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Origins of
American Government
Basic Concepts of Government1. The need for an ordered social
system, or government. 2. The idea of limited
government, that is, that government should not be all-powerful.
3. The concept of representative government—a government that serves and is responsive to the will of the people.
The Magna Carta Signed by King John at Runnymeade
in 1215 Sought protection against arbitrary
acts by the king Fundamental rights like
Protection against taking life, liberty, property
Initially only for the privilegednew taxes only with permission
THE MAGNA CARTA• This was a list of do
and do nots for the king.
• It established the idea of limited government – the power of the monarch was limited not absolute.
The Petition of Right 1628 when Charles I asked Parliament for more money in taxes
Limited king’s power Demanded king no longer imprison or
otherwise punish person without lawful judgment of his peers (Due Process)
No imposition of martial law during peace No housing of king’s troops without
consent
The Petition of Right2
No man should be “compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax, or such like charge, without common consent by act of parliament.”
English Bill of Rights 1689 Glorious Revolution William & Mary to
throne Free Parliamentary
elections Parliament’s approval
needed for ending laws, and passing new taxes
Subjects right to petition king
Fair trial, no excessive bail, nor cruel or unusual punishment
13 Original Colonies1. The royal colonies were ruled
directly by the English monarchy.
2. The King granted land to people in North America, who then formed proprietary colonies.
3. The charter colonies were mostly self-governed, and their charters were granted to the colonists.
ROYAL COLONIESDIRECTCONTROL-KING-King appoints governor asChief Executive-King appoints council as advisory body to Governor-Also became highest court-Overtime, developed intoBICAMERAL structure(Governor/representative).
-they could tax citizens-all laws approved by Governor and King.
PROPRIETARY COLONIESKING GRANTS LAND –PROPRIETOR
-King grants land to a proprietor-Proprietor appoints Governor-Some were UNICAMERAL-Citizens could appeal to King
CHARTER COLONIESCHARTERS GIVEN TO PEOPLE
-King give Charters to a Groupof People-People elected governor yearly-largely self-governing-BICAMERAL-Judges were appointed by Leg.-Appeals could still go to King-largely for religious freedom-King did not approve laws.
New Hampshire, Mass, N.Y., N.J., Virginia, North Carolina, SouthCarolina and Georgia
Maryland, PennsylvaniaAnd Delaware
Rhode Island andConnecticut
13 Original Colonies
Section 2: Uniting for
Independence
MAYFLOWER COMPACT• The Mayflower Compact
(1620) is the first example of colonial plans for self government.
• The Pilgrim leaders realized they needed rules to govern themselves if they were to survive.
• They also agreed to pick their own leaders and make their own laws, which they would design for their own benefit.
Britain’s Colonial PoliciesKing separately controlled the
13 colonies, mainly through the Privy Council and the Board of Trade in London.
Parliament, while involved in matters of trade, took little part in managing the colonies.
Britain’s Colonial Policies2
Salutary Neglect: Colonies got used to being left alone by England (3,000 miles away across the Atlantic Ocean).
Things changed after the French and Indian War.
England needed revenues (tax money).
Growing Colonial UnityNew England Confederation
Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut
1643 league of friendshipDefense against Native
Americans1696: William Penn offered a
plan which was not accepted.
Growing Colonial Unity2
The Albany Plan of Union 1754 7 colonies and the Iroquois Problems with colonial trade and
danger of attacks by French and their Indian allies
Ben Franklin’s Plan but plan was rejected by colonies.
Power to raise military, make war/peace with Indians, regulate Indian trade, collect customs duties.
Stamp Act Stamp Act of 1765:
required use of stamps on all legal documents, business agreements, newspapers, and playing cards.
Created lots of colonial anger
The Stamp Act CongressOctober 1765All colonies except Georgia,
New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Virginia
Declaration of Rights and Grievances against new British policies and sent it to the king.
Repeal & RecourseParliament
Repealed the Stamp ActCreated new laws causing even more colonial resentment
Boycotts by colonialsBoston Massacre 1770
Committees of Correspondence
Carried out organized resistance against property
Formed by Samuel Adams in Boston in 1772
Boston Tea Party-1773Committees spread through
out the colonies
First Continental Congress In response to the Intolerable
Acts, Spring 1774Delegates from all colonies
except Georgia met in Philadelphia on 9/5/1774
Sent Declaration of Rights to King George III
Urged boycott of British trade until taxes repealed
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
• April 19, 1775, “the shot heard ‘round the world” was fired beginning the American Revolution.
• British redcoats clashed with American minutemen at Lexington and Concord.
2nd Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775
Lexington & Concord had already occurred
Each colony sent reps
John Hancock president
Served as first government of the US
Declaration of Independence
Proposed by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia
Committee of 5 (Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, and Thomas Jefferson) to draft the declaration
Declaration of Independence
7/2: Delegates agreed to Lee’s proposal
7/4: Delegates adopted the Declaration of Independence
First paragraph announces independence
Rest gripes about the king
DECLARATIONDECLARATION OFOF INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE
Section 4Creating the Constitution
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
Could do’s:1. Make war & peace
2. Receive ambassadors
3. Make treaties
4. Borrow money
5. Set up a money system
6. Post offices
7. Raise an army –navy
8. Settle disputes between states
Could not do’s:1. No taxes
2. Raise money by borrowing and begging the States
3. No regulating trade between the states
4. No power to make states obey the Articles
5. Needed unanimous consent
Who were the Framers?Leaders who were there:
James MadisonGovernor MorrisAlexander HamiltonGeorge WashingtonBen Franklin
Who were the Framers?2
Leaders who were NOT there:Patrick Henry - “smelled a rat”
Samuel Adams & John Hancock – not elected
Thomas Jefferson & Thomas Paine – in Paris
John Adams – In England
The Virginia Plan3 branches of GovernmentBicameral LegislatureNational Executive and
JudiciaryAdvantageous to large
states Introduced by Richard Henry
Lee
The New Jersey PlanUnicameral Legislature
Equal representation for states of different sizes
More than 1 federal executiveAdvantageous to small statesPresented by William Patterson
The Connecticut Compromise
Delegates agreed on a bicameral Congress, one segment with equal representation for States, and the other with representation proportionate to the States’ populations.
The Three-Fifths Compromise
The Framers decided to count a slave as three-fifths of a person when determining the population of a State.How many
representatives should each State have in House of Representatives
The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
Congress was forbidden from taxing exported goods, and was not allowed to act on the slave trade for 20 years.
Slavery not otherwise addressed.
Influences on the FramersPolitical writings of people
like Locke and RousseauExperience with:
Second Continental Congress
Articles of Confederation Individual State governments
THE CONSTITUTION• James Madison was a
strong advocate of a strong national government.
• He is called “the father of the Constitution” because he was the author of the basic plan of government that was eventually adopted.
Reactions to Finished Job
George MasonOf VirginiaDisappointedOpposed Constitution until his death in 1792
Reactions to Finished Job2
Ben Franklin
“From such an assembly [of
fallible men] can a perfect
production be expected? It…
astonishes me, Sir, to find this
system approaching so near to
perfection as it does…”
Section 5Ratifying the Constitution
Not Necessarily a Done Deal
The Constitution was very controversial at first, with some groups supporting it, and others attacking it.
Particularly concerned about how New York would vote.
RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION• Two opposing viewpoints arose
about the Constitution: Anti-federalists and Federalists.
• The Anti-federalists said the Constitution was drafted in secrecy and was extralegal, not sanctioned by law. They were against it. They thought state gov. should have more power and Con. didn’t have a bill of rights.
• The Federalists argued that a strong national government was to stop anarchy, political disorder. They were for ratification of the Constitution. They promised a Bill of Rights added to it.
FEDERALISTS VS. ANTI-FEDERALISTS
Anti-FederalistsObjected to the Constitution
for many reasons Thought State
governments should have more power
The lack of a bill of rights and potential for elected monarchy.
Famous Anti-Federalists were
Patrick Henry (smelled a rat)
Samuel Adams Richard Henry Lee George Mason Thomas Jefferson
(absent)
Anti-Federalists Patrick Henry, George Mason, and Richard Henry Lee
Federalists Thought that the Articles
of Confederation were weak
Supported a strong national government
Argued for the ratification of the Constitution.
Famous Federalists Alexander Hamilton James Madison John Jay
RatificationNine States ratified the
Constitution by June 21, 1788Concerned because lacking
New York and VirginiaGreat debates were held in
both StatesVirginia: June 28, 1788
New YorkSupporters of the Constitution
published a series of essays known as The Federalist.
85 articles by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
Published anonymously under name of Publius
The New GovernmentThe new Congress met for the
first time on March 4, 1789.Congress finally attained a
quorum (majority) on April 6 and counted the electoral votes.
George Washington was unanimously elected President.Inaugurated on April 30.