Orifice Prelim 2

8/10/2019 Orifice Prelim 2

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Fluid Flow Through Pipes And

Measurement Devices

Team C:Garret Baudoin

Ryan Benoit

Josh Camel

Mohammed GazzazTina Huynh

Savian Morris

Khai Nguyen

Cody Wood


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OBJECTIVES:

Team C will experimentally determine the discharge coefficient for the orifice plate meter and

compare it to nominal values reported for this flow measurement device. Team C will also attempt to

experimentally measure the head loss due to friction in each of the four pipes and compare these

measurements to the theoretically determined quantities. The objectives set forth are intended to improve

Team Cs understanding of how fluid flows through an orifice meter and how friction from various

devices effects fluid flow.


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Plan of Investigation:

An investigation will be conducted in order to compare experimental data and reported nominal

values displayed by pressure transmitters. In order to relate experimental data and calculated numerical

values, multiple trial runs with distinct flow rates will be performed. A centrifugal pump that is attached

to a water tank will circulate water through specific pipes with known inner diameters and pressure drop

will be determined. By attaching an orifice meter to the piping, the discharge coefficient will be

experimentally determined. Another pressure transmitter attached to the piping will make values available

for head loss calculations.

During the experiment, the first plan of action will be to measure flow rate though the piping.

Once the flow rate is determined using a five gallon bucket, the differential pressure will be determined

through multiple trial runs. The experiment will begin with maximum flow and gradually be lowered in

each following run. Four separate diameter pipes will be used to evaluate head loss due to friction as well

as determining the discharge coefficient experimentally. At least four trials will be completed with

different fluid flow rates for each pipe.


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THEORY:

"Fluid flow in circular and noncircular pipes is commonly encountered in practice. Most fluids,

especially liquids are transported in circular pipes. This is because pipes with a circular cross section can

withstand large pressure difference between the inside and the outside without undergoing significant

distortion. Noncircular pipes are usually used in applications such as the heating and cooling systems of

buildings where the pressure difference is relatively small, the manufacturing and installation costs are

lower and the available space is limited for ductwork. (Engel & Cimbala, pg. 322)"

For this lab we will be using circular pipes. The diameter of the pipes are given in the chart below.

Copper Pipe Diameters (inches)

Nominal Size O.D. I.D.

1 1.125 1.025

3/4 0.875 0.785

1/2 0.625 0.545

3/8 0.500 0.430

There are two types of flow, laminar and turbulent. Laminar flow is when fluid particles move in

a straight line. "Turbulent flow is an irregular flow of particles; characterized by whirlpool-like regions.

Unlike the straight line motion of laminar flow, the particles of turbulent flow are in a state of chaos,

some actually with opposite velocity vectors to each other." Both types of flow occur inside an object or

outside an object. For this lab the fluid flow should be turbulent. To determine if a fluid flow is laminar or

turbulent one should calculate Reynolds Number. If Reynolds number is less than 2,100 then flow is

considered laminar. If Reynolds Number is greater than 4,000 the flow is turbulent. Laminar flow can be

defined as flow with a well-defined and even flow profile whereas turbulent flow has more chaotic and

less defined profile, examples are given in figure 2 and 3.


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Figure 1. Laminar (a) vs Turbulent (b) (http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/FLUID-MECHANICS/lecture-32/32-2_char_turbo_flow.htm)

Figure 2. Abstract Laminar vs Turbulent flow .(http://blog.nialbarker.com/252/slow_is_faster)

To calculate Reynolds Number Equation 1-1 should be used.

Equation 1-1: =

Re = Reynolds Number (dimensionless)

= Fluid Density (2)

u = Fluid Bulk Velocity ()

L = Characteristic Length (ft)

= Dynamic Viscosity (lb s / ft2)

Figure 2 offers an insight into one of the fundamental assumptions made when it comes to pipe flow; the

no slip condition. This assumption states that no matter what the flow in pipe might be, no matter what

fluid, that the boundary layer of the fluid that comes into contact with the pipe itself has a velocity of

zero. This gives rise to a gradient change between the non moving boundary layer and the fastest moving

centerline of the flow, this is defined as the flow profile. This profile is very important when it comes to
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considering the loss of energy of the fluid as it travels through the pipe. The flow rate of the fluid can be

determined by solving Equation 1-1 for velocity and plugging the calculated velocity in to Equation 1-2,

shown below.

Equation 1-2: =

Q = Volumetric Flow rate (ft3/s)

u = Fluid Bulk Velocity ()

A = Cross-Sectional Area (ft2)

Using the above equations, flow rates for each pipe which gives Reynolds Numbers of 2,100 can be

calculated.

=, .

. 999.99

= 0.08082

0.026035

4 0.08082

= 4.303 10

= .6820

=

I.D (meters) u (m/s) Q (m3/s) Q (gallons/minute)

.026035 .08082 4.303 x 10-5 .6820

.019939 .10553 3.295 x 10-5 .5222

.013843 .15200 2.288 x 10-5 .3626

.010922 .19266 1.805 x 10-5 .2861

As a fluid travels through a pipe there are numerous factors impede the flow and cause a loss of

energy imbued on the fluid by the driving force. These forces are what cause the fluid to slow down, to

lose pressure, generate heat and sometimes halt the flow entirely. The simplest of these is loss due to

friction. This is quantified in the equation in Fig 4.


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Figure 3. Head Loss (http://me.queensu.ca/People/Sellens/LossesinPipes.html)

There are several other factors that contribute to head loss but this is our primary concern for lab 3. Team

C will be using an orifice meter and determining the discharge coefficient along with the flowrate of the

meter itself. The orifice meter is a tool used in pipes to determine the velocity of the fluid empirically. It

is simply a constricting plate with a hole in the middle, as the fluid is forced through the hole two taps,

one prior to the plate and one directly after the plate measure the change in pressure experienced by the

fluid. From this change in pressure we use a derived Bernoullis equation (Figure 5) to determine the

actual volumetric flowrate of the liquid.

Figure 5.

Q = Volumetric Flowrate

Cd = Discharge coefficient

Ao = Area of the orifice meter

A1 = Area of the pipe upstream

h1 - h2 = Differential head

g = gravitational acceleration
http://me.queensu.ca/People/Sellens/LossesinPipes.htmlhttp://me.queensu.ca/People/Sellens/LossesinPipes.htmlhttp://me.queensu.ca/People/Sellens/LossesinPipes.htmlhttp://me.queensu.ca/People/Sellens/LossesinPipes.html


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SKETCH OF EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS:


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PROCEDURE OF OPERATION/SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

To begin any lab experiment, every group member should be sure to put on safety lab equipment

(hard hat, safety glasses, and long pants). For this particular experiment the green water tank should first

be filled with water. During the duration of the experiment, a group member should monitor the tank to

ensure it stays full and does not over heat. Once the tank is full, the group members should calibrate a five

gallon bucket. Next the discharge valve should be closed and the valve to the hose should be open to

measure flow into the bucket. A flow is then obtained; then the valve to the hose should be slightly closed

to get at least four different flows through the hose. Once those trials are completed four times per run,

then the group can open the discharge valve to circulate water through the orifice plate and pipes to make

sure there is no air running through the system. To measure the differential pressure through the orifice

plate all the head valves should be closed except the valve that allows water to circulate back to the tank.

The same process should occur to measure differential pressure in in. H2O through the remaining pipes.

As stated before, each pipe should run a total of four runs per trial. Once the experiment is completed, the

group should practice good housing keeping.


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DATA TABLES:

Orifice Meter

PRESSURE

(in. H2O)

TRIAL 1

time (s)

TRIAL 2

time (s)

TRIAL 3

time (s)

TRIAL 4

time (s)

AVERAGE

time (s)

FLOW

(gal/s)

Head Loss

Nominal

Size

Head

Loss

Time Head

Loss

Time Head

Loss

Time

1

3/8


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MATERIALS:

Water:

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

Water

Section 1 Chemical Product and Company Identification

MSDS Name: Water

Catalog

Numbers:

268300000, 268300010, 268300025, 276010000, 276010050, 276010200, 32665

0000, 326650010, 326650025, 327390000, 327390010, 327390050, 345470000,

345470050, 389390000, 389390010, 389390025, 389400000, 389400010, 38940

0025

Synonyms:

Company Identification: Acros Organics BVBA

Janssen Pharmaceuticalaan 3a

2440 Geel, Belgium

Company Identification: (USA) Acros Organics

One Reagent Lane

Fair Lawn, NJ 07410

For information in the US, call: 800ACROS01

For information in Europe, call: +32 14 57 52 11

Emergency Number, Europe: +32 14 57 52 99

Emergency Number US: 2017967100

CHEMTREC Phone Number, US: 8004249300


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CHEMTREC Phone Number, Europe: 7035273887

Section 2 Composition, Information on Ingredients

CAS# Chemical Name: % EINECS#

7732185 Water 2317912

Hazard Symbols: None listed

Risk Phrases: None listed

Section 3 Hazards Identification

EMERGENCY OVERVIEW

Not available

Potential Health Effects

Eye: Nonirritating to the eyes.

Skin: Nonirritating to the skin.

Ingestion: No hazard expected in normal industrial use.

Inhalation: No hazard expected in normal industrial use.

Chronic: None

Section 4 First Aid Measures

Eyes:

Skin:


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WORK ASSIGNMENT:

Group Leader: Josh Camel

Floater: Cody Wood & Garret Baudoin

Record Data: Tina HuynhControl Valve: Ryan Benoit

Timer: Khai Nguyen

Fill Bucket: Mohammed Gazzaz


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LITERATURE CITATION:

1. Engel, Y., & Cimbala, J. (n.d.). Flow Pipes. InFluid mechanics: Fundamentals and applications(Third

ed., p. 322).

2. Objectives_template. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2014, fromhttp://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/FLUID-MECHANICS/lecture-32/32-

2_char_turbo_flow.htm

3. Lorem ipsum. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2014, from

http://blog.nialbarker.com/252/slow_is_faster

4. Losses in Pipes. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2014, from

http://me.queensu.ca/People/Sellens/LossesinPipes.html

Documents

Orifice Prelim 2