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Origins of Islam
The Middle East
The city of Mecca was a major trading center and is the place where Islam began.
The Founder of Islam is Muhammad.
He lived in Mecca and had a vision where the angel Gabriel appeared and told him that he was a prophet.
He wrote down the messages he received and this became the Qur’an, the holy book of Islam.
Did you know? Islam is a monotheistic religion, just
like Judaism and Christianity. That means it is based on a belief in only one God.
Polytheism is the belief of many gods.
All Three
Islam Judaism
Christianity
•The holy book is the Torah.
•The holy book is the Qur’an.
•The Holy Book is the Bible.
•All three began in the same part of the world. •All three are monotheistic religions. •All three have similar ideas.•All three recognize many of the same Prophets.
Islam
The messages that Muhammad received became the basis of this religion.
Muslim
A follower of Islam
Challenges to Old Ideas
Many people in Arabia believed in many gods.
Arabian merchants disliked Muhammad’s teachings.
Islam Spreads in Arabia:
Muhammad flees Mecca to Medina (Hegira).
In Medina Muhammad becomes a spiritual and political leader.
By 630 Mecca accepts the teachings of Muhammad.
Mosque
A building for Muslim prayer.
Pilgrimage
A journey to a sacred place.
Islamic Beliefs and Practices
The Qur’an
Holy book of Islam, which describes acts of worship, guidelines for moral behavior and rules for moral behavior.
The Sunnah
Refers to the way Muhammad lived, which provides a model for the duties and the way of life expected of Muslims.
Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five acts of worship required of all Muslims.
day.
Sources of Islamic Law andBeliefs
Qur’an Sunnah Shariah
•Holy book that includes the messages Muhammad received from God.
•Muhammad’s example for the duties and way of life expected of all Muslims.
•Islamic law, based on interpretations of the Qur’an and the Sunnah.
The Expansion of Islam.
Standard 7.2
Expansion of Islam
After Muhammad’s death his followers quickly chose Abu Bakr to be the next leader of Islam.
He was the first caliph a title reserved for the highest Islamic leader.
As caliph, Abu Bakr was a political and military leader, but not a religious leader.
Through war he unified Arabia for the first time.
The Umayyad
The next several caliphs came from the Umayyad family.
They conquered lands in Asia, Africa and Europe.
TRADE HELPS ISLAM SPREAD
Arab merchants took Islamic beliefs and practices with them to new lands.
The merchants would bring back new products and inventions.
Arabs learned how to Arabs learned how to make paper from the make paper from the Chinese.Chinese.
BAGHDADBAGHDAD
Capital of Islamic Capital of Islamic Empire in 672.Empire in 672.
Major trading Major trading center.center.
CORDOBACORDOBA By the early 900’s, By the early 900’s,
Cordoba was the Cordoba was the largest and most largest and most advanced city in advanced city in Europe.Europe.
It was a great It was a great center of learning.center of learning.
Cordoba was also Cordoba was also the center of the center of Jewish culture. Jewish culture.
A MIX OF CULTURES
Muslims generally practiced tolerance, or acceptance, of the non-Muslims.
Jews and Christians,
who shared some Muslim beliefs, were allowed to practice their own religion.
Shia SunniSimilarity
•Muslims Groups•These differences have developed into violence.
•Muslims who thought that only members of Muhammad’s family could become caliphs.
•Did not think caliphs had to be related to Muhammad as long as they were good Muslims and strong leaders.
Muslim Cultural AchievementsScholars translated many ancient writings in astronomy, geography, math, and science from Greeks and Romans into Arabic. Then they improved upon what
they learned.
Astrolabe
Arab scholars improved upon this invention to figure out their location on the earth.
Astronomy
Muslim scientists made remarkable advances in astronomy. Geography
Muslim geographers made more accurate maps than were available before. They also developed better ways of calculating distances.
Medicine
Muslim doctors developed better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat many diseases.
Math
Muslim scholars laid the foundation for Algebra by combining two systems of mathematics from Indian and Greek systems.
Philosophy
Muslim philosophy led to the development of Sufism. Sufis celebrated their love of God through music and dance.
Literature
Poetry and short stories influenced by Islam were popular in the Muslim world.
Art
Muslim artists did not include people or animals in art, so they turned calligraphy, or decorative writing, into an art form. They used calligraphy to make sayings from the Qur’an into great works of art that they could use to decorate mosques.
MoreMuslim
Contributions
Practice Test Question
Muslim scholars and artists did all of the following except
a. Preserve ancient Greek writings.b. Create unique Islamic works of art.c. Preserve written Roman laws.d. Make important advances in
astronomy and geography.
The correct answer is C.
Practice Test Question
What is one way Islam is like Judaism and Christianity?
a. It is also a monotheistic religion.b. It was also founded by Muhammad.c. It also arose in the desert country of
Arabia.d. It also uses the New and Old
Testaments.
The correct answer is A.
Practice Test Question
Which statement does NOT describe the geography of Arabia?
a. There is little water or rainfall.
b. It is mostly a hot, dry, desert.
c. Mountains border the coasts.
d. Rivers and lakes exist in the north.
The correct answer is D.
Practice Test Question
Which of the following is NOT one of Muhammad’s teachings?
a. There is only one God, Allah.
b. The rich should help the poor.
c. All people are equal.
d. It is right to worship many gods.
The correct answer is D.
Practice Test Question
Fertile areas in deserts are called
a. Trade centers.
b. Dunes.
c. Oases.
d. Sand lakes.
The correct answer is C.
All Three
Islam Judaism
Christianity
Sources of Islamic Law
Qur’an Sunnah Shariah
Shia SunniSimilarity
