Community-Wide Disaster

Recovery: The Choices that Divide

Us

ELIZABETH ORRICK COMMUNITY RESILIENCE GROUP

MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS DIVISIONENGINEERING LABORATORY

Background• WHAT IS A DISASTER?

“A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources” (National Science and Technology Council 2005)

•FORMS OF MOBILITY: Migration, Relocation, Resettlement, Evacuation, and Displacement.

KEY TERM: SOCIAL VULNERABILITY•Who does this apply too? “Social vulnerability refers to the limitations in one’s physical assets (buildings), psychological (knowledge), social (community integration), economic, and political (public policy influence) resources” (Lindell 2011)•Why are they important?

Purpose of this Project? To make communities more resilient so

populations are not displaced.

Research Questions What are the factors that impact household recovery decision making? In particular what factors impact people’s decisions to stay, leave, and return?

Methodology 1. Collected Sources

1. COVERING: Sociology, Psychology, Anthropology, Geography, Economics, Emergency Management, Social Work, Urban Studies, Global Studies, etc.

2. SPECIFICS: Hurricanes: Rita, Katrina, Sandy, Ike, Andrew, etc. Earthquakes: Christchurch, Guatemala, etc.Floods: North Carolina, Buffalo Creek, etc.Tsunami: Sumatra, Chennai

3. Created Annotated Bibliography of 65 Articles:

Methodology Continued 3. Identified Key Factors for Decisions and Individual/Family Characteristics

4. Created Multiple Timeline Drafts

5. Developed Factor Tree of Household Recovery Decisions (Indirect and Direct)

Social Systems

DECISIONS

Social Systems

DECISIONS

DECISIONS

INDIRECTLY IMPACTED

DIRECTLY IMPACTED

Indirectly Impacted

INDIRECT (NO/LIMITED PHYSICAL DAMAGE ON

HOUSEHOLD)

Evicted

Choice to relocate?

Leave? #2

Stay

NoYes

NoYes

Short Term

Long Term

Higher SES

Job Opportunity

Psychological Relief

Renter(Socially

Vulnerable)No Place

Attachment

Social SystemsNot Functioning

Higher SES, Young, Single

Evacuate? #1IMPACT OF DISASTERNo

FACTOR

DECISION

Black arrow= Decision Path

INDIV Factor

Blue arrow= Potential direct impact

Directly Impacted

Don’tReturn

Choiceto Relocate/

Evacuate Post -Disaster?

Evicted/ Forced

Place Attachment 1

Housing3 Process Issue*

Lack of Resources

Social Systems not

Funct. 8

Return RootedSTAY

Insurance↑ 10Buyout** 5

Policy 5

Socially Vulnerable

10

ImmobileSTAY

Lack of location resources 1

Job/Housing Opportunities14

White1, High SES 1, Educated 1, Young,

Unmarried 2

Elderly 1, limited

education 1

IMPACT OF DISASTER

Government Policy 1

DIRECT (PHYSICAL DAMAGE ON HOUSEHOLD)

Leave Post-Disaster? #2

Evacuate? #1 No

Social Capital 1

DevelopingCountry 1

Yes

YesNo

No

Non-liquid Assets 4

Elderly 2,High SES 4,Educated 1

Social Capital

10Little Damage 4

Heavy Damage 7

Renter 2

Don’tReturn

Choiceto Relocate/

Evacuate Post -Disaster?

Evicted/ Forced

Place Attachment

Housing Process Issue*

Lack of Resources

Social Systems not

Funct.

Return RootedSTAY

insurance↑

Buyout**

Policy

Socially Vulnerable

ImmobileSTAY

Lack of location resources

Job Opportunities

Elderly, limited

education

IMPACT OF DISASTER

Government Policy

Leave Post-Disaster? #2

Evacuate? #1 No

Social Capital

DevelopingCountry

Yes

YesNo

No

Heavy Damage

Non-liquid Assets

Elderly,High SES,Educated

Social Capital

Little Damage

White, High SES, Educated , Young,

Unmarried

Renter

DIRECT (PHYSICAL DAMAGE ON HOUSEHOLD)

Don’tReturn

Choiceto Relocate/

Evacuate Post -Disaster?

Evicted/ Forced

Place Attachment

Housing Process Issue*

Lack of Resources

Social Systems not

Funct.

Return RootedSTAY

insurance↑

Buyout**

Policy

Socially Vulnerable

ImmobileSTAY

Lack of location resources

Job Opportunities

Elderly, limited

education

IMPACT OF DISASTER

Government Policy

Leave Post-Disaster? #2

Evacuate? #1 No

Social Capital

DevelopingCountry

Yes

YesNo

No

Heavy Damage

Non-liquid Assets

Elderly,High SES,Educated

Social Capital

Little Damage

White, High SES, Educated , Young,

Unmarried

Renter

DIRECT (PHYSICAL DAMAGE ON HOUSEHOLD)

Housing Process Issues *

•Emergency Shelter- unplanned and spontaneous •Temporary Shelter- food preparation and sleeping facilities, sought out from friends &/or relatives or in mass communal facilities• Temporary Housing- victims are able to reestablish household routines in non-preferred locations or structures •Permanent Housing- Household routines in preferred housing

(Quarantelli 1982)

Emergency Shelter

Temporary Shelter

Temporary Housing

Permanent Housing

Buy-Out**•What is it?

•Factors Include:Trust in AdministrationHelpfulness of OfficersSocio-economic StatusStrong Sense of Community/ Social Capital Frequency of DisasterRisk Perception

Socially Vulnerable Populations•Who are they? “Social vulnerability refers to the limitations in one’s physical assets (buildings), psychological (knowledge), social (community integration), economic, and political (public policy influence) resources” (Lindell 2011)•Why are they important?

Don’tReturn

Choiceto Relocate/

Evacuate Post -Disaster?

Evicted/ Forced

Place Attachment

Housing Process Issue*

Lack of Resources

Social Systems not

Funct.

Return RootedSTAY

insurance↑

Buyout**

Policy

ImmobileSTAY

Lack of location resources

Job Opportunities

Elderly, limited

education

IMPACT OF DISASTER

Government Policy

Leave Post-Disaster? #2

Evacuate? #1 No

Social Capital

DevelopingCountry

Yes

YesNo

Heavy Damage

Non-liquid Assets

Elderly,High SES,Educated

Social Capital

Little Damage

White, High SES, Educated , Young,

Unmarried

Renter

DIRECT (PHYSICAL DAMAGE ON HOUSEHOLD)

No

Socially Vulnerable

Summary of Findings Socially Vulnerable Disproportionately Experience

the Negative Effects of Disasters Indirect Impacts: • Temporary Leave: Avoiding Stress -> High SES• Permanent Leave: PUSH and PULL factors-> Young, Single, Mid-High SES

Direct Impacts• Return: Home Ownership, Social Capital-> Elderly, Mid-High SES, Educated• Permanent Leave: • PULL Opportunity ->Mid-High SES• PUSH Lack of Opportunity at Home, Housing Reconstruction Delays, Lack of

Resources (Heavy Expenses from Insurance, Policy Changes)-> Socially Vulnerable

Challenges/ Limitations •Time Constraint: Where do you say stop?•Limited Studies on Decision Making •Studies do not Outline the Entire Process•Different Definitions of Topics/ Lack of Definition•Preliminary Process

Next Steps? •How are the decision processes effected by…• Damage Impacts (Levels of damage)?• Climate Change Effects? Epidemics?• Differences in Decisions Based on Disaster Type? • Different Countries?• Rural/Urban/Suburban locations? • Length of Recovery Time?

•More information about why people don’t evacuate and stay in damaged locations.

References Image on 1st slide was found at http://

www.history.com/topics/hurricane-katrina/speeches/hurricane-katrina-destruction Image on 2nd slide was found at: http://

www.adoptapet.com/blog/uploads/2012/06/1100941_weather_warning_sign_4-4.02.16-PM.jpg Image on 3rd slide: https://jimmywarren.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/strong-brand-barbell1.jpg Image on 5th & 5th slide was found at: https://

santhoshpinintiblog1.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/agilepicture.gif Image on 9th slide was found at: https

://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/hg74i/house_protected_by_the_flood_not_photoshopped/ Image on 14th slide was found at: http://

www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8533921/Latest-pictures-show-the-scale-of-the-tornado-damage-in-Joplin-Missouri.html?image=1

Image on 20th slide was found at: http://www.york.cuny.edu/news/orsr-survey-findings-report/image_mini

Image on 26th slide was found at: http://www.amvsmlm.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/challenges.jpg

Image on 27th slide was found at: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_KVlDSx36Blk/TKk9BGwJd0I/AAAAAAAACxI/G745c3BB4cc/s1600/stepstosuccess1.jpg

Journal Articles, Research Reports, and Books are found in the Annotated Bibliography.