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Chapter 9:Chapter 9:Intelligence and IQ TestingIntelligence and IQ Testing
Brown Unit 10:Brown Unit 10:
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
The Measurement of Mankind
The historical roots of I.Q. testing Phrenology
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Brain size and intelligence
___________
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Origins of Intelligence TestingBrain Size & Intelligence
Paul Broca – (founder of the Anthropological Society) the measurement of head size should
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answer the most important question of the day – the relative worth of different people!
George Cuvier
Founder of the field of ___________, & the greatest anatomist of his day. Broca dissected Cuvier’s brain on May
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y15, 1832. Cuvier’s brain weighed 1830 grams (about 400 grams above average). This was the first direct evidence that ___________and brain size go together.
Broca’s Claim “In general, the brain is larger in men than in
women, in eminent men than in men of mediocre talent, in _______races than in _________races. Other things being equal, there is a remarkable
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relationship between the development of intelligence and the volume of the brain.” “I have noticed for a long time that, in general,
those who deny the intellectual importance of the brain’s volume have ______heads.”
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Brain Size
Broca’s brain = 1,480 grams.
Walt Whitman = 1 282 grams
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Walt Whitman = 1,282 grams. American poet.
Franz Joseph Gall = 1,198 grams. Founder of phrenology.
Sex Differences
Broca measured: 292 male brains = 1,325 grams 140 female brains = 1,144 grams
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140 female brains 1,144 grams Body mass was not measured. Broca stated that size cannot account for
the difference because we know that women __________as intelligent as men.
Gustave Le Bon 1879
“In the most intelligent races, as among the Parisians, there are a number of women whose brains are closer in size to those of gorillas than to the most developed male b i Thi i f i it i b i th t
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brains. This inferiority is so obvious that no one can contest it for a moment; only its degree is worth discussion. All psychologists who have studied the intelligence of women, as well as poets and novelists, recognize today that they represent the most inferior forms of human evolution and that they are closer to children and savages that to the adult, civilized man.
Le Bon
They excel in fickleness, inconstancy, absence of thought and logic, and incapacity to reason. Without a doubt there exist some distinguished women, very superior to the average man, but they are as exceptional as the birth of any monstrosity, as for example, of a gorilla with two heads; consequently we may neglect them entirely.”
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Could women be admitted to Harvard University? Could women own property?
1879
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Could women own property? Could women vote?
_______________– the use of bogus biological arguments to reinforce social discrimination.
Technical Terms
Moron – ______________
Imbecile
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Imbecile – ______________________
Idiot – _________________________
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In a World with Multi-Tasking Shouldn’t This Technical Jargon Be Updated?
Moron – barely able to drive
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and talk on a cell phone at the same time.
Imbecile
Any individual who tries to drive and text -message at the same time.
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Woodsian Idiocy
A condition characterized by a driver of a car who causes a vehicular accident due to distraction induced by the use of a cell
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phone while driving, discloses this fact to the other driver, and is subsequently sued for this disclosure!
Race and Intelligence
Dr. John Langdon Haydon Down (1866) Believe that there was a parallel between human
fossils, sequence of abilities of adults of lower races and whites afflicted with or
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races, and whites afflicted with __________, or arrests, of development.
Some Caucasian idiots must represents arrests of development and owe their mental deficiency to a retention of traits and abilities that would be judged as normal in adults of lower races.
Trisomy-21
A failure to split the 21st chromosome during meiosis.
Down’s syndrome (mongolism) 1/600 births. “ a great number of typical Mongols are congenital
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…a great number of typical Mongols are congenital idiots…the child’s aspect is such that it is difficult to realize that he is the child of Europeans, but so frequently are these characteristics presented, that there can be no doubt that these ethnic features are the result of degeneration…”
Cesare Lombroso Founder of criminal anthropology. Atavisms of development result in the spontaneous
reappearance of __________features. Lawbreakers act on biological compulsions because a
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a b ea e s act o b o og ca co pu s o s because abrutish past lurks within them.
Individuals born to become criminals can be identified by the stigmata of apish morphology (long arms, receding forehead, prominent chin), and could be incarcerated to prevent a the occurrence of a future crime. (Tom Cruise movie “Minority Report”).
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Alfred Binet and his colleague Théodore
Simon started modern intelligence testing by
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developing questions that would predict
children’s future progress in the Paris school
system.
Intelligence as Abstract Thinking
The French government wanted to objectively identify _______and _______learners
Alfred Binet and Simon (1904) - first intelligence test
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
e ge ce es Diverse content: object namingword meanings drawing pictures from memory completing incomplete sentences constructing a sentence from three words
Binet The test should not measure specific
knowledge acquired in school, but should measure knowledge acquired
special training
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__________special training. 30 items: imitate gestures, follow simple
commands, repeat a sentence containing 15 words, tell how two common objects differ, complete a sentence begun by the tester
Lewis Terman
Lewis Terman, in the US, adapted Binet’s test for
American school children and named the
h f d
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test the Stanford‐Binet Test.
Intelligence Tests Intelligence Quotient
Originally defined as the ratio of mental age to chronological age, it now represents a person’s performance relative to same-age peers
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peers. The formula of _____________________ (IQ) introduced by
William Stern.
Mental Age
Chronological Age( ) x 100IQ=
What do I.Q. Tests Measure?
An individual’s present _________to perform certain kinds of tasks. Problem of labeling – a child’s past
i ith f il
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experience with success or failure influences his or her achievement motivation. The most potent factor for success is not I.Q., but _______________________.
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I.Q.
The pine tree is evergreen; the poplar is ____.
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________________
Conifer is the botanical term that is parallel with deciduous.
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PRS
"Its an ill wind that blows nobody good". (Hobbit)
A Something bad never does anybody any
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A. Something bad never does anybody any good.
B. Somebody always gets something out of whatever happens.
I.Q.
Matchless
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Vocabulary
Unmatched, don’t go together (0).
Nothing like it priceless (+1)
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Nothing like it, priceless (+1).
Having no equal, peerless (+2).
I.Q.
Sanctuary
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Vocabulary
Peace and quiet, seclusion (0).
A place of retreat a hiding place (+1)
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A place of retreat, a hiding place (+1).
A place where birds can’t be harmed (+2).
Assessing Intelligence
_____________ defining meaningful scores by comparison
with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
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standardization group
Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that
describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes most scores fall near the average, and fewer
and fewer scores lie near the extremes
The Normal Curve
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Stability or Change?
Intelligence scores become stable after about seven years of age. In numerous studies such stability of intelligence scores have been ascertained (Angoff,
1988; Deary et al., 2004).
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Stability of I.Q. Do I.Q. scores change over time? About 10% of the population exhibit a 15 point
change (1 SD) over an interval of 6-8 years. In extreme instances a score may change from a 90
to 150 (or the reverse) over the course of several
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years. As CA is incremented, your MA may keep pace with
your peers, lag behind your peers, or out-pace your peers.
There is nothing fixed or ____________about one’s score. However, most people retain their relative standing.
Intelligence TestsThe Wechsler Scales
David Wechsler developed the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (WAIS)and later the Wechsler
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Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), an intelligence test for
preschoolers.
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Wechsler I.Q Tests One drawback on most I.Q. tests is that
they are mainly verbal in content. An architect who designs a building is
l i hi h i t lli t
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relying on his or her intelligence, yet this ability is not assessed by most I.Q. tests. Wechsler I.Q. tests were one of the first
to include performance (non-verbal) items.
Intelligence TestsGroup Aptitude Tests During World War I, the U.S. Army
developed two tests that could be group-administered. “Alpha” for those who could read English
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Alpha for those who could read English “Beta” for all other recruits
Group tests are now common. Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) American College Test (ACT) Graduate Record Examination (GRE)
Intelligence as Abstract Thinking
In 1921, a forum of 14 experts agreed that intelligence consists of the abilities to: Reason abstractly Adapt to novel environmental circumstances
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Adapt to novel environmental circumstances Acquire knowledge Benefit from experience
Americans tend to view intelligence as: the capacity to reason well and learn quickly (“to think
on one’s feet”) the ability to amass large amounts of knowledge
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence (in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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In research studies, intelligence is __________the intelligence tests measure … which tends to be
school smarts.
What is Intelligence? _________Analysis statistical procedure that identifies clusters of
related items (called factors) on a test used to identify different dimensions of
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used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (__) factor that Spearman and others believed
underlies overall mental abilities measured by every task on an intelligence
test
The Nature of Intelligence Spearman’s Theory of Intelligence Spearman theorized that
individuals differ in general intelligence (g).
To explain why
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correlations among tests are not perfect, he theorized that each test score is also affected by the specific ability being tested (S).
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Are There Multiple Intelligences?
___________Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise limited in
mental ability has an exceptional specific skill computation
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drawing
People with savant syndrome excel in abilitiesnot related to general intelligence.
Assessing Intelligence
____________ the extent to which a test yields consistent
results assessed by consistency of scores on:
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assessed by consistency of scores on: two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting
___________ the extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to
Assessing Intelligence
___________Validity
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the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks
Assessing Intelligence
____________Validity success with which a test predicts the
behavior it is designed to predict
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behavior it is designed to predict assessed by computing the correlation
between test scores and the criterion behavior also called criterion-related validity
Assessing Intelligence
As the range of data under consideration
Greater correlationover broad rangeof body weights
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9
8
7
Football linemen’s
success
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consideration __________, its predictive power diminishes
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5
4
3
2
1
0
Little corre-lation withinrestricted
range
Body weight in pounds180 250 290
Extremes of Intelligence
A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes. The mentally retarded (IQ 70) and individuals with high intelligence (IQ
135) are significantly different.
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Mental Retardation
Mentally retarded individuals required
constant supervision a few decades ago but with
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decades ago, but with supportive family
environment and special education can now care for
themselves.
The Dynamics of Intelligence
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Are Intelligence Tests BiasedRaven's “Culture-Fair” Test
Person is given a series of matrices and must complete each by selecting
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each by selecting the correct symbol for the available choices.
Designed to be free of _________bias
Sample Item
The Nature of IntelligenceGeneral Intelligence (g) Neural Speed and Intelligence
Recorded time required for brain to react to visual stimuli.
Ordered subjects
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Ordered subjects from slowest (1) to fastest (5) on this measure.
Subjects with higher conduction speed also had higher scores on an intelligence test.
Brain Function and Intelligence
People who can perceive the stimulus very
tend to
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________tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests
Stimulus Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?
Processing Speed
Quick witted, fast-learner… High I.Q. is correlated with rapid
inspection time, and high nerve d ti l iti
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conduction velocities. PET studies show that high I.Q. is
correlated with lower rates of brain metabolism. Why??? Subjects with high I.Q. have more
efficient brains…have to work less hard
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Biological Basis of Intelligence
Brain size is weakly correlated with intelligence
Cerebral cortex development is slower in gifted children
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
gifted children Intelligence is intimately involved with
working and short-term memory Intelligence is located throughout the brain,
but the prefrontal cortex is especially implicated
In some functional brain imaging studies, brain activity is lower in the highly intelligent (the brain may be more efficient or require less effort)
Biological Basis of Intelligence
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
efficient or require less effort) People with higher intelligence also react
more quickly (reaction time) Working memory ability and intelligence
are highly related
Gardner's Frames of MindGardner's Frames of Mind Multiple Intelligences Gardner’s theory that there are seven
types of intelligence: Linguistic intelligence Logical - mathematical intelligence
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Logical - mathematical intelligence Spatial intelligence Musical intelligence Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence
Gardner's Frames of MindTypes of Multiple Intelligences I
Linguistic Intelligence Verbal ability, consists of the skills involved in
speaking, listening, reading, and writing
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Logical-mathematical Intelligence Abstract reasoning ability, consists of the skills
necessary for solving puzzles and programming computers
Spatial Intelligence Visual ability, consists of the skills involved in
orienting oneself in space and navigation
Musical Intelligence Ability to appreciate the tonal qualities of sound,
consists of the skills necessary to compose and l i t t
Gardner's Frames of MindTypes of Multiple Intelligences
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play an instrument
Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence Ability to control gross and fine body movements
Interpersonal Intelligence Ability to understand others, social skills
Gardner's Frames of MindTypes of Multiple Intelligences
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y ,
Intrapersonal Intelligence Ability to understand oneself, self-insight
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Are There Multiple Intelligences?
_________Intelligence the know-how involved in
comprehending social situations and
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p gmanaging oneself successfully
___________Intelligence ability to perceive, express, understand,
and regulate emotions
Emotional Intelligence
Recognizing and managing one’s own emotions, motivating oneself, restraining _________, handling interpersonal relationships.S l hi hl f th i
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Some people are highly aware of their own emotions, while other seem oblivious to their own feelings.
People who are ____in recognizing their own emotions, are also low in emotional expressiveness.
High Emotional Intelligence
Yields good techniques for countering negative moods…quick recovery.
Able to motivate themselves to work longer and h d d l ( l t d ith
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harder, delay ___________ (correlated with achievement motivation).
Develop a knack for getting along with others, able to coordinate the efforts of several people…negotiate solutions to complex problems…greater career success.
Gender Differences in Emotional Intelligence
Males tend to be less skilled at recognizing and expressing emotions. Males tend to over react to criticism, and this may lead to emotional
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ywithdrawal…prompting some spouses to intensify criticism to induce any reaction…this can backfire!!! Men need to learn that criticism may be
motivated by love, and women need to learn that men tend to be hyper sensitive to criticism.
The Nature of IntelligenceSternberg's Triarchic Theory
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Sternberg’s theory that there are three
kinds of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical
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and practical.
The Nature of IntelligenceSternberg's Triarchic Theory
Analytic - “Components” Comparing, analyzing, and evaluating This type of process correlates best with IQ
C ti “E i ti l”
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Creative - “Experiential” Inventing or designing solutions to new
problems Practical - “Contextual” Adapting to the contexts of everyday life
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The Nature of IntelligenceSternberg's Triarchic Theory
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Creativity Intellectual and motivational processes that
lead to novel situations, ideas, artistic forms, or products
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__________Thinking The ability to think flexibly and entertain a
wide range of possible solutions.
__________Intelligence The ability to size up new situations and
adapt to real-life demands.
Practical Intelligence Not correlated with analytic intelligence Not dependent upon academic knowledge Dependent upon ‘tacit’ knowledge: Action oriented
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Achieves goals individuals personally value Acquired without direct help from others _______________correlates with knowing how
to get along with others, higher salary, more promotions, & greater success in life.
Creativity The ability to produce work that is ______and
______________to the task. Recognize which idea is worth pursuing. Sufficient knowledge about a field to advance an
idea
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idea. Preference for novel ways of thinking and the
ability to see the big picture. Willingness to take risks and tolerate ambiguity. Intrinsic rewards for creative work. The environment must support creative ideas.
Genetic Influences
Heritability the proportion of variation among
individuals that we can attribute to
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individuals that we can attribute to genes variability depends on range of
populations and environments studied
The Great Debates: Nature and NurtureNature's Influence on IQ Scores
The greater the genetic similarity between two
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between two individuals, the more similar are their IQ scores. This suggests a
genetic component to intelligence.
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Adoption StudiesAdopted children show a marginal correlation in
verbal ability to their adopted parents.
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Heredity and I.Q.
Identical twins (together) = .90 Indentical twins (apart) = .75 Siblings = .50
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Cousins = .15 Parents & biological children = .40-.50 Parents & adopted children = .10-.20 Unrelated individuals (together) = .25 Unrelated individuals (apart) = .00
Nurture's Influence on IQ Scores
All other things being equal, two individuals raised together will have more similar IQ
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Qscores than those raised apart. This is evidence
that the __________
shapes intelligence in important ways.
Heredity & I.Q.
Heredity and environment appear to be equally important.
Skeels (1938, 1966) showed that orphaned hild h d 26 i t d f 2 t
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children showed a 26 point drop from age 2 to age 5 if they remained in an orphanage, and a 29 point increase if they were raised by a substitute ‘mother’. The 55 point difference is attributed to the presence or absence of adult stimulation.
Environmental Influences on IQ Birth _______ Robert Zajonc (1976) - IQ decreases with increasing birth
order (later studies suggested this was due to families with low IQs tending to have more children)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
__________ Number of school years correlates with IQ (0.5 - 0.6) Students who drop out of school end up with lower IQs
than those who stay in, even when starting out with the same IQ
Early Intervention Head Start program produces changes in IQ that last a few
years
Effects of Schooling
Children from comparable schools One with 180-day year One with 210-day year
Children began study performing similarly
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performing similarly At end of study,
extended-year children performed better on math (shown here) and reading tests.
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Environmental Influences on IQ _______________Effects Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson gave fake
data to teachers suggesting some students would experience large increases in IQ
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
These randomly selected students experienced an IQ gain of around 4 points
Poverty Arthur Jensen (1977) studied poor families in
Georgia and found that children experienced a 1.5 IQ point drop per year
Poverty could be associated with malnutrition, exposure to lead, and less breast-feeding
EducationSelf-Fulfilling Prophecy:Three-Step Model
The idea that a person’s expectation can lead to its own fulfillment (as in the effect of teacher
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effect of teacher expectations on student performance)
Teachers with low expectations of some students may settle for lower performance from these students.
Group Differences
Stereotype ThreatA self-confirming concern that one
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gwill be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Race Differences in IQ
On average, Hispanic and African Americans score lower than Caucasians, and Asian Americans tend to score higher
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
African Americans have been reported to score up to 15 points lower One common interpretation: inferior
schooling and other cultural disadvantages
The Great DebatesCultural Influences
Asian American students get higher grades and SAT math scores, are more likely to graduate from college, and are more likely to
i i h l hi d t th i
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win various scholarships compared to their peers.
However, research shows that their tests scores are about average.
Americans, relative to those in Asian countries, may set __________standards and place ________value on educational pursuits.
The Racial GapEducation: The Great Equalizer
Cognitive test scores from grades 8 – 16
Initial gap between black
d hit
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and white students was narrowed significantly by the end of college
Education has a vital equalizing role
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Sex Differences in IQ
Few studies have found differences in average IQ
tend to have a
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
_______tend to have a wider distribution of IQ
Gender Similarities and Differences
There are seven ways in which males and females differ on various abilities.
1. Girls are better spellers
2 Girls verbally fluent large vocabularies
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2. Girls verbally fluent, large vocabularies
3. Girls are better at locating objects
4. Girls are more sensitive to touch, taste, and color
5. Boys outnumber girls in counts of underachievement
6. Boys outperform girls at math problem solving but under perform at math computation
7. Women detect emotions more easily than men do
Sex Differences in Specific Mental Abilities
Differences tend to be small: Women do better on some verbal tasks,
including spelling and writing
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Women talk more than men (F = 20,000 words per day; M = 7,000) Men tend to do better on spatial tasks,
especially mental rotation Sex differences could be due to environment
Mental rotation taskMental rotation task
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Do Exceptional Children Stay Exceptional?
Does early ‘ripening’ lead to early ‘rot’? 1925 Terman initiated a longitudinal study of
1,528 children with an I.Q. of 130 or more (30 year follow up).
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90% showed an increase in I.Q. scores Superior health, social adjustment Earned more academic degrees Earned 4 times the average salary No negative side effects were observed for being
gifted
High Intelligence
High‐scoring people on intelligence tests—contrary to popular beliefs—tend to be healthy, well
adjusted, and unusually successful academically.
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Genius and Exceptional Intelligence
Lewis Terman (1959) studied 1,500 students with IQs of about 135 or higher
Findings from the “Termites” disputed many popular stereotypes of the highly intelligent:
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
popular stereotypes of the highly intelligent: Most had above average health, and were taller
and heavier than the general population They were highly successful in adulthood They had lower rates of mental illness
The best predictor of exceptional career success in musicians is the amount of practice
Adult Cognitive Development
Old belief: all aspects of thinking except the amount of factual information known decline after the mid 20’s.
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New belief: intellectual ability continues to improve with age until the onset of trauma to the brain.
PRS
What confound supported the old idea that IQ dropped with age?
Cross-sectional data @ 1970
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Age: 20 30 40 50 60 70 DOB 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900A. Change from rural to urban environments.B. Change in the average level of education.C. Both A and B.D. None of the above.
Age and Peak Productivity
Poetry 25-29 Chemistry 30-34 Medicine 34-39
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Medicine 34 39 Math 40-44
Peak –productivity and creativity varies between fields.
IQ Ranges Among IQ Ranges Among ProfessionsProfessions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Adulthood: Cognitive Development
____________Intelligence one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal
skills
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skills tends to increase with age
_________Intelligence ones ability to reason speedily and
abstractly tends to decrease during late adulthood
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__________________Speed
Crystallized intelligence – the ability to utilize previously learned information.
Fluid intelligence – the ability to form new t id tif i il iti A
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concepts, reason, identify similarities. As children grow older, their processing speed increases, this increases the capacity of working memory, and increments in working memory contributes to fluid intelligence. Thus, fluid intelligence correlates with processing speed. This skill declines with old age.
Old Age and I.Q.
65-73 years of age – small drop 73-85 years of age – steep drop Pre-death drop – decline in average score may
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be due to the performance of adults near death (old healthy adults show no decline)
Crystallized abilities hold up well with age Fluid abilities show a greater decline with age
Cooperative Group Challenge Only six are used. 1. Stanford-Binet 2. Flynn 3 test bias 3. test bias 4. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 5. eugenics 6. validity 7. reliability 8. specific abilities
Q1.
1. According to Spearman, someone’s intelligence is not only dependent on his/her general intelligence or g, but also on his/her _____.
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Q2.
2. The _____ movement sought to purge low-IQ individuals from the gene pool through mandatory sterilization.
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Q3.
3. The most commonly used adult IQ test is the _____.
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Q4.
4. The _____ of IQ tests indicates whether these tests accurately measure what they purport to measure.
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Q5.
5. According to the _____ effect our IQ scores are a full 15 points above those of our grandparents.
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Q6.
6. When a test predicts outcomes better in one group than in another group, this is known as _____.
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