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Origins of Origins of MicrobiologyMicrobiology

Hugh B. FackrellHugh B. Fackrell

2 04/19/23

OutlineOutline Cells and cell theoryCells and cell theory Microbes and Germ Microbes and Germ

TheoryTheory Classic Age of Classic Age of

MicrobiologyMicrobiology– FermentationFermentation– PasteurizationPasteurization– VaccinesVaccines

Filename: history.ppt

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Primitive health codesPrimitive health codes

Laws of Moses (Numbers, Deuteronomy)Laws of Moses (Numbers, Deuteronomy) Venereal diseasesVenereal diseases

– acquired from infected individualsacquired from infected individuals– kill infected individualkill infected individual

TrichinosisTrichinosis– lack of fuellack of fuel– Undercooked pork spreads the parasiteUndercooked pork spreads the parasite– ban eating of porkban eating of pork

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First ObservationsFirst Observations

Robert Hooke cellsRobert Hooke cells Leeuweenhoek: microbesLeeuweenhoek: microbes

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MicrographiaMicrographia

Robert HookeRobert Hooke First report of First report of

cell structure cell structure 16651665

‘‘Little boxes’ in Little boxes’ in cork : cork : CELLCELL

First illustrated First illustrated book on book on

microscopymicroscopy

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Anton Van LeeuwenhoekAnton Van Leeuwenhoek

First person to see First person to see bacteriabacteria

Single lens microscopeSingle lens microscope

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Early Compound Microscope

beautifully crafted but had severe chromatic distortion

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Simple microscopes gave Simple microscopes gave better resolutionbetter resolution

Spermatozoa Spermatozoa from man from man & dog & dog

LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek 16781678

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Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generationvsvs

Biogenesis Biogenesis The Great DebateThe Great Debate

Redi (1668)Redi (1668) Needham (1745)Needham (1745) Spallanzani (1765)Spallanzani (1765) Virchow (1858)Virchow (1858) Pouchet (1859) Pouchet (1859) Pasteur(1861)Pasteur(1861)

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Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generation Aristotle: any damp body gives rise to living thingsAristotle: any damp body gives rise to living things

– MiasmaMiasma– phoenix mythsphoenix myths– ““Golam”Golam”

Herodotus: Living organisms could arise from non Herodotus: Living organisms could arise from non living matterliving matter– crocodiles from mudcrocodiles from mud

Van Helmont: small animals onlyVan Helmont: small animals only– maggots from meatmaggots from meat– mice from feedmice from feed

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Francesco RediFrancesco Redi Italian poet physician 1668Italian poet physician 1668 TestedTested hypothesishypothesis of Spontaneous of Spontaneous

GenerationGeneration– Meat in jarsMeat in jars

three jars open to air>three jars open to air> maggots maggots three jars sealed >no maggotsthree jars sealed >no maggots three jars fine net>no maggotsthree jars fine net>no maggots

ConcludedConcluded spontaneous generation did spontaneous generation did not still occurnot still occur

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John NeedhamJohn Needham

Irish priest 1745Irish priest 1745 Said microbes spontaneously Said microbes spontaneously

generatedgenerated EvidenceEvidence

– Heated chicken soupHeated chicken soup– poured into flaskspoured into flasks– covered flaskscovered flasks– microbes appearedmicrobes appearedProblems with experimental design??

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Lazzaro SpallanzaniLazzaro Spallanzani

Italian Monk 1765Italian Monk 1765 Said Needham’s broths Said Needham’s broths

contaminated after heatingcontaminated after heating EvidenceEvidence

– chicken soup poured into flaskschicken soup poured into flasks– covered flaskscovered flasks– then heated soupthen heated soup– microbes DID NOT appearmicrobes DID NOT appear

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Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generation

“ “ Production without parent of a new Production without parent of a new living organism” living organism” (Pouchet 1859)(Pouchet 1859)

RequiredRequired– a solid organic substance just after a solid organic substance just after

deathdeath– air containing “Life Force” air containing “Life Force” – waterwater

Frankenstein??

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Biogenesis Biogenesis

Concept proposed by Rudof VirchowConcept proposed by Rudof Virchow– German Scientist 1858German Scientist 1858

Virchow had No EvidenceVirchow had No Evidence

Biogenesis or cell theory: cells can only arise from preexisting cells

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BiogenesisBiogenesisOmne vivum ex vivoOmne vivum ex vivo

HarveyHarvey

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The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory

All organisms composed of one All organisms composed of one or more cellsor more cells

Cells are smallest living thingsCells are smallest living things Cells arise only from previously Cells arise only from previously

existing cellsexisting cells Thus: all organisms are Thus: all organisms are

descendents of the first cellsdescendents of the first cells

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Schwann ExperimentSchwann Experiment

Broth heated in flaskBroth heated in flask Air heatedAir heated Air and broth mixedAir and broth mixed No GrowthNo Growth

Pouchet argued that “Life Force” destroyed

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Academy of SciencesAcademy of Sciences18601860

Award for a solutionAward for a solution

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And the Winner is..??And the Winner is..?? Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur Confirmed Confirmed

experiments of Redi & experiments of Redi & SchwanSchwan

Filtration ExperimentsFiltration Experiments– air filtered through air filtered through

guncottonguncotton– dissolve guncottondissolve guncotton– Examined residueExamined residue– contained microbes and contained microbes and

dustdust

Conclusion:Conclusion: microbes microbes in the dust not in air in the dust not in air

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Final ProofFinal ProofSwan Neck Flask ExperimentSwan Neck Flask Experiment Add broth to flaskAdd broth to flask Bend the neck of the flask(air can Bend the neck of the flask(air can

enter but dust cannot)enter but dust cannot) Heat brothHeat broth No bacterial growthNo bacterial growth Break neck of flaskBreak neck of flask

– dust entersdust enters– Growth occursGrowth occurs

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Altitude MeasurementsAltitude Measurements

Arbois (sea level ) 8/20 flasks Arbois (sea level ) 8/20 flasks contaminatedcontaminated

Jara (850 meters) 5/20 flask Jara (850 meters) 5/20 flask contaminatedcontaminated

Mer de Glace (2,000 meters) 1/20Mer de Glace (2,000 meters) 1/20

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Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur Added 20 years to Added 20 years to

the lifespan of the lifespan of every man woman every man woman and childand child

improved the improved the quality of lifequality of life

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Golden Age of Golden Age of MicrobiologyMicrobiology

FermentationFermentation PasteurizationPasteurization DisinfectionDisinfection VaccinesVaccines

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French wine was spoiled French wine was spoiled during shipmentduring shipment

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Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur

Germ theoryGerm theory FermentationFermentation PasteurizationPasteurization Rabies vaccineRabies vaccine Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus pneumoniae causes causes

lobar pneumonialobar pneumonia

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FermentationFermentation

Vintners thought sugar Vintners thought sugar chemicallychemically converted to alcohol in airconverted to alcohol in air

Pasteur, a chemist, was asked to help Pasteur, a chemist, was asked to help Discovered Discovered

– Yeast convert sugars to alcoholYeast convert sugars to alcohol– Bacteria change alcohol to vinegarBacteria change alcohol to vinegar

Fermentation was biological processFermentation was biological process

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PasteurizationPasteurization Pasteur connected Pasteur connected

food spoilage and food spoilage and microbesmicrobes

Pasteurization: Destroy Pasteurization: Destroy microbes that cause microbes that cause spoilage by heatspoilage by heat– Beer, wine, milkBeer, wine, milk

Critical to development Critical to development of Germ theoryof Germ theory

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Pasteur’s Original FlasksPasteur’s Original Flasks

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Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease

Causal relationship between microbes Causal relationship between microbes and diseaseand disease

Disinfection controls surgical infectionDisinfection controls surgical infection Microbes cause diseaseMicrobes cause disease

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Joseph ListerJoseph Lister

Developed antiseptic surgery

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Robert KochRobert Koch

Confirmed germ theoryConfirmed germ theory Discovered cause ofDiscovered cause of

– anthraxanthrax– choleracholera– tuberculosistuberculosis

Developed Developed – pure culture techniquespure culture techniques– staining techniquesstaining techniques– solid mediasolid media

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Koch’s postulatesKoch’s postulates

Organism consistently isolated from diseased Organism consistently isolated from diseased individualsindividuals

Organism cultivated in pure formOrganism cultivated in pure form Signs and symptoms induced after inoculationSigns and symptoms induced after inoculation Same organism isolated from experimentally Same organism isolated from experimentally

infected individualinfected individual

Rules to prove an organism Rules to prove an organism causes a diseasecauses a disease

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VaccinesVaccines

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SmallpoxSmallpox

isolated smallpox virus from pustules isolated smallpox virus from pustules on Egyptian mummieson Egyptian mummies

Father of Amhetop Father of Amhetop

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Pustules Caused by Pox Pustules Caused by Pox VirusVirus

Edward Jenner

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Edward JennerEdward Jenner

Vaccination for smallpox

38 04/19/23Punch ? 1802

Jenner:Cowpox CartoonJenner:Cowpox Cartoon

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Rabies vaccineRabies vaccine

Pasteur described Pasteur described a rational basis for a rational basis for the development the development of vaccinesof vaccines

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Vaccie was unethical !!Vaccie was unethical !!