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::52::
OriginalArticle
ACrossSectionalStudyonAssessmentofHealthProfileofPolicemenServingat
AhmedabadCity,Gujarat1 2SahilRSolanki ,RujulPShukla
1 2Resident, AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofCommunityMedicine,GCSMedicalCollege,Ahmedabad,Gujarat,India
Correspondence:Dr.SahilRSolanki,Email:[email protected]
Accessthisarticleonline
Website:
www.healthlinejournal.org
DOI:
10.51957/Healthline_240_2021
Abstract:
Introduction:Policemenareoneoftheimportantcadresforpositivepaceofdevelopmentofanynation.
Theycanworkoptimallyif,theyarephysicallyandmentallyfit.Objective:Toassesssocio-demographicand
health profile, determinants of ill health and their correlates with work profile of male policemen at
Ahmedabadcity.Method:StudywascarriedoutatPoliceheadquarters,Ahmedabadwherepolicemenfrom
alloverdistrict reported forwork.Calculatedsamplesizewas416.Listofallpolicemenwasobtained,
participantswereselectedthroughsimplerandomsampling,andpersonal interviewwascarriedoutat
PoliceHeadquartersofthecity. Results:Themeanageofstudyparticipantswas42.50±9.32years.In
contexttoBMI,total75.3%policemenwereeitheroverweightorobese.Policemenwithtobaccoaddiction
were186(45%).Oftotal,11.29%and7.69%werehypertensiveanddiabeticsrespectively.Aroundthree-
fourth(74%)policemencomplainedofperceivedstress.Conclusion:Twothirdsofthetotalparticipants
wereoverweightorobese.Factorslikeimproperdietaryhabits,presenceofdisease,disturbedsleepand
tobaccoaddictionsamongPolicemenhadasignificantassociationwiththeirworkprofile.Majoritywere
underperceivedstressanditsconsequences.
Keywords:Addiction,Healthprofile,Obesity,Policemen,Sleep,Stress
QuickResponseCode Howtocitethisarticle:
Solanki S, Shukla R, A Cross Sectional Study on
AssessmentofHealthProfileofPolicemenServingAt
Ahmedabad City, Gujarat. Healthline. 2021;12(3):
52-59.
Introduction:
It is increasingly recognized that a healthy
workforce is a prerequisite for the success of
economic and social policy. It is also a necessary
condition for the achievement of sustainable
development.Oneparticularprofessionwhichtakes
careof thevery social fabric thatholdsournation[1]
togetherinpeaceisthepoliceforce.
Themainjobofpolicemenistomaintainlawand[2]peace in society. Health is a way of functioning
within one's environment. It is largely affected by
workconditionssoworkplaceenvironmentplaysan[3]importantroleinman'stotalenvironment.
Policeworkhasbeenrecognizedasadangerous
occupation.Theyperformspecializedworkinvolving
exposure to violence,which can affect theirhealth[4]
directly or indirectly. They work under high-risk
anduncontrolledenvironments,engageinextended
driving, and often need to make on-the-spot[5]
decisionsincomplexandambiguoussituations.
Goodsleepqualityandadequatesleepduration
(i.e.,7to8hoursina24-hourperiod)arenecessary[6]forgoodhealth. ThePolicemenworkroutinelyfor
12 hours or more per day, sometimes which may
extendtononstopworkforacoupleofdaysatthe[7]policestation. Policemenareoneoftheseveralrisk
HealthlineJournalVolume12Issue3(July-September2021)
groups for Non-Communicable Diseases(NCDs) as
theyhaveirregulardiet,sufferfromdisturbedsleep[8]patternandhavehabitsofTobaccoconsumption.
They face strong job demands besides being
constantlyunderpoliticalandmediascrutiny,many
ofthosedemandscannotbemetadequately.There
are many professional and legal strictures that
circumscribethepolicingresponse,whichcanleadto
frustration and this overload with job demands[9]causesstrainandstressinindividualpoliceofficers.
Thehealthofthepolicementhusbecomesvery
importantasitcouldalsoaffectthewellbeingofthe[1]community he is serving. Due to paucity of
literatureonpolicemenofAhmedabadCity,present
studywas plannedwith objective to assess health
profileofmalepoliceofficerservingatAhmedabad
city.
Objectives:
1) Toassesstheoverallhealthprofileofmalepolice
officersservingatAhmedabadCity.
2) To assess various determinants of ill health
factorsamongmalepoliceofficersandcorrelate
them statistically with their work and
demographicprofile.
Method:
A Cross Sectional study to assess the health
profileofpolicemenwasplannedatAhmedabadCity,
Gujarat. Permission of Institutional Ethics
Committee and The Assistant Commissioner of
AhmedabadPolicewasobtainedbeforeinitiatingthe
study. From the appellate authority of police for
Ahmedabadregion,thepermissionwasreceivedto
carryout theresearchamongPoliceSub Inspector
(PSI)andsubordinateofficialranksi.e.,AssistantSub
Inspector(ASI),HeadConstable(HC)andConstable.
Accordingly, the study was carried out amongst
officersatPoliceHeadquarters,Ahmedabadwhere
around3000policeofficersofabovementionedrank
reported daily who are serving at different police
stations.Alistofallmalepoliceofficersreportingat
AhmedabadPoliceHeadquarterswasobtained.
Basedonfindingsofsimilarstudycarriedoutat[7]
MumbaibyAlmaleB.D.etal. ,pwastakenas48%,
qas100-pwhichis52%,allowableerrorEas10%of2 2
pwhichis4.8,applyingtheformula:[(1.96) pq/E ][10]for sample size calculation, the final calculated
samplesizecameto416.
From the list of all male police officers, the
required numbers of participants were selected
using simple random sampling method. Police
officerswhohadserved for less than3yearswere
excluded from the study. In case a selected police
official could not be contacted onday of visit, one
moreattemptwasmadetoincludeparticipantinthe
study. After two consecutive efforts, the next
immediate police official in the master list was
selected.
The study duration was 3 months from
September 2019 to November 2019. Data were
collected by administering a self-designed pre-
structured questionnaire. The questionnaire
includedsociodemographicprofile,personalhistory
includingaddictionhistory,perceivedstressrelated
questions, history of preexisting disease and its
treatmentanddetailsofdutyhours.Measurements
in examination included height, weight, waist
circumference, hip circumference and blood
pressure.Pilottestingofthequestionnairewasdone
amongst 10% of sample size i.e., 42 participants
beforeinitiationofstudy.
Data entrywas done inMSExcel andAnalysis
was done using IBM Statistical Package for Social
SciencesforWindowsversion20.0Armonk,NY-IBM
Corp. Data analysis included measurements of
central tendency, measurements of dispersion,
frequencyandchi-square.
Results:
The mean age of study participants was
42.50±9.32 years, mean height and weight being
170.63±0.5cmand74.23±10.5kgrespectively.Out
of total policemen,331(79.6%) had more than 10
yearsofworkexperiencewhile85(20.4%)hadwork
experienceof3to10years.
Solankietal CrossSectionalStudyonHealthProfileofPolicemen...
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Table1:Socio-DemographicProfileofstudyparticipants(n=416)
Amongthepolicemenwhowereinterviewedfor
thestudy,247(59.4%)wereConstables,87(20.9%)
were Head Constables,65(15.6%) being ASI and
17(4.1%)werePSIs.
Field Duty was performed by 343(82.5%)
participants, 54(13%) had desk-work while
19(4.6%)policemenhadbothfieldandofficeduties
tobeaccomplishedduringtheirpostings.Frequency
of change of shift was monthly for 395(94.9%)
policemenanddailyfor21(5.1%).
Mean Waist and Hip circumferences of
participantmale policemenwere 94.41 ± 9.63 cm
and 93.75± 8.51 cm respectively. According to the[12]
commonly accepted standards almost half (206;
49.5%) of the participants had NormalWaist Hip
Ratio, while other 210(50.5%) participants had
IncreasedWaistHipRatio.
MeanBodyMassIndex(BMI)ofparticipantswas2
25 . 5 2±3 . 6 7 k g /m . A s p e r A s i a n BM I [13]
Classification. ,80(20%)participantswerefound
tobeoverweightand230(55.3%)werefoundtobe
underobesecategory.MeanSystolicbloodpressure
was128.36±7.01mmHgwhilemeanDiastolicblood
pressurewas80.62±3.66mmHg.
Almosthalf,219(52.6%)participantswereona
Vegetariandiet,177(42.5%)wereNon-vegetarians
and 20(4.9%) were Eggetarians. Among the total
studysubjects,224(53.8%)hadthehabitofeating
HealthlineJournalVolume12Issue3(July-September2021)
::54::
fast food during duty hours amongst which
143(63.8%)consumedfastfoodatleastonceaweek.
Majority participants 373(89.7%) had 9 to 16
workhoursperday.Asshowninfigure1,disturbed
sleepwas found in 325 (78.2%) policemen out of
which249(76.6%)had1to10daysofnightdutyper
monthand76(23.4%)hadbetween11to20daysof
nightdutypermonth.
Mostofthepolicemen410(98.6%)reportedof
having extra duty hours among which, extra duty
hours ranging from 8 to 12 hours per weekwere
reported by 371 (90.4%) participants. Both
Figure1:Prevalenceofdisturbedsleepandroleofnightshiftdutyonsameamongstudyparticipants(n=416)
day/night shifts were performed by 379(91.1%)
policemenwhile37(8.9%)hadonlyday-timeshiftin
thepresentroutine.
Details about co morbidities suffered by
participantsandtreatmenttakencurrentlyaregiven
inTable2.
The most common disease found among
policemenwashypertension(11.29%)followedby
diabetes(7.69%).Gastrointestinal and Psychiatric
diseasesweretheleastcommon.
Various forms of tobacco addictions were
presentin186(44.8%)policemen,outofwhich31
Table2:DiseaseprofileandTreatmentStatusofstudyParticipants(n=125;30%)
Figure2:TobaccoAddictiondetailsamongpolicemen(n=416)
CrossSectionalStudyonHealthProfileofPolicemen...
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Solankietal
(16.6%) had addiction for only tobacco smoking
type, 148 (79.6%) had addiction of only tobacco
chewing type, while 7 (3.8%) had both forms of
tobaccoaddictionsasshowninfigure2.Outoftotal
participants with tobacco addictions,105 (56%)
reported “stress” as a reason for intakeof tobacco
while 81 (44%) reported observing and following
habits of “peers” as their reason for intake of the
same.
Table3showsstatisticalsignificantassociation
betweendesignationofpoliceofficersatthetimeof
study and perceived impact on lifestyle variables
such as tobacco addiction, fast food consumption
habit,diseasedconditionanddisturbedsleep.Allthe
abovementionedriskfactorsweremorecommonly
seen in lower ranking personnel (Constable and
HeadConstable).
Majorityofpolicemen335(80.5%)didnotplay
any sports, while 81(19.5%) played sports like
cricket, volleyball, football and kabaddi. Upto 60
minutesofsportsactivitywasfoundin24(29.6%)of
participants while 57 (70.4%) had more than 60
minutesofSportsactivity.Thosewhoplayedsports
Table3:DiseaseprofileandTreatmentStatusofstudyParticipants(n=125;30%)
dailywere13(3.1%),68(16.3%)playedsportsasper
theirconvenientdaysinaweek.
During the last one year, 23 (5.5%) policemen
sufferedfromlowerlimbinjury,14(3.4%)hadupper
limbinjuries,13(3.1%)hadheadandneckinjuries
while3(0.7%)hadtorsoinjuriesasshowninfigure3.
406 (97.6%) participants were living with their
familieswhile10(2.4%)werelivingawayfromtheir
home. Among total policemen in the study, 295
(70.9%)saidthattheirworkdidimpacttheirfamily
lifewhile121(29.1%)saidtheirworkdidnotimpact
familylife.
403 (96.9%) participants undertook medical
checkups last year, out of which 368 (88.5%) had
undergone checkup once in previous year. 374
(89.9%) of total participants stated Government
requirementasareasonformedicalcheckup.Figure
4 shows exercise details of policemen, maximum
policeofficersweredoingotherexerciseslikeyoga
andbrisk-walkingfollowedbyrunning.Cyclingwas
found to be the least common exercise among
policemen.
HealthlineJournalVolume12Issue3(July-September2021)
::56::
* *
*ASI=AssistantSubInspector *PSI=PoliceSubInspector
Figure3:DistributionofStudySubjectsaccordingtoanatomicalsitewhereinjurywassustainedduringlastoneyear(n=53)
Figure4:Distributionofstudyparticipantsaccordingtothetypeofexercisepreferredbythem(n=255)
Discussion:
Atotalof416randomlyselectedmalepolicemen
were included as participant in present study.
Maximumparticipantswereinagegroupof31to40
years (35.8%).Themeanageof studyparticipants
was42.5+9.32yearswhich is inaccordancewith [ 2 ]
S t u d y o n P o l i c em e n a t D e l h i a n d [ 8 ]Pondicherry. Almost half (46.9%) of the
participantshadgraduateoraboveeducation.Inthe
presentstudy,44.7%weregraduateswhichissimilar[2]tothestudyatDelhi (47.3%)whileanotherstudyat
[7]Mumbai showed 49% participants with higher
secondary education. Type of family as Nuclear
family was found in most (61.8%) participants.
98.6% participants were married in the present
study while 91% policemen were married in the
[7]study at Mumbai. Most participants (94.5%)
belonged to Class 1 and 2 of modified BJ Prasad
ClassificationforSocioeconomicstatus.
Maximumpolicemenwereofconstabularyrank [2](59.4%) in the present study while Delhi and
[8]Pondicherry PoliceStudiesshowed79.3%and67%
constablesrespectively.Dutyhourswere9-16hours
perdayinmostpolicemen(89.7%)inpresentstudy
while thesamebeing12-16hoursperday in56%[7]
policemenofMumbai.
MeanBodyMassIndex(BMI)inthepresentstudy2
was25.52±3.67kg/m which is in linewithDelhi[2]Policemen showing mean BMI 25.6 ± 3.6 and
[14]Kolkata withmeanBMIof24.08±2.8.Overweight
(BMI >23) policemen were 20% and Obese (BMI
>25)categorywere55.3%inpresentstudywhichis [8]
very similar to Pondicherry study showing
overweight25.3%andObese51.6%.
Mean height and weight of policemen in the
current studywere 170.63 ± 0.54 cm and 74.23 ±
10.50 kg which were nearer to the findings of[14]Kolkata (172.77 ± 4.93cm, 71.94 ± 9.37 kg) and
[2]Delhi (172.7±6.6cm,76.6±11.9kg)respectively.
[15] AsperaWHOreport, ahealthywaisthipratio
formen is 0.9 or less. Present study found higher
meanwaisthipratioof1.0±0.03similartostudyin[2]
Delhi(0.99±0.06)
Tobaccoaddictionwasfoundin45%policemenin
present study which is much higher than[2] [8]
Delhi (33.5%), Pondicherry (23%) and even
higherthanGujaratStateTobaccoaddiction(38.7%)[16]amongadultmen. Addictionwasmorecommonin
participants having field duty compared to those
having only office duty. Also, addiction was more
common amongst lower cadre of participants.
Possiblereasonmaybetheirworkinfieldduties.
More than quarter (30%) participants suffered
from one or more co-morbidities. Amongst that
hypertensionwasmostcommon.Ameta-analysisin [17]India showed the prevalence of hypertension in
urbanwestIndiatobe35.8%ingeneralpopulation
CrossSectionalStudyonHealthProfileofPolicemen...
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Solankietal
Majority suffered from perceived stress and their
consequences.
Recommendations:
Periodic and more frequent Health checkups
need to be carried out. A Holistic counseling
approachwhich includesdietarycounseling,stress
managementandde-addictionsessionsarerequired.
TheGovernmentneedstoreviewhealthprofileafter
certain specified fine interval and shall try to
maintainabalancedworkschedulefortheprotectors
ofthecity.
Declaration:
Funding:Nil
ConflictofInterest:Nil
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whilepresentstudyshowedmuchlessprevalenceof
11.29%amongpolicemen.Possible lowprevalence
inpolicemenmaybeduetotheirapparentlyhealthy
statusattimeofselection.
Meansystolicbloodpressurewas128.36±7.0
while a study among police personnel done at[18]Chennai hadmeansystolicbloodpressure128.3±
[14]18.8 and Kolkata showed mean systolic blood
pressure 130.81 ± 13.43. Mean Diastolic blood
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lowerascomparedtoChennai (85.5±12.5)and[14]
Kolkata (82.08±7.06).PrevalenceofDiabeteswas
7.6% in police officers of present study which is[2] [1] lowerthanDelhi (12%),Kerala (12.5%),Mumbai
[7] [8](12.7%)andPondicherry(33.6%).
Due to high workload almost three quarter of
participants (70.9%) informed that work stress
affectedtheir family life.74.03%participantswere
under stress asper current studywhich is slightly[8]
higher than Pondicherry Police(69.5%). And the
work stress lead to various health related
consequenceslikeacidity,headache,pepticulcerand
insomnia.Most participants (61.3%) had habit of
regular exercising which is necessary to remain
physicallyfit.
Statistical association was obtained between
currentdesignationandlifestylehabitsliketobacco
addictionandfastfoodconsumption.Theselifestyles
were more common amongst lower cadre of
policemen.Similarly,disturbedsleepandpresenceof
co-morbidity was also more common amongst
policemenof lowercadre.Possiblereasonsmaybe
duetofieldworkandstresstomeetexpectationsof
seniorpoliceofficers.
Conclusion:
Present study showed high prevalence of
OverweightandObesityamongstmalepolicemenof
Ahmedabad city. Factors like Improper dietary
habits, presence of disease, disturbed sleep and
tobacco addictions amongst Policemen had a
significantassociationwiththeirworkdesignation.
HealthlineJournalVolume12Issue3(July-September2021)
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