ^-^:' . ^HJ^ ^y^y -^. ^y. ^'^3J^ i 3(^i^ -b^ \Sj^

    J-^'X ^^-^ cCjS- ^pl t\j!l^ wO'^ ja5-\1 oa>j'^ ^bjb aj'UI^^ cJL'.^lj

    it^Jvi j.i:OS o^^* -j^3t ^bj^^S ^AlJ^^-^ c/'^'^'^^iJ^J ^jr^^^^Ji^S^\j\^z.jk jj^ u>. .^^ij ( jis'\ j\.r ^*> ^^-^^^ (j^^y v^5-L-- di-^^ - jJj^

    /^ JjAj^ j^-M^.)^ A^j-.;. >^ j^r ^ O^fJ J-^^^^ (T-l . j-^-'^^-^jb ^Ij J-^-^'l x^-l -?^r-^ ^j^ c ^Ij j^i^ls J J,Vjj

    ( l/jj 6^^3 j3^\* ) -Uj^ v'^J >^ ,yi-^J^ LT^j 4J>*-> r-^*" J:-^^" *-^--o-'jr**oV_y^ ^ JU. . j^^^ j^J cr"''->*. *^^r^ ^j^^.-^

  • J.--9 ^c ^\j ^i?S . j-Xj*jk,*_^^l^ {lc^ j-vJ j^f---^ ^j^\ \jjU 3A.^j^\ ^^^* ^^\ j^l

    -'^'-^. V-^ ]

  • AO t ^i^ *^ . jA^Ja^ iV. d\-^y dD-jj/ AUj^ . jjjaj:^ oW^^ *^^^ -^^^^ jclijC

    . j-^*^l jJ^JU.:-^j JL/\ cjjy-^ ii^^j szJ. 1^^

    ^oX-j^\i t jll:i\ Ji tS^.-^'J

    iJ^-50 ^^-^ isJ-^''\ jVjO-x-:?ji jTj ^j^^^^ ^is\!^ ^r ^/ *^J ^^ ^ ^.

    s^Jlr dl'o^t 0^*-!^ ij^j^d (jlo k-;l*M>-/^ 4*'*l' -;1*^>-1 r-i'i* "V

  • A\\ . ^^^ : 4 j^^^ji a^v 4Jbi^. [> j.ja^r^ a^L^ Jjjlj 'illi ^U l*Vj- JfUl oMJ>. v-i^\^ * J'^VV^c

  • NAr ' Ji^

    ^V^ia^i ^^^> j-^v^ ^-^ * 4-'^JW*4^*--'-^-4^^J-^.^f'* - i!>^JV^c:. jvaIjl* ^fj^l Jr-Ji^^ *c/.-J* o'j^i-^ l l-^'c^*(iVj! ^U *t^-J^ O-J^J ^^. '^^J} 1^:* V^"^-^. J-^'-J^ O-J^^^* Jj'-^f jV'j^J^ V^V

  • V-9 J 1 > A T

    ^>i_-i j^^Vl jjJJi'^i (i^j4''->-^J cT J^''"! J->^'^_yjj JUU dilji j.lji ui^Lvar(5^"^^l^ ^^-i ^51^ j> ^^" _jl >1 jjJU; ^^,^ ^^c o^'-^-'-^ c^ crjVl:* 4:_-ij\ . ja*.lj) i-U yL:.rj> a^il* [Les phenomenes] ctl-J^I ^'^^ ^y [a]

    ^^^4 oJ_-:/ l/l" [Du jour et de la nuit] el^j^jS; jToi ^lU

  • N A N Jo

    [t] Ji Jl^ iJ[Euclide] cr-^t^b' [\]

    [ aT^j ^r^j^ -dr Vjl ^^ll>*jJ>^ ^^=^/ ^Aj^j^^l ei^^c ^s^'j'. ^M;U JJ ajuL* [Tleodose] u-j^y^ [v]kjl jl*jxC;U/ ^^^^^ c^^>-j^-^^^'J:' C^]

    4j/^,^ J'V^-^!. *^^ o->:-

  • *^jUi) j^^i o3j^(iHij fj^>:.^JoL:-iJy /^^-Jj-Jj^J^ [(^Ic^^N.^^'^j'J'-

    oUc.IjTMa ! j^aJ olll JUJI 4;bUj et* Oj^.U-*^" oi^^l^ *^'i'.>''cr-\ll^^ [N ]

    ^^'>y ^ ^^-'* .J*^^ -'l'^'c^^ 4^0^^ . mTS^^UJ Jij' 4.^ jU ^l J-^--*^|.i J,j^ ^-V JJj^-^'*

    ^^\j^j^jfj

  • > V ^ Jo

    \ci o)i}^J^^J^ J^:-^ J^i\j JAU'l Jol 4)j\^frl o Ij Jy^ -^3^} ^-j^} c^*** U^'**" Ji^^* :-\ t.!:i -^->*.v/^ A^A'U-A^j

    jAUi^^j*^ j^>li. iy^M^h^i jxjSm t Jt/^v/^ (j-^-Ji^i J4^-^* < ^s-^t/^

  • jj3 t>j ^M-I . jjJjLc

    .Ailj^4;f^3^*>. [ C, E. Saclau ] j^Uj^^^; eA:^A)^^>\.; o \AVA 6^j^-*r

    ^x^lr^^J

    \t ^5 U- jl:^49 *'''^,-^3j^ ^yS^ ^^ . j'^-^^j'^-\l^^.

  • N VV

    d icl:^]! jLC;1 :i5.u:U j^\j \h^\ JlU\ ol:S

    ? j4,^ ^^j^} j}'^^^ -^^^y ^^^ '"^J > AY

    f ^j\_^:Jl ..^c-ai ^\:S^T> A\"

    [^] -^-^ x.?*u)i icl:

  • 4JV y: \ Sv-

    ^ull jrV:> c^l:5 J A'^ji ^ji^t jMr a!U.c a:^!!^ jhJI ^Bjl aJ^j oLj-1 J sJT"

    ^V^U-^Vi

  • \ Vfl Jii

    .* ;-jJ:13^ >^^.=r -j^r^G ^^^-^-ij vi^^^uL^yu jJu

    [JJ.1.I3IJ o_^j (^o^ ^.3] t J.am *Ja:]ij JJb>JiJ yu>.

    \/'Ul\ w\3L.^ jc./^-a-J J^UVi OIV V^' V^ J^^'V^j (>^^^ c-r^-^* ->^^ ^ -^^-^^^ ^^^ c/'^r'^'^ ^y^^ Cr^^' ^'^^

    c :i).-il\ w^^c-f*-*^ l^-Vi^ ^>=rVi ylS")

    t ^.il\ c^-

  • oJoLU Ui^ (J^^^^jj j^j\ ^} ^^-^ j; ^*> Ja5 :^ ^ijNVL aJIU^* ^^5c-*U

    ojV^ ^\ ^d3J::, ^' -^'^-^l ^^ -^y* C'^'' *^"^'-^. ^M^ cr^^^**^^/ jt/^^-

    oiajy 4l^?- ^Xoj \V ijy ^\^9~J^ oy^*a JJll^lj \ \ ldilx.*j^, i\;JJ^ ojjj o^lJill

    ji-^^^j^Jj\ ojl-A jjk,_T V 4I-. vv ^j^ \J^^j^j\ ojU-.

  • S\t Jti

    . [r] ^-^^H

    (^i'i j^^^r J;4ji A._*fj J^--? ^Jy-^ j-C-'j^c .l" ^i^iVOjjj ^^jjV a-^jjj^^-^J jt:J 6-?^' L^]

    .jA^ai J^5 U.:>ry i5Ji^^i i-J'J -b^ d}:\^J\y\ \^f\ yt

    , jj^t,A}.^jrj^jj^ ^bjtf Oj^ jjj^ (Jj' to* t it tif ' it

    ^^ JM* .A:-.ljj A^^jT^^ ^^}j^ jJi)\ J^b 4.^^i JU ^4j ^"c' o''^,;\^. b^

  • v-ru J\> \

    ^ijj_^.5: uy c^^ A,^^;^;^ ^jT^-. ja,>^ i^^J^y) - j v:^*^" o->.:-^.-x_*^jii cil-i-J

    *v^^ ^. j^ a^\-^'i\y} i^y^. l/^Oji^^j l:^A^ Vjlj Ji^^H *^o^b> di'^-vj-l Ojjjl^-.0-^:9^1 ,3-U3jjj^ >^ / ^bj*. J '-' t$?4il 0^^ *^V^T j'j^' *jO-^ -^My_^i^ 4i)

  • > V N Jii

    jVj^ l^>3^^^>- ,jt,'SyM9 ^ ^j>- , (^-v,\ jiji ^4i.* i^> j d^3

    t t > - t Y .r*^>^ v>. d^j^j

    t "I t - 1 1 \ er J.! 0; jJ^^i Jr o-j'^

    .a:-c- rAV i]A^v>0>^ -^'Ji* *^4^jf J^jr^ r3-^'>- Jt/^jy^^^^ L>]^J-J'^:- J^j Jj' J J^3\ lAiU 0>^- v> Je 0-^' ^J J^->' i^J 3j- j^fi ^3jl>- ofl^^ o

  • jT^aiM J^A^ ^X:- JU\ ^A^j- j 4U^ t

  • ^^31 .a:^4,^,^ o tYV < 0^-4J^^.^ J^T , jjoaC

  • NnV

  • 4J; ji;T MA

    jj.ju^ c^^^ j^^^ (^*^j ^-^y ^^\"^ i^.^.^ -'^'^t^^ ti-N.-^^j -*"-*j c^^^'T^

    j-^ yLT j\^ j^ ^J-^} 03'^^ ^L** oL ^^ ^^3^. jV^^ ^"^/^

    A*U /id- jL^j> -.^ IM* I (j-^^-l [S]

    JA c-dTy^ ^^^1 4,J io i-._Jjl j^- e\:ll 6^:^' O^T ^^-'j' c^-- [x]

    ^a!^ JiA)j^>. ^}jj> ^}"J^. O-*-^^' -^^'i ^J^-J^. ^--^'^- v4>-45^05 y^t i]^_j jjjT 4 jy^ljl JMLl */:>-l' / O-^j^ ^--' io ^M^ jj-^JIjl H;^^>i^j

    .A*_jij\ w^ij^ .Li d^As^-i 01*^^. J^-^' v^-J

  • ^irjT dX''oj^^\. j-^J -/ ^^l-^

    I

  • dlU* - Kk^J\y\ o^dK^ zl)^ A, f^A y\ ^^'^^^y'^ c^l:5^t>,/l-. fjA^h j-^^/ o3^^

    .^\fj cr^-*X^ J^-*"--^ (i-^ l^-^^'^ J^ v>*^j:5^ c-.l:.r- J;-^^-"^^ ^l:.rji

    . ^k^_ : \X.l\ ^.ji; [\]

    ^ ji>r^^ jVjl ^>.\ oJc:;.l>:_-i j o:^.-^ viJ:->..^ ^..kll^ ^:^jyj i)J-y [r]

    v5J^ J^^->-r j-j^-i^^ j/^-^' ^uCl' ^^l" *a; 0-1:^^4 ^* j^'^. dA'j^j [i]J-^J^.3 -a^^i^yj cr-^;^^* J^^-JMJc J.-^^_3^^ ol-.?-'^. OjU ju::. >^'l;j jUlji

    .j-Cj::*>--:-. jV^I j- *ji-.1_,.- oJ^J^LIi'I oj'jU:l,I ^^^i ^^t ^^3^1 Jj-'^'^-^- ^U"-^

    .j^fl^ ^jfj di j^y^' [A Sedillotl^^ia-jaj^i-.;.

    .[yy v^ : y ^ : ^-i-^>* (5;,jU ^Ji^ - jV-*]

  • ^ ^t Ji3-

    ^

    jVj\ J^J^ j^:-^ ^l:-^J\t>, -Jj^^& . jjLi' ^ (^jU ^i*^> jV^^ -

  • .jjLli^i ^^^^y^^'i'"^ ^^-^^ ^*^-^^ U*^'"^ JifliLiar j^^J Aj^j^S^O^** ^O

    j^jlT aJjUo . [\] ja*-v.'^.-il^ j ^>:^:* jn*1^> j-^Jj^^i^ aU^^?- x^jf-^a.

    [^*ji v^-'i^j^ (3-^:- At^ i]^^^:> ^,->t"] ^^'j- v:au,"L-:^.j ^.o rYA ^jf-

    ^* (i'"^-ct'-C; '^"^-^'-'-^

  • \ . \

  • ijl-^^^ lt^J ^:^" ^^-^Z '^:*^* ^i-i^U?-i ^\:f 3 oy^} -^^^^ -^ ->.iw^ j ^lA^i) Jji jAi-*vj^Ao jSTj^. .[^] jaJ^ ^3-j j

  • - J^ J.j^i ^u; oiT- j.j^i j 4 j^^\ jiiia.. ^.Mj ^.^i j^^

    cjVij ^^b ^-^-^5^ ci^-S* ,^L*?- (j jjl* 4^^! \^ ot) - < *y.^\ J Uol:.^ - J^jk^ *k; ;^l>.j ol:5 - j^Ul J^^i*! J ol:"- c'M ol :^ i:^ j Jcf^ ;.UdL\ j\jtV> j oLilT _ j--.^l

    ^-^i\ jjj\ dl>.4'.j*J oL*M>- J^\j ^(Sj^\ j\^ *^y^ 5 ^-^' ^^ ^^-^J

    ^i^ 4) ^.x*.j kS'o* .jj^j^ a^^ f^-S-4-v^ J>- cJiil) jVS Jl> --*^(^ J^ *^--^" '^*'

    "^J -'" \-^* c^-1>.j:j oa5>^ a^:: Aiij^ljl Jale oa.^>,.^JyV JrJ-^lj^UJlj-j ^^,/*/^

    ^^isj. ^^u iijy^^

    oVji -^-v. "j^-^-

  • oUaI.. J .^tr. i^lij ol:5"- >J:>\;v\ ^5y J v-jI::^ - diUJI vjlo - ^--j ^^^1 j^-.**j A^c J ,>1:j - aTU^Icj ,J^-..C jl'T^y ^-viHj

    (>UI ^^ ^ VI; J \ijy^ ^A:l>\^9 >Zl -ijdi*y Jr w>ir

    .jjdl'l Jr ^ilV. (j''^:^*^^'-^.' "^'-^J i-\.' (J^^ ^^^ J^j' ^5?'

  • \ 6 V J.>

    ^.S^:i-i j AUj j* a:>1' tJ.Ju:D JaJlj J.5>c:ilj yu* jb

  • c^a\\ jL-I^ ^b^. )ja!^ o^-x;) oJU J^^jj J^;/^ J-^^^j^ .[\] jX'X'^^^^\j

    [Gustave Flgel] Jp^j _ jl^j^j^^i J^^^ v^"-^. o^--^J -^A *-:-

  • J}I

    Ok^^^^^^Mk-

    iOl J^lj^j jjj e*^-*' J^ V-^>. j^->Jlj^ ^M 1 ctl'~jy w4--l:'lo^ji')^^ ii^Jbj si^ij^ oiOjiT! (^-u.r^cii*^^-^ij^ j'iy 4^jiy *_^-j 4.514^* . j-^-^^j' /^'\-

    ^CL'(jL o Jiji-u.fi ilj^i; jVjij-vTj .(Sjijiiti'l cj^O^j'^ '-^-^. (i-*^^ *^. ^->^ kSj,-^*

  • 4Jl jUT s o t

    (S->^^y tX"b* jiy^i tj-i^-^" *J^U JU uA-^^y^'^A^^j^ ! O^l . jaJ^ juviXl:5^^ .;^i^> *-JUu^ - ^IJlci jVjl ^b itlji ,^i.j j^^j ^u^'JjT Jj-^

    c Aj'^ f^jtry, JU-j^Ji *l3y^*V jsTtJi \;b iU-iJ J.J

    dl\>ijll^( .Ub.^^^^Ot j ! jii^Ujl cili:^^ diaj ^ji:: JjAj.

    ^^ jJ^^/^J-Ju^ ^:L^lJi4jl cilr^ dljul jslsl djy ' ^^i

  • [j(i*^^J^^] c?-^^^-^ J^'TjT A'V^'-^.^ S^,-^'-^} ^-^^ ^^J ; ^[^ i^ y,X jV^ \3^J\ ^% vii:jb'U tf jx\ ^-=^--aj" J-'^^J ij^f S".-^) J^--^^

    % jx\ ^ui j^u jj-^\ i]ji:i: 4,j j...>. ^1/ 1^ j^>. *^jjji j-^u

    /*/ *^) c^^ fl^^/i"^ .j-^-^-\b ^r^^J JU*!--! jJ'Cl: ia^

    f t^^^J sJ- c/^ / ^^->-^. ^^J^ 4jJ f'^J^^^ j-^-C, ^-liT aJ1U^>

    J^A>- ^j-UviA) J^^ lA^^c'. (-^JJ^"-^ JjAj^ J*'-* /^l^'/ ^-y ^-^^

    . *^)j\ c^^^s/^ ^

    . j^"^'t* J-u5^U:> dl'l^ci^^i^^Jli!|J1 ^lii j/"i^^. c5^^j*-

    ^La j*^ s--^,^ jxJ^i:w> 45^j,V>- jU- . jiljl)j>l 4_*4 jljy a;'jl-. Jjl i]l jj>fi^^^

    ^\zj Ul 4 (! *i) Jl^l j ^i^>. . j-r:^ j>j^ j^iijl y>.jj> *'>^'->'.^ ti'-j--^ J^^' *^"l*^- ^*^^

    jj-j^-ljl j^'jl j^^- jj [Suter] Jy^ ^jj^^a o\j\ j-^^*-*^. tii-M-l^^^.l;^iT jA

  • ^iS^y ^^'* *^.->3j^ (^-'^-'-'- is^^^^^ ^^VSa 4*^^-"^ J\i^^ Ji'^ dl_*^^jl..>.

    .

    *' y y . ^ A " A

    [N] (^-^-^^J Ju:>-\ t^^jy-^"^

    l'^lc x^\ - t^j'^^j^J JA-* dl:^^jl.*>. ^-^lU Pv>l^\

    N M : Aijs:^ 4.jl;j

  • S\ ::-l>V ' *-^^^

    :^i-l o-^-_^:*:*j o^-^\iJ ^^^:^.r^

  • L^tjCTljji - l^ti o"l2J^" eli* [P. Bonconpagni ] (^'^^'yj^. ^^i^^ - r^^*-^^.

    Jyj ^j^y-^^ oVjl J.:*-* jVj\ J\j - i]ji* oju'l*;. jiA>^w ^c/\ylt>;^V

    [Magua Ptolemsei constructio 9 libris exposito] C^A^.* Jy^^oSAiA J^loT

    jVjJ^ a5^w o^j'^^^o-v.J ^^ 0\^pj c/jVU c^^J^Jb^ pAUallj^ ^^-1^ 4j^^Lj t5^4j ^- i^J-? oA' 4._^M.y

  • [t] j^ [Gerard de Cremonel

    * ^

    .^J^j^ ^-^y^ . c^J^J (J^*-^ / cT^^I LiJy A\ t^y::=ri^

    [Sabbionetta] ^-y-^ jJjI^ _y*J ^}jjj^ ^j^^

  • ^i[:j^ dLy ^As Jj\ iJl \sj\y\tfji'^\ JU>^^ *^"^^'* ojjj' 6^j' J*-- Jj^lcJl; a^

    V^i ^^^ JU . [\] jj.^>^ O^fi^ '^-^-^ -^-^'>'^'''.-^^-^" ^j^'.^-^l'^jl

    r:-"^-^*"^H:-^-^^-^*' c5-*'J cr'^j' ^.^>- ^^li ^1.3 cil iJj'J-V'J

    (-A'J j^^\ wflfr (^jUci ^$^-\,*j>* U jai^lH jU. ^jjAjjA c^liJU^ j^(S?"*^j ^"^^.jA^*li ::,iij o^ijji 4"^^* itLjj szAy^j (j^^ *>^Jyy' 4*Ji)y 4Vi-^"'^" -^>*' *^H-^-^->^ '^*-^,

  • N V

  • [Yasco de Gama] Uti^^^lj ^^=^^ J^^J f-^J ArLi^^^l^cyj.i^;>.

    ji[j\ ^^^

  • . jA_^h JL^^\ A)J^^i o^ Ji ^ ^iS ^j6 J^Jt *^jlc:> j^ii. ^Cj d\-:>-4^J ^j^/ {J'^J^'^^ il:-;jU^ ^2j -CL [ Neper ] j^-^^l* a^J ^i-^jlcj

    e^^3-ll^\cT^-^J JL-I A,lS^ jAij^t y^:. ^LT ajI jl'j^^ CjI*>- / ^^j^ >

    aJ1U^> V^\ : j^^lj L/kj jl.-t' 1^^-^/ Ji-^J^ jl^^J^ ^c5'^l-'^>. ^'W:*^y

    ^^->X ^^-^ '^^'^^ - L*m>. ti^A>- ,.^>- .^^^

  • .i^A^^ J,j^ Al-j 3/ Ojjj^ cs-'-^^o^i j_^-rA5 j^L;t> jy/fc jUj ^5^.-^-:^J J^j^^ ^.-C3a/ ! (^-x,J jj_j\ ^^^^

    jjA,*yji ^JL'TjAij^]* J^^^j [Cusa] \3y ^ J^^J *'^i^->^> (ij'^ii^ t^^^^J^^

    Joannis Rigio - Montanus . De Triangulis planis et Sphericis liber y unai^\:Sy

    . jj.^^'j^A A.lri^ ^J^^ /*-' -^^" L^^* cum Tabulis Sinuum.]

    V.-^' j-^'^'tjj J^^J j_^ii oAU.'U ^M^yJ^A c>\jj^y 3\jy\ dXA'*Jyy>Jj J-^\ [\] ! jA^Uj *^J jAli^t [ Schoner ] jy^ ^)1 J^y^ j-^^/

  • N 1 r 4r'U.

    jjb>^ (j-'.^i'J 0>^^ ^J^/^ i][Tleon] j^lrj^.^> l^>j ^^J ^^- -*^:> ^jl" i) [AYeidler]

  • [\] . jA-i^^r-J JU::J ^^J A.i--1 ja:-1a^j v^-S'j ci^-?-^S^-^/

    ^-lM **^^

    J.-i^j'j j\JI^:S' 4;^Ub\ oj3j^-^'J ^JoTjjJjl^'l*^^^* (^jl*l dlVi:-\> j^-^-^*^

    oj[

  • > i\ AfU.

    fJ^%j^AC fj^^J^ d}\ vl.!i-4>- vl*Ut jV^\ Jy^--* ^-JiT l^J3\ Ks^Jj^AC' f

    ^^*A5*:_C\ < [ Parbach ] r\jy^ c5*-!:^/ ^-A* j*. ^j-^-^^ jy^ ^\ijdL^ ^^. j^ [ Eegiomontanus ] o'y^y^^J**

    js'\ oi 6 fjf^yJ}\ jJ^* Aiil f^j ^-^jli* ^i>^J ^*^*^, *r)i-^-^ i*^Uiij

    ^Jj [N][Monte Regio] * ^i:,^ [ Koenigsberg ] j^jj-j^J/^-if nT I/.3 . j-^.^ J^^---/A.'> J' ^Jjl -^:^"V ^jU UJ)j J;U3 ji . ja

  • ^'(^

    J>^ a:-*1;^ Ji^fV dJo^^ diTl^ ^

    CiUbh. ,JiSt ^Jj\ o^j\ 4fjX-l *t^

    i-^J jj:f ^^^^l iii-^

    J,!/ til^U^'j.:.. J^tr' ^"^^ i^^-?J^ (^-^"i *-*.:'"> J*ij>^ ^.^-O. eJ.f'oll^

    ^-\-^lj JAl)^-*?! ( y_j - ^j-y 4!j\ (3-i^fr^ (S3^ A' kJ^5>c*>

    ^.4i>; >l; [N]

  • s_i-a Uiy^'^,J\^.^ J-J/ -J^-J ck^^ A,^(^jl-l^\ Jij^jT (j'^-^J

  • [o.^^jj:a.,i] J]^'jy\\ .\ij\y\ s Y i\ ir NV ro = \ ^:>'il ti II Jl J

    a.jL^ t>4!^jjU N T t^ ir \N M 11 = n' ^>--

    "-

    II II II II II a

    ur..J\ .:^'j ^i'S N r 1^ ir \\ M 11 = \^ ^>-// >; // // // //

    [c^r^.>] Ju3 J\ ./^i S Y ^r ir \r r = > c^>--^

    II II l 11 II ,1

    [..A^^ o-J^^^:^ Mv lor i*\ rv = n w-^>-

    ^b)^ ^^j ^5-^^ NV lor !! rv = n ^>-

    ^r^-] V3^:i^ *'ij5^.^ , Mv lor 1*^ rr^ = \ ^>-

    ^^-A,'U-A-j l_*f\^ .(^Jb^ jj^^J^

  • (i'^ ^/ ^^-^-"^} (3-^i" ^-i^-^^ dlU|_4) vjL' a,^aJ^I-*> ^'.^^^ -^^3 ^'>

    c/ + ,\*il YN'N \r\ V\V OAV = u- ^

    ^i A)^(jl c^^^Ac j^^^^YV Vjl i5*^ ^V. J y^ O-*^ -^^J r ^-^ jA*^^>

    j^ j ^y vi\U.^jA^ Yi (3*1 ^-^^^ jA.^^i*^ ^u-.* ^jU-^-'-^^ tS^-^ *j-^*-^. ^jAlT j^C.|.

  • i T

    ^ ^^

    :

  • \ro yjV .^l,

  • 4ji y:\ \ r

    S I

    7 \) i V* ^ '1^

    v-.A^" j^J^l ^^-y vl^

  • * *

    ^JX ^^d^ tii-^-^. j'r-y^, J^^^j dX^\\j[^A^j^9^j>^ 4-; L^jj^U ^S

    J.)l jy. ^ Jj-Jjl ^0\ -^ fV' ^.3 *iA-:-JJ ^^l c>. -^^ Jr ^^^ ^r-^ ^.-^'

    ^jfj.^ o^. j 4jL_^4i:_^ J.-1

  • ['( o^

    -^ + ^^ 4- ^^ + ;-^ ) c/ ] + ^^

    ... ( ^ i ^ y

    ^^3 J^^^J" j^jlSU- ^^3 Oi-Ji vIjL^ JilU- 45^-A-^J >^i^" 4^ ^'^^ \f-:^^ jA A>/>-j^ ^i J^9 4*^ ^-^>- Jj-^>- / t^^-^.^ w-^l--.>-

  • N r N JU cL

    p

    > T T >

    ^

  • V + f = cT ^

    t?

    ^\j3 - jA8A>^^\jj;

  • \x\ JC ^\

  • rb-^ ci i ^'j/ ^'^:*"* ^yy^ j->^lx^)\ jL-Iapr!^^ Jj-^>- ^jy^ y^ ^"-^J.^

    ^->.j^ \ jVii c^^5 ^.U- ^:]1 o j3j (^j-^-t 10 c/yv/^ tV Vj\

    oy^^-V^^ Y jVji c^-.' r-.lc^ /c;--^ ^^^j3j^ 10 ^%^2.^jJ-y:^ :]j^x\^ ^Jj^-^j^ljl JA^-^iT

    ^'j^-^^

    ^jAii:jljl ^i

  • N V V J^ V^

    oVi Jl

  • *'>

    \ \'\ i\ V c^ A 01 YA i\II u a u u u u

    : xJJL [*] ja:;jJj!>^

    r A Y vr 0^ v- YA M. r^ =^ r c^^u u u a u u 11 u

    o*^ ci\^j5 j* Vjl (^^ i^j ^i'r'j ^ cr^-J*.

  • s r 4 j^ wi

    r T

    .jjLilj ij^J^-^^ Ai^^-i^

    r r

    (^r-)-':^>

    r

    + r ^^ ^ = o-

    1

    c/h- r v^5^-v X \o = ^ ! X 10

    ^>^!j^

    o r T o

    o r o o

    r' -^^ 1 o t-^:^ V = ' \" >--*'

  • 4jl jl'T

    P 1^ p ^^) X ^ ^ = u^l.xL

    ^i p iY X p 1> ^= L\j

    \\i

    \5

    K^^ oAl^-A^jljJi |rl5^l:>. J?^ OJ J^'T'J^^? T T

    P }. P ^Xp ^\ =P 1.- ^ ^

    JJ xIp X = p~Z

    ^P~v

    er

    = ^ J.

    T T

    / ^ \^P j]y!= -=:-:^ ^ ij Y = (^ -U ^ ii)r =t.'^ri] \ ^ i] Y /

    T

    P

    T T T

    X r

  • > T r JlT cjl

    ( t ) -^'J } = C^ = c^^ = ^ V

    ^ C X ^ = x7\) X ltP + Zo^ X P V

    X o ^ o ro . o r

    ^>^ = r ^'^ X N w:- + N ^>-

    : jjo-i 'a!jU> Jj*jb^< ^y

    0jK^^ j^b j^^J Jl-P*:^! ti"^:* -^. j-^*^=r J^4^ ^* ^^f^o ^ crf.^ a^-^

  • 4ji, j\; i N Yt

    (S) '^> ^^ = ^\)

    r ^ Y == ru^^c^v

    5 o Y =^ C Ci;

    Uj^Jaj^^IJ 5 1^ r < (J

  • ^Ic J) ^ldi u u I e ^J^^, r^'i I^ --^ cr^J ^^'^ "^^-v^^ -''^'^-> ^---^ ^5*^2^ viA

    -y vi-^^ j^^

    [t] j-\.^ J^S^- (i^^-^^* d\:--4!Lj jUlijj^ jVjl Jj^*^ A^:*V

    dl:^^if (^j^/*^ J^'U t^jlJl^ J.U jAcM-^Vl^jb^ jf^J, r^'^^ V-^J^)J ja,l ^\ oj.^lj J^\3 ^t^^.^ < ^^^^3^ (S 3^^ ^^./^ J--U c^J^ia

    ^^.->3^i cP>5 "-L? V / t>y-J)JcV (N J^- ) Vj\ Ujy oJl^U t^A^

    *^^^

  • ol jir N Y

    J^

    \ N* ! OY rt = (N V rO^^= '^L^ ^ ^ ^ ^

    ^^ ^ '

    ^

    OA ol V 0^ M^ ( oV No)^>- = ^>^ ti u u ^ u\ NV ^\ ^l ^^ ^ = '^^ = ^ > ^

    V *^^ ^ ^^^ ^^ t^^= 'c^flr ^

    >^ (t) i (N) O'^'-^^^jy,*>^ o

    N Y 1^ tt^ ro V'N >- N ^:-^ ^ ^ ^ ^

    \ t t^ ir !^ c> -^.^ i

    1^ o\*' ^ ^ / ^

    v^c YO r*^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

    (-^

    A)^-

  • ^^^

  • 4Jl jl* I NNA

    ^1^9- (J^^ di--' J d)^\>-j^j^ J^^ j-0 ^j-^-Cj c\>^\ (^^l,*A ^'^y.J, tXj^jy^

    K.-

    )

    Vo =: tO = ^ e

    ^

    ^=^ v',T*' = Pf

    /^J U -i> Cf ^ f*( i olS^ )

    r 5 = ^ /

    'j^ii

    \ N

    N =^/+/r = ^rjji^^ojU j-x..>- jVj^ u^jiu^ 0^^^ j^0 jV^^ j^*>- ct^'^^ cT.-^^i i jy^V.

  • oIV V Y\ ^ r* = 40 ^>-/i II o il Jl

    ^

    o -^

    o / ^ o -

    :^' N / / *^^-^-^- (i^^* *'''^-^. ^-V'^ ^x ^\o jVjl ^-) ca>^

    N ^ t* Of Yt =(> V rO -^// /; // II II ^ a II

    '

    i //

    oAct V e^ \ = " oV No" ^:-II a HU l u II

    o

    (* \ o O / /r \ = to =z o

    o

    (' \ o o I fi s Z= o-\ \0 = O

    ' '

    .

    O O / //+ \ = s V r =: 1^

    // Jl T

    : ^^J^U' ^S'-^V''. ^--y 5.^^X-^ j-^3j^^ ^x.>. dl-.y j^^\ J'

    // > r

  • ol jl>*T > \ -Tl

    *J^ o

    ^^ m^ ^-^:>-// // //

    o

    ON cV i\ Y^ = 1* ^^II n II

    o

    lY YO ro *i t ^^

    // /; //

    o

    TY V r^ rv = YY --^// // //

    o

    \A rY YV t* = \s o

    // // //

    o

    \o VY 11 00 = \o ^^j II II

    Y A Y n =r^^=(N -- \A) ^^// II II

  • j^^lj j-^>.^ -J^*^'^** jj^ ^-a!"-** j-vi-A^^p- c.>^ j\j^A ^ ^j^jj^

    ^jA-i^jl 3^:^J ii\.>- ^_--y d\l-j^ ^^ f)^^j^j>j j^jj^jj cf^y.\i\ ^\j\

    N r 1^ ir \v ro = \ ^^

    ^,^j3 si-^J ^t jVj^ jj^ ^ci Jl"jJ> aI-.U iiUtJj ^jL ^> JU-4.:i)^Jjij.lj2"j .^^

  • Ajl jlf 1 \\

    ^ (JJ^^^\ Cj\j^*S ciA)\jyS J^A\ ^\y^ ii-Jj^ -^*V-^:f d^^\ ^^4)..l

  • , \ o^\ =^^ -

    i/\ t# o* z:^ J9a a u u u a

    '^*' /NOT^


OSMANLICA METİNLERİ OKUMAYA GİRİŞ - seyhalisemerkandi.com · OSMANLICA METİNLERİ OKUMAYA GİRİŞ 2009 5 I. BÖLÜM OSMANLI ALFABESİ Osmanlıca 28 harflik Arap alfabesini

OSMANLICA METİNLERİ OKUMAYA GİRİŞ - seyhalisemerkandi.com · OSMANLICA METİNLERİ OKUMAYA GİRİŞ 2009 5 I. BÖLÜM OSMANLI ALFABESİ Osmanlıca 28 harflik Arap alfabesini

Documents
Ismail Hakkı Bursevinin serh i salavat-ı meşişiye osmanlıca ve latinize

Ismail Hakkı Bursevinin serh i salavat-ı meşişiye osmanlıca ve latinize

Education
Osmanlıca Arapça-Farsça Unsurlar Lügat Çalışması · Fiiller Ef’âl لﺎﻌﻓا Daha faziletli Efdal ﻞﻀﻓا Fikirler Efkâr رﲀﻓا Ferdler Efrâd دﺮﻓا ا

Osmanlıca Arapça-Farsça Unsurlar Lügat Çalışması · Fiiller Ef’âl لﺎﻌﻓا Daha faziletli Efdal ﻞﻀﻓا Fikirler Efkâr رﲀﻓا Ferdler Efrâd دﺮﻓا ا

Documents
osmanlıca bir kitap

osmanlıca bir kitap

Documents
İSTANBUL SÜLEYMANİYE KÜTÜPHANESİ’NDEKİ ARAPÇA VE … · iii ÖZ İstanbul Süleymaniye Kütüphanesindeki Arapça ve Osmanlıca Kırâat Yazmaları, Muhammed İsa Yüksek

İSTANBUL SÜLEYMANİYE KÜTÜPHANESİ’NDEKİ ARAPÇA VE … · iii ÖZ İstanbul Süleymaniye Kütüphanesindeki Arapça ve Osmanlıca Kırâat Yazmaları, Muhammed İsa Yüksek

Documents
pkaplan@htgazete.com.tr Ücretsiz Osmanlıca kursuim.haberturk.com/images/others/2015/05/09/htgzt_20150214_21_1.pdfOsmanlıca’nın halk eğitim merkezlerinde bedelsiz verileceği

[email protected] Ücretsiz Osmanlıca kursuim.haberturk.com/images/others/2015/05/09/htgzt_20150214_21_1.pdfOsmanlıca’nın halk eğitim merkezlerinde bedelsiz verileceği

Documents
Osmanlıca Kitapçığı_-_

Osmanlıca Kitapçığı_-_

Documents
20 Derste Eski Türkçe (Osmanlıca)

20 Derste Eski Türkçe (Osmanlıca)

Documents
Orhun Abideleri (Necip Asım Yazıksız) Osmanlıca

Orhun Abideleri (Necip Asım Yazıksız) Osmanlıca

Documents
Yeni Osmanlıca Türkce Sözlük - turuz.com · Yeni Osmanlıca-Türkce Sözlük 60 000 Başlıq Turuz-Tebriz-2012 3 Abadî Bayındırlık, mâmurluk, şenlik. * İmar edilmiş olan

Yeni Osmanlıca Türkce Sözlük - turuz.com · Yeni Osmanlıca-Türkce Sözlük 60 000 Başlıq Turuz-Tebriz-2012 3 Abadî Bayındırlık, mâmurluk, şenlik. * İmar edilmiş olan

Documents
Osmanlıca-Türkçe Sözlüğü

Osmanlıca-Türkçe Sözlüğü

Documents
Osmanlıca Makale

Osmanlıca Makale

Documents
Osmanlıca Metinleri Okumaya Giriş

Osmanlıca Metinleri Okumaya Giriş

Documents
T.C. KASTAMONU ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANS PROGRAMI DERS LİSTESİ · ve Farsça gramer kuralları, Osmanlıca temel metinlerin okunması ve değerlendirilmesi, Arapça sözcükler,

T.C. KASTAMONU ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANS PROGRAMI DERS LİSTESİ · ve Farsça gramer kuralları, Osmanlıca temel metinlerin okunması ve değerlendirilmesi, Arapça sözcükler,

Documents
BİLGİ YAYINLARI - Turuz...lisan» diye tanımlanan bu dile «Osmanlıca» adını Tanzimatçılar vermiştir. Dilciler Osmanlıcayı «Eski Osmanlıca», «Orta Osmanlıca» ve «Yeni

BİLGİ YAYINLARI - Turuz...lisan» diye tanımlanan bu dile «Osmanlıca» adını Tanzimatçılar vermiştir. Dilciler Osmanlıcayı «Eski Osmanlıca», «Orta Osmanlıca» ve «Yeni

Documents
Osmanlıca hakkında kim ne dedi

Osmanlıca hakkında kim ne dedi

Education
Osmanlıca İmla Müfredatı

Osmanlıca İmla Müfredatı

Education
osmanlıca yemek tarifi kitabı

osmanlıca yemek tarifi kitabı

Documents
00 osmanlıca nedir

00 osmanlıca nedir

Art & Photos
Arapça Kökenli Osmanlıca Sözcükler

Arapça Kökenli Osmanlıca Sözcükler

Documents
Mızraklı ilmihal - Osmanlıca

Mızraklı ilmihal - Osmanlıca

Documents
Osmanlıca okuma kılavuzu

Osmanlıca okuma kılavuzu

Documents
Bildiriler Kitabıisamveri.org › pdfdrg › D187973 › 2009 › 2009_BAYRAKTARN.pdf · 5.Kartpostallar 6. Osmanlıca, Arapça ve Farsça.Basma Kitaplar 7. Yem Harfli Türkçe Kitaplar

Bildiriler Kitabıisamveri.org › pdfdrg › D187973 › 2009 › 2009_BAYRAKTARN.pdf · 5.Kartpostallar 6. Osmanlıca, Arapça ve Farsça.Basma Kitaplar 7. Yem Harfli Türkçe Kitaplar

Documents
Osmanlıca Kursu 1. Ders: Harfler

Osmanlıca Kursu 1. Ders: Harfler

Education
Osmanlıca İmla Lugatı

Osmanlıca İmla Lugatı

Documents
osmanlıca ögrenme kılavuzu

osmanlıca ögrenme kılavuzu

Documents
Ermenice-Osmanlıca Rehber

Ermenice-Osmanlıca Rehber

Documents
TTÜRK NEFROLOJİ ÜRK NEFROLOJİ DDERNEĞİERNEĞİ · XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında, yüzyıllardır süregelen Osmanlıca (Türkçe iskelet üzerine kurulu Arapça ve Farsça)

TTÜRK NEFROLOJİ ÜRK NEFROLOJİ DDERNEĞİERNEĞİ · XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında, yüzyıllardır süregelen Osmanlıca (Türkçe iskelet üzerine kurulu Arapça ve Farsça)

Documents
Dr.Ali Kemal Belviranlı-osmanlıca imla lügatı (6).pdf

Dr.Ali Kemal Belviranlı-osmanlıca imla lügatı (6).pdf

Documents
04 KÜTAHYA VAHİD PAŞA KÜTÜPHANESİNDEKİ TASAVVUFLA …ktp.isam.org.tr/pdfdrg/D02193/2003_IV_11/2003_IV_11_BARDAKCIMN.pdf · Halveli tarafından 1185/1771 tarihinde Osmanlıca

04 KÜTAHYA VAHİD PAŞA KÜTÜPHANESİNDEKİ TASAVVUFLA …ktp.isam.org.tr/pdfdrg/D02193/2003_IV_11/2003_IV_11_BARDAKCIMN.pdf · Halveli tarafından 1185/1771 tarihinde Osmanlıca

Documents