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Origen 1
Lecture 10: Origen
8 October 2015
Origen 2
Introduction
Some Points in Exhortation to Martyrdom Types of exegesis How to Understand Scripture Literal and Spiritual understanding Antiochene vs. Alexandrian schools Introduction to On First Principles Early Spirituality Application in Commentary on Song of Songs
Origen 3
Exhortation to Martyrdom
God referred to as The One Like his contemporary Plotinus, founder of pagan
neoPlatonism Vague references to ‘getting soul back’ (XII)
Origen speculated on apokatastasis, or restoration of all things at end of time in God
Speculated on eternity of souls; Seemed to believe in the ‘cooling’ of souls from heaven
God jealous like a bridegroom (IX) References to his father and children of martyrs (XI,
XXXVIII)
Origen 4
Exegesis, Criticism and Hermeneutics Exegesis from Greek, , explanation, full narrative
What does the text say Criticism, from Greek, , to judge
Often relates to analysis of writer, what’s written, and/or the audience (historical, literary, audience criticism)
Hermeneutics from Greek god Hermes, who interpreted the messages of the gods What does the text mean
Note that as used in contemporary Biblical analysis, these words tend to be very fluid
I will use exegesis and hermeneutics synonymously; What the text says is what it means This is how the Fathers viewed the text But what does the text say?
For Church Fathers, the Bible is ONE BOOK
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Types of Exegesis
Textual Analysis of texts, comparisons of multiple versions of same
text Effort to determine which is the ‘real’ text; Origen’s Hexapla
Literal Sense CCC 116 Text as literally true; historically accurate; Irenaeus
Spiritual Sense CCC 117 Allegorical or typological: OT prefigures or is a type of
Christ (we read the OT this way almost every Sunday) Moral: Scripture teaches how to follow The Way Anagogical: Scripture leads us to our proper end Spiritual: admits multiple levels of meaning (hermeneutics)
Origen 6
Typology and Allegory (Both Spiritual Senses) Almost all Christians who accept the OT (whether in
antiquity or now) use typology to understand the OT Makes connection between OT and NT Irenaeus and Tertullian Fundamentalist Christians
Allegory goes beyond typology Use signs and symbolism to make connections between
OT and philosophy Philo, Clement, Origen Catholics, Orthodox
Origen 7
Origen and Textual Analysis
Tried to determine the ‘correct’ text of the OT Issue: multiple Greek and Hebrew versions in use
by different Christian and Jewish communities Origen consulted with Jewish school in Ceasarea
Origen’s school most famous Christian school of his time Developed Hexapla (now lost)
Six versions of Greek OT Compared with Hebrew
Greatest textual critic of antiquity; St. Jerome in the West being a close second. Jerome seems to have used Origen’s Hexapla to translate
the OT into Latin (Vulgate)
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Origen and Literal Exegesis
Reason for Origen’s extensive textual work was to determine what was the correct literal sense
Origen believed that the literal sense was the starting place for understanding Scripture
Origen 9
Origen and Typology
Origen read the OT as leading to Jesus Christ; preparing the way for God’s people to accept Jesus Could not understand Jesus without properly
understanding the OT Example: the sacrifice of Isaac. In his Commentary
on Genesis, Origen describes Isaac as a precursor to Christ, Abraham as the Father
There was a lively exchange of exegetical analysis between Origen and rabbis in Caesarea
NB: From the earliest Christian Fathers, we refer to the story as the “Sacrifice” of Isaac, even though he was not actually killed. In counterpoint, earliest rabbis called it the “binding” of Isaac
Origen 10
Origen and Allegory
Need allegorical interpretation to resolve seeming contradictions in Scripture
Need allegory to resolve philosophical understanding of God (God is one, God is good, God is eternal) with some Scriptural descriptions of God, especially in the OT
Allegory can reveal multiple levels of meanings Attaching symbolic meanings to numbers, names, colors,
etc. Example: six days of Creation
Problem: how to make sure that allegory does not become fanciful and false (gnostics)
Basis of Lectio Divina
Origen 11
Antiochene Exegesis
Name given to a group of 4th Century theologians who were concerned about the extent of Alexandrian allegory Concerned especially about more fanciful Christological
interpretations Key figures: Diodorus, Theodore of Mopsuestia,
John Chrysostom, Theodoret Note that even though these exegetes focused on
literal and typological, they also used theoria to find moral lessons in Scripture
Origen 12
Background On First Principles Often referred to as the first ‘systematic’ work Background to refute Marcion and Valentinus,
and as an apology But also a theological investigation Most of original Greek is lost; preserved in
Latin translated by Rufinus (4th C)
Origen 13
Structure of On First Principles Written in Four Books Preface sets out the Rule of Faith Book I
Studies three realities: Trinity, rational creatures, world
Books II and III Detailed discussions the Rule of Faith
Book IV Reconsideration of Book I - III
Origen 14
Structure Book IV
Divine origin of Scripture; Scripture tells the truth about God, His Son, the Holy Spirit
and the relation of Trinity to world
Importance of prophecy Proper way to understand Scripture; Importance of apostolic succession Some parts of OT can only be understood spiritually
Examples in Chapter III
Origen 15
Structure Book IV (cont.)
Relation between Father and Son; Understanding what Origen meant caused much
grief in the next century: Arian controversy “There was when he was not” 4.1 What does John 1:1-2 and Prov. 8:22-31 say? What do
they mean? But he also uses homoousia
Material, created world is always changing Man in his rationality is like God; this is eternal
Pre-existence of souls?
Origen 16
The Idea of Spiritual Progress Emphasis on how to follow the Way of Jesus Development of approaches to spirituality
Biblically based, usually with a highly allegorical interpretation
Intended to be accessible to everyone, Frequently the basis for Patristic homilies
Well defined steps in approach to spiritual life
Origen 17
Types of Spirituality
Both types include purgation, illumination and unity stages Spiritual masters suggested steps for both ways Apophatic (via negativa)
Move toward God away from creation; God as transcendent; what God is not Discourages use of senses; Emotions suppressed Heart is only satisfied with God Bridal mysticism Example: Going into the desert (Monasticism)
Kataphatic (via positiva) Approaching God through creation; incarnation and passion of Jesus; what
God is Encourages use of senses; Emotions are excited God has a history in the world Service mysticism Example: Pilgrimages
Origen 18
Major Elements to Spiritual Progress Three Stages
Purgation Illumination Unity
In different authors, there may be several steps within each stage
Origen (and many others, including Gregory of Nyssa, rabbis, Bernard of Clairvaux) Commentary on Song of Songs Proverbs first stage (purgation) Ecclesiastes second stage (illumination) Song of Songs third stage (unity)
Origen 19
Origen’s Legacy
Hugely influential on Cappadocians: St. Basil, St. Gregory Nazianzus, St. Gregory of Nyssa (St. Ambrose) St. Gregory Thaumaturgus student of Origen Philokalia
Hugely influential on theological developments in Alexandria St. Athanasius, homoousia Spiritual impact on Evagrius of Pontus
In fourth century Theological and political rivalries between Constantinople
and Alexandria is phrased as those for and against Origen
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Assignments
Read Book IV On First Principles; especially Chapters 1, 2, 4 Read Commentary on Song of Songs CCC 101-119 Benedict XVI, General Audience 25 April 2007, Origen, Life and
Work http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20070425_en.html
Benedict XVI, General Audience 2 May 2007, Origen and His Thought http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20070502_en.html
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