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Chem Factsheet
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Reactions of Functional Groups - A Summary
Grignard Reagent
"R-MgHal"Halogenoalkane
Alkane
Grignard Reagents
Preparation
addition
Mg turnings
Dry ether solvent
Boil under reflux
Reactions
Grignard Reagent
"R-MgHal"
Primary
Alcohol
Secondary
Alcohol
Tertiary
Alcohol
Carboxylic
Acid
nucleophilic
addition / hydrolysis
nucleophilic
addition / hydrolysis
nucleophilic
substitution
nucleophilic
addition / hydrolysis
nucleophilic
addition / hydrolysis
H2O
CO2(g)
+ H2O(l)
H+(aq)
H+(aq)
ketone
+ H2O(l)
CH2=O(g)
+ H2O(l)
H+(aq)
aldehyde (not methanal)
+ H2O(l)
methanal,
then use
dilute acid
for hydrolysis
Ester
Carboxylic
Acid
Polyester
Alcohol
Acyl ChlorideSodium Salt +
CO2
+ H2O
reduction
nucleophilic substitution /
polymerisation
nucleophilic
substitution
nucleophilic
substitutionneutralisation
alcohol
Na2CO
3
or NaHCO3aqueous
LiAlH4
then
H+(aq)
dry
Diacid
+
Diol
PCl5
LiAlH4
in
dry ether
H+(aq)
boil under reflux
conc. H2SO
4
Carboxylic Acid Reactions
Ester Reactions
Carboxylic acid
+
Alcoholalkaline
conditions
acid
conditions
Carboxylic acid
+
Alcohol
Ester
H2O H
2O
Carboxylic
acid
AcylChloride
Ester
AmideN-substituted
Amide
nucleophilic
substitution
nucleophilic
substitution
alcohol
primary
amine NH3
H2O
nucleophilic
substitution
nucleophilic
substitution
Acyl Chloride Reactions
Hydroxy-nitrile
compound
Aldehydes
PrimaryAlcohol
Primary
Alcohol
Positive Fehlings
Test
Positive Silver
Mirror Test
reduction
reduction
nucleophilic addition
redox
redox
HCN
silver
nitrate in
ammonia
solutionwarm
warm
Fehlings
solution
NaBH4
in
ethanoltrace of
KOH LiAlH4
in ether
2,4-DNP
Derivative
nucleophilic
addition then
elimination
2,4-DNP in
ethanolH
2SO
4
Reactions of Aldehydes
Fig. 3 Halogenoalkane reactions
Halogenoalkane
nucleophilic
substitution
Nitrile Alcohol
nucleophilic
substitution
Amines Alkenenucleophilic
eliminationnucleophilic
substitution
KCN in
water/ethanol
heat under
reflux
heat
NH3
in
ethanol
NaOH(aq)
heat under
reflux
KOH in
ethanolheat under
reflux
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Chem Factsheet
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Reactions of Functional Groups - A Summary
Hydroxy-nitrile
compound
Ketones
Secondary
Alcohol
Secondary
Alcoholreduction
reduction
nucleophilic addition
HCN
NaBH4
in
ethanoltrace of
KOH LiAlH4
in ether
2,4-DNP
Derivative
nucleophilic addition then
elimination
2,4-DNP in
H2SO
4
Reactions of Aldehydes
Reactions of Amines
Salts
Amines
Substituted
Amides
nucleophilic
substitution
nucleophilic addition /
neutralisation
acid
acyl chloride
Polyamides
nucleophilic substitution
polymerisation
primary amines + acyl chlorides
if monomers contain 2 amine
groups and 2 acyl chloride groups
Reactions of Nitrites
Carboxylic
acid salt Nitriles
Carboxylic
acid
hydrolysishydrolysis
acidalkali
Amine
reduction
heat under
reflux
heat under
reflux
LiAlH4
in ether
Reactions of Amides
Nitrile Amides Amine +CO
2
hydrolysisdehydration
Br2(l) +
NaOH(aq)P4O10
warm warm
Salt Amino Acids
neutralisation
alkaliacid
Reactions of Amino Acids
Salt
neutralisation
Reactions of Phenol
Phenate ion
Phenol
2,4,6-
tribromophenol
electrophilic substitutionneutralisation
OH-(aq)
Br2(aq)
Ester
nucleophilic substitution
acyl chloride,
in NaOH(aq)
Benzene
Bromobenzene
electrophilic substitution
Fe cat.
dry
Br2
Nitrobenzene
Fe cat. dry
Br2
HNO3
50oC conc
H2SO
4
Alkylbenzene
electrophilic substitution electrophilic substitution
Phenylamine
reduction
Benzocarboxylic
acid
oxidation
in alkali
heat under
reflux
KMnO4
Sn,
conc. HCL,
NaOH
HNO2
+
HCl
Benzenediazonium
ions
Acknowledgements: This Factsheet was researched and written by
Kieron Heath
Curriculum Press, Unit 305B, The Big Peg, 120 Vyse Street,
Birmingham, B18 6NF
ChemistryFactsheetsmay be copied free of charge by teaching
staff or students, provided that
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Factsheets may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any other form or by
any other means, without the
prior permission of the publisher.ISSN 1351-5136
Reactions of Benzene
