ORISSA STATE LEVEL BACKGROUND PAPER

Submitted To

Urban India Reforms Facility School of Habitat Studies

Tata Institute of Social Sciences

By KIIT School of Rural Management

KIIT University Bhubaneswar

July, 2011

Research Team:

Dr. Unmesh Patnaik

Prof. Soumya Mishra

Prof. Kalika Mohapatra

With Inputs From:

Mr. Soubhagya Sikta Pattanayak

Table of Contents

Page No.

Chapter 1: Overview of Urbanization in Orissa 1

1.1 Urbanization in Hinterland Orissa 3

1.2 History of Evolution of Municipalities in Orissa 4

1.3 Extent of Urbanization in Orissa 6

1.4 Geographical Trend of Urban Orissa 12

1.5 Economic Trends and Urbanization 13

1.6 Regional Disparity in Orissa 14

1.7 Regional Disparity Income Poverty 15

1.8 Poverty in Orissa 16

1.9 Level of Living Condition 18

1.10 Workforce in Orissa 20

1.11 The Rural –Urban Employment Scenario 22

1.12 Economy 24

1.13 Industrial Investment in Orissa 27

1.14 JNNURM in Orissa 28

Chapter 2: Mapping Institutional Relationships of Urban Local Bodies

With the State Government in Orissa 31

2.1 Situation prior to 74th Amendment 34

2.2 Classification of ULBs 37

2.3 Composition of Urban Local Bodies as per the Orissa Municipal Act 38

2.4 Municipal Functions 39

2.5 Comments 43

2.6 Financial Resources of ULBs 44

2.6.1 Budgetary Process 44

2.6.2 Audit system in ULB 45

2.6.3 Conclusion and Recommendations 46

2.7 Staffing Pattern of ULBs 46

Table of Contents

Page No.

Chapter 3: Solid Waste Management in Orissa 50

3.1 Managements of Municipal Solid Waste 50

3.2 Advisory Committee Constituted Under Municipal Solid Waste 50

3.3 Management of Municipal Solid Waste 51

3.4 Functions of Urban Local Bodies 52

3.5 Main Issues Concerning Waste Management in Orissa 52

3.6 Action Plan for utilization of grants recommended by

the 12th Finance commission 53

3.7 State govt. Initiatives for implementation of Solid Waste Management 54

3.8 Findings from Audit Report 58

3.9 Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation 63

3.10 Puri Municipality 77

Chapter 4: Urban Water Governance in Orissa 82

4.1 Status Water Resources in Orissa 82

4.2 Urban Water Supply 82

4.3 State level institutions 83

4.4 Summary of Water Supply Sector 85

Chapter 5: Housing in Orissa 101

5.1 Definition by Census 101

5.2 Status of Housing in Orissa 102

5.3 Legal Regulatory and Policy Framework 104

5.4 Slum situation in Orissa and Slum Development Programmes 112

List of Tables and Figures

Page No.

Chapter 1: Overview of Urbanization in Orissa

Table 1.1 Percentage Distribution of class wise Population

and Decadal Growth Rate 6

Table 1.2 District wise list of Municipal Corporations, Councils

and Notified Area Councils 7

Table 1.3 District wise, Area, Population, Density and sex ratio

and literacy rate of urban Local bodies 10

Table 1.4 Distributions of Districts in Orissa 12

Table 1.5 Top Five and Bottom Five Districts of Orissa

in terms of HDI and GDI 15

Table 1.6 Poverty ratio amongst in social groups in different Region 16

Table 1.7 NSS Region – Wise Trend in Poverty ratio

(Rural) 1983-84cto 1999-2000 16

Table 1.8 Incidence of Poverty in Orissa and India, 1973-74 to 2004-05 16

Table 1.9 Extend depth and Severity Poverty in Orissa in Different years 17

Table 1.10 Pattern and index of living conditions Different Districts of Orissa 19

Table 1.11 Occupational Classification of Main Workers, Marginal Workers

and Total Workers in Orissa According to 2001 Census 21

Table 1.12 Per capita income Of Orissa and India at constant and

current prices in Different Years 24

Table 1.13 Per capita Net State Domestic Product Major States at Constant 24

Table 1.14 Percentage Distribution of GDDP 25

Table 1.15 Percentage Distribution of NDDP 26

Table 1.16 MoUs Signed in Steel and other industries 28

Table 1.17 Total Number of Projects under JNNURM projects in Orissa 29

Figure 1 Urban map of Orissa 11

Figure 2 Trends in Urban Poverty 14

Figure 3 Projects under JNNURM in Orissa 29

Figure 4 Funds Releases Schemewise (in crores) under JNNURM in Orissa 30

List of Tables and Figures Page No.

Chapter 2: Mapping Institutional Relationships of Urban Local Bodies with the State Government in Orissa

Table 2.1 Classification of Urban Local Bodies 37

Table 2.2 Staffing pattern of Urban Local Bodies 48

Chapter 3: Solid Waste Management

Table 3.1 Total allocation of grants by State govt local bodies 51

Table 3.2 12th Finance Commission Contribution towards SWM in Orissa 53

Table 3.3 Total Allocation of Grants to ULBs in Orissa 53

Table 3.4 Status of solid waste Management across all the ULBs in Orissa 55

Table 3.5 Staff under health Department of BMC 63

Table 3.6 Ward wise wastes generated in Bhubaneswar 64

Table 3.7 Waste generated in various wards of Bhubaneswar 65

Table 3.8 Hazardous Waste generated in Bhubaneswar city 65

Table 3.9 Hazardous Waste Management Practice in Bhubaneswar city 66

Table 3.10 Solid wastes Collected and uncollected in Bhubaneswar 67

Table 3.11 Quantity of Recyclable Solid Waste Collected In Bhubaneswar City 69

Table 3.12 Types of Vehicle used by BMC for waste collection in Bhubaneswar 70

Table 3.13 Area-wise Details on the type of Activities Generating Solid Waste 71

Table 3.14 Growth of population and waste generated in Orissa 77

Table 3.15 Details of MSW in Puri 78

Table 3.16 Trends of MSW in Puri Municipality 79

Chapter 4: Urban Water Supply

Table 4.1 Status of Water Supply in Orissa 88

Chapter 5: Housing in Orissa

Table 5.1 Housing and Amenities in Urban Orissa and Urban India: 2001 103 

Table 5.2 Slum population in Orissa 112

Table 5.3 Progress of Ongoing Schemes under IHSDP 116

ANNEXURE I: Projects under JNNURM 120 

Chapter 1 Overview of Urbanisation in Orissa

Orissa, one of the provinces in the eastern coast, situated between 190 281 and 200 41 N and between 820 321 and 870 311 E, respectively. Topographically, it is divided into five parts, the central plains, the middle mountainous country, the rolling uplands, the river valleys and the subdued plateau (Sinha 1971). The coastal plains of Orissa extended from Suvarnarekha in the north to the Rishikulya in the south and are regarded as the land of six deltasthe Suvarnarekha, the Burhabalang, the Vaitarani, the Brahmani, the Mahanadi and the Rishikulya. There are three parallel belts in the coastal plains - the salt tract, the arable tract and the submontane tract. The arable tract is a stretch of plains with endless stretch of rice fields. The middle country, covering about three-fourth of the area of Orissa, has deep and broad valleys, cut by the Vaitarani, the Brahmani, the Mahanadi, the Rishikulya, the Vamsadhara and the Nagavali rivers. The valleys are fertile and thickly populated. The rolling mountain, which vary from 153m to 305 m, are more in elevation than the plateaus and regarded as the product of continuous river action. They are situated in the Koel-Sonkh basin of the Upper Brahmani, the Ib, Sukhtel and the Tel of the Middle Mahanadi and the Sabari basins. The major valleys are associated with the Brahmani, the Mahanadi and the Vamsadhara rivers. The subdued plateaus (305-610m) have the peculiarities of peninsular table lands. They are almost flat. Such plateaus are seen in the Upper Vaitarani and Sabari basins of the Keonjhar and Koraput, respectively. The emergence of state and urbanization in Indian context may be regarded as an extension of the processes of the earlier period. Research and interpretation have been given by various scholars who term it as "Second Urbanization" or "Early Historic Urbanization" (Ghosh 1973; Sharma 1991, Makhan Lal 1984; Ray 1986; Erdosy 1988; Allchin 1989: 1-16; 1990: 163- 173; 1995; Chakrabarti 1995; Champakalaxmi 1996). In a broad sense, in South Asia, the term "Early Historic" refers approximately to the period from 600 B.C. to 500 A.D. This period saw the emergence of cities and complex politics with the growth of Buddhism throughout the subcontinent (Heiztman 1984: 121-138; Erdosy 1988: 430; Kosambi 1989; Sarao 1990; Ray 1994, Chakrabarti 1995a; 1995b: 185-201; Morrison 1995: 203-221). However, the process of urbanization and city formation depends upon the geographical and ecological setting of a particular region. By the middle of the 1st millennium B.C., the second urbanization in the region of the Gangetic valley grew up as a result of interaction of multiple factors that were prompted by the conditions of natural situations and previous cultural developments. The process strengthened and enriched the growing divisions within society that came to be institutionalized as economic strata within a hierarchical society (Basa 2005: 69-83). As the divisions within the social organizations increased, existing institutional regions and other social entities came into function to alleviate the attendant stresses, which led to the growth of several small independent kingdoms within the

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regions of the Gangetic plain. The process of urban growth or the 'second urbanization' covered in its early phase the Ganga valley, Indo-Gangetic Divide, Northwest India, Bihar and Central India, some of the important early Indian cities included Taxila (Ghosh 1948), Hasthinapura (Lal 1955), Mathura (IAR 1973-74:31-2; 1974-75:48-50; 1975-76: 53-5), Ahichhatra (Gosh and Panigraphi 1946; IAR 1963-64), Kosambi (Sarao 1968), Sringaverapura (Lal 1993), Rajghat (Narain and Rao 1976), Vidisha (IAR 1963-64: 60-70; 1964-65:23-4; 1975-76: 30-31; 1976-77: 33-4) and Ujjain (IAR 1956-57: 20-8). Most of the early settlements, besides being enormous in size, are characterized by massive ramparts of brick and mud with elaborately laid out bastions, gateways and moats, evidence of craft specialization, coinage, and incipient polity known from ancient literature, features which elevate them to urban status. The phenomenon of early historic urban growth accelerated during the Mauryan period. This period witnessed the introduction of new political concepts in the form of Mauryan imperialism, in which Buddhism took a leading role. With a decentralized administration based on Kautilyan principles of polity (Rangarajan 1994), provinces flourished with immense prosperity in which both inland and overseas trade factors played a vital role. The expansion of trade network, both domestic and overseas, during this period had far reaching socio-economic impact (Sharma 1983; Begley 1986: 297-321; Lahiri 1992). This development gained further momentum in the post-Mauryan era (c. 200 B.C. to 300 A.D.), which is marked by changes in the social and economic fabric of the sub-continent. The same also happened to regions like the Mahanadi and the Brahmani deltas in Orissa as also in the Middle Mahanadi and Tel Valleys of Central/Western Orissa, where urban structure grew with all essential features. The extension and spread of Buddhism, trade network, development of social fabric had far-reaching implications and were accompanied by a definite system of coinage to promote an organized commercial set up. Besides, the concept of fort building also started due to the extensive trade patterns in precious and costly materials. The social strata also got changed and a very powerful class of businessman rose into power due to their resources and wealth. The Roman trade was an important contributing factor during this period. Recent evidences from the harbour complex of Manikapatana and Palur and Radhanagara have proved that ancient Orissa was well connected with the Roman world directly and indirectly which is evident from the finding of several Roman amphorae sherds, medallions, bullae and even Roman glass. The Roman trade particularly influenced the settlement of Tamil Nadu and other parts of South India, as also Orissa. The Early Historic settlements at Sisupalgarh in Khurdha district (Lal 1949:62-105), Jaugada in Ganjam district (IAR 1956-57:30-31), Radhanagara in Jajpur district (Mishra 2000: 507-549), Viratgarh and Kichakgarh in Mayurbhanj district (Mishra 1997), Narla-Aurgarh (Sahu 1982: 1-8), Budhigarh and Kharligarh (Mohanty and Mishra 2005: 97-124) in Kalahandi district, Manamunda-Asurgarh in Boudh district (IAR 1990: 80-85) have been studied and partially excavated also. One of the major reasons of the urban growth is the occupational specialization, including gem exploitation, iron smelting, craft (especially terracotta) productions known from

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the recovery of various artifacts such as pottery, beads, metal items, especially iron, coins, etc., from the Early Historic sites which would imply that a suitable sphere had been created for trade and exchange in Orissa during the period understudy. The recovery of Northern Black Polished Ware, Rouletted Ware as also Amphorae fragments at port sites as well as at the site of Radhanagara indicate that Orissa was participating in the Bay of Bengal trade mechanism operated with South East Asia, China, West Asia and the Roman world (Behera 1977: 115-121;1991: 1-15; 1993: 55-70; Nayak 1987; Panda 2000: 551-565; Sahu 1996: 95-109; Basa 1997:730-741; Mishra 1997; for over all references please see "India and Indonesia", published by the Orissan Institute of Maritime and South East Asian Studies, 2006). The rich archaeological material, revealed from the archaeological excavations at port sites of Orissa such as Manikapatana and Palur, speaks that in the process of trade mechanism Orissa established cultural contacts with the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Indonesia, China, West Asia, East Africa, Sri Lanka, Maldives as also the Roman Empire and took active participation in the maritime activities of Early Historic Asia. The contacts of ancient Orissa or Kalinga with Sri Lanka or Ceylon are immense and deserve special attention. It is no exaggeration to say that Orissa was having a thriving trade and ideological connections with Sri Lanka during the Mauryan period; if not early.From that period some of the important places were converted as urban areas in Orissa and continue as urban areas till now. 1.1 Urbanization in Hinterland Orissa Certain traits of Childean urban revolution in particular evidence of brick structures trade and crafty specialization, characterize the centres of coastal Orissa. In the absence of written record and evidence for political hegemony, the background of urbanization process in the hinterland Orissa remains unclear. However, the sites of Viratagarh and Kichakgarh in Mauyurbhanj (Mishra 1997), Asurgarh in Kalahandi district (Sahu 1982: 1-8), and Manamunda-Asurgarh in Boudh district (IAR 1990; Tripathy 2002) may be regarded as urban centres, in a broad sense of the term. The site of Narla-Asurgarh with its extensive planning, fortification and evidence of hydraulic system is a fine example of an urban centre in hinterland Orissa. An equally significant find from the site is that of a hoard of 539 punch-marked coins of Imperial variety, which illuminates the importance of this site during the Mauryan and post-Mauryan periods. Another urban centre in western Orissa is Manamunda-Asurgarh, located at the confluence of the rivers Mahanadi and Tel. The site is fortified and covers an area of 1.5 km in length and 0.5 km. in breadth and consists of at least six habitational mounds. This site also yielded a hoard of punch-marked coins. The excavations at the site also yielded a punch-marked coin from the stratified context (Pradhan 1995: 26-28). There are extensive Early Historic settlements in northern Orissa and also, for example, the site of Viratgarh, which yielded evidence of punchmarked and Puri Kushana coins. If the Mahavamsa, the great Singhalese chronicle is to be believed, there existed

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many urban centres in the valley of the Mahanadi in the early centuries of the Christian era. (Dr Balaram Tripathy; Early Historic Cultures of Orissa)

In medieval Orissa, towns developed as centres of administration, pilgrimage, and trade. Places like Pithunda, Palura, Manikpatna, Khalkattapatna, Konarka, Puri, Kataka, etc. became important on the international map. After coming of the Mughals, there was a decline in the trade of the southern ports and the commercial activity shifted to northern region. Pipli, Balasore, Harishpur and Hariharpur rose to prominence as urban centres. But towards the second half of the eighteenth century, the rise of the Calcutta fleet affected the fortunes of Orissan ports. The European companies and traders had already made inroads into the preserves of Indian merchants. There was decline of commercial activity and the British occupation of eastern Orissa in 1803 sounded the final death-knell.

The unique character of Orissan towns could be attributed to commercial intercourse and in this way urbanization was result of developments happening on the high seas. Up to the seventeenth century, the Asian merchants had assumed a major share of maritime trade but from the eighteenth century onwards European shipping was in the ascendance. (PP Mishra; Urbanisation in Medival Orissa)

1.2 History of Evolution of Municipalities in Orissa The history of municipality Govt in Orissa can be divided into 3 phases , namely municipality in Orissa under Bengal Pesidency, municipality in Orissa under Bihar-Orissa Presidency, and municipalities of special state of Orissa. Orissa was a part of Bengal Bihar for long time upto 1912 when Orissa and Bihar became separated from Bengal. some of the municipality like Kendrapara,Cuttack, Sambalpur, Balasore in Orissa were gradually emerging to assume to status of municipality as was existing in interior provinces , as a result the number of elected non-official chairman increased and Govt , respect the spirit of reforms ,directed its official in 1919 regarding nomination of election of official as chairman only in specific instances .Madhu sudan das the dynamic leader of Orissa who became the minister of self govt , had introduces the Bihar Orissa municipal act 1922,in addition in to many improvement over the municipal act 1864 . This act of 1922 laid down the duties of individual commissioners and sought liberal contribution of govt for sanitary improvement of the municipality. Orissa became a separate provience in 1936 with areas carved out of Madhya Pradesh, madras and bihar.the new province consisted of six districts which had only 8 municipalities. The urban population of Orissa according to 1941 census was 4,12,528 which was 3% of the total population of the province . Among the 8 municipality existing in 1936, Berhampur municipality was the oldest which had been constituted in 1855.jajpur and Kendrapara constituted in 1869 and Cuttack in 1867,Balasore in 1877,Puri in 1881, Sambalpur in 1883, and Paralakhemundi in 1886. Other urban local bodies were constituted after 1949 excepting

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those which were in existence in the princely states with the merger of the princely states in Orissa in 1948 and Mayurbhanj. States in 1949 Orissa was divided into 13 districts. Thus the urban local bodies in the province increased to 29. In some of the princely states of Orissa , there existed municipalities prior to their merger in the province of Orissa in 1948 and 1949.the powers and functions of these local bodies were regulated by the acts/rules framed by the respective states. There were two municipalities in the Sonepur state: Sonepur and Binika, in 1901. The revenue of the municipalities was collected from Octoroi which was annually leased out by the municipal council. The municipalities maintained local dispenpensaries, expenditure on roads and primary education was met from the municipal funds. Pre1992 status- After independence of India the growth of towns and urban areas in Orissa was more rapid than the pre-independence day. in Orissa the municipality act 1950 provided the legal frame work of municipality structure and functions. This Act gives the basic structure of 3 components.

1. Municipal council 2. Municipal executive 3. Sub- ordinate staff

After independence, the various acts passed by the state legislature made a strong district administration over the municipality by appointing an executive officer. As a result the autonomy of the urban local bodies was jeoparties. The financial position of these bodies was also not sound. being aware of those problems , the govt in the beginning of the 3 five year plan, 1961 set up the Orissa local body (urban administration) enquiry committee to investigate various difficulties faced by the urban local bodies and suggest remedies there on. In 1962 the committee made three major reformation , for solving power and functions to local bodies .

1. Greater decentralization of powers and functions to local bodies with consequentional

amendments of existing law and rules 2. Improvement of the local financial resources of local bodies. 3. Improvement of their existing Administrative machinery.

Finally, the Govt. of Orissa had taken some domestic steps for revival of municipal bodies through a number of Acts, in 1990, 1991 and ordinance in 1992. The Orissa municipal amendment act 1990 is an act further to around the municipal act.

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1.3 Extent of Urbanisation in Orissa A century of industrialization and technical advancement has brought forth rapid urbanization in India. The statistics of the census of 2001 reveals that about 285 million or 27.8 percent of the total population of 1.02 billion of India live in urban areas. According to the 2001 census, the urban population in India is distributed across 4,378 towns and cities across the country. With the increase in urban population, many metro cities (population of more than one million) are emerging in the country. According to the 2001 census, 35 metro cities with a population of approximately 28 million make up about 37.8 percent of urban India. Presently, there are seven mega cities with populations of more than 4.50 million. The urbanization pattern of the country is skewed with the larger cities growing at a much faster rate, accounting for over two-thirds of the total population and the inhabitants of 35 metropolitan cities (cities having population of over a million) comprise of 37.8 percent of total urban population of India.

Orissa is one of the least urbanized states in India. As per the urbanization trends of 2001 census, Orissa State is the 24th most urbanized and 5th least urbanized state in India with about 14.97 percent of urban population, which is only higher than Assam and Bihar among the major States. Amongst the districts in the state, the lowest degree of urbanization (having less than 5% urban population) is in the district of Nayagarh 4.29% and the highest degree of urbanization is in the district of Khurda 42.93 %. 15 districts have urban population below 10% and 5 districts have urban population above 25%. In other words most of the urbanization is witnessed in the coastal districts of the state. The urbanization trend in the state is much lower in comparison to the national average of 27.82 percent as per the 2001 census. However, the urban decadal growth during the last decade (1991-2001) has been enormous with a growth rate of about 30.28 percent, almost matching that of the country, which had an urban decadal growth rate of 32.60 percent. It is noteworthy that the State’s population during the last decade has grown by about 14 percent while that of the urban population has grown at almost at double this rate.  

Table1.1: Percentage Distribution of Class Wise Population & Decadal Growth Rate  

Classes Proportion population in each size class to total urban population

Decadal growth rate of urban population

1971 1981 1991 2001 1971-81 1981-91 1991-2001

Orissa I 39.60 41.63 44.43 46.01 77.19 45.21 2.24 II 3.94 12.77 14.65 18.19 446.53 56.15 60.34 III 27.85 21.81 19.73 19.57 32.00 23.10 18.74

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IV 15.47 17.04 16.97 12.77 85.63 35.54 2.06 V 12.69 6.31 3.94 3.01 16.24 15.03 11.84 VI 0.45 0.44 0.28 0.45 65.12 12.99 73.84

All Classes 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 68.54 36.08 30.28 India I 57.24 60.42 62.20 61.48 54.35 46.87 23.95

II 10.92 11.63 10.95 12.30 55.73 28.14 47.71 III 16.01 14.33 13.19 15.00 30.85 25.30 49.47 IV 10.94 9.54 7.77 8.08 27.54 10.72 36.71 V 4.45 3.58 2.60 2.85 17.82 1.27 44.25 VI 0.44 0.50 0.29 0.29 65.73 21.70 30.30

All Classes 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 46.23 36.09 37.45 Source: RuralUrban Distribution, Series1, Paper2 of 1991 RuralUrban Distribution of Orissa, Census of India 2001 India People and Economy Census of India 2001 Prior to 1951, there were only 39 urban centres in Orissa, which has grown up to 138 in 2001. In other words, the urban population of the state has increased from 3% in 1941 to 14.97% in 2001. Among these urban centres, Government of Orissa has recognized 103 as Urban Local Bodies. These urban local bodies have been further sub divided into three categories such as Municipal Corporation, Municipalities and Notified Area Council. Presently, there are 3 Municipal Corporations, 37 Municipalities and 63 Notified Area Councils in Orissa as per the Orissa Municipal Act 1950 and there is no Town Panchayat system in the state. Aprat from that there are 31 non statutory census, towns in the state. Table 1.2: District-wise list of the Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Notified area councils of the States Districts  Municipal Corporation  Municipalities  NACs 

1.anugul    1.Talcher  1.Anugul 2.Athmallik 

2.balasore    2.Balasore  3.Jaleswar 4.Nilagiri 5.Soro 

3.Bhadrak    3.Bhadrak  6.Basudevpur 4.Bolangir    4.Bolangir  7Kantabanji 

8.Patnagarh 9.Titlagarh 

5.Boudh      10.Boudh garh 

6.Bargarh    5.Bargarh  11.Barapalli 12.Padamapur 

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7.Cuttack  1.Cuttack  6. Choudwar  13.Athagarh 14.Banki  

8.Deogarh    7.Deogarh   9.Dhenkanal    8.Dhenkanal  15.Bhuban 

16.Kamakhya nagar 10.Gajapati    9.Paralakhemundi  17.Kasi nagar 11.Ganjam    10. Berhampur  18.Aska 

19.Belaguntha 20.Bhanjanagar 21.Buguda 22.Chatrapur 23,Chikiti 24.Digapahandi 25.Ganjam 26.Gopalpur 27.Hinjilcut 28.Kavi surya nagar 29.Khalikote 30Kodala 31.Polsara 32.Purusottam pur 33.Rambha 34.Soroda 

12.Jagatsinhpur    11.Jagatsinhpur 12.Paradep 

 

13.jajpur  

  13.Jajpur 14.Byasnagar  

 

14.Jharsuguda    15.Brajaraj nagr 16.Jharsuguda 

35. Belpahar 

15.Kalahandi    17.Bhawani patna  

36.Junagarh 37. Kesinga 

16.Kandhamal      38. G. udaygiri 39.Phulbani 

17.Kendrapara    18.Kendrapara  

40. Pattamundai 

18.Keonjhar    

19.Anandapur 20Barbil 21.Joda 22.Keonjhar 

 

19.Khurda  2.Bhubaneswar  23.Jatni 24.Khurda 

41. Balugaon 42.Bnapur 

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20.Koraput    25.Jeypore  43. Koraput 44.Kotpad 45.Sunabeda 

21.Malkangiri   

    46.Balimela 47.Malkangiri 

22.Mayur bhanja    26. Baripada  48. Karanjia 49.Rairangpur 50.Udala 

23.Nawarang pur    27. Nawarang pur  51.Umarkote 

 24.Nayagarh 

    52.Khandapara 53. Nayagarh 

 25.Nuapada 

    54.Khariar 55.Khariar road 

26.Puri    28.Puri  56.konark 57.Nimapara 58.Pipili 

27.Rayagada  

  29. Rayagada  59.Gudari 60.Gunupur 

28.Sambalpur    30.Sambalpur  61.Burla 62.Hirakuds 63.Kuchinda 64.Rairakhol 

29.Sonepur  

  31.Sonepur  65.Binika 66.Tarava 

 30.Sundargarh 

  32.Sundargarh 33.Rajgangpur 34.Biramitrapur 35.Rourkela 

 

Source: Housing and Urban Development Department The state of Orissa has a geographical area of 1,55,707 sq .kms out of which municipalities and NACs together occupy total area of 2477.03 sq kms as per 2001 census. This accounts for 1.59% of the State’s total area. In the geographical map of Orissa, Ganjam district topped the list with 266.49sq.kms of area followed by Cuttack district with 196.82 sq kms. The lowest in terms of coverage of area in Kendrapara districts with geographical area of 13.31 sq kms followed by Gajapati districts with 13.99 sq kms.

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Table: 1.3: District wise Area, Population, Density Sex ratio and Literacy rate of Urban Local Bodies Districts  Total ULB , 

sq. km. %to total district area 

Population of ULB 

% of district population

Density  per sq km 

Sex ratio total 

Literacy rate total 

Anugul  76.18  1.19  84392  7.40  1108  833  84.30 

Balasore  81.41  2.14  170020  8.40  2088  924  92.72 

Baragarh  51.67  0.89  98277  7.30  1902  935  79.59 

Bhadrak  78.86  3.15  122521  9.19  1554  928  73.38 

Bolangir  67.47  3.15  151954  11.36  2252  933  80.80 

Boudh  20.72  0.67  18025  4.83  870  937  81.21 

Cuttack  196.82  5.01  609113  26.02  3095  873  81.69 

Deogarh  24.13  0.82  20096  7.33  833  911  76.86 

Dhenkanal  54.01  1.21  92914  8.71  1720  899  84.84 

Gajapati  13.99  0.32  52888  10.19  3780  991  72.17 

Ganjam  266.49  3.25  551384  17.45  2069  939  78.86 

Jagatsingh pur 

41.07  2.46  104449  9.88  2543  787  82.84 

Jajpur  46.09  1.59  69851  4.30  1516  908  86.54 

jharsuguda  153.56  7.38  185885  36.47  1013  898  78.46 

kalahandi  45.44  0.57  93463  7.00  2057  937  74.25 

kandhamal  29.24  0.36ss  44094  6.80  1508  928  85.80 

kendrapara  13.31  0.50  74137  5.69  5570  948  85.80 

keonjhar  171.55  2.07  178132  11.41  1032  913  73.81 

khurda  191.66  6.81  772634  41.15  4031  816  89.16 

koraput  176.40  2.00  189974  16.09  1077  955  74.52 

Malkanagiri  22.91  0.40  34616  6.87  1511  990  66.14 

Mayurbhanja  74.28  0.71  150053  6.75  2020  895  87.13 

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Nawarangpur  35.52  0.67  52864  5.15  1488  926  65.77 

Nayagarh  28.60  0.74  23071  2.67  807  883  89.80 

Nuapada  35.23  0.91  30038  5.66  853  970  71.10 

Puri  75.34  2.17  204028  13.58  2706  921  82.29 

Rayagada  32.58  0.46  85806  10.32  2634  968  75.57 

Sambalpur  129.44  1.94  250160  26.74  1933  923  78.76 

sonepur  49.50  2.12  40068  7.39  809  927  77.87 

Sundargarh  193.56  1.99  371015  20.27  1917  885  83.55 

Total  2477.03  1.59  4925999  13.38  1989  895  88.63 

Source: Census 2001

Figure 1: Urban map of Orissa; Source: Urban and Housing Dept. Govt. of Orissa

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1.4 Geographical Trend of Urban Orissa Orissa is situated in the eastern part of the country along the coast of Bay of Bengal. The state is surrounded by neighboring States West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. The entire State is divided into 30 districts after a major district reorganisation between 1990 and 1993. The State is divided into ten agroclimatic zones which can be further categorised under four agroecological zones (Government of Orissa, 2002). They are a) the Northern Plateau region b) the Coastal Plains region c) the Central Tableland region and d) the Eastern Ghats region.Studies have shown that the Eastern Ghats region is by far the most underdeveloped based on all the crucial indicators of human development and as well as agriculturally the most backward (Government of Orissa, 2002; Government of Orissa, 2005; Bedamatta, 2007, 2009). The Eastern Ghats agro ecological zone is characterised by warm humid climate and red soil with low organic matter content and has acute poverty, constitutes maximum tribal population and is backward in all development aspects. This zone comprises eight ‘most backward’ districts of the State infamously known as the KBK region referring to the three erstwhile undivided districts of Kalahandi, Balangir and Koraput.

However, since 1993 Kalahandi has been divided

into two districts comprising Kalahandi and Nuapada; Balangir has been divided into Balangir and Sonapur while Koraput has been divided into four different districts comprising Koraput, Nabarangpur, Malkangiri and Rayagada. These eight districts taken together comprise the KBK region of Orissa today. Table 1.4: Distribution of Districts in Orissa The Northern Plateau region includes The districts of Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Sundargarh The Central Tableland Region Dhenkanal, Anugul, Balangir, Sonapur, Sambalpur,

Bargarh, Debagarh, and Jharsuguda; The Eastern Ghats region Koraput,Malkangiri, Nabarangpur, Rayagada,

Kalahandi, Nuapada, Kandhamal, and Baudha The Coastal Plains region Baleshwar, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Jajapur,

Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara, Ganjam, Gajapati, Puri, Khordha and Nayagarh.

About 23 per cent of the population comprises the indigenous tribal population, mostly concentrated in the north-western and south-western districts of the state with traditional means of livelihood. They have a heavy dependence on forests for their livelihood. The north-western districts (Sundargarh, Keonjhar, and Mayurbhanj) account for 35.3 per cent of Orissa’s tribal population and the south-western districts (Koraput, Kalahandi, Phulbani, and Balangir) account for another 39.4 per cent. The population belonging to Scheduled Caste constitutes a little more than 16 per cent of the state’s population. Unlike the tribal population, they are mostly concentrated in the four (undivided) coastal districts of Balasore, Cuttack, Ganjam, and Puri, which together account for 53.8 per cent of the state’s SC population.

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The rate of growth of population in Orissa during the decade 1991–2001 was 15.94 per cent as against 21.34 per cent for all-India. This is the third lowest rate of growth of population among the major states of India, with only Kerala (9.42 per cent) and Tamil Nadu (11.19 per cent) having lower rates (Orissa Human Development Report 2004). The sex ratio of Orissa’s population was 971 in 1991, the third highest among major Indian states, lower than only Tamil Nadu (986) and Kerala (1058). According to cesnsus 2001, the literacy rate of Orissa accounts for 64.0%.The maximum percentage of litterates concentrates in coastal plain regions. The schedule caste literacy rate accounts for 36.8% and meager 22.3% with regard to Schedule tribe. This huge variation of literacy rate amongst as compared to the state literacy rates reflects the extent to which this particular group is backward. The density of population of Orissa as per 2001 census is 236 per sq.km. The forest coverage in the whole state is up to 37% of total land. The Human Development Index and Gender Development Index is an appropriate and widely recognized measure of development for any state. Orissa’s relative position has not shown any improvement. Amongst the 15 major states of India, the HDI for Orissa was the fifth lowest in 1981, fourth lowest in 1991, and again the fifth lowest in 2001, (Orissa Human Development Report 2004). In Orissa out of the total population of 36,706,920 as on 1st March, 2001, 31,210,602 live in rural areas and 5,496,318 in urban areas. The net addition of population in rural areas during 1991-2001 has been to the tune of 3685399 while in urban areas it is 1261785. The percentage decadal growth of population in rural and urban areas during the decade is 13.8 and 29.78 percent respectively. The percentage of urban population to the total population of the states stands at 14.97. The percentage of urban population to total population in the 1991 Census was 13.33 percent. Thus, there has been an increase of 1.64 percentage points in the proportion of urban population in the state during 1991 – 2001. 1.5 Economic Trends and Urbanisation The relatively lower reduction of poverty in Orissa, 0.2 percentage points per annum from 48.6% in 1993-94 to 46.4% in 2004-05, has been a matter of concern. An analysis for 2004-05 shows that incidence of poverty is 47% for rural and 44% for urban Orissa. The vulnerable sub-groups are southern (73% rural, 55% urban) and northern (59% rural, 43% urban) across National Sample Survey (NSS) regions, the scheduled tribes (76% rural, 65% urban) and scheduled castes (50% rural, 75% urban) across social groups, the agricultural labourers (65%) and other labourers (52%) in rural areas and casual labourers (56%) in urban areas across household type, and marginal and small farmers (51%) across size-class of land possessed in rural areas. What is even worrying is a much greater incidence of calorie poor (79% rural and 49% urban) (Mishra, 2009). The long-term trends in the incidence of poverty in Orissa, in other low-income states and all-India are shown in fig. below

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Figure 2: Trends in Urban Poverty (Source: Estimates provided by M. H. Suryanarayana, based on NSS consumer Expenditure Surveys, various years, Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Research, Mumbai) 1.6 Regional Disparity in Orissa The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 61

st round estimates reveal that while head

count ratio of poverty in rural Orissa (46.9 per cent) is the highest in India, the poverty gap for rural Orissa (12.1 per cent) was also the highest (Himanshu, 2007). About 23 per cent of the population comprises the indigenous tribal population, mostly concentrated in the north-western and south-western districts of the state with traditional means of livelihood. They have a heavy dependence on forests for their livelihood. The north-western districts (Sundargarh, Keonjhar, and Mayurbhanj) account for 35.3 per cent of Orissa’s tribal population and the south-western districts (Koraput, Kalahandi, Phulbani, and Balangir) account for another 39.4 per cent. The population belonging to Scheduled Caste constitutes a little more than 16 per cent of the state’s population. Unlike the tribal population, they are mostly concentrated in the four (undivided) coastal districts of Balasore, Cuttack, Ganjam, and Puri, which together account for 53.8 per cent of the state’s SC population.

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Orissa is a poor state in terms of development indicators as compared to other states of the country and there is large no of inequality in different regions of the state. The coatsl districts are richer than the western and southern districts of the state. There is significant inter-district variation within the state in this regard, with the district of Khurda having a population density of 666 persons per sq. km at one end, and Kandhamal district with a population density of only 81 persons per sq. km at the other end. This has meant massive spatial concentration of the population. Coastal Orissa accounts for some 52 percent of the population of the state with an area share of 25 percent. The rate of urbanisation in Orissa at 14.91 percent is the lowest among the major states of India and is rising very slowly. But there is significant inter-district variation in this respect, with the district of Khurda in central– coastal Orissa having an urbanisation rate of 42.93 percent at one end and Boudh in south-central Orissa, having an urbanisation rate of only 4.82 percent at the other. All this regions in Orissa vary in terms of dialect, culture, food habits and lifestyle. The coastal developed regions are believed to be the true representation of Orissa. The predominant reason being the presence of capital city Bhubaneswar in this region. NSSO divides the state in to 3 regions in a coastal, southern and northern. While rural poverty in coastal Orissa was 32%, it was 50% in northern Orissa, and 87% in southern Orissa. The districts with the lowest HDI and GDI values fall in one contiguous belt in the south and southwest part of the state, where there is a concentration of tribal population. On the other hand, the top five districts do not form a contiguous belt but belong to the coastal pockets, north-western and central parts of the state. Table 1.5: Top Five and Bottom Five Districts of Orissa in terms of HDI and GDI HDI GDI

Top Five Bottom Five Top Five Bottom Five Khurda Malkangiri Jharsuguda Malkangiri Jharsuguda Kandhamal Sundargarh Kandhamal Cuttack Gajapati Deogarh Jajpur Sundargarh Koraput Angul Gajapati Angul Nabarangpur Cuttack Koraput Source: Orissa Human Development Report: 2004 1.7 Regional Disparity Income Poverty Income is the major determinant of ill being or well being of people. It is through income only people have access to all other amenities like health, education, better facility etc. However due to lack of infrastructure and imbalance in development also people do not have accessibility and people living in the backward region suffer more as compared to the developed regions. For understanding high levels of poverty in particular regions, its economic growth of performance is

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the predominant indicator. Agriculture being the predominant mode of livelihood determines the earning of the inhabitants. The industrialization definitely creates opportunities for people, but it is again only for the skilled labourers. The analysis of literacy, poverty and education data reflects that the poverty is acute in a case of Schedule Tribes and is predominant in ST regions also. Table 1.6: Poverty Ratio amongst Social Groups in Different Region

The above table clearly represents that poverty is maximum in southern part and amongst ST community in case of all the regions. The trend analysis is shown in the table below. Table 1.7: NSS Region-wise Trend in Poverty Ratio (Rural), 1983–84 to 1999–2000 Region Year

1983-84 1987-88 1993-94 1999-2000 Coastal 57.90 48.40 45.30 31.80 Southern 80.80 83.00 68.80 87.20 Northern 75.20 61.00 45.80 49.80 Orissa 65.29 55.58 48.56 48.01 Source: Arjan de Haan and Amaresh Dubey (2003), ‘Poverty in Orissa: Divergent Trends? 1.8 Poverty in Orissa The table below reflects that the percentage of Urban poor is no less when compared to rural poverty, rather from the period 1993-94 to 2004-05 , in a decade the incidence of urban poverty is seen to be increasing as compared to rural poverty which has been decreasing. Table 1.8: Incidence of Poverty in Orissa and India, 1973-74 to 2004-05 Year  Orissa               India 

  Rural  Urban  Combined  Rural  Urban  Combined 

1973‐74  67.28  55.62  66.18  56.44  49.01  54.88 

1977‐78  72.38  50.92  70.07  53.07  45.24  51.22 

Region ST SC Others All Coastal 66.63 42.18 24.32 31.74 Southern 92.42 88.90 77.65 87.05 Northern 61.69 57.22 34.67 49.81 Orissa 73.08 52.30 33.29 48.01 Source: Arjan de Haan and Amaresh Dubey (2003), ‘Poverty in Orissa: Divergent trends?

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1983  67.53  49.15  65.29  45.65  40.79  44.48 

1987‐88  57.64  41.53  55.58  39.09  38.20  38.85 

1993‐94  49.72  41.64  48.56  37.27  32.36  35.97 

2004‐05  46.80  44.30  46.40  28.30  25.70  27.50 Source:  Dev,Panda and Sarap(2004) and http:/nic.in/archieve/others/2007/mar07/2007032102 xls 

Table 1.9: Extent, Depth and Severity of Poverty in Orissa in different Years

NSS Rural Urban ROUND YEAR HCR PG SPG HCR PG SPG

13 1957-58 65.06 23.180 11.129 64.07 23.338 10.619 14 1958-59 56.09 18.967 8.474 46.79 20.991 12.646 15 1959-60 62.49 19.494 7.723 64.79 28.756 16.047 16 1960-61 61.72 20.129 8.287 69.12 25.752 12.081 17 1961-62 46.89 13.909 5.912 50.81 17.760 8.016 18 1963-64 58.04 17.954 7.468 54.88 18.437 8.258 19 1964-65 61.36 18.528 7.548 60.07 19.023 7.639 20 1965-66 59.98 18.280 7.806 64.84 23.051 10.676 21 1966-67 62.86 19.001 7.963 65.47 23.314 10.503 22 1967-68 63.40 19.980 8.449 59.11 21.315 10.125 23 1968-69 70.29 24.308 11.070 61.90 20.050 8.426 24 1969-70 66.20 22.902 10.637 49.19 16.567 7.473 25 1970-71 64.77 22.173 10.162 54.43 17.162 7.121 27 1972-73 67.03 23.693 10.952 55.53 18.133 7.853 28 1973-74 58.67 17.662 7.108 59.99 20.203 8.778 32 1977-78 62.52 20.443 8.955 57.26 19.743 9.057 38 1983 56.76 16.962 7.126 54.94 16.701 6.710 42 1986-87 44.95 11.950 4.462 49.81 14.793 5.789 43 1987-88 47.86 11.699 3.840 47.53 13.371 5.014 45 1989-90 39.48 8.454 2.403 41.09 11.599 4.385 46 1990-91 27.14 5.376 1.532 40.42 10.913 3.928 48 1992 36.57 8.195 2.530 48.74 17.120 7.366 50 1993-94 40.28 8.724 2.790 40.76 11.257 4.148

Note: 1. HCR =Head Count Ratio 2. PG = Poverty Gap 3. SPG= Squared poverty Gap

Source: http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_orissa/sdr_orich8.pdf The above table shows the head count ratio (HCR), poverty gap (PG) and squared poverty gap (SPG) of Orissa for rural and urban areas in different years. The HCR, PG and SPG reflect the extent, depth and severity of poverty respectively. The extent of poverty reached the peak, i.e. 70.29 per cent in 1968-69 in rural Orissa, whereas, in urban Orissa, it was highest i.e., 69.12 per

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cent in 1960-61. In the eighties and early part of nineties, the extent of poverty was found to be much less compared to the previous years in both rural and urban Orissa. The decline in the extent of poverty in 1993-94 over the year 1957-58 was found to be about 25 percentage points in the above two areas. The depth and severity indices of poverty broadly followed the pattern of movement as revealed by the extent of poverty. 1.9 Level of Living Condition Table below shows the district-wise values of eighteen socio-economic indicators of the state. It can be seen from the Table that the living conditions of some districts in terms of the above socio-economic indicators are much better. If a district is better in one case, in another case, it is worse. So, to know the living condition of a district, composite index has been determined through Taxonomic method by taking the socio-economic indicators, which promote the living condition of the people (Reddy 1977; Behera and Mitra 1996). The indicators used for determining the living conditions are: (1) percentage of rural families living above the poverty line, (2) literacy rate, (3) per capita foodgrain production, (4) yield rate of rice, (5) percentage of gross irrigated area to gross cropped area, (6) percentage of villages electrified, (7) work participation rate, (8) percentage of industrial workers to total main workers, (9) percentage of main workers to total population, (10) percentage of urban population to total population, (11) number of bank branches per lakh population, (12) number of bank branches per 100 sq. km. area, (13) number of medical institutions per one lakh population, (14) number of medical institutions per 100 sq. km. area, (15) railway route length per one lakh population, (16) railway route length per 100 sq. km. area, (17) total road length per 100 sq. km. area, and (18) per capita net value added by manufacture. On the basis of the above indicators, composite index of living condition or standard of living has been estimated for each of the thirty districts of the state. As per the composite index determined through Taxonomic method, the closer the value of the composite index to zero, the higher is the level of the standard of living, and the closer to 1, the lower is the level of the standard of living. Following this procedure, it is found that the living condition of Khurda district is highest, whereas, Nabarangpur is the lowest in the state. The districts are also categorised into three types, namely, higher standard of living districts, lower standard of living districts and average standard of living districts. For this, mean and standard deviation of the composite indices of living conditions of the districts are computed. The districts, whose composite indices are below mean minus standard deviation, are known as higher standard of living districts. The composite indices of lower standard of living districts are above mean plus standard deviation. The average standards of living districts are the districts whose composite indices are in between mean minus standard deviation and mean plus standard deviation. As per this procedure, the higher standards of living districts in Orissa are Khurda, Cuttack, Sambalpur, Jharsuguda and Jagatsinghpur. On the other hand, Nabarangpur, Phulbani,

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Boudh, Malkangiri, Kalahandi and Nuapada are the lower standard of living districts in the state of Orissa. The rest of the districts are treated as average standard of living districts. Table below represents the ranking of all the districts of the state on the descending order of their levels of living (rank 1 has been given to the highest standard of living district, Khurda and, accordingly, other districts have been ranked). The living condition of the people mainly depends on per capita income. As mentioned earlier, the gap in per capita income between Orissa and all-India is widening considerably between 1980-81 and 2000-01. Not only this, the growth rate of per capita income of Orissa during the above period is comparatively much less than that of all-India average. Here, an important question needs explanation. In Orissa, the growth rate of per capita, Net State Domestic Product as well as the growth rate of population are less than the all-India average (The decadal growth rate of population of Orissa and India during 1991-2001 are 15.94 per cent and 21.34 per cent respectively). The reasons for low growth rate of population in Orissa are not only due to low birth rate (24.1 as against 26.1 per thousand population at all-India level in 1999 ) but also due to high death rate ( 10.6 as against 8.7 per thousand population at all-India level in 1999 ). So, to increase the per capita income, the net state domestic product of the state has to be increased through high doses of investment on farm and non farm sectors along with the development of social sectors and, at the same time, the population has to be kept stable by reducing death rate and birth rate through appropriate health measures.

Table 1.10: Pattern and Index of Living Conditions of Different Districts of Orissa

Sl. No. Name of the District Pattern of Living Condition

Index of Living Condition

Rank

1 Angul 12.2088 0.8145 14 2 Baleswar 12.1035 0.8074 12 3 Bargarh 11.2446 0.7501 7 4 Bhadrak 12.1851 0.8129 13 5 Bolangir 12.9333 0.8628 19 6 Boudh 13.8455 0.9236 28 7 Cuttack 10.1078 0.6743 2 8 Deogarh 13.5380 0.9031 24 9 Dhenkanal 12.2563 0.8176 15

10 Gajapati 13.1323 0.8761 21 11 Ganjam 12.0188 0.8018 11 12 Jagatsinghpur 10.4405 0.6965 5 13 Jajpur 12.0046 0.8008 10 14 Jharsuguda 10.3535 0.6907 4 15 Kalahandi 13.7894 0.9199 26 16 Kendrapara 12.8870 0.8597 18 17 Kendujhar 13.3512 0.8907 23

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18 Khurda 9.1679 0.6116 1 19 Koraput 13.3352 0.8896 22 20 Malkangiri 13.8195 0.9219 27 21 Mayurbhanj 13.0824 0.8727 20 22 Nuapada 13.7536 0.9175 25 24 Nabarangpur 14.6451 0.9770 30 23 Nayagarh 12.6094 0.8412 16 25 Phulbani 13.9001 0.9273 29 26 Puri 11.1539 0.7441 6 27 Rayagada 12.7491 0.8505 17 28 Sambalpur 10.3272 0.6889 3 29 Sonepur 11.4419 0.7633 9 30 Sundargarh 11.4379 0.7630 8

State Average 12.3274 0.8224 Source: http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_orissa/sdr_orich8.pdf The above table clearly shows that the most urbanized district with 41.15% to total district population comprising of urban population and the disrtrict with lowest rank Nawrangpur has 5.15% of urban population to total district population. However Nayagarh with lowest urban population holds 16th rank with only 2.67% of urban population to total population of the district, this shows that the other indicators have a strong influence in determining the living condition in the district. 1.10 Work Force in Orissa The Census classifies workers as main workers, that is those who participated in any economically productive activity for no less than 6 months during the year preceding the date of remuneration and marginal workers that is those who participated in any economically productive activity for less than six months. In the 2001 Census, the population of Orissa was 3.68 crore-about 3.58% of the population of the country.The total number of main and marginal workers was respectively 96 lakh and 47lakh. The table below shows the distribution of Cultivators, Agricultural laborers, Household industry and other workers across the districts of Orissa.

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Table No. 1.11: Occupational Classification of Main Workers, Marginal Workers and otal Workers in Orissa according to 2001 Census

 Sl. No. 

District 

Main workers Total Marginal

Workers Total Workers

Culti‐ vators 

Agricul‐ tural 

labourers 

House‐hold 

Industry 

Other workers 

1  Angul  100,506  46,222 16,849 135,475 299,052 154,518  453,570

2  Balasore  185,433  122,304 12,457 163,151 483,345 161,788  645,133

3  Bargarh  159,094  106,090 30,173 89,353 384,710 208,820  593,530

4  Bhadrak  129,463  68,238 6,180 97,689 301,570 83,549  385,119

5  Bolangir  142,730  78,449 17,427 113,083 351,689 208,061  559,750

6  Boudh  52,451  24,048 7,794 21,501 105,794 64,967  170,761

7  Cuttack  131,976  104,244 25,421 352,242 613,883 180,151  794,034

8  Deogarh  31,516  16,930 3,445 17,957 69,848 56,412  126,260

9  Dhenkanal  77,450  67,009 9,012 108,404 261,875 94,638  356,513

10  Gajapati  76,595  55,101 3,719 44,577 179,992 95,542  275,534

11  Ganjam  261,069  171,651 31,659 355,347 819,726 486,206  1,305,932

12  Jagatsinghpur  80,272  46,382 7,217 113,855 247,726 82,247  329,973

13  Jajpur  102,134  81,907 9,458 153,829 347,328 99,197  446,525

14  Jharsuguda  32,568  18,562 8,232 73,786 133,148 56,445  189,593

15  Kalahandi  152,795  126,538 11,533 91,184 382,050 238,900  620,950

16  Kandhamal  75,686  39,424 6,053 54,965 176,128 130,081  306,209

17  Kendrapara  129,062  60,866 5,700 97,937 293,565 94,731  388,296

18  Keonjhar  161,200  80,459 13,020 140,481 395,160 226,066  621,226

19  Khurda  68,357  50,966 11,985 348,939 480,247 94,816  575,063

20  Koraput  148,578  79,975 7,464 117,350 353,367 217,068  570,435

21  Malkangiri  107,507  19,610 2,590 24,472 154,179 93,445  247,624

22  Mayurbhanj  230,742  165,423 60,631 161,661 618,457 409,340  1,027,797

23  Nawapara  65,134  29,363 5,197 31,867 131,561 112,799  244,360

24  Nayagarh  72,588  49,465 11,555 72,068 205,676 82,377  288,053

25  Nowarangpur  127,204  74,554 7,194 55,848 264,800 242,595  507,395

26  Puri  143,560  73,574 9,897 146,450 373,481 77,059  450,540

27  Rayagada  95,383  76,428 4,666 73,432 249,909 149,275  399,184

28  Sambalpur  72,775  57,547 35,149 116,703 282,174 139,172  421,346

29  Sonepur  64,286  42,032 11,655 30,722 148,695 88,285  236,980

30  Sundergarh  157,056  64,797 10,876 247,405 480,134 258,669  738,803

  ORISSA  3,435,170  2,098,158 404,208 3,651,733 9,589,269 4,687,219  14,276,488

Source: Census of India

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1.11 The Rural-Urban Employment Scenario With urbanization and rural –urban migration, the urban share in total employment may be expected to rise in the course of economic development . In the second period , at an aggregate level, the rural- urban shares in the total workforce showed marginal variation with the urban share increasing from 24 percent to 25 percent. The picture becomes more complex as state -wise data are analysed (table 4).In this period the share of rural workface in total workface increased in two states (Haryana and Kerala), remained almost static in four (Karnataka, UP,Orissa, West Bengal) and declined in eight (Rajasthan, Bihar, Punjab, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, AP and MP). Urban growth rates of workforce were comparatively higher than the rural growth rates in almost all the states (except for Haryana and Kerala) (Table 5). This difference was fairly high in five states. The table below has been taken from “Employment Performance of the states by C.Rangarajan, Padma Iyer Kaul and Seema”from ICRA Bulletin Money and Finance November 2008”

22

 

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1.12 Economy In terms of real per capita income, the State has lagged behind the national average ever since independence. In 1950-51, Orissa’s real per capita income was about 90% of the national average, but the same had begun to slide thereafter and came down to about 61% of the national average in 2002-03. Table No 1.12 Per Capita income of Orissa and India at constant and current prices in Different years (in Rs)

At 1993-94 Prices At Current Prices

Year Per Capita Income Orissa All-India

Orissa / All-India

Per Capita Income Orissa All-India Orissa / All-India

(NSDP) (NNP) (NSDP) (NNP) 1980-81 4085 5352 0.763 1352 1741 0.777 1981-82 4010 5555 0.722 1485 1985 0.748 1982-83 3703 5555 0.667 1544 2143 0.720 1983-84 4374 5854 0.747 1957 2464 0.794 1984-85 4091 5956 0.687 1899 2690 0.706 1985-86 4483 6082 0.737 2238 2932 0.763 1986-87 4464 6189 0.721 2382 3191 0.746 1987-88 4244 6260 0.678 2375 3546 0.670 1988-89 5046 6777 0.745 2954 4153 0.711 1989-90 5282 7087 0.745 3311 4693 0.706 1990-91 4300 7321 0.587 3166 5365 0.590 1991-92 4757 7212 0.660 4020 6012 0.669 1992-93 4589 7433 0.617 4233 6732 0.629 1993-94 4797 7690 0.624 4797 7690 0.624 1994-95 4913 8070 0.609 5638 8857 0.637 1995-96 5050 8489 0.595 6806 10149 0.671 1996-97 4652 9007 0.516 6401 11564 0.554 1997-98 5272 9242 0.570 7831 12707 0.616 1998-99 5165 9647 0.535 8324 14395 0.578 1999-00 5265 10067 0.523 8733 15562 0.561 2000-01 5187 10254 0.506 8547 16487 0.518

Source: Central Statistical Organisation Table 1.13: Percapita Net State Domestic Product of Major States at Constant (1993-94) Prices

(In Rs.)Sl. No.

State 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

1 Andhra Pradesh 8514 8191 9144 9445 10195 10590 10633

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2 Arunachal Pradesh 8590 8634 8712 8521 9575 9413 N.A.

3 Assam 5793 5796 5664 5785 5943 6059 6220

4 Bihar 3338 3100 3210 3281 3879 3554 4048

5 Gujarat 13206 13018 13735 13490 12699 13684 13715

6 Haryana 12591 12389 12728 13308 13902 14250 14757

7 Himachal Pradesh 9140 9625 10131 11051 11029 11402 11832

8 Jharkhand 5647 7259 7760 7215 7212 7498 7810

9 Karnataka 8990 9416 10549 10912 11900 11516 11799

10 Kerala 8987 9079 9619 10178 10510 10832 11388

11 Madhya Pradesh 7089 7301 7621 8248 7141 7699 7038

12 Maharasthra 13464 13925 14132 15186 14366 14892 15484

13 Meghalaya 7605 7883 8517 9003 9427 9514 9727

14 Orissa 4773 5382 5471 5735 5562 5802 5665

15 Punjab 13705 13812 14333 14809 15145 15210 15216

16 Rajasthan 7862 8601 8657 8550 8165 8819 7930

17 Tamilnadu 10451 11260 11592 12181 13017 12717 12839

18 Uttar Pradesh 5704 5495 5419 5712 5707 5885 5969

19 West Bengal 7880 8408 8814 9320 9796 10375 10952

INDIA 9007

9244

9650

10068

10306

10774

10964

N.A. : Not Available Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics of Respective States.

Table 1.14: Percentage Distribution of GDDP  SL. No.

DISTRI CT AT CURRENT PRICES AT 1999-2000 PRICES 1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

1 Angul 7.83 8.13 7.12 7.89 8.29 9.36 7.83 7.81 6.65 7.80 8.09 8.86 2 Balasore 4.23 4.55 4.37 4.25 4.23 4.27 4.23 4.57 4.48 4.28 4.32 4.38 3 Bargarh 3.47 2.98 3.15 2.85 2.69 2.54 3.47 2.98 3.20 2.82 2.92 2.66 4 Bhadrak 2.27 2.30 2.45 2.56 2.50 2.42 2.27 2.30 2.49 2.44 2.46 2.47 5 Balangir 3.30 3.00 3.18 3.07 3.18 3.04 3.30 2.98 3.20 2.99 3.14 3.02 6 Boudh 0.85 0.80 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.79 0.85 0.81 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.80

25

7 Cuttack 6.90 7.08 7.19 7.30 6.79 6.99 6.90 7.12 7.19 7.39 7.03 7.14 8 Debgarh 0.82 0.75 0.77 0.63 0.65 0.56 0.82 0.76 0.81 0.66 0.66 0.60 9 Dhenkanal 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.66 2.70 2.54 2.62 2.58 2.65 2.51 2.58 2.49 10 Gajapati 1.28 1.28 1.25 1.28 1.26 1.13 1.28 1.32 1.30 1.30 1.23 1.16 11 Ganjam 7.05 7.36 7.69 7.33 7.18 6.78 7.05 7.37 7.59 7.26 7.17 6.92 12 Jagatsinghpur 2.57 2.84 3.46 3.24 3.26 3.59 2.57 2.68 3.33 3.05 3.08 3.46 13 Jajpur 3.50 3.63 3.47 3.66 3.47 3.58 3.50 3.64 3.53 3.99 3.84 3.89 14 Jharsuguda 2.76 2.77 2.85 2.70 2.71 2.86 2.76 2.68 2.73 2.72 2.71 2.74 15 Kalahandi 3.17 3.13 2.94 2.71 2.81 2.56 3.17 3.13 3.01 2.83 2.96 2.74 16 Kandhamal 1.89 1.86 1.94 2.13 2.06 1.96 1.89 1.89 1.90 2.07 1.91 1.87 17 Kendrapara 2.36 2.45 2.42 2.41 2.33 2.30 2.36 2.48 2.43 2.39 2.33 2.29 18 Keonjhar 4.40 4.28 4.29 4.77 6.04 5.98 4.40 4.41 4.41 4.79 5.11 5.10 19 Khordha 6.84 7.19 7.27 7.21 6.88 6.90 6.84 7.19 7.27 7.41 7.28 7.22 20 Koraput 3.51 3.56 4.38 3.76 3.82 4.31 3.51 3.59 4.27 3.79 3.85 4.30 21 Malkanagiri 1.24 1.16 1.11 1.07 1.07 0.96 1.24 1.14 1.14 1.07 1.02 0.96 22 Mayurbhanj 4.67 4.69 4.63 4.69 4.65 4.33 4.67 4.73 4.75 4.44 4.49 4.32 23 Nabarangpur 2.14 2.04 1.98 1.91 1.74 1.72 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.85 1.76 24 Nayagarh 1.55 1.55 1.62 1.58 1.60 1.43 1.55 1.58 1.66 1.60 1.62 1.46 25 Nuapada 1.30 1.26 1.29 1.12 1.14 1.01 1.30 1.28 1.36 1.18 1.17 1.05 26 Puri 3.35 3.32 3.36 3.50 3.42 3.26 3.35 3.38 3.44 3.53 3.50 3.39 27 Rayagada 2.19 2.24 2.23 2.24 2.28 2.34 2.19 2.25 2.20 2.22 2.23 2.30 28 Sambalpur 3.51 3.27 3.27 3.06 3.02 2.94 3.51 3.28 3.31 3.15 3.11 3.07 29 Sonepur 1.15 0.99 1.05 1.05 1.01 0.99 1.15 1.13 1.18 1.02 0.99 0.99 30 Sundargarh 7.28 6.90 5.76 6.44 6.28 6.56 7.28 6.88 5.67 6.55 6.47 6.59 Orissa 100. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Orissa Economic Survey 2009-10  

Table 1.15: Percentage Distribution of NDDP  SL. No.

DISTRI CT AT CURRENT PRICES AT 1999-2000 PRICES 1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

1 Angul 6.86 6.98 6.19 6.95 7.38 8.62 6.86 6.68 5.75 6.89 7.11 8.02 2 Balasore 4.26 4.59 4.37 4.26 4.24 4.28 4.26 4.60 4.48 4.27 4.32 4.39 3 Bargarh 3.57 3.07 3.27 2.93 2.77 2.61 3.57 3.08 3.33 2.89 3.02 2.73 4 Bhadrak 2.34 2.45 2.52 2.67 2.61 2.50 2.34 2.43 2.56 2.52 2.57 2.55 5 Balangir 3.39 3.07 3.29 3.15 3.26 3.12 3.39 3.05 3.30 3.06 3.23 3.10 6 Boudh 0.89 0.84 0.94 0.97 1.00 0.83 0.89 0.85 0.91 0.89 0.91 0.84 7 Cuttack 7.04 7.28 7.41 7.52 6.96 7.16 7.04 7.31 7.38 7.62 7.22 7.33 8 Debgarh 0.85 0.78 0.81 0.65 0.68 0.57 0.85 0.79 0.85 0.69 0.69 0.62 9 Dhenkanal 2.68 2.69 2.71 2.71 2.75 2.58 2.68 2.64 2.71 2.56 2.63 2.52 10 Gajapati 1.34 1.34 1.32 1.35 1.33 1.18 1.34 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.30 1.22 11 Ganjam 7.27 7.64 7.99 7.59 7.40 6.94 7.27 7.64 7.86 7.50 7.40 7.09 12 Jagatsinghp

ur 2.58 2.86 3.17 3.15 3.16 3.49 2.58 2.69 3.07 2.96 2.99 3.37

13 Jajpur 3.52 3.69 3.54 3.73 3.54 3.66 3.52 3.68 3.58 4.05 3.88 3.93 14 Jharsuguda 2.62 2.63 2.71 2.60 2.61 2.78 2.62 2.54 2.59 2.63 2.60 2.64

26

15 Kalahandi 3.28 3.25 3.06 2.80 2.91 2.64 3.28 3.24 3.14 2.93 3.07 2.82 16 Kandhamal 1.97 1.96 2.04 2.23 2.16 2.05 1.97 1.99 2.00 2.17 2.00 1.95 17 Kendrapara 2.44 2.55 2.52 2.51 2.41 2.38 2.44 2.58 2.52 2.48 2.42 2.36 18 Keonjhar 4.37 4.22 4.28 4.72 6.00 5.96 4.37 4.36 4.40 4.76 5.09 5.09 19 Khordha 6.80 7.17 7.23 7.22 6.81 6.81 6.80 7.17 7.22 7.42 7.26 7.19 20 Koraput 3.50 3.55 4.02 3.64 3.68 4.17 3.50 3.58 3.94 3.67 3.71 4.16 21 Malkanagiri 1.30 1.21 1.16 1.12 1.12 1.00 1.30 1.19 1.19 1.11 1.06 0.99 22 Mayurbhanj 4.78 4.82 4.74 4.79 4.76 4.40 4.78 4.86 4.87 4.54 4.59 4.40 23 Nabarangpu

r 2.23 2.13 2.08 1.99 1.81 1.80 2.23 2.14 2.08 1.99 1.93 1.84

24 Nayagarh 1.62 1.62 1.70 1.65 1.67 1.48 1.62 1.66 1.74 1.66 1.69 1.51 25 Nuapada 1.37 1.33 1.36 1.17 1.20 1.06 1.37 1.34 1.44 1.23 1.22 1.09 26 Puri 3.44 3.43 3.48 3.60 3.52 3.34 3.44 3.49 3.55 3.62 3.60 3.48 27 Rayagada 2.17 2.20 2.19 2.19 2.26 2.32 2.17 2.21 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.28 28 Sambalpur 3.51 3.25 3.28 3.04 2.99 2.90 3.51 3.26 3.32 3.14 3.09 3.05 29 Sonepur 1.21 1.03 1.11 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.21 1.19 1.25 1.06 1.04 1.03 30 Sundargarh 6.82 6.37 5.56 6.01 5.95 6.34 6.82 6.37 5.47 6.13 6.15 6.39 Orissa 100 100 100  100 100 100 100 100 100  100  100  100Source: Orissa Economic Survey 2009-10  

1.13 Industrial Investment in Orissa (Source: 3rd State Finance Commission Report)

46 projects for about 75 MTPA of Steel with investment >US$45 Billion 4 new aluminum complexes 4+ MTPA alumina and 1 MTPA aluminum smelter Capacity

(US$ 10 Bn) Major investors in the metal sector – POSCO, Arcelor-Mittal, Tata Steel, Bhusan, Jindal,

Essar, Aarti, Hindalco, Vedanta, etc. 15 MTPA mega petrochemical complex by IOC (US$ 6 Billion) 13 Thermal Power Projects under implementation with capacity of 15,590 MW (US$ 14.6

Billion) 5 MTPA Cement capacity addition utilizing flyash and blast furnace slag ($0.50 Billion) 4 new ports (US$ 2 Billion) at Dhamra, Gopalpur, Jatadharimuhana and Kirtania on 480 km.

long coast line of the state. Major expansion of Paradip Port underway. Orissa emerging as an IT/ITES powerhouse with the presence of Infosys, Satyam, TCS,

WIPRO, Mind Tree, ICICI Bank, Genpact, Aricent, Perfectus Tech, etc. The following Table depicts the picture of investment/employment generated/ MoUs sign in respect of Steel and Other Industries.

27

Table 1.16: MoUs Signed in Steel and other industries

Sl. No.   

Sector No. of MoUs signed 

Total Investment proposed (Rs. in Cr.)  

No. of Units gone into production Investments made (Rs. in Cr.) 

Employment generated (Direct +Indirect) 

1 Steel 49 194,149.40 28 50,700 2 Aluminum 2 19,400 1 1850 3 Cement 3 1,114 - 86 4 Oil Refinery 1 25,646 - 800 5 Power 13 56,271 - - 6 Auto Component 1 365 - - (Source: Industries Department, Govt .Of Orissa) 1.14 JNNURM in Orissa The focus is on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs and Parastatal agencies towards the citizens. The primary objective of the JNNURM is to create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities in the country. There are 2 Sub Mission under the scheme; Sub- Mission 1 (Urban Infrastructure and Governance-UIG) Sub-Mission 2 (Basic Services to Urban Poor – BSUP) In Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance, there have been 7 projects sanctioned under the scheme (March 2010), which is only 1.3% of total sanctioned projects. In terms of central assistance released, Orissa has received Rs. 16720.13 lakh (Rs 6621.60 lakh received between Jan-June 2009), which is almost 1.31% of total sanctioned amount. So far 25.6% of total sanctioned project amount under UIG scheme has been released by center. In Sub-Mission on Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP), Orissa has been sanctioned 6 projects (4 in Bhubaneswar and 2 in Puri) which is 1.2% of total sanctioned projects. This puts Orissa as, one of the state under least sanctioned projects category under the scheme. It has received 13.64 crores central assistance which constitutes even less than 1% of the total funds released under the scheme. In this scheme so far out of the total sanctioned amount for Orissa, 23.2% have been released so far.

28

In UIDnote thaprojectsmonths In IHSDare abocrores w Table 1 ULBs NMunicipMunicipNotifiedTotal

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SSMT scheat there hass from 16 to. The total

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sanctioned increase in town coveraGovt. of In

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ased under th

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6, 8

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IHSDP2 28 2 32

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issa

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Total 14 53 5 73

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29

Figure N 

No.4: Funds Releases S

92.9, 2

9

Schemewis

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90.8, 25%

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e (in crores)

13.64

UIG IHS

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30

Chapter 2

Mapping Institutional Relationship of Urban Local Bodies with State Govt in Orissa

Urban Local Bodies are the administrative units for urban areas.Thus the smooth functioning of services, facilities etc depends on the execution of ULBs in the form of Municipality, Corporations and NAC’s. The Housing & Urban Development Department is the nodal department for ensuring proper and planned growth of cities and towns with adequate infrastructure and basic amenities. The continuous exodus of rural population to urban areas has contributed to the exponential growth resulting in severe strain on the existing infrastructure and subsequent demand for additional provisions. To keep pace with the growing demands of the urban people, the Department has been taking effective and adequate steps for efficient management & supply of basic urban services like provision of safe drinking water, sanitation, roads, solid waste management and housing etc. Further one of the important reforms during 1990 was the 74th Constitutional Amendment which the ULBs empowered to function as Local Self Government for the provision of sound urban governance. Thus, the Housing & Urban Development Department has got paramount responsibility to make the ULBs self sufficient and making them centres for good governance. The Housing and Urban Development Department is the apex institution of Government of Orissa responsible for urban sector development. The department has three directorates i.e. Municipal Administration, Public Health Engineering and Town Planning. However, the urban governance in Orissa comprises of Urban Development & Municipal Administration. Municipal Administration is further divided into three categories such Municipal Corporation, Municipalities and Notified Area Council. Similarly urban Development comprises Development Authorities, Regional Improvement Trusts and Special Planning Authorities. Besides, there are 4 P.H., S.E. Circles, 13 P.H. Divisions, 52 P.H. Sub-divisions, 20 District Town Planning Units, 103 Urban Local Bodies including (Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation, Cuttack Municipal Corporation and Berhampur Municipal Corporation), 9 Development Authorities (including BDA, Bhubaneswar & CDA, Cuttack), 7 Regional Improvement Trusts, 36 Special Planning Authorities, Orissa State Housing Board, Orissa Water Supply & Sewerage Board, Orissa Rural Housing Development Corporation, Valuation Organisation, NIHM and SUDA. The following are the Development authorities and Regional improvement Trust

Bhubaneswar Development Authority was created by the Government of Orissa in the year 1983 under the Orissa Development Authorities Act’1982 with the objective to take up planned and systematic development of Bhubaneshwar Development Plan Area. BDA was established on September 1, 1983 with the objective of taking up planned and systematic development of Bhubaneswar and adjoining region. Bhubaneswar Development Authority, the agency created to promote and look after the construction activities of the Capital city.

31

Since its inception, Bhubaneswar Development Authority has been undertaking endeavors to promote and secure its planned development. Besides providing homes to thousands of people in the city, the authority plays a significant role in preparing the plan, policies, and proposals for undertaking the orderly yet rapidly development of the city. The special drives of BDA to make our capital city clean, green and beautiful deserve special appreciation.

Cuttack Development Authority: The Cuttack Development Authority has been

constituted vide Housing and Urban Development Department Notification No: 37634/HUD, dated 31.08.1983 under the provisions of the Orissa Development Authorities Act, 1982 w.e.f. 01.09.1983

Puri Konark Development Authority: After being carved out from erstwhile Bhubaneswar

Regional Improvement Trust, Puri Konark Regional Improvement Trust (P.K.R.I.T.) became a separate entity and started functioning since Sept'82 having the jurisdiction of Puri Master Plan area and the areas in between Puri & Konark, with an objective of enforcement of Orissa Town Planning and Improvement Trust Act 1956 . Subsequently, by a notification of Govt. in H.&U.D. Deptt.the Orissa Development Authority Act has been re-enforced over the earlier areas superseding the O.T.P. & I.T.Act.1956, during the year 1997 and thus, Puri Konark Development Authority come in to being on 1.4.1997.

Berhampur Development Authority: Berhampur has many surprises up its sleeves. An

important commercial center of Orissa, Berhampur is also famous for its silk variety and quality. Easily accessible by road and rail, tours to Berhampur serve as a gateway to visit the other tourist attractions in the Ganjam district of Orissa.

Sambalpur Development Authority: Sambalpur Development Authority was carved out

from erstwhile Sambalpur Regional Improvement Trust in the year 1995 constituted under the Orissa Development Authority Act 1982, covering the area of three urban bodies i.e. Sambalpur, Burla and Hirakud. The main objective of the Authority is to take up planned and systematic development of its area. The function of SDA also includes regulating the development and use of land including private land and undertaking schemes for improvement and clearance of slums and development programme.

Talcher Angul Development Authority: Angul, situated at the heart of the Orissa is an

integral part of the state contributing towards the rich culture, tradition and socio-economic development of the state of Orissa. Angul is like a bridge between western and coastal areas of Orissa where the prehistoric and protohistoric relics are found in village Bhimakund, Kankili, Kulei, Samal, Sanakerjang, Kaliakata, Paranga, Kerjang, Ogi, Tikarapara and Pallahara. TAMRIT (Talcher-Angul-Meramandali Regional Improvement Trust) has

32

consituted w.e.f. dt. 1.7.83 vides Notification No. 27404 HUD dt.28.06.83 and TADA come into existence w.e.f. 1.9.95 as per Notification No.29089/HUD dt.28.8.1995.

Regional Improvement Trust: Is reposbile for the development of the ULBs and prepare

the town plan. This is the second stage of town planning in Orissa. First the town has a special planning authority, which is responsible for the twon plan. The second stage is the Regional Improvement Authority and the third is the Development Authority. These are the following RITs in Orissa:

Koraput Regional Improvement Trust, Jeypore Balasore Regional Improvement Trust Jagatsinghpur Regional Improvement Trust Dhenkanal Regional Improvement Trust Ganjam Regional Improvement Trust, Bhanjanagar Kendrapara Regional Improvement Trust Jharsuguda Regional Improvement Trust

City Managers’ Association Orissa, a Network of Local Government & Authorities for Sustainable Urban Management & Human Settlement is a, non-profit organization formed to address the changing needs of local government managers & leaders of the Local Government & Authorities by helping them keep up to date with appropriate skills and knowledge, by raising the profile of management in local government, and by promoting high standards.

The Urban Local Bodies (ULB’s) are functioning under the Orissa Municipal Corporation Act 2003 and Orissa Municipal Act 1950. Similarly all Development Authority functions under the Orissa Development Authority Act and Directorate of Town planning under the Orissa Town Planning Act. ULBs in Orissa are governed by the following acts:

Orissa Municipal Act 1950 : Constitution of Municipalities, Election and Election Petition, Removal, Resignation and term of Councilors, functions of the Municipality, Municipality funds and Taxation, Public health and safety, Licenses and Permissions etc.

The Orissa Housing Board Act 1968: An Act to provide for measures to deal with and

satisfy the need of housing accommodation.

Orissa Development Authorities Act 1982: Constitution of Development Authorities for developing and potential Urban area to ensure systematic and planned growth.

The Orissa Appartment ownership Act 1982; to make provision for ownership of

individual apartment and matters related to it.

33

The Orissa Notified Area Councils (Extension of Term of Office and Validation) Act, 1991; Act to provide for the extension of term of office of certain NACs and Validation of actions of such councils including their chairman.

Orissa Water Supply & Sewerage Board (OWSSB) Act-1992

2.1 Situation prior to 74th CAA 1992 The constitutions of Urban Local Bodies are depending on the population size and the trends of concentration of urban populations are in large cities. The city agglomerations are getting stringer day by day. The economic developments of the states are depending on the urban set up. So there is necessity to develop the urban areas and provided necessary services to the people. The constitution of ULBs involves the change of institutions and various stakeholders are involved on either side. An appropriate demarcation of territory as urban area is a key administrative decision of the state. There are two types of constitutions of urban areas are one is expansion of existing Urban area and the other one is converting a rural areas to urban areas with required institutional set up. The constitution of urban local bodies is based on the Orissa Municipal Act, 1950. This is the responsibility of the state government for constitutions of Municipalities in accordance with the Orissa Municipal Act 1950 as follows: • A Notified Area Council for every transitional area • A Municipal Council for every small urban areas and • A Municipal Corporation for every large urban area The Governor of Orissa has to notify any area shall be constituted in any urban area or part there of which the Governor have to decide based on the size and the municipal services being provided or proposed to be provided by an industrial establishment in that area and such other factors as he may deem fit, specific to be an industrial township. In Orissa there is not Nagar Panchayat or Town Panchayat concept, they nade all transitional areas as NAC. (i) Transitional Area / Small Urban Area In this section “a transitional area” “a smaller urban area” or “a larger urban area” means such area as the Governor may have regard to the population of the area. The density of population therein , the revenue generated for the local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, the economic importance or such other factors as the governor may deem fit , he can specify the notification under the clause (2) of Article 243(O) of the constitution. For example the areas to be notified as “a transitional area” “a smaller urban area”

34

or “a larger urban area” based on the population size not less than ten thousand, twenty five thousand and three lakhs respectively may be taken as sufficient population for the purpose. Sometimes some other factors also determines for declaration of “a transitional area” “a smaller urban area” or “a larger urban area” based on the density of population, percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, generation of revenue for the local administration, economic importance of the areas etc. Provided that before the publication of the notification under this sub-section, the state government shall publish in the prescribed manner a draft of such notification inviting objections and suggestion from all persons likely to be affected thereby with such period as may be prescribed and shall consider the objections and suggestion, if any as may be received on the said draft. The territorial area of every Notified Area Council and that of every Municipal Council constituted prior to and existing at the commencement of the Orissa Municipal amended Act 1994 shall respectively be deemed to be a transitional area and a smaller urban area within the meaning of Sub-section(2) of section 4 . Every Notified Area Council (including its Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson) and every Municipal Council (including its Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson) shall continuing in office at the commencement of the Orissa Municipal (Amended) Act 1994 till the expiration of the term as provided in the Sub-section (1) of section 41 as it stood prior to such commencement, unless sooner dissolved by resolution passed to that effect by the Legislative Assembly. Based on the sub-section 2 of Orissa Municipal Act 1950, any transitional area or smaller urban area can be specified as • A small urban area in the case of a transitional area or • A large urban area in the case of a smaller urban area, then notwithstanding anything

contained in this Act.

o The Notified Area Council for the existing transitional area shall be deemed to be the Municipal Council for the smaller urban area so subsequently specified

o The Municipal Council for the existing smaller urban area shall be deemed to be the Municipal Corporation for the larger urban area so subsequently specified.

o The Chairperson, Vice- Chairperson and other members of the existing Notified Area Council or Municipal Council shall be deemed to be Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson and other members of the deemed Municipal Council or as the case of may be of the deemed Municipal Corporation.

35

o All the assets and liabilities of the existing Notified Area Council shall devolve upon the deemed Municipal Council or as the case may be that of the existing Municipal Council shall devolve upon the deemed Municipal Corporation

o The provisions of this Act and of the rules , bye-laws, notification or orders made there under which were in force throughout such transitional area or as the case may be, the Municipal area shall apply to the territorial of such deemed Municipal Council or as the case may be deemed Municipal Corporation

o The proceedings commenced , if any for reconstitution of the existing Notified Area Council or as the case may be , existing Municipal Council shall continue as if such proceedings were commenced in relation to the deemed Municipal Council or as the case may be , deemed Municipal Corporation.

Effect of the Act to areas, included within, or excluded from Municipality: it will be by the notification referred to in Sub-section(5) of section4 of Orissa Municipal Act 1950. • Included in a Municipal Area: all provisions of the Orissa Municipal Act 1950 and the rules,

bye-laws, notifications or orders made there under which the immediately before such inclusion were in force throughout such Municipal area shall be deemed to apply to such area unless is otherwise directed in and by the said notification or

• Excluded from a municipal area : all the provisions of the Orissa Municipal Act 1950 and the rules , bye-laws, notifications or orders made there under which the immediately before such exclusion, were in force in the area so excluded shall cease to apply to such area on and from the date of publication of the said notification.

(ii) Municipal areas formed by Division By continuation of the Orissa Municipal Act 1950 or subsidiary orders of the state government one Municipal area can be divided into two or more. all the provisions of this Act and of the rules, bye-laws, notifications or order made there under which, immediately before such division were in force in any part of the original Municipal area shall be deemed to be in force in the same part of the Municipal areas formed by such division unless it is otherwise directed in and by the government notification. (iii) Abolition of Municipal Areas The Governor of Orissa may be notified for abolish any Municipal area to which the Act applies: • The governor of Orissa shall before they issue such notification communicate to the

Municipality the grounds on which they suppose to do so, fix a reasonable period for the Municipality to show cause against the proposal and consider its explanations and objections, if any

36

• The notification shall contain a statement of reason by the Governor of Orissa (iv) Composition of Municipalities Every Municipality shall be composed of the following councilors such as per the section 47, 49 or 54 of the Orissa Municipal Act 1950 • One councilor elected directly from every ward within the Municipal area • A person having special knowledge or experience in Municipal Administration as may be

nominated by the State Government. Till date this provision is not yet used or functional, how ever every time people contest for the position and got elected.

(v) Incorporation of Municipality Every Municipality shall be a body corporate by the name of the Municipality by reference to which it is known shall have perpetual succession and a common seal and subject to any restriction and qualification imposed by or under this or any other enactment shall have power to acquire and hold property , both movable and immovable and subject to any rules prescribed to transfer and such property held by it, to enter into contracts and to do all other things necessary , proper or expedient for the purpose of the Orissa Municipal ( Amended) Act 1994 and may sue and be sued in its corporate name. 2.2 Classification of Municipalities The state government has considered the population as a base and proportion of people engaged in non-agriculture activities and industrial areas as the major criteria for constitutions of ULBs. In this connection the state has divided the ULBs in five categories such as class- I to V based on the population and currently 103 ULBs are in Orissa. Different categories of towns are given below: Table 2.1: Classification of Categories of Towns in Orissa

Categories  Nos. of Towns 

Class – I ( More than one lakh population or above)  7 nos 

Class – II ( Population 50,000 – 99,999)  15 nos 

Class – III ( Population 20,000 – 49,999)  36 nos 

Class – IV ( population 10,000 – 19,999)  39 nos 

Class – V ( Population 5,000 – 9,999)  6 nos 

As the entire ULB system of Orissa is governed by Orissa Municipal Act 1950 and its amended in 1994 and 2002 and all the ULBs are classified based on the existing population.

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2.3 Composition of Urban Local Bodies as per the Orissa Municipal Act The objective of this section is to understand the composition of ULBs in Orissa as per the Orissa Municipal Act 1950 and subsequently it has been modified in 1994 and 2002 to incorporate the features of 74th CAA and trying to bring changes in composition of ULBs along with the related components such as Reservations of seats for Scheduled Castes and Tribes, Backward classes, women, tenure of ULBs and tenure of office of the councilors. (i) Prior to 74th CAA: It was observed that the district collector was authorized to decide the number of councilors as per the census population of the city or town in Orissa. The ward councilor seats are varied from city to city and town to town based the voter population. There was no seat reservation either for the SC / ST or for women. All these reservations were introduced after the 74th CAA and modification of Orissa Municipal Act 1994. (ii) In post 74th CAA: In post 74th CAA as per the Orissa Municipal Act 1994, the Clause (a) of section 8of Orissa Municipal Act 1994 has the detailed provision of the seat allocation and election of the councilors. The District Collector is authorized to reserve the seats for SC, ST, back groups and women as per the proportionate of the population. Women seats are reserved for 33% in all categories as per the Orissa municipal Act 1994. (iii) SC / ST seat Reservation: There shall be reserved by the seats in every municipality for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and the numbers of seat so reserved shall bear, as nearly as may be , the same proportion to the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in that Municipality as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the concerned Municipality area or the Scheduled Tribes in that areas bears to be total population of that area and such seats shall be allotted by rotation to different wards in a Municipal area (Provided that where the population of the Scheduled Castes or as the case may be, the Scheduled Tribes in a Municipal area is not sufficient for reservation of any seat for the Scheduled Castes or as the case may be, one seat for Scheduled Tribes shall be reserved in that Municipal area). (iv) Women’s Reservation: Similarly, as nearly as may be not less than one-third of the total seat reserved for women as per the Sub-section (1) of Orissa Municipal Act 1994. One third of the seats to be reserved for women in all categories such as one third of seats reserved for Scheduled Tribes, one third seats to be also reserved in Scheduled Caste and one third of seats also reserved in the backward class of citizens in all Municipality for direct election and it shall be allotted by rotation to different wards in a Municipal area. Where a particular ward is reserved for the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes or Back ward class of citizens or for women whether or not belonging to the Scheduled Caste or the Scheduled Tribes, and no eligible candidate is available or comes forward to contest the lection in relation

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to that ward, the state government shall nominate a person who is otherwise eligible to contest such election, as the councilor for the ward. (v) Backward Class Reservation: Twenty – seven per centum of the total number of seats to be filled up by direct election in every Municipality shall also be reserved in the favour of backward class of citizens as per the Clause (6) o f Article 243- T of the constitution. As nearly as may be one-third of the total number of seats reserved under the sub-section (3) shall be reserved for women belongs to the backward class of citizens (Provided that where only two seats are reserved for the backward class of citizens one of the two seats shall be reserved for women belonging to the backward class of citizens). As per the Orissa Municipal Act the wards are increased based on the actual population of the Municipality and one Councilor would be directly elected as per the Election Commission. The seat reservation shall be the responsibility of Election Commissioner after the 74th CAA. 2.4 Municipal Functions

As described before, the Urban Local Bodies (ULB’s) are functioning under the Orissa Municipal Corporation Act 2003 and Orissa Municipal Act 1950. Similarly all Development Authority functions under the Orissa Development Authority Act and Directorate of Town planning under the Orissa Town Planning Act.

The ULBs function under the overall administrative control of the State Housing and Urban Development Department. The Director of Municipal Administration is the head of the department. Each ULB is headed by an executive officer who is ordinarily an officer of the Orissa Administrative Service. The executive officers of the three Municipal Corporations are known as Commissioners. The State Government has the powers to call for information, conduct inspections, give directions, and dissolve a ULB, cancel orders and even rescind resolutions of the Council under specified circumstances. The functions of the ULBs fall under two categories, namely, obligatory functions such as maintenance of roads, street lights, sanitation, water supply, registration of births and deaths, public immunization and regulation of buildings; and discretionary functions such as formation and maintenance of layouts, parks, schools, hospitals, libraries etc., There are separate departments for the performance of these functions besides an administrative and a finance and accounts department. There are five primary functions of Municipal governance: • Conservancy and cleaning • Drainage and Sewerage • Roads • Street Lighting • Safe Drinking Water supply

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(i) Cleaning: The first one is most important for the town and city dwellers have virtually little time to look after the cleaning of their respective streets, roads and surroundings. They want their local government to take care of that and willing to pay for it. The existing roads, drains and streets must be kept clean always. The workmen of Urban Local Bodies make the drains, streets and roads clean – dirt free and debris free. (ii) Solid Waste Management: Solid waste Management is another important functional area of ULBs where skill and sincerity are an imperative need. It involves five stages such as 1- Cleaning, 2- collection, 3- Carriage, 4- Disposal and 5- Treatment. Abroad outline of the cleaning procedure developed in Orissa along with the Councilors / Corporators and Sanitary Inspectors. In broad outline the town is divided into various zones based on the operation of activities. The first , the daily market/ mandi where the vendor and retailers collect everyday during the small hours of the morning. These areas are cleaned before 3.00 am in the morning much before the arrival of vendors. The second zone is bus stand, taxi stand, Auto and rickshaw stands. These areas should be cleaned in between 4.00 to 5.00 am as both vehicle and passengers gather at 5.00 am. The third zone is all roads, streets and by-lanes. These places required to be cleaned around 5.00 to 7.00 am. After cleaning of all zones, after 8.00 am house hold wastes need to be collected from their respective door step bins/ baskets. Wheelbarrows are usually used to carry these wastes to the collection posts. The degradable wastes can be treated for quick decomposition and conversion into organic manure. (iii) Street Lighting: This is another important function for the elected councilors to look after. Roads, streets and bye-lanes must be well lit every night. The State Government, Municipal Councils and the Electricity Supply Company authorizes of the town / city must sit periodically and chalk out the plan of keeping the streets well lit and to draw up plans for underground electricity cabling. (iv) Safe Drinking Water: In Orissa the government has given the responsibilities of water supply to Urban areas to the Public Health Engineering Department ( PHD). Currently in most of the time the ULBs are coordinating with PHD for water supply though the section 196 to 197 , chapter XIV of Orissa Municipal Act 1950 and section 347 and 348 Chapter- XVII of Municipal Corporation Act 2003 have also made specific provisions for entrusting the responsibilities of water supply to the Municipal government. Item no.5 of Twelfth Schedule has also incorporated this into their domain. The state government should transfer this function with funds and functionaries to the ULBs and support them in all respects to make their functions more effectively because they are very close to the people. (v) Primary and Secondary education: One of the most commendable provisions in the 74th CAA is to entrust the primary and secondary education to local Governments in urban area. It is

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the responsibilities to look for the educational infrastructures and quality education in urban areas. They can plan for various educational activities in their annual plan and have provision of funds for it. Some of the urban schools are managed by the ULBs in the urban areas only. (vi) Urban Planning including Town Planning: The Executive Officer / Commissioner should place the existing master plan of the town / city before the Chairperson/ Mayor and then beofe the council and should organize a meeting with the technocrats of town planning and administrators of urban administration or development authority. The Master plan has time frame for various activities such as for drains, roads, sewerage etc. and send for the approval of the state government for provision of funds. (vii) Regulation of Land use and Construction of Buildings: Preparation of detailed land use planning for the Municipal Area. Changes in land use once earmarked, must be approved by the technocrats like town planners and environmentalists, Development Authority and then as before by the Council and finally by the Government. Identification of lands for parks, public conveniences, parking places, sewerage disposal and treatment, solid waste management, library, community meeting halls, entertainment centers, grave yards and any other activities is also necessary to keep the clean and maintained it. (viii) Planning for economic and Social Development: ULBs are normally responsible to see the growth centers of industries, trade, tourism, commerce, pilgrimage etc in their locality. It is also the function of the ULBs to indentify the places for shops and trades taking into sectoral needs into account and trade demand in particular and help develop the area accordingly with a forward vision for say next 20 to 30 years plan. ULBs are also implementing the state and central government’s economic development programmes in the urban areas. ULBs are also responsible for earmarked some fund for the specific purpose of socio-economic development of the urban people. (ix) Roads and Bridges: It is another important function of the ULBs. The Municipal has to plan for roads and it is also responsible for maintenance of all existing roads , bridge and rains. According to the Municipal rules 328 should be prepared the annual work plan in consultation with Corporators and Councilors and placed for approval. The State Governments shall provide technical support, when and where the Urban Local Body need. (x) Public Health: A basic duty of municipal governance is to create a dependable and responsive health infrastructure to render health services and medical aid to the urban people. Municipalities should aim at provision of basic health services, treatment of common diseases, immunization facilities for children, availability of beds and delivery facilities for pregnant women. Some of the Municipalities are having hospitals and mobile health facilities for the urban population.

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Fire Services: As urban areas are growing and population is also growing to meet the need of the people market places, high-rise buildings are also growing. Fire accidents are frequently occurred in the crowed areas and high-rise buildings due to short-circuit. To control it and provide support to the urban people, there is a need for at least one fire station in every Municipal town. This is also another important function of the ULBs. (xi) Urban Forestry, Protection of Environments and Promotion of Ecological Aspects: Planning with the social forestry experts and silviculturist for the plantation of high rise trees of timber and fruit bearing trees and flowering varieties in the town which can help them in increasing the greenery of the town. Raising gardens and avenue plantation will decrease the temperature level of town, so it is another important responsibility of all Municipals to increase the forest coverage / plantation to maintain the environment properly. (xii) Socio-economic development of the weaker section: Families with economic deprivation, illiteracy or low education, low skill and knowledge and with low and irregular wage earnings are generally termed as weaker sections of any society. It is also another responsibility of Municipals to indentified the urban poor as per the specify criteria and provide necessary support for their economic development such as linked with some income generation activities and provided houses for their development. If required the Municipals can arrange the skill development programme of the weaker sections and engaged them in livelihood earnings. Municipal are also responsible for provision of special educational institutions for people with disabilities. (xiii) Slum Improvement and Upgradation: Slum dwellers are provides necessary services to the citizens of the city / town. Slums are overcrowded squalid habitation and neighborhoods in any city / town. So, all Municipals are responsible for improvements and up gradation of existing slums in term of good habitation with drinking water facilities and good environment and taking steps for non-creation of new slums in their towns. (xiv) Urban Poverty Alleviation: All Municipals are responsible for implementation of governments poverty alleviation programme with sincerity and see the actual benefit should go to the appropriate beneficiaries. To implement all these programmes the Community Organizers are responsible for formation of self help groups in all wards and provided necessary support to them. Keep track of urban poors and provide necessary support in terms of training and technical knowledge and linkages with financial institutions. Most of the ULBs are working for poor under the Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY).

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(xv) Urban Amenities and facilities: As per the master plan of the town or city municipals are responsible to provided public facilities such as parks, gardens and play grounds and taking steps for development and maintenance of all these facilities. (xvi) Promotion of Cultural, Educational and Aesthetic aspects: to promote cultural and aesthetic sense of the urban people municipals are opening cultural centers, theatres and musical centers in the urban areas. Helping to the existing schools develop the quality of education in primary and secondary schools with help of subject experts. (xvii) Burials and Burial Grounds: Maintaining burial grounds for different communities as per their traditions. It is one of the primary functions of the Municipals . (xviii) Cattle Ponds: Municipals are actively engaged for prevention of cruelty to animals and clearing the stray dogs from the street. Establishment and maintain the existing cattle ponds for confinement of stray cattle. (xix) Registration of Birth and Death: This is one of the major responsible of the Municipal to keep vital statics of the town/ city. It means the registration of birth and death is also the responsibility of the Municipals either from home or from hospitals. Some of the ULBs are also recording formal marriages and divorces. The state government should amend the existing law to bring these responsibilities mandatory as per the 12th Scheduled of the Constitution. (xx) Bus stops and Public Conveniences: Identification of different places for parking space for two wheelers, three wheelers and four wheelers and bus stands points. Deciding the collecting parking fees and assigned various agencies for that. Municipals are also responsible for provisions of local travel facilities in the town and city. (xxi) Slaughter Houses: Provide hygienic slaughterhouses away from the proximity to habitation and provide clean sales centers at different markets places of the town/ city and deciding and collection of slaughterhouse fees. Regulation of the cleanliness of the slaughterhouses and sales centers should be strictly adhered to with stringent punishment to the wrong doers and collection of fines. 2.5 Comments: Functions like planning for economic and social developments, urban forestry, protection of environments and ecology, slum improvement and up gradation, urban poverty alleviation, Cattle ponds, preventions of cruelty to animals, public amenities including park, parking lots and bus stops and regulation on slaughter houses were incorporated after the 74th CAA and modified the Orissa Municipal Act 1950 and some of them are incorporated in the Orissa Municipal

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Corporation Act 2003. Some of the functional units like Fire Services are with Home Dept. but they report to the ULBs for service provisions. Urban Planning including Town Planning is an obligatory function of ULBs but in Orissa except few all small ULBs are depending Town Planning Office for town planning, which is a time taking affairs and taking long time for finalization of town plan. Most of the activities are developed by ULBs and approved by the DPC of each districts. 2.6 Financial Resources of ULBs ULBs can generate revenues from own sources and from external sources such as • Own Sources: revenue from tax and non-tax revenue • External Sources: State Grants, Transfer from govt. towards share of taxes , Central grants

and Loans The main objective of the section is to understand the financial sources of the ULBs prior to the 74th CAA. It has been observed that after the 74th CAA the state has given more power to the ULBs for taxation. Section 131 of Orissa Municipal Act 1950 and section 192 of Orissa Municipal Corporation Act 2003 has given clear guidelines for tax imposition and collection. Own Sources: The own resources of the ULBs are very limited. These comprise rates and taxes, including property tax, license and other fees, income from property, receipts under special laws like fees, ferry rent, etc. The major source of income of the ULBs is the grant received from Government of Orissa (GoO) in lieu of Octroi receipts. Additionally, ULBs receive specific purpose grsants from GoO like road maintenance grant, for payment of salaries for teaching and non-teaching staff. The ULBs also receive central funds as mandated by the Finance Commission, besides funds for the execution of centrally sponsored schemes. 2.6.1 Budgetary Process The ULBs prepare an annual budget in the format prescribed by law. After approval by the Council, the budget is sent to GoO for review and finalization. The amendments made by the GoO are incorporated and the final budget is drawn. The budget estimates of revenue and expenditure are mainly based on ad hoc increases over the previous year’s budget, considering the amount of funds expected to be provided by the GoO. The government releases the budgeted funds to the ULBs through the controlling department. The funds are released at appropriate intervals. No re-appropriations are allowed except with the approval of the Council on the basis of the recommendations of the executive committee. There

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are no off budget items as such unless some specific contribution is made by the community for execution of a particular public utility. 2.6.2 Audit system in ULB The audit of the ULBs is conducted annually by the Local Fund Auditors of the State Finance Department. The government procedures are followed; no auditing standards as such have been prescribed. Audit covers hundred percent transactions of ULBs. When embezzlements are detected, the auditor has the power to allow the errant employee to deposit the amount to make good the loss. Surcharge is levied for minor omissions and commissions after due process of issue of notice to the errant employee. The amount of surcharge can be recovered as arrears of land revenue. Serious irregularities are reported to the appropriate authorities for necessary action. Whether action actually takes place is not adequately documented. (i) Strengths: The main strengths of the financial system as prescribed are;

Well defined rules and regulations for the functioning of the ULBs; basic accounting records and formats are well established

Appointment of the suitable officials in key positions Budgets are also required to be prepared annually; and also approved by GoO System of review of financial performance by GoO is prescribed and Hundred percent audit is done by the Examiner Local Fund Audit

(ii) Weakness: There is a gap between precept and practice. A study of a selected number of audit reports reveals that:

Budgets are not being sent to the GoO for approval in every case; Demand and tax collection records are not properly maintained; Embezzlement of tax receipts ( money collected from tax payers not credited to ULBs

accounts); Utilization certificates of grants are not being furnished to the State Government; Amounts remain unspent for the purposes intended; ULB revenues are overestimated by the bodies. Unrealistic estimates are generally not

achieved and the reasons for shortfall are not analyzed; The audit of ULBs is in arrears. While this has been attributed to shortage of staff, the need

is obvious for adoption of scientific systems of statistical sampling. The audit reports need to be placed before the Council; and

Further, the transparency of their financial position is hampered by the lack of audited financial statements showing their assets and liabilities; and there are arrears in independent auditing of their cash transactions. Auditors’ reports indicate significant fiduciary risk.

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2.6.3 Conclusion and Recommendations: The financial position of the ULBs is not very healthy. Only 38 out of 103 ULBs, including the three Municipal Corporations are reported to be operationally sound. There is need for greater generation of internal revenues and narrowing the tax gap. The option of periodical revision of rates of the property tax needs to be exercised. User charges are another way to augment revenues. The accounts of the ULBs are maintained on cash basis and do not reflect the accrued liabilities, nor the very substantial assets of these public bodies. The GoO needs to implement the format recommended by the CAG. The Housing and Urban Development department needs to present a consolidated picture of the financial and physical performance of the ULBs. This report should be tabled in the legislature on an annual basis. In view of the above, in consultation with the GoO the following recommendations are being made: • Generate greater internal revenues to narrow the tax gap. In addition, the option of

periodical revision of rates of the property tax should be exercised • Enhance own revenue base • Implement the format recommended by the CAG, as the accounts of the ULBs are

maintained on cash basis and do not reflect the accrued liabilities. In this regard, improve completeness and timeliness of Cash Accounts and account for the assets of these bodies in a manner consistent with the requirements for sound asset management

• Introduce accrual based accounting • Computerize the accounting system and records of the ULBs • Place the audit reports before the Council on a timely basis and avoid future delay in

audit of the ULBs • The Housing and Urban Development department should present a consolidated picture

of the financial and physical performance of the ULBs. This report should be tabled in the legislature on an annual basis and

• Train employees of ULBs in more modern financial management techniques associated with the need for more cost effective service delivery

2.7 Staffing pattern of Urban Local Bodies Sizes of Human resources in Municipals are the vital part of Municipal Administration to discharge the effective services to the citizens. Effective Municipal services to the citizens are depending on the no of municipal staff. The Objectives of the section is to:

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• To understand and analyze the rules and regulations related to Municipal Councils and

Municipal Corporations of Orissa • To indentified issues related to the staffing patterns (i) Executive Officer / Commissioner: Orissa Municipal Act 1950 has the provision of Executive Officer for the Municipal Administration. One Officer from Orissa Service cadre would be appointed as EO or Commissioner by the government of Orissa to the Municipals and Notified Area of Councils for discharging the duty of executive officer. Similarly Orissa Municipal Corporation Act 2003 has also previsions for the Commissioner for the Municipal Corporation. There is a Deputy Commissioner, who basically supported the Commissioner in delivering the urban services to the citizens. (ii) Municipal Engineer: As in most of the urban areas civil works are there, so there is a need of Engineer in all Municipal areas. In Orissa the engineers are appointed by government as per the request of Municipal Council out of Urban Cadre of Engineers. Executive engineers and Engineers positions are always filled up because they have a separate Urban Cadre. (iii) Health Officer: Government of Orissa has appointed a health officer or delegates the responsible to the district health officer for the urban health facilities as per the section 4(1) of Orissa Municipal Rules 1953. In Municipal Corporation there is a separate health officer appointed and report to the District Health officer. There are a health sanitary officer, who looks after the sanitation part of the town and city. They are also responsible for the cleaning of drains and malaria control activities. (iv) Community Organizer: In most of urban areas Community Organizers are appointed for formation of ward committee and mobilization of communities for better service delivery as of 74th CAA. Government of Orissa also gave emphasis on appointment of community Organisers vide govt. notification SP-C-CO- 22/2010.7868/HUD. The Municipal Council shall decide the number of CO s and appointed on contractual basis. They are basically implementing the state and centrally sponsored the poverty alleviation programmes. Under the Urban Poverty Alleviation programme the state government has authorized the Municipal Commissioner / Executive Officers shall be created with the following staff in all Urban Areas of Orissa: • Slum Improvement Officer • Town Project Officer/ Asst. Town Project Officer • Community Organizers • Office Assistant-cum-Accountant

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• Tax Collectors All these posts are created after 74th CAA in the states for provision of better services in Urban Areas. All ULBs are authorized to appoint the above positions based on the need of the ULBs after the approval of the council. (v) Establishments: As per the section 73 of Orissa Municipal Act 1950 and modified on 1994 shall have a provision of establishment sections in all urban areas. All posts, permanent and temporary position have to be created by the council in a special resolution. All post are filled as per the government of Orissa services with prior approval of Council or Committee of a Municipality. The post of Manager to support the EO or Commissioner, Head Clerk, Accountant, Upper Division Clerk or post carrying upper division pay and post of Headmasters of secondary schools are the selection posts and all the ministerial posts others than those specified above shall be non-selections post. As per the Orissa Municipal Rules 1953, each Municipal is suggested to keep some of the Class- IV employees to carry day to day activities of the ULBs as per the approval of Municipal Council. Each ULB can recruit the following positions as per the requirement of the town / city as regular staff or daily wage basis. Table -2.2 Staffing Positions in ULBs of Orissa Peons  Khalasis  Hammermen 

Orderlies  Majhis  Grain‐crushers 

Poddars  Chowkidars  Turncocks 

Daftaries  Dispensary Servants  Fountain Cleaners 

Zamadars  Cooks  Time Keepers 

Firemen  Ward attendants  Lighters 

Sanitation  Guards  Bullock feeders 

Mistries  Market circars  Drummers 

Coolies  Cleaners  Lascars  and  such  other  posts  of similar status and nature of duties 

Watermen  Gardeners   

Sweepers  Malis   

Scavengers  Watchers   

Conductresses  Bellowers   

These positions suppose to do the day today work of the ULBs. The Council is authoried to creat or appointment of all these positions as per the requirement of the ULBs. Reservation of vacancies in posts and services for the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes / Scheduled

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Tribes and the women category under the Municipal Establishment shall be made in the manner as applicable to posts and services of the state government from time to time. As per the section 433 B of Orissa Municipal Act 1950 and modified in 1994 the recruitment to posts and services of the Municipalities and NAC as a measure of rehabilitation assistance in case of the employees belongs to the said post and services who dies while in service or is permanently incapacitated for rendering further services due to bodily or mental infirmity shall be regulated by the Rehabilitation Assistance Scheme, 1991 published in the resolution of the government of Orissa in the Housing and Urban Development Department no. 33359-legis-1-28/91-HUD dated 19th August 1991 as amended from time to time. (vi) Comments Most ULBs in Orissa face problems due to lack of capacity, improper staffing pattern and lack of standardization of rules and regulation in discharging of urban services. In Orissa there are no regular Executive Officers in most of the ULBs. As the District Collector is the administrative head of the Municipalities in the district sometimes delegate the responsibilities to one of the district officer, who does not have time for the ULBs and not interested to take the job seriously. As they are belongs to Revenue Dept. are mostly oblige to do the revenue work and not at all interested for the Municipal work. All most all the ULBs are suggesting for a separate cadre of EO for Urban areas and appointment of a regular EO. Most of the posts are lying vacant, and government is not taking any steps for fill up quickly, so the delivery of urban services are hampering. Continuous monitoring is required on the existing staff and need to fill the gaps as soon as possible There is no training programme for the ULBs staff. Now days the working style has been changed and needs the up gradation of staff skills accordingly for effective achievement of the set target on time. Like state Administrate Training Institutes, the state government should have one institute basically responsible for the knowledge and skill up gradation of the ULB staff. Karnataka government has similar type of institutes for the capacity building of ULB staff.  

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Chapter 3

Solid Waste Management in Orissa Solid waste management is an integral part of the Environmental Management of each city. Due to rapid growth of urban population, as well as constraint in resources, the management of solid waste poses a difficult and complex problem for the society and its improper management gravely affects the public health and degrades environment. The ULB is responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste generated within the Urban area. The major sources of solid waste generated, in the city are households, Street sweeping, Commercial areas including markets, offices, industries, hospitals and hotels and restaurants. The solid waste is broadly categorized in to;

Municipal Solid Waste Hospital Waste Hazardous Waste

3.1 Management s of Municipal solid waste (MSW) According to the MSW rules , the municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application to the State Pollution Control Board (SPCE) for grant of authorization for setting up of waste processing and disposal facilities including landfills and the latter shall grant the authorization stipulating compliance criteria ,standards and additional conditions if any ,and the ULBs were to set up these facilities by 31 December 2003. The Solid Waste Management Department of a ULB is headed by one Assistant Health Officer, one Sanitary Inspector, nearly three Zamadar, five driver and (nos. vary depending on requirement) Sweepers and Sweepress & one disinfector. The overall responsibility of Solid Waste Management of the town rests with Executive Officer of the Municipality. At times when the requirement of the Sweepers increases particularly in festive seasons and during rains the department also hires extra sweepers. 3.2 Advisory committee constituted under Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling)

The Following is constituted for granting authorization for the municipal solid waste disposal sites of different local bodies under the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.

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Table 3.1: Constituent of Advisory committee constituted under Municipal Solid Waste 1. Member Secretary, State pollution Control Board, Orissa Convener

2. Director, Environment, Forest and Environment Department, Govt. of Orissa or his nominee

Member

3. Director, Airport Authority of India or his nominee Member 4. Director, Town Planning, Govt. of Orissa or his nominee Member 5. Director, State Ground Water board , Govt. of Orissa or his nominee Member 6. Director, Health, Govt. of Orissa or his nominee Member 7. Director, Municipal Administration, Govt. of Orissa or his nominee Member 8. Chairman, Rayagada Municipality, Board member Member 9. Chairman, Bolangir Municipality, Board member Member

10. Executive Officer of concerned Municipality for which authorisation proposal is under consideration

Special Invitee

Source: Orissa Pollution Control Board

3.3 Management of Municipal Solid Waste

For environment friendly management of municipal solid wastes, the Board, during 2004-05 has granted authorization to 17 nos of Municipalities/NAC's, under the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000.

Rapid Industrialisation has led to over sressing of urban infrastructure services including Municipal Solid waste Management because of poor resources and inadequacies of the existing systems. Therefore, augmenting, operating and maintaining solid waste management system in a sustainable manner by urban local bodies would require huge capital investment, introduction of latest technologies which are cost effective, Public Private Participation (PPP) in waste management and introduction of appropriate waste management practices in order to prevent urban waste from causing environmental pollution and health hazards.

As per the figures available with the Housing and Urban Development Dept. the per capita waste management and introduction of appropriate waste generation varies between 0.2 Kg to 0.6 Kg per day in cities with population ranging from 1.0 lakh to 50 lakh. An assessment has been made that because of increasing per capita waste generation of about 1.3% per year coupled with growth of urban population between 3 % and 3.5% per annum, the overall qty of solid waste in the cities increases by about 5% per annum. Waste collection efficiency ranges from 30% to 80%.ULB spend between Rs 500 /- to Rs 1500/- per ton on solid waste management, of which 60% to 70% is spent on collection alone,20% to 30% on transportation and less than 5% on treatment and disposal which is very essential to prevent environmental pollution. Crude dumping is normally restored to by ULBs without adopting scientific and hygienic approach of sanitary land filling. Municipal solid waste comprises 30% to 55% of biodegradable (organic) matter, 40% to 555 inert matter and 5% to 15% recyclables. Composition of waste varies with

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size of city, season and income group. Urban Orissa produces 7.30 lakh Tons annually i.e 2000 metric tons per day (TPD),out of which 70% is generated in 7 Class-1 cities and this needs to be tackled on priority.

Problem of waste management is notable not only because of large quantities involved, but also it spatial spread across 103 towns and enormity and variety of problems involved in setting up and managing systems for collection, transportation and disposal of waste. 3.4 Functions of Urban Local Bodies Solid Waste Management is an important functional area where skill and sincerity are an imperative need. Solid Waste Management involves five stages: – (1) Cleaning, (2) Collection, (3) Carriage, (4) Disposal and (5) Treatment. A broad outline of cleaning procedure deserves mention here. The details are to be worked out by respective Councillors / Corporators and Sanitary Inspectors. The decisions on detailed working modalities depend upon their exposure, experience and convenience. But in broad outline –the town is divided into three operational areas: (i) First, the daily mandi where the vendors and retailers collect everyday during the small hours of the morning. These areas are cleaned before 3.00 A.M. in the morning much before the vendors gather. Some Mandi areas require water cleaning. That is about one hour’s work (ii) Second, the Bus Stand, Taxi, Auto and Rickshaw Stands. These areas should be cleaned in between 4.00 to 5.00 A.M, as both –Vehicles and Passengers gather at 5 .00 A.M. (iii) Third, come streets, by-lanes and roads. These places require two-stage operation. Between 5.00 A.M. and 7.00 A.M. streets, by-lanes and roads need to be made perfectly clean and after 8.00A.M. household wastes need to be collected from their respective door step bins / baskets. The hospital effluents / wastes are to be carried to the incinerators daily. Each house hold is to be instructed (with authority) to keep their wastes in defined different baskets: A. for plastics; B. for nails and metallic foils; C. for degradable waste.

3.5 Main issues concerning Waste Management in Orissa

Absence of segregation of waste at source Lack of funds with ULBs for waste management Lack of technical expertise and appropriate institutional arrangement Institutional and financial capacity of ULBs to introduce proper collection, segregation,

transportation and treatment/disposal systems Lack of IEC activities and community participation towards waste management and

hygienic conditions.

(Source: http://urbanorissa.gov.in/Schemes/13th_Finance_Commission.pdf)

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Table 3.2: 12th Finance Commission Contribution towards Solid Waste Management

Reccomendation to 13th Finance Commission by State finance commission has been made for Rs 500.00 crore towards Solid Waste Management

3.6 Action plan for utilization of grants recommended by the 12th Finance Commission Principles for distribution of 12th Finance Grants for local bodies were decided in the High Level Monitoring Committee meeting held on 26.09.2005

• At least 50% of grant that is 52 crore would be earmarked for the ULBs having population over10,000 as per 2001 census for the purpose of solid waste management in the manner recommended by the 12th Finance Commission.

• 5% of the grant is utilized for maintenance of accounts of all ULBs through use of modern technology and management systems (Rs 5.20 crore)

• The balance 45% shall be distributed among to the ULBs having population less than 1 lakh as per 2001 census for the purpose of solid waste management and for providing basic services.

• Accordingly the State Government forwarded the action plan for utilization of the award of the 12th Finance Commission vide finance department letter No.57375/F dt 24/12/05.The same was accepted by Govt of India. The total allocation of grants by State Govt to local bodies during the award period i.e 2005-06 to 2009-10 is indicated in the following table;

Table 3.3: Total allocation of grants by State Govt to local bodies

Sl no Name of the Scheme Amount (in crores) 1 Solid waste management the ULBs having

population over10,000 as per 2001 census 52.00

2 Solid Waste management in ULBs having population less than 1 lakh as per 2001 census and

46.80

Year Allocation (Rs in Crore) 2005-06 19.76 2006-07 19.76 2007-08 19.76 2008-09 19.76 2009-10 19.76 Source: Finance Dept. Govt of Orissa

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also for providing other basic services 3 For creation of Data base 5.20 Source: Finance Dept. Govt of Orissa

3.7 State Govt. Initiatives for Implementation of Solid Waste Management The State Govt. has taken the following initiatives for implementation of Solid Waste Management (SWM)

Rs.19.76 crores per year has already been released for 4years (2005-06 to 2008-09) in favour of the ULBs as per their entitlement under Twelfth Finance Commission Award for implementation of SWM programme. The same amount is also being released during the current financial year 2009-10.

Detail Project Report (DPR) for SWM programme has been prepared and circulated among the ULBs for scientific disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as per Municipal Solid Waste (management and handling) rule, 2000.

Different machineries and equipments like Hook Loader Lorry, Tractor, Auto-tipper, Cesspool, Tri-cycle, Push-cart, Dust-bin have been supplied to the ULBs for successful implementation of Solid Waste Management programme

District Collectors have been requested to identify and handover suitable Govt. land to the ULBs for establishment of landfill site and treatment facilities for scientific disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collected from the ULBs.

Urban Local Bodies have also been authorised for construction of boundary wall and approach road to the solid waste treatment site after getting authorisation from the State Pollution Control Board

Instructions have been issued for door-to door collection of MSW from each ward of the ULB under the above programme. The ULBs may carry out the above work by way of outsourcing of manpower/ equipments/machineries from private operators/NGOs through a transparent bidding process, in case the existing manpower including equipments & machineries of the ULB are inadequate to carry out SWM programme effectively in all wards.

Ac.61.485 dec. of land at Bhuasuni Mouza has been identified and handed over to Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation for setting up regional landfill site and MSW treatment facilities.

Water and Sanitation Programme(WSP)-South Asia, (World Bank) has been involved to provide technical support to BMC and CMC through Govt. of Orissa for implementation of SWM programme in Bhubaneswar and Cuttack city.

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Table 3.4 Status of Solid Waste Management across all the ULBs in Orissa (Source: Orissa State poluution Control Board) Sl. No.  

Name of ULBs   Population  (2001 census)  

Municipal solid waste generated (in TPD)  

A   CLASS‐I TOWNS ( 1 lakh population and above)  

1      Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation, Dist: Khurda   6,47,302   320  

2      Balasore Municipality , Dist: Balasore   1,06,032   50.0  

3      Cuttack Municipal Corporation, Dist: Cuttack   5,35,139   264.0  

4      Berhampur Municipality , Dist: Ganjam   2,89,724   100.0  

5      Sambalpur Municipality , Dist: Sambalpur   154,164   60.0  

6      Puri Municipality Dist: Puri   1,57,610   50.0 

7      Rourkela Municipality Dist: Sundargarh   2,24,601   80.0  

B   CLASS‐II TOWNS ( Population 50,000 ‐99,999)  

8      Barbil Municipality , Dist: Keonjhar   52,586   9.0  

9      Bhadrak Municipality , Dist: Bhadrak   92,397   6.0  

10      Bargarh Municipality , Dist: Bargarh   63,651   18.0  

11      Bolangir Municipality , Dist: Bolangir   85,203   16.0  

12      Bhawanipatna Municipality , Dist: Kalahandi   60,745   35.0  

13     Dhenkanal Municipality , Dist: Dhenkanal   57,651   23.0  

14      Brajarajnagar Municipality , Dist: Jharsuguda   76,941   50.0  

15      Jatani Municipality Dist: Khurda   54,550   4.0 

16      Jharsuguda Municipality , Dist: Jharsuguda   75,570   20.  

17      Jeypore Municipality , Dist: Koraput,   76,560   35.0  

18      Keonjhargarh Municipality , Dist: Keonjhar   51,832   10.0  

19      Rayagada Municipality Dist: Rayagada   57,732   22.0  

20      Sunabeda NAC, Dist: Koraput   58,647   21.0  

21      Baripada Municipality , Dist: Mayurbhanj  95,004  15.0  

22      Paradeep NAC, Dist: Jagatsinghpur,   73,633   25.0  

C   CLASS‐III TOWNS( 20,000‐ 49,999) POPULATION)  

23     Anandpur NAC, Dist: Keonjhar   35,043   1.0  

24      Bhuban NAC, Dist: Dhenkanal   20,134   5.0  

25      Angul NAC, Dist: Angul   38,022   5.0  

26      Aska NAC,Dist: Ganjam   20,718   7.25  

27      Basudevpur NAC, Dist: Bhadrak   29,998   0.5  

28      Belpahar NAC, Dist: Jharsuguda   32,807   23.0  

29      Biramitrapur Municipality , Dist: Sundargarh   29,434   10.0  

30      Choudwar Municipality , Dist: Cuttack   42,597   18.0  

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31      Burla NAC, Dist: Sambalpur   39,188   8.0  

32      Chhatrapur NAC, Dist: Ganjam   20,288   10.0 

33      Deogarh Municipality , Dist: Deogarh   20,085   8.0  

34      Gunupur NAC, Dist: Rayagada   21,196   5 tractor load  

35      Hinjilicut NAC, Dist: Ganjam   21,344   ‐  

36      Hirakud NAC, Dist: Sambalpur   26,397   7.0  

37      Jagatsinghpur Municipality , Dist: Jagatsinghpur   30,688   12.0  

38      Jaleswar NAC, Dist: Balasore   21,387   0.35  

39      Jajpur Municipality , Dist: Jajpur   32,209   4.0  

40      Khurda Municipality , Dist: Khurda   39,034   15.0  

41      Kantabanjhi (NAC) Dist: Bolangir   20,090   5.0  

42      Joda Municipality , Dist: Keonjhar .   38,671   10.0  

43      Kendrapada Municipality , Dist: Kendrapada   41,407   20.0  

44      Karanjia NAC, Dist: Mayurbhanj   21,420   4.5  

45      Koraput NAC,Dist: Koraput   39,523   20.0  

46      Malkanagiri NAC, Dist: Malkanagiri   23,110   12.0  

47      Nawarangpur Municipality , Dist: Nawarangpur   27,975   16.0  

48      Parlakhe mundi Municipality ,Dist: Gajapati   42,991   18.0  

49      Pattamundai NAC, Dist: Kendrapara   32,724   15.0  

50      Phulbani NAC, Dist: Kandhamal   33,887   2.5 

51      Rajgangpur Municipality , Dist: Sundargarh   43,912   8.0  

52      Rairangpur NAC, Dist: Mayurbhanj   21,682  10.0  

53      Soro NAC, Dist: Balasore   27,793   1.0  

54      Sundargarh Municipality , Dist: Sundargarh   38,402   15.0  

55      Talcher Municipality Dist: Angul   34,984   12.0  

56      Titilagarh NAC, Dist: Bolangir   27,756   8.0  

57      Umerkote NAC, Dist: Nawarangpur   24,853   12.0  

58      Vyasanagar Municipality , Jajpur Road , Dist: Jajpur,   37,609   30.0  

D   CLASS‐IV TOWNS( 10,000‐ 19,999) POPULATION)  

59    Banki NAC, Dist: Cuttack   15,987   0.5  

60     Banpur NAC, Dist: Khurda   16,437   ‐  

61     Barpali NAC, Dist: Baragarh,   19,154   4.0  

62    Kuchinda NAC, Dist: Sambalpur   13,584   2.0  

63      Kesinga NAC, Dist: Kalahandi   16,914   6.0  

64      Kotpad NAC, Dist: Koraput   14,914   8.0  

65      Konark NAC, Dist: Puri   15,015   6.5  

66      Kodala NAC, Dist: Ganjam   12,341   0.16  

67      Khariar NAC, Dist: Nuapada   13,402   12.0  

68      Bhanjanagar NAC, Dist: Ganjam   19,699   10.0  

69      Binika NAC Dist: Sonapur   14,537   1.0  

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70      Boudhgarh NAC, Dist: Boudh   18,025   4.0  

71      Buguda NAC,Dist: Ganjam   13,253   1.5  

72      Chikiti NAC, Dist: Ganjam   10,801   4.0  

73      Digapahandi NAC, Dist: Ganjam   10,888   ‐  

74      Ganjam NAC,Dist: Ganjam   11,312   3.0  

75      G. Udayagiri NAC, Dist: Phulbani   10,206   3.75  

76      Junagarh NAC, Dist: Kalahandi   15,759   3.0  

77      Khariar Road (NAC) Dist: Nuapada   13,402   7.0 

78      Kamakshya Nagar NAC, Dist: Dhenkanal   15,002   6.0  

79      Kabisurya Nagar NAC, Dist: Ganjam   16,092   1.5  

80      Khallikote NAC, Dist: Ganjam   10,959   2.5  

81      Nayagarh NAC, Dist: Nayagarh   14,311   8.0  

82      Nilagiri NAC, Dist: Balasore   14,745   0.1  

83      Nimapara NAC, Nimapara, Dist: Puri   16,914   1.8  

84      Padampur NAC, Dist: Baragarh   15,438   4.0  

85      Patnagarh NAC, Dist: Bolangir   18,685   5.0  

86      Pipli NAC, Dist: Puri,   14,263   5.0  

87      Polasara NAC, Dist: Ganjam,   19,566   2.5  

88      Purusottampur NAC, Dist: Ganjam   14,249   0.5  

89      Rambha NAC, Dist: Ganjam   10,715   0.48  

90      Redhakhol NAC, Dist: Sambalpur   13,722   4.0  

91      Sonepur Municipal Council, Dist: Sonepur   17,535   7.8  

92      Suruda NAC, Dist: Ganjam   14,647   ‐  

93      Athagarh NAC,Dist: Cuttack   15,850   2.0  

94      Athamallick NAC,Dist: Angul   11,383   8.0  

95      Balimela NAC, Dist: Malkangiri   11,500   5.0  

96      Udala NAC, Dist : Mayurbhanj   11,712   3.5  

97      Balugaon NAC, Dist: Khurda   15,824   5.0  

E   CLASS‐V TOWNS( 5,000‐ 9,999) POPULATION)  

98     Belaguntha NAC, Dist: Ganjam   9,961   1.0  

99      Gudari NAC, Dist: Rayagada   6,843   6.0  

100     

Gopalpur NAC, Dist: Ganjam   6,660   2 Tractor Load 

101     

Tarava NAC, Dist: Sonepur   7,993   2.0  

102     

Khandapada NAC, Dist: Nayagarh   8,754      

103     

Kasinagar NAC, Dist: Gajapati   9,782      

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It can be seen from the above table that maximum waste is generated from Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation and the least from Puri Municipality.

3.8 Findings from the Audit Report (Civil) for the year ended 31March 2008 (i) State Of Waste Management in the State The state government was required to assess the quantity of different categories of waste generated and ensure their safe disposal including recycling ,reuse and reduction ,composting , energy recovery and pelletisation .However audit observed that assessment of the total waste generated according to source /types of waste was not made by the state government and suitable facilities created for disposal were inadequate as discussed below. (ii) Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) According to the MSW rules , the municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application to the State Pollution Control Board(SPCE) for grant of authorization for setting up of waste processing and disposal facilities including landfills and the latter shall grant the authorization stipulating compliance criteria ,standards and additional conditions if any ,and the ULBs were to set up these facilities by 31 December 2003. (iii) Setting up Disposal Facilities Out of 103 ULBs only 55 ULBs applied for authorization as of march 2008 of which only 11 ULBs i.e Soro NAC, Paradeep NAC, Berhapur Municipality, Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation ,Brajarajnagar Municipalty, Belpahar NAC, Baripada Municipality, Barbil Municipality, Keonjhar Municipality, Kendrapara Municipality and Sonepur Municipal Council ,were granted authorization and remaining applications were pending either for want of alienation order of identified land or the applications were complete .Even out of the 11ULBs granted authorization . none except Notified Area Council (NAC),Paradeep and a private operator at Puri had set up any waste processing plant .Scrutiny revealed that 86 out of 103 ULBs did not take any action for setting up waste processing and disposal facilities .In 15 ULBs proposal were either under formulation stage or awaiting approval of the MSW rules were framed.101 out of 103 ULBs in the state could not set up waste processing and disposal facilities (June 2008). As per the implementation schedule , existing landfills were to be improved by December 2001 in none of the test checked units landfills were found available , the waste was being dumped in open dump sites . Further , the ULBs were required to identify landfills

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for future use and making sites ready for operation by 31 December 2002, only two ULBs (Bhubaneswar and Burla) identified sites for setting up of sanitary landfills. (iv) Collection MSW Rules (schedule ii) strictly prohibit littering and prescribed collection methods such as placing of community bins and collection as per schedule timings , to be carried by small hand driven vehicles and devising specified method s of collection in slums , hotels, business places and also for segregating bio medical and bio degradable wastes with a view to ensure that uncollected waste would not pose risks to health and contaminate the envoirment.The wastes were not to be burnt as they emit gaseous pollutants detrimental to envoirment. The details of waste generation and the types of waste collected e not available with the state government SPCB/ULBs . It was observed that two of the nine test checked ULBs (Burla and Bhubaneswar) organized house to house collection of municipal solid waste . As regards construction debris in 3 ULBs (Burla ,Bhubaneswar and Cuttack), the same was collected by the waste generator or by the municipality on payment by the waste generator. While in six ULBs i.e, Berhempur, Rourkela, Baripada, Bolangir, Jagatsinghpur and Dhenkanal, there was no such mechanism for collection of construction debris. None of the ULBs except Burla had ensured that municipal solid waste was segregated from bio medical waste. In Berhampur , though there was a private operator for collection of bio medical waste from the private hospitals till 2007, but such wastes were found unauthorized dumped in the municipal dump yard. None of the ULBs had taken any action to notify waste collection schedule and the likely method to be adopted by public in their respective area. Six ULBs i.e. Rourkella, Berhempur, Bhubaneswar, Bolangir, Jagatsinghpur and Baripada, failed to ensure that municipal wastes (other wastes including garbage, dry leave etc)were not burnt . Rather it was noticed in Bhubaneswar and Baripada that these were burnt in presence of municipal staff. The other three ULBs (Burla,Dhenkanal and Cuttack) however ,ensured that such waste was not burnt. (v) Segregation of MSW The rules (schedule ii) specified activities by the municipality / operator through community participation , awareness campaigns to ensure segregation of municipal solid waste and disposal of non-organic waste in landfills besides use of different coloured bins such as green for bio-degradable ,white for recyclable waste and black for other waste. None of the test checked ULBs had taken any action to segregate waste info different colored bins. Seven ULBs namely; Rourkella, Berhempur, Baripada,Bolangir, Jagatsinghpur, Dhenkanal

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and Burla NAC, out of nine test checked ULBs did not organize any awareness programmed on segregation of waste during 2003-08 . the other two ULBs (Bhubaneswar and Cuttack) claim of organizing awareness programmers was not supported by any evidence. (vi) Storage of Waste The schedule of II of the rules specified that the storage facilities should be so designed that wastes stored were not exposed to open conditions and the facilities should be aesthetically acceptable, user friendly and easy to operate. Manual handling, wherever necessary, should take care of the safety of the workers. No closed storage facilities were available in the test-checked municipalities. In two ULBs (Burla and Baripada) there were uncovered temporary storage points with permanent concrete structures for its final disposal at the dump sites. In seven out of nine test-checked ULBs , the storage point were cleaned daily while in Baripada and Jagatsinghpur municipalities due to storage of man power and vehicles , the storage points were not attended regularly. In Berhampur municipality, there were 41 open storage points situated on the road side creating unhygienic and unsanitary conditions all around. In all test checked ULBs , manual handling of waste was in practice but Baripada , Berhampur and Burla ULBs had not taken any precautionary measures for the safety of manual handlers by providing them gum boots, and globes , facemasks etc. the other six municipalities (Cuttack, Bhubaneswar, Rourkela Bolangir, Jagatsinghpur and Dhenkanal) stated that they were providing gum boots and hand globes to the manual handlers. (vii) Transportation of Waste Schedule ii of the rules required vehicles for transportation of waste to be necessarily covered with facilities for multiple handling and deployed daily for cleaning to ensure that transportation of municipal solid waste for processing /disposal was carried in a hygienic manner and did not cause littering of waste .In nine test checked ULBs , out of 161 vehicles engaged for transportation of municipal solid waste during 2003-08, only one in Berhampur Municipality was a covered vehicle, 32 vehicles were being covered with tarpaulins, polythene and nets remaining 128 vehicles were open. (viii) Processing of MSW Schedule ii of Rules required minimizing burden on landfills by adoption suitable technology or combination of such technologies for segregating and processing through composting, vermin – composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for bio-degradable waste. Incineration with or without energy recovery including pelletisation could also be used for processing waste in specific cases.

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Test check revealed that eight out of nine ULBs did not have waste processing facilities. In cuttack, through two composting facilities were available, the first plant of one ton per day (TPD) capacity was defunct and the second plant with five TPD capacity was partially operating for processing garbage collected from vegetable markets. However, the SPCB had not issued authorization for installation of above processing plants. (ix) Disposal of MSW The rules specified that land filling should be restricted to non –bio-degradable , inert waste and other waste not suitable either for recycling or biological processing. Land filling of mixed waste was to be avoided unless the same was found un suitable for waste processing or till alternative facilities were made available. The landfill site should be large enough to last for 25 years and away from habitation, places of cultural , historical and religious interests. The wastes in landfills were to be covered with soil and compacted every day. None of the ULBs had established such disposal facilities .All the ULBs were dumping unsegregated waste in open and unsanitary dumpsites posing immense health risks and envoirment hazards. The waste was dumped in heaps and not leveled / compacted anywhere. Three ULBs (Rourkela, Bhubaneswar andBaripada) out of nine test checked ULBs had open dump sites close to habitants. The Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC) had four open sites for dumping of which three were surrounded by residential zones. Rourkela municipality had an open dumping yard of 9.95 acre at Balughat on the banks of brahmani river, A place regularly used by local residents. The dumpyard had no approach road and no systematic dumping was in practice .The unsegregated waste consisting bio-medical, industrial, plastic and horticultural waste were found lying scattered in and outside the dump yard emanating foul smell all around. The waste freely burnt by rag pickers causing air pollution in the environment. The municipality had no arrangements for door-to-door collection and temporary storage points constructed almost in every lane were surrounded by filth exposed to stray animals. Baripada municipality possessed authorization of SPCB for setting up and operation of a disposal facility on a land of 42.03 acres at Raghunathpur. Despite this , an open dump site existed close to a public school and a technical institute. No monitoring had been done by the SPCB to ascertain the reasons for the non existence of a sanitary landfill for which authorization was issued in March 2004.

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The open dumpsite were to be monitored at regular intervals to make sure that the open dumpsites of waste did not cause contamination of the envoirment. Test check revealed that no monitoring of open dumpsites had been done by any of the ULBs , the State Government or the SPCB. (x) Management of Bio-Medical Waste Bio medical waste (BMW) consist of human anatomical , animal, biotech waste, waste sharps ,discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs , solid , liquid and chemical waste and incineration ash. Its management is governed by the Bio medical waste (Management and handling) Rule 1998. According to Rule 7(1) the state Government appointed the SPCB as the competent authority to enforce provisions of the rules. In pursuance to rule 9 , the State Government also constituted (june1999) , an advisory Committee (reconstituted in July2005) with the Director , Environment of F and ED as chairman and member of SPCB AS Member Secretary to advice on matters relating to implementation of BMW rules. (xi) Authorizations for BMW Treatment Facilities According to rule 8, every institution generating, collecting, receiving, storing, transporting, treating, disposing and /or handling BMW and every operator of a BMW treatment facility should seek authorization from the prescribed authority of the state for handling and disposal of bio medical waste. Records of SPCB revealed that out of 774 health care units, 437 had applied for authorization. Out of this 297 were granted authorization and others were operating without authorization. Of the 27 test checked units, eight DHs of Dhenkanal, Bolangir, Jagatsinghpur, Baripada, Cuttack, Rourkella, Sambalpur and Hirakud Hospital,Hirakud Govt run hospitals and five Samleshwari nursing home, Burla, Mayurbhanj Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya, Baripada; Suraksha Nursing home, Cuttack;Shakti nursing home, Jagasinghpur and Harihar Diagonostic centre and Nursing Home, Bolangir private nursing homes were operating without any authorization from SPCB. • Cases on Solid waste Management; Two cases on Solid Waste Management have been

cited for an understanding on Solid waste Management in Orissa. The cases have been taken from earlier documented studies on Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation and Puri Municipality. The source of the cases have been from Orissa Govt website i.e. http://www.orissa.gov.in/forest%26environment/pdf/Chap_9.pdf and www.orissa.gov.in Orissa Review

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3.9 Case -1: Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (i) Responsible Agencies The Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation is responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste generated within the Bhubaneswar Municipal Area. Solid waste management is under the charge of the Health Officer. Two different departments health and engineering are responsible for solid waste management. The drainage department is responsible for construction and maintenance of drains, public conveniences like community bins etc, while the engineering departments looks into purchase and maintenance of waste transportation vehicles and routing of vehicles to various Wards. Total number of staff in health department at various levels is given in Table 9.1. Table No. 3.5: Staff under the health Department of BMC Level Number Area Health Oficer 1 BMC Sanitary Inspector 2 2 or 4 wards Zamadars 30 wards Sweepers 1186 blocks The rag pickers contribute a lot for the solid waste collection. Each of these rag pickers, work on dumpsites to pick up useful waste for 3 to 4 hours in a day. Materials preferred by them in order of priority are glass, textiles, polyethene bags, and metallic containers. Each rag picker collects about 5 Kg of waste a day, which is sold to ‘Kabadi wala’ for recycling at industry. These rag pickers work at both primary and final disposal sites in the City. The Bhubaneswar City is divided into 30 Sanitary Wards and each ward is divided into 42 Units. The frequency of collection varies depending on the type of locality. The frequency of collection is at least once in a day in busy commercial areas. In other areas, the waste is collected once in 3-7 days. In a few residential area are through containers, where containers are automatically unloaded in trucks and transported directly to the disposal sites. The present management practice is only limited to collection and disposal in low-lying areas. Only a portion of total waste generated is transported for dumping, others litter around creating an unhygienic and unsanitary condition. (ii) Waste Generated At present Bhubaneswar City generates 300 to 350 Tons of solid waste per day with a per capita generation of about 500 grams a day. The composition of solid waste varies according to

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location, standard of living, energy sources and seasons. The major sources of Solid Waste generated in the City are households, street sweepings, commercial areas including markets, offices, industries, hospitals and hotels and restaurants. The Solid Waste is broadly categorized into: • Municipal Solid Waste • Hospital Waste • Hazardous Waste • Municipal Solid Waste:

The waste includes the domestic, commercial, institutional and the debris generated out from the construction and the demolition wastes. Ward wise generation of municipal solid waste generated in the city is given in Table 9.2. Table No. 3.6: Ward Wise Waste Generation In The City Ward No Population Density (Persons/residential

km 2) Waste Generated (t/d)

1991 1999 1991 1999 1 2201 6075 0.55 3.04 2 3784 10444 0.95 5.22 3 10413 28739 2.60 14.37 4 6652 18360 1.66 9.18 5 18994 23552 4.75 11.78 6 21674 39013 5.42 19.51 7 15934 28680 3.98 14.34 8 35118 43546 8.78 21.77 9 27099 33603 6.77 16.80 10 23741 29439 5.94 14.72 11 30514 37837 7.63 18.92 12 17335 21496 4.33 10.75 13 10963 13594 2.74 6.80 14 10862 19552 2.72 9.78 15 33277 41264 8.32 20.63 16 15892 28605 3.97 14.30 17 18341 33013 4.59 16.51 18 1556 4294 0.39 2.15 19 2211 6104 0.55 3.05 20 7111 12801 1.78 6.40 21 16963 21034 4.24 10.52

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22 16494 20452 4.12 10.23 23 26881 33332 6.72 16.67 24 16817 30271 4.20 15.14 25 10056 18100 2.51 9.05 26 8947 11095 2.24 5.55 27 7001 8681 1.75 4.34 28 21631 26822 5.41 13.41 29 20449 25357 5.11 12.68 30 12278 15224 3.07 7.61 Total 117.80 345.19 Table No. 3.7: The waste generated from the various wards can be categorized in three categories Waste Generating Capacity

Waste (t/d) Wards

Large 10-22 22, 21,12, 5, 29, 28, 16, 3, 7, 10, 24, 17, 9, 11, 6, 15, 9

Moderate 5-10 26, 20, 13, 30, 25, 4, 14 Low Less than 5 1, 2, 18, 19, 27 (iii) Hazardous Waste There are five nos. of Hazardous Waste Generating Units operating in the City. These units generate Battery Waste, ETP Sludge, Used Oil, Used Battery and Chemical Residue type of Hazardous Waste. Details of these industries are given in Table 9.3. Management of hazardous waste has to cover all stages of handling, which include collection, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. Hazardous Waste Management Practice in Bhubaneswar City is given in Table 9.4 Table No. 3.8: Hazardous Waste Generating Units In City Name of Industry Waste

Description Waste Quantity

Waste Type Waste Management

Shakti Battery, Laxmi Sagar, Bhubaneswar

Battery Waste 1.4 MT

Recyclable Sold

Trimurty Paints and hemicals, Mancheswar IE, Bhubaneswar

Residue of Coating

0.18 MT

Incinerable Bumt as Such

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Orissa Drugs & Chemicals Ltd., Mancheswar IE, Bhubaneswar

Residue from Medicine Production

1.0 MT

Land Disposable

Disposed inImpervious Lined Pit

Kurlon Ltd. Chandaka IE, Bhubaneswar

ETP Sludge 5.71 MT

Land Disposable

Disposed in Impervious Lined Pit

Chemical Residue

0.36 MT

Land Disposable

Disposed in Impervious Lined Pit

Waste Water Sludge During Purification

0.5 MT

Land Disposable

Disposed in Impervious Lined Pit

Used Oil 0.2 MT Recycle Sold to Outside Parties

Used Battery 3 Nos.

Recycle Sold to Outside Parties

Carriage Repair Workshop, Mancheswar IE, Bhubaneswar

Used Oil 2000 Nos. Recycle Sold to Outside Parties

Used Battery 2 MT Recycle Sold to Outside Parties

Total Table No. 3.9: Hazardous Waste Management Practice In Bhubaneswar city Name of the Industry Collection Storage Transportation Treatment Disposal Shakti Battery, Laxmi Sagar, Bhubaneswar

Manual Inside the Premises

Manual Nil Inside the Factory Premises and sold to Outside Parties

Trimurty Paints and Chemicals, Mancheswar IE, Bhubaneswar

Manual Open Space Manual Nil Bumt

Orissa Drugs & Chemicals

Manual Open Space Manual Nil On Land

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Ltd., Mancheswar IE, Bhubaneswar Kurlon Ltd. Chandaka IE, Bhubaneswar

Manual Open Space Manual Nil On Land Manual Inside the

Premises Manual Nil Inside the

Factory Premises and sold to Outside Parties

Carriage Repair Workshop, Mancheswar IE, Bhubaneswar

Manual Inside the Premises

Manual Nil Inside the Factory Premises and sold to Outside Parties

Table No. 3.10: Solid waste Collected and uncollected in Bhubaneswar Ward No Waste

Generated (t/d)

Collection centre

Volume (m3)

Waste collected (t/d)

Waste un collected (t/d) (B-E)

% Of Waste uncollected

1 3.04 No 6 2.37

0.67

21.98

2 5.22 No 0 0 5.22

100.00

3 14.37 No 8 3.16

11.21

78.01

4 9.18 No 6 2.37

6.81

74.18

5 11.78 No 24 9.48

2.30

19.50

6 19.51 No 6 2.37

17.14

87.85

7 14.34 No 6 2.37

11.97

83.47

8 21.77

No 8 3.16

18.61

85.49

9 16.80

1 18 7.11

9.69

57.68

10 14.72 1 22 8.69 6.03 40.96

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11 18.92

No 22 8.69

10.23

54.07

12 10.75

1 6 2.37

8.38

77.95

13 6.80

1 10 3.95

2.85

41.89

14 9.78

No 10 3.95

5.83 59.59

15 20.63

No 6 2.37

18.26 88.51

16 14.30

No 6 2.37

11.93 83.43

17 16.51

No 6 2.37

14.14 85.64

18 2.15

No 3 1.185

0.96 44.81

19 3.05

No 3 1.185

1.87 61.17

20 6.40

No 12 4.74

1.66 25.94

21 10.52

1 12 4.74

5.78 54.93

22 10.23

2 34 9.48

0.75 7.30

23 16.67

1 12 4.74

11.93 71.56

24 15.14

1 6 2.37

12.77 84.34

25 9.05

No 6 2.37

6.68 73.81

26 5.55

1 12 4.74

0.81 14.56

27 4.34

No 18 3.95

0.39 9.00

28 13.41

1 6 2.37

11.04 82.33

29 12.68

No 8 3.16

9.52 75.08

30 7.61

No 6 2.37

5.24 68.86

Total 345.19 11 112.18 229.97 67.21 In most of the areas the waste from the streets is collected manually using old and conventional wheelbarrows and handicrafts. Because of the narrow lanes and space constraints,

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the movement of the vehicles for secondary collection is not possible. These areas are left with no other option except to adopt manual operation during both the primary as well secondary collection. It was also observed that the conditions round the bins were unhygienic and dirty waste in the bins is easily accessible to the animals and the rag pickers. In the absence of house-to-house around the bins, people throw the waste on the streets or in some unoccupied land or in the drains. In many places, the waste lies scattered and exposed, providing an ideal breeding ground for diseases. This is also leading to frequent choking of drains and subsequent water logging in many areas of the city. For sweeping of streets, sweepers are paid at the rate of Rs 10 each per month for buying of brooms. Of the 1860 sweepers, if it assumed that 1200 sweepers are engaged for street sweeping, but BMC does not have sufficient number of handcarts. Due to the inadequate number of handcarts, sweepers normally do not carry the refuse to community bins and instead leave it in waste heaps along the streets. Apart from these rag pickers collect recyclable materials such as polythene bags,glass bottles etc,from these dumps and sell those to Kabadi wala.Metalic wastes are collected from door to door by people with rickshaw,trolleys and ultimately sold to Kabadi wala.Household rubbish from multistory apartments is dumped by the roadside. Various recyclable wastes, collected in Bhubaneswar c ity are reflected in Table 6 Table No. 3.11: Quantity of Recyclable Solid Waste Collected In Bhubaneswar City SL.NO. Types No. of

Kawadiwallah Quantity Collected (T/Month/Kawadiwallah)

Total Quantity (TPM)

1 Metal Scrap 4 55 250-300 2 Glass 5 27 100-150 3 Plastic/Polythene 3 30 40-45 4 Waste Paper/Card

Board 8 40-45 80-100

5 New Prints 20 4-5 16 6 Miscellaneous 21 -- -- The BMC is facing serious shortage of waste transportation vehicles and facilities such as garages and workshops needed to maintain and repair the vehicles. The Municipal Corporation has only 44 vehicles including tractors, tippers, loaders and refuse collectors of which only 20 are in working condition. As a result, only 35 % of the city waste is being transported and disposed by the Municipal Corporation daily. Due to the shortage of vehicles, many wards are not attended for days together, leading to the accumulation of the waste. Also, due to old age and absence of preventive maintenance there are frequent breakdowns of the vehicles. Added to this is the shortage of spare parts that cause delay in repairs resulting in longer down time. In fact, it appeared that in many wards 60% to 80% wastes are never collected.

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The types of vehicles available with BMC for waste transportation and their present conditions are given in Table 9.8. The frequency of transportation of wastes varies from location to location, depending on the rate of generation. Wastes from the markets and densely populated areas are transported daily. Wastes from the residential zones are usually transported twice a week and the wastes from institutional house like Survey of India, Regional Research Laboratory, Regional Institute of Education, Vani Vihar etc., are collected once a week. Table No. 3.12: Types of Vehicle used by BMC for waste collection in Bhubaneswar Type Of Vehicle Existing Numbers Hired Volume (m) Tata Truck 4 4 12 Bedford Truck 2 - 12 Canter/Mini Trucks 2 3 6 Escort Carrier Container 1 - 6.5 Tractor 7 13 4 Dozer 1 1 6 TOTAL 17 27 (iv) Disposal The Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation is collecting 112 T waste per day out of the total 345 MT per day waste generation in the city. The ward-wise quantity of uncollected solid waste in different zones is given in Table 9.5. The status of solid waste collection in various parts of the city is shown in Map 14. As may be seen, the solid waste and disposal in unsatisfactory in most of the areas of the city. Bhubaneswar has five waste disposal sites within the BMC area namely Jharpada, Rasulgarh, Mancheswar, near Womens’ Polytechnic, behind Khandagiri and Udaygiri and Baragada area. The solid waste is also being dumped irregularly in many areas, even in residential colonies, along the highways or even in parks. There is no system of monitoring the dumping activities. Sweepers are also resorting to open burning due to shortage of handcarts and inadequate capacity of the bins. (v) Solid Waste Problem Areas Based on the problems associated with solid waste management, the city has been zoned into: i. Areas with regular problems; ii. Areas with poor collection efficiency iii. Areas not needing SW management iv. Areas where SW management system does not exits.

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v. Areas with little or no problems vi. Areas with occasional collection and disposal problems

The area-wise details on the type of activities generating solid waste, type of solid waste expected from various activities and the status of solid waste collection was physically verified to prepare it. Table No. 3.13: Area-wise Details on the type of Activities Generating Solid Waste Criteria Characteristics Wards Prominent Areas

Areas with occasional collection and disposal problems

These are relatively better-organized residential colonies

5 Sahid Naga r

21 Unit – 8 (Keshari Nagar) , Unit – 6 (Ganga

problems

23 Raj Bhwan, Secretariat, Heads of

27 Brahmeswar Patna, Ratnakarbag, Rajarani Colony, Nageswar Tangi, Maharana Sahi, Gyana Nagar, Boitala Temple, Badu Sahi, Jagannath Matha Line, Hata Sahi, Gouri Nagar, Gosagoreswara

28 Rameswarpatna, BarikSahi, KuchapatnaSahi, MishraSahi, HarchandiSahi, PujapandaSahi, Mangal Sahi, Narada Sahi, Behera Sahi, Chemadi Bhoi Sahi, Punama Gate

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(Bhoi Nagar), Pallaspalli, New Bapuji Nagar (Aerodrome Area)

Areas with little or no problems

These areas are basically owned by agencies other than BMC like Air port, Civil Lines etc.

9 Unit – 9 Flat Quarters, Unit – 9 Single Guarters(Govt), Unit – 9 Private Plot Quarters (Govt.), Unit – 9 Private Plot (Chitrakuta Ashrama Area and Bayababa Matha Area)

10 Satyanagar, Press Colony, Old Malisahi Station Bazar (Kharabela Nagar Estate Area), Ashok Nagar (Private Plot)

12 Unit – 4, Madhusudan Nagar, Bhouma Nagar Old AG Colony, MLA Colony, Old RBI Colony, Old SBI Colony

14 IRC Village, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5

19 Aiginia, Dumuduma, Jadupur, Jadupur Housing Area, Begunia, Raghunath Nagar Jagamara Village, Barabari, Dharma Vihar, Khandagiri, Pokhariput Revenue Village, Gandamunda, Udayagiri

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22 Forest Park, Unit – 1 (Govt. Quarters), Bapuji Nagar, Kedarpalli Area & Private Plot, Frontal area of Forest Park

Areas with poor collection efficiency

Efforts put up by BMC are minimum compared to other areas. Irregular lifting of garbage is the major problem in these areas. Some of these areas are given to private agencies, show poor performance. Apart from problems of garbage, sweepers/resident sin these areas often burn the collected garbage creating the problem of air pollution.

3 Bhatapara,Chakeisiani, Sameigadia Palasuni, Rasulgarh New Industrial Estate Kalaraput Revenue Village (Rasulgarh), Bada Govindprasad Village, Housing Board Colony Pandara Village

4 IMFA )North), Patnaik Industry, Govind Prasad, Berana Village, Bamikhal Village, Jharpada Revenue Village, Houseing Board Colony, Budharaj Hospital Area, Pandara Brick Factory Area

8 Acharya Vihar, O College Area, New AG Colony, Nuapalli Sevasrama Area.

11 Unit – 2 (Govt. Quarters), Unit – 3 (Govt. Quarters), Unit – 3 (Kharavela Nagar Private Plot, West Side)

13 Nuapalli Village,

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15 Unit – 8 (Rajbhawan Colony, Power House Colony, Bachelor Barrak, CBI Colony, DPI Colony, Eng. Colony, OMC Colony, Pradeep Colony)

20 Unit – 8 (Kr Hostel, Farm Area, Areodrome Interior Area and Bhimpur

24 Laxmisagar HB Colony, Haladiapadia, Laxmisagar Village, Old Budheswari Post Office Area (Cold Storage), Fish Market Area, Charbatia etc.

26 Chintamaniswara, Champapokhari , Sabara Sahi, Kalpana Government Quarters and Private Plots, BJB Nagar, Gadhiakhal, Mainsiakhal and Museum Colony

30 Samantrapur, Bhuasuni, Nuagaon, Garrage Squre, Sriram Nagar Sasan Field, Kedar Lane, Basistha Nagar, Kharakhai Baidyanath Sahi, Kapileswar Village (Total)

Areas with regular problems Areas where SW management system

Areas where collection of garbage is not well organized. Scattered dumps can

1 (Patia Village, Kanan Vihar, Patia Industrial Area, Patia Housing Board Area, Sikharachandi, Munda

74

does not exits.

be seen in these areas, creating unsanitary conditions and exposing people to health risk. There are a number of primary collection centers in the CBD area but the problem is still persisting as the generation is exceeding the collection. The waste dumps can be seen along the roads and in open lands.

Colony, Chandrasekharpur Housing Board (Phase – 1), Sailashree Vihar, Niladri Vihar, Railway Colony Area)

2 Damana, Chandrasekharpur Village, Chandrasekharpur Housing Board (Phase – 2), Gadakana, Rangamatia, Sainik School, Govt. Press, Gadakana Railway Colony, Railway Repairing Centre, OMFED Colony

6 VSS Nagar, Second Postal Colony, Patharabandha Area, Sarsanga Vihar, Vani Vihar, Laxmi Vihar,

7 16

Gajapati Nagar, RRL Colony, Survey of India, 7th Battalion Area, Oberoi Hotel Area, Salia Sahi, Jaydev Vihar, Munda Sahi, Nilachakra Nagar Paika Nagar, Baramunda Village, Baramunda H.B. Colony, New Bus Stand Area, Jagannath Vihar

17 CRPF Central Colony, Ekamrakanan Area,

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Bharatpur Revenue Area Shampur, Ghatikia, Jokalandi Basti Area, Kalinga Nagar

18 Shampur, Ghatikia, Jokalandi Basti Area, Kalinga Nagar

25 Baragada Village, Housing Board Colony, Pandava Cave, Daya (East), East Side of Canal

29 Sundarpada, Kapilprasad Village, Yogeswar Patna, Keuta Sahi, Bhimatangi, Housing Board Area, Baunsakhani, Noliasahi, Lingaraj Station Area

 

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3.10 Case of Solid Waste Management in Puri Municipality (Source: Er. L.K. Bisoyi; Er. L.K. Bisoyi is presently working as the Executive Engineer, Puri Municipality, Puri.) Solid Waste Management is an integral part of the Environment Management of each city. Due to rapid growth of urban population, as well as constraint in resources, the management of municipal solid waste poses a difficult and complex problem for the society and its improper management gravely affects the public health and degrades environment. By 2025 it is expected that urban population shall reach 50% of total population and the problem also shall increase further. Analysis across countries reveals that generation of MSW is positively related to variation in per capita income and with population size. At present in many large cities developed countries less than 70% of MSW are collected and 50% of households are served.

(i) Solid Waste Scenario

In India MSW or city garbage is a heterogeneous mixture of paper, plastic, cloth, metal, glass, earth, demolition matter, organic matter, bio-medical waste etc. generated from household, industries, hospitals, commercial institutions and contains solid waste generated in cities depending on its size varying from 0.1 to 0.5 kg/capita/day and contains recyclable materials varying from 13 to 20%. The growth rate of population, solid waste generation and required land fill area in Indian scenario is as given below: Table No. 3.14: Growth of population and waste generated in Orissa

1947 2001 Growth % Urban Population (in million)

56.9

285

500

Waste generated (kg/capita/day)

0.295

0.56

190

Total waste generated (million ton/year)

6.0 55.3 920

Land fill area (in ha) 0.12 23.3 19415

(ii) Laws for Management of MSW

Prior to 1974 certain laws at regional and national level were there to punish the offender for making nuisance in public places and pollution of water bodies. Even in 300- 400 B.C. in Arthasastra of Kautilya (Chanakya) provisions were there to punish offenders for making nuisance in public places but these were either ineffective or not strictly enforced. Even the E.P. Act 1986 was silent in solid waste management and the Govt. of India's consciousness is mostly after U.N. declaration and declaration by some developed countries. Laws pertaining to SWM since 1974 are as enumerated below:

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Post independence Period:

1974 Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act-amended in 1978 and 1988.

1981 Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act-amended in 1987.

1986 Environment protection act (umbrella act) even was silent in MSW management.

1989 Hazardous waste management and handling rule.

1990 Govt. of India and Supreme Court instigated on the necessity of solid waste management.

1998 Bio-medical waste (Management and handling) rules amended in 2000.

1999 Recycled plastic manufactured and usage rules.

1999 Solid waste management in Class-1 cities in India-guidelines by Supreme Court of India. 2000 Municipal waste (Management and Handling Rules).

(iii) Status of MSW in Puri Municipality

In Puri Municipality there exists a mechanised Bio-compost plant for treatment of garbage generated of capacity 100 TPD installed by M/s Excel Industries Ltd., Bombay and other details related to MSW is given below: Table No. 3.15: Details of MSW in Puri Population (2001) - 1,57,776 Floating population Daily Average 30,000 to40,000During Car Festival 7 to 8 lakh Slum pockets 32 No. of Wards 30 No. of employees 890 Waste generation kg/capita/day 0.3to 0.5 Garbage generated / day 79M.T Garbage collected / day 50 MT Public Toilets 13 nos Janadars 24 Sanitary Inspectors 6 Health Officer 1 Road Paved 1 5 0 K m Kutcha 185 k.m Length of drain 118 km. Equipment - Short and long handle broom, wheel barrow,

auto trolley, tractor, mini truck Generated Bio-Medical Waste Waste generated 500kg

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Bio-Medical/day 100 kg Domestic waste/day 400kg Transportation : Fleet Strenth Mini truck 1 Tractor with trolley 8 Wheel barrows 480

The waste collected by the sweepers during sweeping is brought by them to dustbin sites by wheel barrows and ultimately to solid waste management plant at Baliapanda.During special occasion like world famous Car Festival Extra tractor with trolley and sweepers engaged for cleaning of different roads, drain etc. for a fortnight. Table No. 3.16: Trends of MSW in Puri Municipality

1991 2001 2011(prob) Population in lakhs 1.25 1.58 1.97 Total solid waste / day (leaving the

recycling)

62 MT 79 MT 98 MT

Approx. volume @ 450 kg/cum 138 cum 176 cum 218 cum

organic content @ 20% of volume 28 cum 35 cum 44 cum

Compostable materials @ 35% of

volume

48 cum 62 cum 76 cum

Approx. community bins required

@ 1 Bin/100

1250 1580 1970

Solid waste generated / 100

population with

100 kg. 100 kg 100 kg.

Alternate day cleaning 0.2 cum 0.2 cum 0.2 cum

Capacity of each community bin 0.3 cum 0.3 cum 0.3 cum

Considering 50% extra volume 300 ltr. 300 ltr. 300 ltr

Growth in solid waste generated

with respect

0.3 cum 0.5 cum 0.75 cum

To usage and demand for packed products

300 ltr. to 500 ltr. = 75 750 ltr.

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(iv) Present Practices of Solid Waste Management A mechanical aerobic compost plant of 100 TPD capacity has been installed with financial assistance from NORAD at Baliapanda area since November 1998. The project is meant for reduction of polluting substance in the domestic city waste by treating it with enzymes and herbal concentrate and driving value added in organic manure/organic fertiliser for use in agriculture.

The aerobic formentation is progressed under controlled temperature and proper aeration capacity hence no obnoxious or foul smell gases are allowed to generate. The residues from the process or inert materials in the range of 8 to 15% like bricks, stone pebbles plastic etc. are used for sanitary land fills. The whole process of waste recycled for organic manure production itself is an effective pollution weeks.

(v) Problems

The plant runs for 210 days excluding rainy season. Moisture content is about 38% of garbage by weight on wet basis. During the process available

moisture (40-50%) get evaporated thus net recovery of organic manure will be around 20% of the fresh garbage.

For every M.T. of finished product assuming 20% recovery 5kg innoculam is needed and takes 4 to 6 weeks and energy consumption is KWH/T on of finished product.

The residues are to be utilised for land filling (sanitary land filling). The surroundings of compost plant presents an ugly look due to lack of infrastructure and

beautification. Facilities do not exist to maintain and monitor ground water pollution. Important waste management infrastructure like roads, garden, laboratory-cum-office, concrete

platform to process the garbage and illumination of the area is lacking. Prospects:

Improved Env. Posterity though an eco- friendly method and general aesthetic of Puri town to help in promotion of tourism.

Generation of organic manure from waste and earning of income by Municipality through sale of manure.

Prevention of annual loss of land covered by the present garbage disposal system.

Promotion of organic farming and consequential ecological advantages.

Prevention of risks of health hazard of the rag pickers.

(vi) Proposals for Future Improvement

Puri city has been included in eco-city project by the Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi. The project proposal after discussion and recommendation of District level meeting ultimately finalised by Orissa Pollution Control Board. The project proposals relate to (i) Improvement of 3 nos of religious tanks Narendra, Markandeya & Indradyumna costing Rs. 3, 70, 22,000 and (ii)

80

Beautification and provision of parking areas around Jagannath temple costing around Rs. 35, 87,000.       

(vii) Proposed works to be taken up under Eco- city Project:

Construction of compound wall around plant.

Construction of B.T. road and drain inside plant.- 2005 Development of lawns and garden inside plant.

Construction of approach road.

Construction of cement concrete platform for processing the garbage.

Construction of 50 mm dia shallow tube wells for monitoring of ground water.

Construction of Office-cum-Laboratory building.

References: 1. Bisoyi L.K. - Solid waste Management in Rourkela Municipality, problems and

prospects, AIS on SWM in changing the world scenario - 14th December 2002 I.E. (India) Orissa State Centre, Bhubaneswar.

2. The Environment Protection Act, 1986 and rules thereunder S.P.C., Board, Orissa. 3. Project proposal on SWM of Puri town by Orissa Env. Programme - 1998 (Indo-

Norwegian Development Co-operation Department of Forest and Environment) Govt. of Orissa.

4. Project Report - Solid Waste Management Report, Puri - Orissa-MS-Excel

Industries Ltd. Mumbai-62. 5. Project Proposal of Eco-city Puri-2002 submitted to CPCB Delhi by Orissa

Pollution control Board Bhubaneswar.

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Chapter 4 Urban Water Governance in Orissa

Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset. Planning, development and management of water Resources therefore need to be governed by a national perspective. The National Water Policy was first formulated in 1987. Based on the national policy, the State Water Policy was formulated in 1994. Since then a number of developments have take place; new information and knowledge have been generated and new issues and challenges have emerged in the field of development and management of water resources. The National Water Policy-1987 has been reviewed, updated and a new policy titled National Water Policy-2002 has been adopted by Government of India. It was therefore felt necessary by the State Government to review the State Water Policy-1994. After due consideration, the State Govt. have prepared a new Water Policy called "Orissa State Water Policy- 2007" in keeping with the National Water Policy – 2002, and this has been approved by the State Water Resources Board after taking outcome of the meeting with all stakeholders and administrative departments into account. It aims at laying down the principles of equitable and judicious use of water for survival of life, welfare of human beings and sustained as well as balanced growth of the State. 4.1 Status of Water Resources in Orissa Water is replenishable but finite resource. The annual overall availability of surface water in Orissa is about 85.59 billion m3. The population of Orissa is 4% of that of the country, according to 2001 census. The State has 11% of the water resources of the country. The per-capita availability of water in 2001 was 3359 m3. By 2051, it is likely to reduce to 2218 m3. With increasing population and the consequential increase in demand for food and water and with the growth in mining and industrial activities, the demand for water from various sectors is likely to increase to 55 billion m3. by 2051. The degradation in quality of water resources by direct and indirect human interference such as discharge of untreated/partially treated industrial and municipal waste water, organic and inorganic wastes and runoff from agriculture, mining, etc makes this resource increasingly scarce. The seasonality of water availability in peninsular India causes significant variations in availability of water, both in space and time. The vagaries of monsoon cause droughts and floods in different parts of the State on a regular basis. From 1958 to 2005, rain related natural calamities have visited the State 27 times. The State Water Policy of Orissa, 2007 takes into account all these emerging factors and aims at laying down principles for wise and judicious use of water for survival of life. 4.2 Urban Water Supply For creating and maintaining a sustainable of living and high quality of life for all citizens and for supply of adequate quantity and quality of safe drinking water to all the urban areas and extending sanitation facilities are essential. Recognizing this fact, the State Govt. provided as

82

much funds from its limited resources to the tune of Rs.29.81 crores during 2 1/2 years for improvement of these two basic minimum social infrastructural services for the benefit of the common people. Additional quantities of safe drinking water of 6.61 mld has been supplied during this period to 103 urban local bodies by augmenting the various infrastructural facilities like source, treatment facility, pumping system, distribution system and storage capacity etc. After augmentation, it has been possible to supply 574 mld of water to 40 lakhs urban population which comes to around 79% of the total urban population. Execution Of Water Supply Systems In The Urban Sector Is Done Under Two Programmes.

State Plan:-

1. Under State Plan, augmentation of various components of the water supply system like augmentation of source, pumping capacity, storage capacity and distribution system are taken up

• The State Government bears the full cost of the schemes. • For ULBs with populations up to 30,000 under Non-tribal Sub-Plan and • For ULBs with populations up to 60,000 under Tribal Sub-Plan. • In case of schemes in other ULBs. • The State Government bears 1/3rd of the cost and • The ULB bears the remaining 2/3rd

Central Plan:-

For ULBs with population less than 20,000 persons water supply schemes to provide long term solution are taken up for execution under Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP),which started in the year 1994.The funding pattern is 50% grant from Govt. of India and 50% grant from State Govt.(including 5% contribution from ULBs). As reported from Housing and Urban Dev Dept about 79% of urban households have access to piped water. 4.3 State Level Institutions There are 2 Departments working on Urban Water supply and sewerage services in the state under Housing and Urban Development (H & UD) Department of the Government of Orissa.

Orissa Public Health Engineering Organisation Orissa Water Supply & Sewerage Board.

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Orissa Public Health Engineering Organisation The P.H.E.O and the O.W.S.S.B are under the administrative control of Housing and Urban Development (H & UD) Department of the Government of Orissa. Presently the P.H.E.O is the service provider that plans, executes, operates & maintains the Urban Water supply & Sewerage systems of the state .After completion of major/mega water supply and sewerage projects, OWSSBhand over then to OPHEOfor operation and maintenance. The functions of Public Health Engineering Organization broadly consist of the followings:

Operation & Maintenance of Water Supply Systems consisting of Intake arrangement,

Production wells, Rising main, Water Treatment Plant, Distribution System, Storage System & Pumping System in 102 Urban Local Bodies & 2 census towns in the State to ensure supply of 774 MLD of potable drinking water through 217586 nos. of house connections & 21089 nos. of Public Stand-posts.Water Supply to Paradeep NAC is being provided by Paradeep Port Trust.

Operation & Maintenance of Sewerage System of Bhubaneswar city & part sewerage of Cuttack city.

Maintenance of PH Installations of Public Institutions Government Buildings (Residential & Non- Residential).

Engineering supervision of water supply / sewerage projects taken up under State Plan / CSP / Drought / Flood / RLTAP / AUWSP / JnNURM / UIDSSMT to complete and commission them within stipulated time.

Repair & maintenance of about 22683 Hand Pump Tube Wells. Formulation of project proposals for obtaining funding from EAP / Government of India. Collection of water & sewerage tariff / user charges

General Activities of Orissa Water Supply & Sewerage Board

Orissa Water Supply & Sewerage Board (OWSSB) has been established under Section-3 of OWSSB act 1991.

The main function of OWSSB is to prepare Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) and execute Water Supply & Sewerage Schemes in State of Orissa.

At present, the Board is implementing Sewerage & Pollution Abatement Projects for different towns/cities under NRCD/JNNURM/JICA funding as per direction of State Government.

The Board generally meets the fund requirements in preparation of DPRs & execution of projects, from the budgetary allocation of the State Government, grants of GoI

84

(JNNURM, NRCD & 12th FCA) & funding (loan) from financial institutions like HUDCO, JICA.

The Board has no independent source of income to meet its Administrative and other expenses. Generally, it is borne from the centage/contingency of the projects expressed in terms of percentage of the total project cost.

4.4 Summary of Water Supply Sector (2010-11) (Source: Housing and Urban Dev Dept. Orissa)

• Public Health Engineering Organisation (PHEO) At present about 776.48 million liters of drinking water is supplied per day to the 103 ULBs and 2 Census Towns benefiting a population of 45.60 Lakh(approximate). Out of which, about 12.70 Lakh urban populations are benefited through 2,32,186 Nos. house connections and the rest 32.90 Lakh populations areserved through 21,481 Nos. public stand posts. Besides, there are 24,273 Nos. hand pump tube-wells functional in different Urban Local Bodies and Census Towns to cater to the water demand during non-supply hours and demand of population residing in areas uncovered by piped water supply systems.

• Urban Water Supply Programme:

An amount of `2425.01 lakh has been provided for Urban W/S Programme in the Budget for the Year 2010-11 for 563 Nos. W/S Schemes. Out of which 238 nos. are new W/S Schemes, 80 nos. are having Token Budget Provision & balance are ongoing projects. Till end of December, 100 nos. of projects have been completed & balances are in different stages of execution.

• Hand Pump Tube Well:

There is budget provision of `100.00 lakh for sinking of 200 nos. Hand Pump Tube Wells in scarcity pockets of different ULBs during the year 2010-11. Out of 200 nos. Hand Pump Tube Wells 81 nos. has been completed and balances are in progress.

• Revised Long Term Action Plan (RLTAP): Total 20 nos. of schemes have been approved for an estimated cost of 15563.85 lakh. Out of which 7 nos. schemes have been completed [Augmentation of W/S to Bolangir, Titilagarh, Nawarangpur, Jeypur, Khariar Road, Koraput & Rayagada] & 8 nos. of Schemes i.e. Augmentation of Water Supply to Bhawanipatna (Phase-I & II), Kesinga, Binika, Khariar NAC, Sunabeda, Kotpad & Jeypur (Phase-II) are in different stages of execution. There is budget provision of 1300.02 lakh during the current financial year 2010-11, which including 5 nos. new

85

schemes namely Augmentation of Water Supply to Bolangir, Junagarh, Nawarangpur, Tarava & Malkangiri.

• Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP): Out of total 34 schemes, 32 schemes have been completed. The balance 2 nos. of schemes namely, Augmentation of W/S Scheme to Konark & Kuchinda are at different stages of execution & targeted to be completed during this financial year 2010-11.

• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM): Bhubaneswar & Puri town have been selected to cover under this programme. M/s. TCE Ltd., Mumbai has been engaged as consultant for preparation of detail engineering of the project of Puri Water Supply. M/s. TCE Ltd., Mumbai has submitted the Draft DPR (without WTP) on 21.12.2010 and final DPR is expected by 2nd week of February. The DPR for Bhubaneswar has been assigned to ASCI, Hyderabad. Since, they have delayed, Government in H & U.D. Department has been requested to allow PHEO for engagement of private consultant through open & transparent tender.

• Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT):

Total 23 Water Supply Schemes for 22 ULBs have been sanctioned under UIDSSMT. Out of which, 17 nos. Water Supply Schemes have been accorded with A/A by Govt. `.7528.27 lakh for 11 schemes have been received out of the estimated cost of `12861.35 lakh from concerned ULBs. The works are under progress. For preparation of DPRs of 3 nos. of schemes, State Government have released `.200.00 lakh for one Scheme & authorization given for 2 schemes of Rs. 200.00 lakh each. The detailed engineering for 3 schemes is under progress by M/s Tetratech India Ltd. Funds for balance 9 schemes amounting to `.22448.05 lakh are yet to be sanctioned & released. Out of 23 nos. W/S Schemes 1 no. scheme has been completed.

• Orissa Water Supply & Sewerage Board (OWSSB) Orissa Water Supply & Sewerage Board(OWSSB) has successfully completed Pollution Abatement schemes in the river Baitarani at Chandabali, river Brahmani at Dharmasala and in the river Mahanadi and Kathajori at Cuttack.

• JnNURM (Urban Infrastructure & Governance)

Under the UIG submission of JnNURM scheme, seven nos of projects i.e. one sewerage project, one heritage project, one water supply project, two drainage projects and two public transport

86

projects have been sanctioned with a total project cost of Rs.831.78 crores for implementation in the mission cities of Bhubaneswar & Puri.

• Water Supply Project of Puri town:

ACA amounting to Rs. 3338.00 lakhs have been received from GoI towards 1st installment and the State Govt. have released Rs.4172.50 lakhs including the state share for implementation of the project. Water Resouces Deptt. and PHEO (U) are responsible for implementation of the project. So far, expenditure for Rs.1702.00 lakhs has been incurred. Detailed planning, Engineering, Design are under progress. Work order has been issued for construction of compound wall for 8 storage reservoir sites.

87

Table No. 4.1: Status of Water Supply in 103 ULBs + 2 Census Towns of Orissa (As on 01.04.2010) Sl   No 

Name of District 

Sl No 

Name of the ULB  Population   Source of Supply  Rate of Supply 

H.P. Tube Wells 

Service Connections 

Stand Posts 

Wards covered with Piped Water Supply 

        2001 

2010 

Surface   Ground  

(in LPCD) 

      Total Wards 

Fully 

Partly 

Uncovered Ward 

              (Nos. of PWs)               

  P.H. Division I/ II/ III Bhubaneswar                       

1  Khurda  1  Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation 

657477 

937500 

River Daya  176  278  2873  57093  563  60  25  31  4 

    Mahanadhi                 

    Kuakhai                   

    Spring tank                 

P.H. Division III Bhubaneswar                         

Khurda  2  Balugaon NAC  15824 

20100 

_  6  42  56  277  64  11  6  3  2 

3  Banapur NAC  16437 

20900 

_  6  14  76  1  30  15  6  5  4 

4  Jatani Municipality  57827 

62400 

_  11  35  206  908  133  21  17  2  2 

5  Khurda Municipality  39034 

49000 

River Daya  9  68  198  1298  101  22  13  8  1 

  P.H. Division Puri 

                         

2  Puri  6  Konark NAC  15015 

19900 

_  5  31  232  11  71  13  13  0  0 

7  Nimapara NAC  16914 

21800 

_  4  51  249  38  68  11  11  0  0 

8  Pipili NAC  14263 

16100 

_  2  45  255  1  61  16  15  1  0 

9  Puri Municipality  157610 

195600 

_  61  123  577  8336  1017  32  22  10  0 

3  Nayagar 10  Khandapada NAC  875 104 Sunamuhin  1  43  98  28  96  13  10  3  0 

88

h  4  00 

11  Nayagarh NAC  14311 

19700 

River Dahuka  4  53  170  616  50  13  10  3  0 

  P.H. Division‐I Cuttack                         

4  Cuttack  12  Cuttack Muncipal Corporation 

535139 

679500 

_  116  194  2374  31366  2028  54  42  12  0 

13  Athagarh NAC  15850 

18200 

_  15  28  84  735  175  17  11  5  1 

14  Banki NAC  15987 

16900 

_  9  31  89  175  130  17  17  0  0 

15  Choudwar Municipality 

52498 

61300 

_  14  24  149  74  200  19  11  4  4 

5  Jagatsinghpur 

16  Jagatsinghpur Municipality 

30688 

39200 

_  4  54  451  417  168  20  1  17  2 

17  Paradeep Municipality 

73633 

84900 

Maintained by port trust  0  187  0  0  15  0  0  15 

  P.H. Division‐II Cuttack                         

6  Angul  18  Angul Municipality  38022 

53800 

River Raniguda tank  22  76  223  1156  244  23  17  6  0 

19  Athamallick NAC  11383 

13400 

River Mahanadi  _  60  124  78  97  11  8  2  1 

20  Talcher Municipality  34984 

44600 

River Brahmani  _  65  130  1299  104  21  13  3  5 

7  Jajpur  21  Jajpur Municipality  32209 

37900 

_  8  119  86  1068  269  16  14  2  0 

22  Vyasanagar (Jajpur Road) Municipality 

40736 

53900 

_  17  93  92  2794  248  25  14  11  0 

8  Dhenkanal 

23  Bhuban NAC  20134 

22000 

_  4  77  90  515  122  15  14  1  0 

24  Dhenkanal Municipality  

57651 

71800 

Badajora Nallah  18  84  224  1806  272  23  12  9  2 

25  Kamakshyanagar NAC 

15002 

16000 

River Ramial  1  94  85  438  82  12  12  0  0 

9  Kendrapara 

26  Kendrapara Municipality 

41404 

48800 

River Luna  5  45  124  2042  269  21  20  1  0 

89

27  Pattamundai NAC  32724 

40200 

_  6  84  118  663  113  20  14  4  2 

  P.H. Division Baripada                         

10  Balasore  28  Balasore Municipality 

127316 

158200 

_  60  116  259  8404  631  31  28  3  0 

29  Jaleswar NAC  21382 

30300 

_  4  39  266  320  220  17  12  5  0 

30  Nilagiri NAC  14745 

15400 

_  8  91  140  143  148  13  10  2  1 

31  Soro NAC  27793 

32800 

_  9  55  454  238  369  19  11  8  0 

11  Bhadrakh 

32  Basudevpur NAC  29998 

33400 

_  4  48  147  209  75  19  8  7  4 

33  Bhadrak Municipality 

92397 

108100 

_  17  53  166  693  102  30  13  12  5 

12  Mayurbhanj 

34  Baripada Municipality 

100593 

136700 

River Chipat  42  98  223  5007  317  28  23  5  0 

35  Karanjia NAC  21420 

26900 

River Deo  8  56  87  762  105  15  13  2  0 

36  Rairangpur NAC  21682 

25100 

River Khadakhai  8  76  132  1030  173  15  13  2  0 

37  Udala NAC  11712 

13800 

River Sono  1  93  79  512  100  12  9  3  0 

  P.H. Division Sambalpur                         

13  Sambalpur 

38  Burla NAC  42806 

55100 

Hirakud Reservoir + Power channel 

10  157  172  2380  172  15  6  9  0 

39  Hirakud NAC  26397 

27300 

Hirakud Reservoir + Power channel 

_  165  197  1782  228  17  12  1  4 

40  Kuchinda NAC  13584 

14400 

River Kharla  5  42  165  260  71  11  1  6  4 

41  Rairakhol NAC  13722 

15900 

Open well 2  6  21  172  31  72  13  0  6  7 

42  Sambalpur Municipality 

157763 

185200 

Hirakud Reservoir + River Mahanadi 

5  161  530  9447  950  29  19  10  0 

14  Baragar 43  Barpalli NAC  191 202 _  10  69  132  513  126  11  0  11  0 

90

h  54  00 

44  Baragarh Municipality 

63651 

78400 

River Jeera  15  41  290  1414  152  19  8  5  6 

45  Padampur NAC  15438 

16400 

River Ong  10  116  193  618  102  11  0  11  0 

15  Debagarh 

46  Deogarh Municipality 

20085 

23700 

Pradhanpat Fall  4  62  131  681  145  11  4  7  0 

16  Jharsuguda 

47  Belpahar Municipality 

32807 

44200 

Open well‐1 No  5  12  235  32  57  16  0  7  9 

48  Brajarajnagar Municipality 

76941 

84000 

River IB  5  36  194  200  200  23  5  8  10 

49  Jharsuguda Municipality 

75570 

92200 

River IB  10  49  455  1476  220  24  5  14  5 

  P.H. Division Rourkela                         

17  Sundergarh 

50  Biramitrapur Municipality 

29434 

31500 

B Quarry & Kanshbahal Quarry 

_  33  186  374  76  11  7  2  2 

51  Rajgangpur Municipality 

43912 

47800 

Nakti Nalla  5  66  216  1042  155  20  9  5  6 

52  Rourkela(Civil       Town) Municipality 

224601 

278800 

River Brahmani & Koel  _  136  1104  14466  411  33  20  5  8 

53  Sundargarh Municipality 

38402 

46200 

River IB  _  99  224  2161  123  19  10  6  3 

18  Keonjhar 

54  Anandapur Municipality 

35043 

38200 

_  17  65  197  1082  320  16  15  1  0 

55  Barbil Municipality  52586 

64400 

River Karo  1  57  49  1086  157  15  6  4  5 

56  Joda Municipality  38671 

40800 

River Baitarani  1  158  34  306  138  14  11  2  1 

57  Keonjhar Municipality 

51832 

63200 

Sanamacha kandana Dam  3  119  246  2283  166  21  15  5  1 

  P.H. Division Bolangir                         

19  Bolangir  58  Bolangir Municipality 

85203 

98800 

River Mahanadi  11  101  486  4485  298  21  12  8  1 

59  Kantabanjhi NAC  20090 

23300 

3 nos. Open well  4  86  125  521  64  24  12  6  6 

91

60  Patnagarh NAC   18685 

21100 

River  10  47  210  632  184  12  6  6  0 

        Subernarekkha                 

        & Mayabati                 

61  Titilagarh NAC   30251 

32300 

1 no. Open Well  5  99  178  920  240  15  12  3  0 

        River Tel                   

20  Boudh  62  Boudh NAC      17996 

20500 

River Mahanadi  ‐  98  156  698  124  17  9  6  2 

21  Kalahandi 

63  Bhawanipatna Municipality 

60745 

71800 

River Sagada   12  52  491  1294  167  20  9  8  3 

                           

64  Junagarh NAC   15759 

18000 

River Hati  1  64  168  172  155  12  10  2  0 

65  Kesinga NAC  16914 

18900 

River Tel  3  72  162  315  148  12  7  3  2 

22  Sonepur  66  Binika NAC   14537 

15300 

River Mahanadi  2  29  114  161  29  12  6  2  4 

67  Sonepur Municipality  

17535 

21600 

River Mahanadi  3  83  200  740  185  15  6  9  0 

68  Tarava NAC  7993 

8300 

Nibruti Jora & River Mahanadi, 1 no open well 

‐  96  110  156  21  12  2  10  0 

23  Nuapada 

69  Khariar NAC  13402 

16100 

‐  9  74  150  183  220  13  11  2  0 

70  Khariar Road NAC  16627 

18800 

River Jonk &   6  96  158  320  428  17  14  2  1 

        1 no. Open Well                 

  P.H. Division Berhampur                         

24  Gajapati  71  Kasinagar NAC  9782 

12300 

_  5  62  72  46  102  13  10  3  0 

72  Paralakhemundi Municipality  

42991 

49200 

River Mahendra‐tanaya  8  82  182  2627  317  16  9  7  0 

25  Ganjam(A) 

73  Berhampur Municipal Corporation 

289724 

368000 

Dakhinapur Reservoir + 3 nos. Collector well 

75  95  1027  22932  1765  37  0  37  0 

92

74  Gopalpur NAC   6660 

8300 

_  7  63  79  226  47  11  9  2  0 

75  Digapahandi NAC  10888 

12300 

_  4  64  104  335  133  11  10  1  0 

76  Chikiti NAC  10801 

12700 

Intake well in river Bahuda  5  55  94  239  91  12  8  4  0 

  P.H. Division Bhanjanagar at Chhatrapur                       

  Ganjam(B) 

77  Aska NAC   20718 

25700 

Intake well 2 Nos.(River Rushikulya) 

10  59  116  928  120  18  18  0  0 

78  Belaguntha NAC   9961 

10700 

Intake well 2 Nos.(River Bada nadi & Boda river) 

1  66  66  568  75  13  9  4  0 

79  Bhanjanagar NAC  19699 

22000 

Russenkonda Reservoir  _  58  97  1010  200  15  11  4  0 

80  Buguda NAC  13253 

13500 

Intake well 1 No.(Baghua river) 

8  59  89  192  52  13  11  2  0 

81  Chatrapur NAC  20288 

22600 

Collector well at Bada Madhapur.(Rushikulya river) 

21  62  156  1177  207  14  9  5  0 

82  Ganjam NAC    11312 

13300 

_  3  58  61  288  57  12  12  0  0 

83  Hinjilicut NAC   21344 

25000 

Intake well 1 No.(Ghodahada river) 

7  59  97  432  149  21  19  2  0 

84  KavisuryaNagar NAC   16092 

17100 

_  9  57  126  327  83  18  17  1  0 

85  Khalikote NAC  10959 

11400 

_  10  53  88  101  53  12  12  0  0 

86  Kodala NAC  12341 

15200 

Intake well 1 No.(River Kharkhari) 

2  41  77  202  43  13  9  4  0 

87  Polasara NAC   19566 

21800 

Intake well 4 Nos.(Baghua river & Dhani dam) 

_  53  118  163  67  19  16  3  0 

88  Purushottampur NAC 

14249 

14700 

_  6  68  83  489  84  14  11  3  0 

89  Rambha NAC  10715 

11600 

_  5  57  83  93  62  13  13  0  0 

90  Sorada NAC   14647 

16200 

Intake well 2 Nos.(Soroda reservoir) 

1  62  65  1019  100  11  8  3  0 

93

26  Kandhamal 

91  G.Udayagiri NAC  10206 

11800 

River Pilasalki  4  63  136  325  95  13  10  2  1 

92  Phulbani Municipality 

33887 

37500 

River Pilasalki  9  120  293  1495  250  13  11  1  1 

  P.H. Division Koraput                         

27  Koraput  93  Jeypore Municipality  

76560 

89900 

Satiguda Reservoir  _  122  355  2264  358  28  25  3  0 

94  Koraput NAC   39523 

46700 

Kolab Reservoir  1  170  144  2852  240  15  9  6  0 

95  Kotpad NAC   14914 

15400 

_  2  12  97  0  42  13  2  4  7 

96  Sunabeda NAC  58647 

62500 

Kerandi Reservoir  _  104  73  573  144  23  14  9  0 

28  Malkanagir 

97  Balimela NAC   11500 

14200 

_  2  21  62  0  30  12  4  0  8 

98  Malkangiri NAC   23110 

29400 

Satiguda Reservoir  _  58  137  473  72  19  11  4  4 

29  Nawarangpur  

99  Nawarangpur Municipality   

27975 

32800 

_  8  76  137  1127  210  17  12  5  0 

100 

Umerkote NAC   24853 

30100 

_  8  61  139  427  122  14  8  2  4 

30  Rayagada 

101 

Gudari NAC   6843 

7500 

_  2  65  77  77  95  13  11  2  0 

102 

Gunupur NAC   24704 

31000 

_  4  84  112  112  180  17  9  4  4 

103 

Rayagada Municipality 

57732 

66600 

River Geda  12  143  215  5856  422  24  21  1  2 

Total: 

      4935128 

6088200 

  1102 

  24260  231757  21386 

1833  1145 

512 

176 

      Census Town                       

  Bhadrakh 

1  Chandabali   11400 

13500 

  4  89  13  429  73  13  12  1  0 

  Sundergarh 

2  Panposh   10227 

12100 

Kanshbahal Dam  ‐‐  33  0  0  22  0  0  0  0 

94

Status of Water Supply in 103 ULBs + 2 Census Towns of Orissa (As on 01.04.2010) 

Sl   No 

Name of District  Sl No 

Name of the ULB  Rate of Demand  Demand   Daily Supply in MLD    Rate of Supply 

        (in LPCD)  (in MLD)  G.W. Source  S.W. Source  Total  (in LPCD) 

  P.H. Division I/ II/ III Bhubaneswar 

1  Khurda  1  Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation  135  126.56  49.08  211.7  260.78  278 

        D‐I‐  

28.14  56.19   

        28.05       

        D‐II‐  

120  126.91   

        6.91       

        D‐III‐  

63.56  77.68   

        14.12       

  P.H. Division III Bhubaneswar             

  Khurda  2  Balugaon NAC  70  1.41  0.85  0  0.85  42 

3  Banapur NAC  70  1.46  0.3  0  0.3  14 

4  Jatani Municipality  70  4.37  2.17  0  2.17  35 

5  Khurda Municipality  70  3.43  0.36  2.95  3.31  68 

Grand Total:      4956755 

6113800 

  1106 

  24273  232186  21481 

1846  1157 

513 

176 

NOTE: 1. Total No. of ULBs: 103 Nos.

2. Total No. of Census Towns: 2 Nos.(Chandabali & Panposh)

3. Total No. of Municipal Corporations: 3 Nos. (Bhubaneswar, Cuttack & Berhampur) 4. Total No. of Municipalities: 37 Nos. (Jatni, Khurda, Puri, Choudwar, Jagatsinghpur, Paradeep, Talcher, Jajpur Town,

Jajpur Road, Dhenkanal, Kendrapara, Bhadrak, Angul, Baripada, Balasore, Sambalpur, Bargarh, Deogarh, Brajrajnagar, Jharsuguda, Belpahara, Rourkela, Biramitrapur, Rajgangpur, Sundergarh, Anandapur, Barbil, Joda, Keonjhar, Bolangir, Bhawanipatna, Sonepur, Paralakhemundi, Phulbani, Jeypore, Nawarangpur & Rayagada).

5. Total No. of NACs: 63 Nos.

6. The ITALIC marked ULBs are in progress under UIDSSMT.  

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  P.H. Division Puri               

2  Puri  6  Konark NAC  70  1.39  0.61  0  0.61  31 

7  Nimapara NAC  70  1.52  1.1  0  1.1  51 

8  Pipili NAC  70  1.12  0.72  0  0.72  45 

9  Puri Municipality  135  26.4  24  0  24  123 

3  Nayagarh  10  Khandapada NAC  70  0.73  0.05  0.4  0.45  43 

11  Nayagarh NAC  135  2.66  0.55  0.5  1.05  53 

  P.H. Division‐I Cuttack             

4  Cuttack  12  Cuttack Muncipal Corporation  135  91.74  132  0  132  194 

13  Athagarh NAC  70  1.27  0.51  0  0.51  28 

14  Banki NAC  70  1.18  0.52  0  0.52  31 

15  Choudwar Municipality  70  4.29  1.5  0  1.5  24 

5  Jagatsinghpur  16  Jagatsinghpur Municipality  70  2.74  2.1  0  2.1  54 

17  Paradeep Municipality  ‐  ‐  0  0  0  0 

  P.H. Division‐II Cuttack             

6  Angul  18  Angul Municipality  135  7.26  2.48  1.6  4.08  76 

19  Athamallick NAC  70  0.94  0  0.8  0.8  60 

20  Talcher Municipality  135  6.02  0  2.9  2.9  65 

7  Jajpur  21  Jajpur Municipality  70  2.65  4.5  0  4.5  119 

22  Vyasanagar (Jajpur Road) Municipality  135  7.27  5  0  5  93 

8  Dhenkanal  23  Bhuban NAC  70  1.54  1.7  0  1.7  77 

24  Dhenkanal Municipality   70  5.03  5  1  6  84 

25  Kamakshyanagar NAC  70  1.12  0.1  1.4  1.5  94 

9  Kendrapara  26  Kendrapara Municipality  70  3.42  1.35  0.87  2.22  45 

27  Pattamundai NAC  70  2.81  3.38  0  3.38  84 

  P.H. Division Baripada             

10  Balasore  28  Balasore Municipality  70  11.08  18.35  0  18.35  116 

29  Jaleswar NAC  70  2.12  1.18  0  1.18  39 

30  Nilagiri NAC  70  1.08  1.41  0  1.41  91 

31  Soro NAC  70  2.3  1.82  0  1.82  55 

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11  Bhadrakh  32  Basudevpur NAC  70  2.34  1.6  0  1.6  48 

33  Bhadrak Municipality  70  7.57  5.73  0  5.73  53 

12  Mayurbhanj  34  Baripada Municipality  70  9.57  8.5  4.86  13.36  98 

35  Karanjia NAC  70  1.88  0.56  0.96  1.52  56 

36  Rairangpur NAC  70  1.76  0.31  1.59  1.9  76 

37  Udala NAC  70  0.96  0.2  1.08  1.28  93 

  P.H. Division Sambalpur             

13  Sambalpur  38  Burla NAC  70  3.86  0.9  7.75  8.65  157 

39  Hirakud NAC  70  1.91  0  4.5  4.5  165 

40  Kuchinda NAC  70  1.01  0.3  0.3  0.6  42 

41  Rairakhol NAC  70  1.11  0.33  0  0.33  21 

42  Sambalpur Municipality  135  25  0.5  29.3  29.8  161 

14  Baragarh  43  Barpalli NAC  70  1.41  1.4  0  1.4  69 

44  Baragarh Municipality  135  10.59  1.2  2  3.2  41 

45  Padampur NAC  70  1.14  1.2  0.7  1.9  116 

15  Debagarh  46  Deogarh Municipality  70  1.66  0.46  1  1.46  62 

16  Jharsuguda  47  Belpahar Municipality  70  3.09  0.52  0  0.52  12 

48  Brajarajnagar Municipality  70  5.88  0.4  2.6  3  36 

49  Jharsuguda Municipality  70  6.45  0.55  4  4.55  49 

  P.H. Division Rourkela             

17  Sundergarh  50  Biramitrapur Municipality  70  2.2  0  1.04  1.04  33 

51  Rajgangpur Municipality  70  3.35  0.15  3  3.15  66 

52  Rourkela(Civil       Town) Municipality  135  37.64  0  37.86  37.86  136 

53  Sundargarh Municipality  70  3.23  0  4.59  4.59  99 

18  Keonjhar  54  Anandapur Municipality  70  2.67  2.5  0  2.5  65 

55  Barbil Municipality  70  4.51  0.1  3.55  3.65  57 

56  Joda Municipality  70  2.86  0.15  6.3  6.45  158 

57  Keonjhar Municipality  70  4.42  0.31  7.2  7.51  119 

  P.H. Division Bolangir             

19  Bolangir  58  Bolangir Municipality  70  6.91  0.76  9.2  9.96  101 

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59  Kantabanjhi NAC  70  1.63  0.9  1.1  2  86 

60  Patnagarh NAC   70  1.48  0.5  0.5  1  47 

               

               

61  Titilagarh NAC   70  2.26  0.5  2.7  3.2  99 

               

20  Boudh  62  Boudh NAC      70  1.43  0  2  2  98 

21  Kalahandi  63  Bhawanipatna Municipality  135  9.69  0.5  3.2  3.7  52 

               

64  Junagarh NAC   70  1.26  0.05  1.1  1.15  64 

65  Kesinga NAC  70  1.32  0.35  1  1.35  72 

22  Sonepur  66  Binika NAC   70  1.07  0.05  0.4  0.45  29 

67  Sonepur Municipality   70  1.51  0.05  1.75  1.8  83 

68  Tarava NAC  70  0.58  0  0.8  0.8  96 

23  Nuapada  69  Khariar NAC  70  1.13  1.2  0  1.2  74 

70  Khariar Road NAC  70  1.31  0.6  1.2  1.8  96 

               

  P.H. Division Berhampur             

24  Gajapati  71  Kasinagar NAC  70  0.86  0.76  0  0.76  62 

72  Paralakhemundi Municipality   135  6.64  2.39  1.66  4.05  82 

25  Ganjam(A)  73  Berhampur Municipal Corporation  135  49.68  20  15  35  95 

74  Gopalpur NAC   70  0.58  0.52  0  0.52  63 

75  Digapahandi NAC  70  0.86  0.79  0  0.79  64 

76  Chikiti NAC  70  0.89  0.3  0.4  0.7  55 

P.H. Division Bhanjanagar at Chhatrapur           

Ganjam(B)  77  Aska NAC   70  1.8  0.43  1.1  1.53  59 

78  Belaguntha NAC   70  0.75  0.14  0.57  0.71  66 

79  Bhanjanagar NAC  70  1.54  0  1.27  1.27  58 

80  Buguda NAC  70  0.94  0.38  0.42  0.8  59 

81  Chatrapur NAC  70  1.58  0.72  0.68  1.4  62 

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82  Ganjam NAC    70  0.93  0.78  0  0.78  58 

83  Hinjilicut NAC   70  1.75  1.28  0.19  1.47  59 

84  KavisuryaNagar NAC   70  1.2  0.98  0  0.98  57 

85  Khalikote NAC  70  0.8  0.6  0  0.6  53 

86  Kodala NAC  70  1.07  0.07  0.56  0.63  41 

87  Polasara NAC   70  1.53  0  1.15  1.15  53 

88  Purushottampur NAC  70  1.03  1  0  1  68 

89  Rambha NAC  70  0.81  0.66  0  0.66  57 

90  Sorada NAC   70  1.13  0.35  0.65  1  62 

26  Kandhamal  91  G.Udayagiri NAC  70  0.83  0.24  0.5  0.74  63 

92  Phulbani Municipality  135  5.06  0.5  4  4.5  120 

  P.H. Division Koraput             

27  Koraput  93  Jeypore Municipality   70  6.29  0  11  11  122 

94  Koraput NAC   135  6.31  0.01  7.94  7.95  170 

95  Kotpad NAC   70  1.07  0.19  0  0.19  12 

96  Sunabeda NAC  70  4.38  0  6.5  6.5  104 

28  Malkanagir  97  Balimela NAC   70  1  0.3  0  0.3  21 

98  Malkangiri NAC   70  2.06  0  1.7  1.7  58 

29  Nawarangpur   99  Nawarangpur Municipality    70  2.3  2.5  0  2.5  76 

100  Umerkote NAC   70  2.11  1.8  0.04  1.84  61 

30  Rayagada  101  Gudari NAC   70  0.52  0.49  0  0.49  65 

102  Gunupur NAC   70  2.17  2.6  0  2.6  84 

103  Rayagada Municipality  70  4.66  4  5.5  9.5  143 

Total          621.69  340.8  434.08  774.88   

      Census Town           

  Bhadrakh  1  Chandabali   70  0.94  1.2  0  1.2  89 

  Sundergarh  2  Panposh   70  0.84  0  0.4  0.4  33 

Grand Total:        623.47  342  434.48  776.482   

Note: The rate of demand for water supply to the ULBs where UIDSSMT schemes are under execution, BMC & CMC have been considered @ 135 LPCD & for other ULBs @ 70 LPC 

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Case I: Implementation of the 74th Constitutional Amendment: Transforming State of Orissa Public Health Engineering Organization into a Corporatized Entity for Bhubaneswar Under the 74th Constitutional Amendment, the Government of Orissa (GOO) is transferring management of water supply and sewerage services (WSS) to ULBs. At present, the WSS services are provided by the State Public Health Engineering Organization (PHEO). PHEO has been functioning as an arm of State Government in providing WSS services to the public across 103 ULBs covering a population of 56 lakh. In case of Bhubaneswar, Government of Orissa has decided that the assets, liabilities, rights, claim, proceedings, etc. concerning that jurisdiction will be transferred to the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC). Then, PHEO would create a new Corporatized Entity (CE) that can manage WSS services in the city. This CE would be given a management contract by BMC to operate and maintain the newly transferred city assets. This contract with CE will be based on performance measurements include specific service standards, operations efficiency, coverage, and subsidy. Thus the CE will be able to provide efficient WSS services while the quality of the services is accountable to BMC. The State Government had taken over the Water Supply functions of the ULBs to itself in Public Health Engineering Department (PHD). The function of providing safe drinking water and the functionaries, particularly technical and funds being spent on this account on an annual average of 3 years should be transferred to respective Urban Local Bodies for effective supply, service & maintenance. This is an area, which no Councilor / Corporator can afford to neglect. The Council should also take up the work of sinking of new tube wells, repairs of the existing non–functioning ones and replacement of the defunct tube wells. They may like to construct water-harvesting structures whereever necessary. Care should be taken for immediate replacement of old and damaged supply and service lines. Unsafe drinking water is the cause of many fatal diseases like jaundice and typhoid etc. Adequate funds ought to be placed with the Councils for these works. Sections 196 to 197, Chapter XIV of Orissa Municipal Act, 1950 and Sections 347 & 348, Chapter XVII of Municipal Corporations Act, 2003 have also made specific provisions for entrusting the responsibility of water supply to the Municipal Government. Item No.5 of Twelfth Schedule has also incorporated this into their domain. The State Government should transfer this function with Funds and Functionaries to the ULBs and support them in all respects. This will make their functioning more effective and need oriented, because of their close proximity to the people.

 

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Chapter 5 Housing in Orissa

House is a basic need for all. It is the most essential thing from which a human being derives security. The magnitude of poverty is reflected from the extent of homeless dwellers in a geographical territory. Thus the overall development of the society is also demonstrated from the kind of houses it has for its inhabitants.The status, lifestyle, economic condition are all reflected from the kind of house an individual resides in. From 1961decadal Census onwards, prior to the actual population enumeration a frame is prepared through housing house listing operation to know where to find the population actually. Housing listing operation has now become an integral part of Census not only as an effective means to find out where people stay but also furnish data regarding housing condition and basic amenities available to each household. 5.1 Definitions given by Census 1. Census House: A census house' is a building or part of a building used or recognised as a separate unit because of having a separate main entrance from the road or common courtyard or staircase, etc. It may be occupied or vacant. It may be used for a residential or non-residential purpose or both. If a building has a number of flats or blocks which are independent of one another having separate entrances of their own from the road or a common staircase of a common courtyard leading to a main gate, these will be considered as separate census houses. 2. Household: A 'household' is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so. Persons in a household may be related or unrelated or a mix of both. However, if a group of unrelated persons live a census house but do not take their meals from the common kitchen, then they are not constituent of a common household. Each such person should be treated as a separate household. The important link to find out, whether it is a household or not is the presence of a common kitchen. There may be one member households, two member households or multi-member households. In a few situations, it may be difficult to apply the definition of household strictly as given above. For example, a persons living alone in a census house, whether cooking or not cooking meals, will have to be treated as a household. Similarly, if husband and wife or a group of related persons are living together in a census house but not cooking their meals will also constitute a normal household.

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3. Institutional Household: A group of unrelated persons who live in an institution and take their meals from a common kitchen is called an Institutional Household. Examples of Institutional Household are boarding houses, messes, hostels, hotels, rescue homes, jails, ashrams, orphanages, etc. 4. Permanent House: Houses with wall and roof made of permanent materials. Wall can be G. I., Metal, Asbestos sheets, Burnt bricks, Stone or Concrete. Roof can be made of Tiles, Slate, G. I., Metal, Asbestos sheets, Brick, Stone or Concrete. 5. Semi Permanent House: Either wall or roof is made of permanent material (and the other having been made of temporary material). 6. Temporary House: Houses with wall and roof made of temporary material. Wall can be made of Grass, Thatch, Bamboo etc., Plastic, Polythene, Mud, Unburnt brick or wood. Roof can be made of Grass, Thatch, Bamboo, Wood, Mud, Plastic or Polythene. 7. Serviceable Temporary: Wall is made of Mud, Unbumt bricks or Wood. 8. Non-Serviceable Temporary: Wall is made of Grass, Thatch, Bamboo etc., Plastic or Polythene. 5.2 Orissa Housing Scenario The 2001 housing Census data reveal thatin our State there exists 9873029 number of Census houses. It is noteworthy; to mention here that Census house does not necessarily implies a building. It can be building or a part there of, having separate entrance or use or having a separate household. The total number of households in Orissa is 7870127. This excludes the houseless people who do not reside in any Census house. The total portion of fully or partly residential houses in Orissa comes to about 76.59 percent which is just above the national average of 75.14 percent. Compared to the national figure the nonresidential houses in Orissa are 19.22 percent against 18.52 percent and vacant houses are 4.18 percent against 6.35 percent. Among the districts Subarnapur has the maximum portion of residential houses of 81.58 percent, followed by Bolangir 80.79 percent, while Bhadrak has only 69.72 percent of houses are residential. District of Ganjam has the highest number of households of 665261, while Debgarh has as low as 58000 households only. Comparing the number of dwelling room available to each household it is seen that in Orissa prevalence of single room (36.61%) as well as double room (36.98%) household is more. In Malkangiri district we find that maximum percentage of single room household which is 51.09 percent while Jharsuguda has 35.33 percent of households living in three or more dwelling rooms. In urban area, 13.23 percent of households of Kendrapara reported staying in dilapidated houses while Jharsuguda urban people reported the lowest

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percentage of dilapidated houses (3.65%). The facts can be further analysed with comparision to the national scenario from the table given below. Status of Housing in Orissa Table: 5.1: Housing and Amenities in Urban Orissa and Urban India: 2001 No Characterstic of Housing /Amenity Urban Orissa Urban india1 Purpose for Which the Unit Was Used Residential 75.4 77.3 Residence Cum Other Use 2.1 2.8 2 Condition of the House Used as Residences Livable 45.9 32.2 Dilapidated 7.8 3.7 3 Houeholds Living in Houses With (A) Material of the roof i)Grass,Bamboo etc. 1 7 ii)Plastic, Polythene etc. 17.5 0.8 (B)Material of the wall i)Grass, Bamboo,etc 3.9 3.9 ii)Plastic, Polythene etc. 0.5 0.4 iii)Mud,Unburnt Bricks 27.3 12.8 iv)Wood 0.6 0.9 (C)Material of the Floor i)Mud 30.7 13.9 ii)Wood/Bamboo 0.2 0.4 4 Number of Rooms in Which Households Lived i)No Exclusive Room 1.2 2.3 ii)One Room 30.1 35.1 iii)Two Room 33.6 29.5 5 Number of Rooms by Nature of Ownership (A)Owned 53.5 66.8 (B)Rented 33.2 28.5 (C)Others 13.4 4.7 6 Amenities Water Supply i)Tap 45.9 66.7 ii)Hand Pump 10.9 16.2 7 Source of Lighting Electricity 74.1 87.6 Kerosine 24.3 11.6 8 Latrine/Drainage No Latrine 40.3 22.1

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No Drainage 42.5 24.1 9 Fuel used for cooking Firewood 35.8 22.7 Crop Residue 3 2.1 Cowdung Cakes 2 2 Coal/Charcoal 6.9 4.6 Kerosine 15.9 19.2 LPG 31.4 48 The facts, as reflected from the above table.

• All most for all the indicators the situation of Orissa seems to be low as compared to the national situation.

• The extent of house seen to be dilapidated is almost the double of the national situation, which is definitely a matter of concern.

• The mud houses are also more than the national average. • The proportion of owned house is also considerably less than the national owned house

proportion. 5.3 Legal Regulatory and Policy Framework (i) The Orissa Government Land Settlement Rules, 1983 Plotting of urban lands reserved for house-sites: (1) Government lands belonging to any urban area reserved for house-sites under Clause (a) of Sub-section (1) of Section 3 shall be divided into convenient plots in accordance with the scale fixed by the consultation with the Municipality or Notified Area Council, as the case may be, subject to the approval of the Revenue Divisional Commissioner with reference to the requirements. In making such Division the principles of Town Planning and hygienic requirements shall be taken into consideration. The plots shall be so arranged as to ensure straightness of streets, guard against overcrowding and make suitable provisions for drainage. Any future requirement of Government and other public institutions shall also be kept in view. (2) If a Town Planning Scheme has been approved under the Orissa Town Planning and Improvement Trust Act, 1956 for any urban area, the Collector shall follow the said Scheme in preparing the plan of house-sites for disposal. (3) The plots in urban area shall be divided into five categories and assigned for the following purposes, namely

(i) land reserved for poor class people having annual family income of less than Rs.8,400 (ii) land reserved for middle class people having annual family income between Rs.8,400 and

30,000 having no house-site or having inadequate accommodation in an urban area (iii)land reserved for future requirements of Government and other public purposes (iv) land to be settled by public auction and

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(v) land to be reserved for setting up Small or Medium Scale Industries. (Note - It shall not be necessary that the plots assigned for any of the purposes shall be continuous. The Collector shall obtain the approval of the Revenue Divisional Commissioner to the classification of plots made as above).

(4) De-reservation Principles: (1) Any land which has been reserved under Clause (a) of Sub-section (1) of Section 3 or recorded as Gochar may be de-reserved by any officer not below the rank of Collector authorised by the State Government in that behalf. In making such de-reservation the following procedure shall be followed, namely: (i) A notice inviting objection to the proposal for de-reservation specifying particulars of the

area to be de-reserved and its situation such as village, Gram Panchayat and town, khata or holding and plot number and extent shall be published in the manner prescribed in Sub-rule (5) of Rule 5. A period of thirty days shall be allowed for filing objections, if any, before the concerned Tahasildar. If during the said period no objection is received, the Tahasildar shall submit his proposal for de-reservation giving justification for the same.

(ii) In case of objections filed before the Tahasildar, he shall hear the parties on a date fixed by him and, after such hearing, shall forward his recommendation to the authorised Officer for orders. On receipt of recommendation from the Tahasildar, the authorised Officer may, on being satisfied with the grounds advanced by the Tahasildar for de-reservation, accept and modify to the extent he considers necessary or reject the same. The orders passed by the authorised Officer shall be communicated to the concerned Tahasildar. When the authorised Officer passes orders for de-reservation such order shall be published in the manner prescribed in Sub-rule (5) of Rule 5. The Tahasildar shall thereafter make necessary corrections in the record-of-rights". If a Town Planning Scheme has been approved under the Orissa Town Planning and Improvement Trust Act, 1956 for any urban area, the Collector shall follow the said Scheme in preparing the plan of house-sites for disposal. The plots in urban area shall be divided into five categories and assigned for the following purposes, namely: (i) land reserved for poor class people having annual family income of less than Rs.8,400 (ii) land reserved for middle class people having annual family income between Rs.8,400 and 30,000 having no house-site or having inadequate accommodation in an urban area]

(iii) land reserved for future requirements of Government and other public purposes (iv) land to be settled by public auction; and (v) land to be reserved for setting up Small or Medium Scale Industries.

Note - It shall not be necessary that the plots assigned for any of the purposes shall be continuous. The Collector shall obtain the approval of the Revenue Divisional Commissioner to the classification of plots made as above.

5-A. Notwithstanding anything contained in Rules 3,5,8,11,12 and 13 lease /settlement of Government land in the Civil Township of Rourkela Notified Area shall be made in the

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manner prescribed in Schedule IV. 5-B. Notwithstanding anything contained in rules 3,5,5-A, 8,11,12 and 13 ,Settlement of Khasmahal and Nazul land, Gramakantha parambok and Abadi land leased out prior to the 9th day of January ,1991 shall be made in the manner prescribed in Schedule-V.

(ii) Settlement of house-sites in Urban Areas (1) In respect of each plot of land reserved for house-sites which falls under the categories mentioned in clauses (ii) and (iii) of sub-rule (1) of Rule 3 the Collector shall, with the approval of the Revenue Divisional Commissioner, fix a minimum premium; equal or approximate to the market value of the land prevailing in the urban area for similar lands in the vicinity, for payment by persons for whom such reservation is meant. The premium so fixed shall be reviewed every three years and revised with the approval of the Revenue Divisional Commissioner. For areas where the prices of house-sites rapidly fluctuate, the Collector may get the rate revised at shorter intervals. (2) Applications for house-sites shall be taken up for consideration once in every half year. All pending applications shall be duly considered by the Collector and leases of plots granted strictly in conformity with the division of plots approved under sub-rule ( 1) of Rule 3 in consultation with the Committee consisting of two members of the concerned local bodies to be nominated by the Revenue Divisional Commissioner for the purpose; Provided that such consultation may be dispensed with during the period when Government take over the affairs of the concerned Local Body or Bodies. (3) Lands falling under the category mentioned in clause (i) of sub-rule (3) of Rule 3 shall be settled in the following order of priority, namely

(i) Poor persons (inhabitants) of the urban area whose presence in it is necessary in the general interest of the people, but who are unable to acquire house sites and have no adequate living accommodation of at least five cents for each separated family.

(ii) Poor persons belonging to the concerned district who do not have house in the urban area but whose presence in it is essentially necessary any for the general interest of the public or for their business, trade or profession or any other legitimate reasons direct\y connected with their livelihood.

(iii)Any poor inhabitant of the State other than one belonging to a district in which the urban areas occur who do not have a house-site or whose presence in the urban area is necessary in connection with their trade, business or other avocation and in the general interest of the public.

(4) Lands falling under the category mentioned in clause (ii) of sub-rule (3) of Rule 3 shall be settled in the following order or priority, namely:

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(i) inhabitants of the urban area who do not have a house in any urban area and in the urban area in question or who do not have adequate living accommodation of at least five cents for each separated family; (ii) inhabitants of the district in which the urban area is situated who do not have a house in any urban area and whose residence in the urban area is necessary for the purpose of business, trade or profession or any other justiciable reasons ; (iii) inhabitants of other districts of the State whose, continued presence in the urban area is necessary for the sake of their trade, business, avocation or any other reasons justifying allotment; (iv) others whose presence in the urban area is necessary for any justiciable reasons. Note-Each application for house-sites for middle and poor class people shall accompany an affidavit duly sworn in before a Magistrate in the Form as prescribed in Schedule-I.

(5) Lands falling under clause (iv) of sub-rule (3) of Rule 3 shall lease out to the highest bidder by public auction in the following manner, namely

(a) before public auction is held, the. Collector shall cause publication of a notice, giving fifteen clear days time from the date of such publication and before the date of auction, fixing the date, hour and place of auction in two daily news papers of the State and in such other manner as he considers necessary for wide publicity; (b) the auction shall be held by the Collectors; (c) the highest bid for premium shall, in no case, be less than the minimum premium fixed under sub-rule (1) after taking into account the cost of development, if any, and other incidental expenses; (d) not withstanding anything contained ion this sub-rule, if-

(i) the Collector for sufficient reasons considers that the land may not be settled with the highest bidder he shall, after recording his reasons, therefore, order settlement of the land with any other bidder who participated in the auction or put the land to fresh auction after recording the reason in that behalf in the case record; (ii) the application is for small plot adjoining and existing holding of the applicant and the plot is very much necessary for the beneficial enjoyment of the existing holding or residence of, the applicant the Collector may dispense with the settlement by public auction of the site or part thereof and make settlement with the applicant on payment of a premium fixed under sub-rule (1); (iii) earnest money not less than 5% of the minimum premium fixed under sub-rule (1) shall be deposited by the persons desirous of participating in the auction before the auctions are started. The amounts de-posited as such by the person wining the bid or any other bidder in whose favour the land Is decided to be settled as provided in clauses (c) and (d) are to be adjusted towards the premium

107

payable by them. The earnest money, deposited by other bidders, in whose favour the land is not decided to be settled as provided in clauses (c) and (d) shall be refunded to them at the end of the bid. The bidders in whose favour the land is decided to be settled as provided in clauses (c) and (d) shall make payment of the balance amount within fifteen days from the date of auction (both days inclusive) to the Collector, failing which the bid will automatically lapse and the earnest money deposited by them shall, after deducting reasonable damages determined by Collector, be refunded.

(6) Where the reservation of plots cannot be finalised within reasonable time, the Collector may, after preparing a tentative plan with the approval of the Revenue Divisional Commissioner, lease house-sites according to the above provisions and shall incorporate the same while finalizing the reservation; (7) The auction shall be held by the Collector or any officer authorised by him not below the rank of a Deputy Collector on the date fixed in the notice. The auction may be adjourned from time to time for good reasons to any subsequent date with due public notice. (iii) The Orissa Development Authorities Act, 1982 This Act aims to ensure planned development of different towns in the State, Regional Improvement Trusts were constituted under the Orissa Town Planning and Improvement Trust Act, 1956. One of the reasons these trusts have not been able to fully achieve the objectives for which they were constituted mainly due to inadequacy of existing legal provisions. In addition to the existing cities in the State, which are fast growing, large industrial complexes are coming up at Paradeep, Talcher, Angul and other industrial growth points. Unless efforts are made from now onwards to ensure a planned development of these areas, there will be unsystematic and unplanned growth of these areas which may give rise to serious distortions in future. It is therefore, considered necessary of a constitute Development Authorities for these areas as well as for other developing and potential urban areas to ensure systematic and planned growth, with the above objective in view, it is proposed to enact a law for constitution of development authorities in different areas of the State. The main objective of such authority will be to take up planned and systematic development of such areas. It will prepare development plans including zonal development plans, undertake works pertaining to construction of housing colonies, shopping centres, markets, industrial estates and provide public amenities. It will regulate development and use of land including private land and undertake schemes for improvement and clearance of slums and re-development programmes.

108

• Town Planning Act 1956: The Salient features of this act are:

a) Extension of the Orissa Town Planning Act over the identified areas. b) Conducting detail physical and socio-economic surveys, analyzing the data collected, drawing conclusion, assessing the gaps and forecasting the future requirements. c) Preparing the draft master plan. d) Constitution of Planning Authorities. There can be three types of Planning Authorities, namely the local body having jurisdiction over the area or an Improvement Trust or a Special Planning Authority. e) Publication of the draft master plans by the Planning Authority, inviting objections and suggestions from the public. f) Finalization of the master plans by the Directorate of Town Planning in the light of the suggestions received. g) Approval of the master plan by the Competent Authority. h) Enforcement of the provisions of the master plan and zoning regulations by the Planning Authority by way of issuing permissions for constructions of buildings. i) Implementation of the provisions of the master plan by the Planning Authority by way of execution of a series of schemes and projects.

• Directorate of Town Planning To make provisions for the planned development, improvement and expansion of towns in the State of Orissa so as to secure to their present and future inhabitants and healthy living.

Allocation of Business

• Preparation of Master Plan for Urban Centres. • Preparation & monitoring of Projects under IDSMT. • Technical guidance and supervision of Planning Authorities. • Monitoring & Technical guidance of Building Centres functioning at district level.

Brief History and Background for its Establishment:

In 1954 first Town Planning Organization was created in our State for Planning of the Cuttack city with appointment of Town Planner. This Organization conducted various surveys and prepared various reports for Cuttack. The Master Plan for Bhubaneswar was prepared by Dr. Otto H. Koenigs berger during the initial stage. The Town Planning Organization created for Cuttack drafted the legislation and Orissa Town Planning and Improvement Trust Act, 1956 was enacted.

During the 3rd Five Year Plan (1961-64), the preparation of Master Plan gained momentum through Central Assistance with creation of 5 Town Planning Units in 1964 having Headquarters at Bhubaneswear headed by State Town Planner. Subsequently, Town Planning Offices have

109

been created depending upon the necessity of Planning for particular area and availability of funds as follows :

• Urban Land (Ceiling And Regulation) Repeal Act, 1999 The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Repeal Act, 1999 has been adopted in the State of Orissa. The Urban Land (ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 of Government of India came into force in the state of Orissa w.e.f 17.02.1976 and was applicable to only Cuttack Urban Agglomeration as the population of the said agglomeration was more than one lakh at that time. Consequent upon repeal of the aforesaid principal Act by Govt. of India vide their Gazette No.201 dt.22.03.1999 the Government of Orissa have adopted the said repeal Act vide Notification No.14995/HUD, dt.26.04.02 to the state of Orissa w.e.f. the date of its publication in the official Gazette.

• Stamp Duty and Registeration Under the Indian Stamp (IS) Act, 1899, it is the substance of the transaction as embodied in the instrument and not the form of the instrument that determines the stamp duty. Further, a conveyance, as defined under the IS Act, is an instrument by which property whether movable or immovable is transferred on sale and which is not otherwise specifically provided for by the Schedule I of the Act. Such instrument which was not executed previously by any person shall be chargeable with stamp duty of the amount indicated in that schedule. Stamp duty is paid on the consideration mentioned in the deed. Besides, town planning surcharge at three per cent in the specified areas and registration fee at two per cent are chargeable on the consideration money. According to the provisions of the Orissa Town Planning and ImprovementTrust Act, 1956, additional stamp duty at the rate of two per cent over and above the normal stamp duty of eight per cent of the consideration value is chargeable in case of registration of instruments pertaining to the land situated in the areas where the above Act is applicable. The Government of Orissa through a gazette notification of 25 May 2005 enhanced the additional stampduty from two to three per cent with immediate effect.

• Rent Control: The rent control was enacted in Orissa first as “The Orissa House-Rent Control Act, 1967, it was applicable to the whole of the state of Orissa and to any building or a part of a building with its appurtenances and out houses used for any purpose whatsoever. The exemption based on (ownership) was on the Houses owned by the Central Government or the State Government or a local authority and based (on the date of construction) Houses, the construction of which is

110

completed after the commencement of this Act for a period of 5 years from the date of the completion. Procedure Fixation of Standard/Fair Rent (Basis): Fair Rent refers to the rent considered reasonable having regard to the situation, locality, condition of the premises, amenities provided therein and the rental value fixed by the local authority, if any. Any landlord or any tenant may make an application to the Controller for fixing of the fair rent. Pending final decision on the application the Controller shall fix a provisional rent. Final decisions when made shall be deemed to have taken effect from the date of the application and all amounts paid as provisional rent shall be adjusted towards payment of final rent. Revision in Rent and Other Charges: Where the fair rent of a building has been fixed under this Act, nor further increase in such fair rent shall be permissible except in cases where some addition, improvement or alteration, not being in the nature of necessary repairs usually made to the houses in that locality, has been carried out the landlord’s expense. The increase shall be calculated at a rate not exceeding 7.5% p.a. of the cost of such changes from the date of completion of such work. Also when the Controller is satisfied that there is a general rise in the value of houses and house sites in any Municipality or in any area within the jurisdiction of any other local authority and that such municipality or other local authority has imposed a higher rate of holding tax on the annual value of the holding in the locality, he may re-determine the fair rent in such cases as he may think fit, commensurate with the enhancement in the holding tax. There is no right of tenant for receipt on payment of rent and No provisions regarding deposit of rent in case of Landlord Absenteeism. (Rent Control Laws in India A Critical Analysis; National Institute of Urban Affairs)

• The Orissa State Housing Board came in to existence in the year 1968 by an Act of State Legislature, with prime objective of providing affordable shelters both in urban and rural areas, to cater to the acute shortage of housing in the State.

Salient feature of the Housing Projects of the Board are:

• Litigation free land in prime locations. • Affordable easy installment payment for allottees • Opportunity to stay in a colony of choice determined by socio-cultural aspirations. • Well-planned infrastructure facilities such as Neighborhood development, Schools,

Hospitals Parks, Shopping Complexes, etc.

111

 

5.4 Slum The tabin differ Table:

TownsBaragaBarajaJharsuSambaRourkeRourkeBaleshCuttacBhubaPuri ToBrahm

m situation

ble given belrent ULBs f

5.2: Slum p

Tows arh Town (Marajnagar Toguda Town

alpur Town ela Industriela Town (M

hwar Town ck Town (Maneswar (M.own (M)

mapur Town

n Slum Dev

low shows for the state

population

wn-wise To

M) own (M) n (M)

(M) al Town ShM) (M)

M. Corp.) . Corp.)

n (M)

velopment P

the slum poe of Orissa.

in Orissa

tal Populati

hip

Programm

opulation as

ion and SlumTotal

mes in Oriss

s compared

m Populatiol Population

636517694175570

154164206566224601106032535139647302157610289724

a

to the total

on in Orissan T11046129204

population

a (2001) Total Slum P

of the town

Population3264438239272574534574717729071292691368659883462370509

n

112

Balangir Town (M) 85203 19159Bhawanipatna Town (M) 60745 17212Sunabeda Town (NAC) 58647 21636Jeypur Town (M) 76560 10620Source: Census of India, 2001

Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana The Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana is started in the year of 2001-2002.This is a centrally sponsored scheme which means Government of India has started this scheme in every state of India.The total funding pattern is managed by both of Central & State Government in an equal proportion i.e., 50:50.Unit cost per beneficiary is Rs. 40,000/- in which subsidy Rs. 20,000/- (Govt. share) and loan Rs. 20,000/- (State Govt. share). All ULBs are the borrowing agency for this scheme.Orissa Rural Housing Development Corporation (ORHDC) is the lending agency for this scheme.Estimated slum population according to TCPO is 11.21 lakhs. Slum dwellers leaving the below poverty line /economically weaker sections are the target group for this scheme. Provision of Land: To be provided by the State Govt. either in form of in-situ /partly in-situ /relocation. National Slum Development Programme National Slum Development Programme is a centrally planned scheme.Up-gradation and improvement of Urban Slum through development of infrastructure and housing activities like development or roads, drains, street light, drinking water community latrine and bath etc.The Funding Pattern Loan 70% and Grant 30%.It is applicable to all 103 ULBs of the State subject to submission of specified project proposal accompanying with council resolution to repay the loan amount and interest in time. Till now this scheme covered 2401 slums in India. Component of the Scheme:

• Provision of physical amenities like water supply, storm water drains, community bath, widening and paying of existing lanes, sewers community latrines, street light etc.

• Community infrastructure, provision of community centers to be used for pre-school Education, no formal education, adult education, recreational activities etc.

• Community Primary Health Care Centre building can be provided for infrastructure facilities, the concerned Municipalities will seek the support of Regd. Medical Practitioners / Govt. Doctors in the State / NGOs / CBOs / Philanthropic Association to those centers.

• Social Amenities like pre-School education, formal education, adult education, maternity, child health and primary health care including immunization etc.

113

• The Scheme has also component of shelter up-gradation, or construction of new houses for the urban poor.

Rajiv Awas Yojna (RAY) The RAY, a recently announced Central scheme, seeks extending property rights to slum dwellers with an ultimate aim to create a slum-free India. With influx of thousands of daily wage earners into urban centres occurring frequently, the State is gearing up to draw up plans for absorbing slum dwellers in the development process by implementing ambitious Rajiv Awas Yojna (RAY). The State government has proposed to include six cities such as Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Berhampur, Sambalpur, Rourkela and Puri in the RAY programme. A State-level steering committee under chairmanship of Chief Minister and department level monitoring under Housing and Urban development secretary has been constituted to oversee the implementation. Bhubaneswar Development Authority (BDA) has been nominated as the State-level Nodal Agency, with its vice-chairman being State-level Nodal Officer. Slum population in the six towns has been growing rapidly. As per the 2009 slum survey in six towns Bhubaneswar had 3.50 lakh population living in 377 slums. Similarly, Cuttack had 2.23 lakh population in 257 slums, Puri (0.44 lakh population in 44 slums), Berhampur (1.17 lakh population in 109 slums), Rourkela (0.89 lakh population in 114 slums) and Sambalpur (0.80 lakh slums in 103 slums). . Under the RAY scheme, the State government is required to put in place a mechanism by which slum dwellers could be given occupancy certificates or tenancy right. Similarly, in any construction 10 to 15 per cent must be reserved for Economically Weaker Section or Lower Income Groups and there should be earmarking of 20 to 25 per cent of budget for urban poor. The fund should not be lapsed.

Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)

The Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme was lunched in December 2005 by subsuming the erstwhile Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) and National Slum Development Programme (NSDP); with a view to ameliorate the conditions of the urban slum dwellers who are residing in a dilapidated conditions. The Prime objective of the scheme is to strive for holistic slum development with enabling a healthy urban environment by providing adequate shelter and basic infrastructures to the urban slum dwellers. The Programme is

114

applicable to all the towns except the urban poor (BSUP) under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).

• 7 years GOI allocation: Rs. 140.85 crore • No of projects sanctioned: 32 (in 29 towns) • Total 12773 dwelling units with infrastructure facilities. • Total project cost: Rs. 243.35crore • ACA component: Rs. 176.33 crore • State share: Rs. 38.35 crore • ULB share: Rs. 17.15 crore • Beneficiary share: Rs. 11.52 crore

Current Status • ACA released by GOI: Rs. 92.90 crore • Total Release to ULBs : Rs. 116.04 crore • ACA component: Rs. 86.80 crore • State share: Rs. 10.84 crore • Total Expenditure: Rs. 44.49 crore

Physical Progress Out of total number of dwelling units 4884 dwelling units sanctioned in 15 towns during 2007-08, 7433 houses sanctioned in 16 towns during 2008-09 and 456 houses sanctioned in one town during 2009-10. Work in progress for 6930 DWs. As all the projects are in-situ development, participation by contractors are poor even after tendering two times because of cost exclation and delay in implementation of the programme. Execution through beneficiaries is also not remarkable. Recently, decision has been taken to involve NGOs in the execution of IHSDP projects.

115

Table No. 5.3: Progress Of Ongoing Schemes Under IHSDP ( Source: Housing and Urban Dev.Dept.Govt.of Orissa)

Sl Implementing

agency

Name of the slum

Date of sanction by CSC

DUs Project cost

Amount Released Expenditure ending October-

2009 (Rs.in lakh)

Physical progress (in lacs)

1 2 3 4 5 6 Central State Total

10 11

1 Khurda Municipa

lity

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Khurda

09.01.2008

91 184.31 59.48 7.44 66.92 64.14 Work order issued for 91 DWs. Work started for 32 DW. Foundation-20, Plinth-7, lintel-5

2 Rourkela Municipa

lity

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Rourkela

Municipality

09.01.2008

124 209.65 75.92 9.49 85.41 102.2 86 DW started, Roof level-10, Plinth-36, lintel-26, Completed-17

3 Bargarh Municipa

lity

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Bargarh

Municipality

09.01.2008

732 946.03 379.56

47.45

427.01 191.3 Work started for 432 DWs at different stages of construction. Earh work 261, plinth 121, roof level 25, roof casting 25.

4 Khariar Road NAC

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Khariar

Road NAC

09.01.2008

305 392.58 157.03

19.63

176.66 124.69 Work in progress for 210. 75 completed. 135 roof casted

5 Angul NAC

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Angul NAC

09.01.2008

334 514.72 205.89

25.74

231.63 117.78 Work started for 145 DWs. Foundation-69, plinth-24, lintel-13, roof level-12, roof casting -13

6 Dhenkanal

Municipality

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Dhenkanal

09.01.2008

908 1403.65

561.46

70.18

631.64 200 259 houses under progress

7 Kendrapara

Municipa

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of

09.01.2008

87 141.76 52.35 6.54 58.89 23.02 out of 87, plinth-12.

116

lity Kendrapara Municipality

8 Brajrajna

gar Municipa

lity

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Brajrajnagar Municipality

13.02.2008

177 314.86 117.09

14.64

131.73 159.32 146under progress. Plinth-3, Lintel-10, roof-7, complete-127

9 Birmitrapur

Municipality

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Biramitrapur Municipality

13.02.2008

200 319.58 119.83

14.98

134.81 125.16 started for 163, foundation-49, 39 plinth, 51 lintel and 19 roof level, 5 roof casting.

10 Jajpur Municipa

lity

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Jajpur

Municipality

13.02.2008

295 463.01 185.2 23.15

208.35 208.35 Work started for 202, plinth-27, lintel-20, roof level-67, roof casting 88.

11 Vyasanag

ar Municipa

lity

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Vyasanagar Municipality

13.02.2008

1016 1591.97

636.79

79.6 716.39 330.98 started for 641. l Plinth 373, lintel-57, roof level-1, foundation level 172

12 Talcher Municipa

lity

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Talcher

Municipality

07.03.2008

155 285.64 100.76

12.60

113.36 89 90DWS under progress. 20- slab casting, foundation-24, plinth-20, lintel-16, roof level-2

13 Balasore Municipa

lity

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Balasore

Municipality

07.03.2008

162 297.80 107.42

13.43

120.85 55.63 105 under progress

14 Nayagarh NAC

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of Nayagarh

NAC

07.03.2008

226 423.93 153.48

19.19

172.67 90.71 116started. 18 plinth level, 23 lintel level, 11 roof level, 60 completed

15 Jatni Municipa

lity

IHSDP Scheme for

Town of

07.03.2008

72 112.86 45.14 5.64 50.78 26.38 25 plinth level

117

Jatni Municipality

16 Jharsuguda Municipality

IHSDP Jharsuguda

3.02.2009

786 1802.82

595.37

74.42

669.79 42 work order issued for 550 DWs. 75 foundation level, 15 plinth level.

17 Bolangir Municipality

IHSDP Bolangir

3.02.2009

324 761.10 252.60

31.58

284.18 91 Work started for 117.. plinth 58, lintel-27, roof casted-3.

18 Koenjhargarh Municipality

IHSDP Koenjhargarh

3.02.2009

891 2039.85

673.38

84.18

757.56 1.7

19 Baripada Municipality

IHSDP Baripada

3.02.2009

474 1016.28

349.63

43.7 393.33 - Biometrice survey under progress

20 Bhadrak Municipality

IHSDP Bhadrak(ph-I)

3.02.2009

238 467.39 148.88

18.61

167.49 - Biometric survey completed. Tender to be invited.

21 Bhawanipatna Municipality

IHSDP Bhawanipatna

3.02.2009

164 385.85 128.10

16.01

144.11 123.45 compelted 66. 13 under progress. Balance to start.

22 Jeypore Municipality

IHSDP Jeypore

3.02.2009

323 642.34 225.93

28.24

254.17 0.67 Biometice survey under progress

23 Sambalpur Municipality

IHSDP Sambalpur

3.02.2009

613 1403.42

463.29

57.91

521.2 0.1 2nd time Tender invited

24 Malkanagiri Municipality

IHSDP Malkanagiri

23.02.2009

236 552.08 201.95

25.24

227.19 - Biometrice survey completed. Tender to be invited.

25 Jatani Municipality

IHSDP Jatani Ph-II

23.02.2009

132 309.11 113.08

14.13

127.21 - Biometrice survey under progress

26 Subarnapur Municipa

IHSDP subarnapur

23.02.2009

934 2148.49

784.67

98.08

882.75 - Biometrice survey completed. Tender to be invited.

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lity 27 Paralakhe

mundi Municipality

IHSDP Paralakhemundi

23.02.2009

307 684.19 204.2 25.5 229.7 - Biometrice survey completed. Tender to be invited.

28 Bhadrak Municipality

IHSDP Bhadrak Ph-III

23.02.2009

160 363.06 132.42

16.55

148.97 - Tender to be invited

29 Nawarangpur Municipality

IHSDP Nawarangapur

23.02.2009

262 505.29 163.91

20.5 184.41 - Technical sanction is under process.

30 Berhampur Municipal Corporation

IHSDP, Berhampur

23.02.2009

1202 2819.26

1031.54

128.49

1160 - Biometrice survey tender under finalisation.

31 Balesore Municipality

IHSDP Balesore

23.02.2009

387 832.07 253.45

31.68

285.13 - Biometrice survey under progress

Total 12317 24334.95 8679.8 1084.5 9764.3 2167.58

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ANNEXURE: I Projects under JNNURM

                                                             S,NO  Name of the 

city Districts  Number 

of  Project  under BSUP 

Number of projects  under  UIG  

Number of  projects under  IHSDP  

Number of  projects  under  UIDSSMT  

Total  number  of  projects  under  JNNURM Regime  

  Costal plain region 

Municipal  corporations 

         

1  Bhubaneswar  Khorda  4  3      7 2  Cuttack  Cuttack  1 3 4 3  Berhampur  Ganjam      1  3  4     Municipal  

council          

4  Khorda   Khorda      1  1  2 5  Kendrapara  Kendrapara      1    1 6  Jajpur  Jajpur      1    1 7  Vyasanagar  Jajpur      1  1  2 8  Baleswar  Baleswar      2  1  3 9  Jatni  Khorda      2    2 10  Bhadrak  Bhadrak      2  1  3 11  Paralakhemundi Gajpati      1  1  2   Northern  

plateu  region            

12  Kedujhar  Kendujhar      1  1  2 13  Baripada  Mayurbhanja      1    1 14  Rourkela  Sundargarh      1    1 15  Barbil  Kendujhar           16  Biramitrapur  Sundargarh      1    1 17  Bargarh  Bargarh      1  1  2 18  Central  

tableland region 

           

19  Anugul  Anugul      1  1  2 20  Dhenkanal  Dhenkanal      1  1  2 21  Brajarajnagar  Jharsuguda      1    1 22  Bolangir  Bolangir  1 2 3 23  Sambalpur  Sambalpur      1  1  2 24  Sonepur  Sonepur      1  1  2 25  Jharsuguda  Jharsuguda           26  Belpahar  Jharsuguda        1  1 27  Talcher  Anugul      1    1   Eastern  Ghat             

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Region 28  Bhawanipatna  Kalahandi      1  1  2 29  Jeypore  Koraput      1    1 30  Malkanagiri  Malkangiri      1    1 31s  Nabarangpur  Nabarangpur      1    1 32  Phulbani  Kandhamal        1  1   Costal  Plain 

Region Notified  Area Council 

         

32  Nayagarh  Nayagarh      1  1  2 33  Chatrapur  Ganjam      1  1  2   Northern  

Plateu Region NIL           

  Central  table land  Region 

NIL           

  Eastern  Ghat   Region 

N           

34  Koraput  Koraput (NAC)        1  1 35  Nuapada  Nuapada(NAC)     1    1 

121