Organizations, Scenes, and Local Contexts Terry Nichols Clark University of Chicago & Peter Achterberg Erasmus University Rotterdam & Clemente Jesus Navarro

Organizations, Scenes, and Local Contexts

Terry Nichols Clark University of Chicago

&Peter Achterberg

Erasmus University Rotterdam&

Clemente Jesus NavarroUniversidad Pablo de Olavide Seville

*For presentation to September 4 – 5, 2008, Workshop on Organizations in Urban Environments, Harvard University; adapted from earlier presentations to Colloque: Vers Une Nouvelle Economie Culturelle, ACFAS, Quebec City, Canada; Findings on the New Political Culture Conference, 27-28 March 2008, Institute

of Social Sciences, Lisbon; and European Sociological Assn conference, Glasgow, September 2007.

More work, videos, papers, details are on our site:www.tnc-newsletter.blogspot.com

What attracts the What attracts the ““creative classcreative class””??

Example 1: What scenes attract or repel differentExample 1: What scenes attract or repel different demographic groups? demographic groups?

Dependent Variables = change in share of population for:•18-24; 25-34; baby boomers; retirees; college grads; non-whites

The New Political CultureThe New Political Culture

Past theorizing on cultural or Past theorizing on cultural or organizational participationorganizational participation

Putnam’s: Putnam’s: Bowling AloneBowling AloneParticipation is declining in generalParticipation is declining in general

Verba & Nie: Higher status, older Verba & Nie: Higher status, older persons participate morepersons participate more

How Amenities Drive Urban Development, from TN Clark, ed., How Amenities Drive Urban Development, from TN Clark, ed., The City as an Entertainment MachineThe City as an Entertainment Machine

I. Traditional Model

Refuting past theories of Putnam/Verba/Nie: cultural Refuting past theories of Putnam/Verba/Nie: cultural organizations are risingorganizations are rising

EvidenceEvidence1.1. Study political party programmesStudy political party programmes

The salience of cultureThe salience of culture2.2. Study individual level behavior Study individual level behavior

Cultural activity group membershipsCultural activity group memberships 3. French culural groups show a rise in recent 3. French culural groups show a rise in recent

yearsyears

Questions:Questions:1.1. Is culture on the rise?Is culture on the rise?2.2. Especially among younger parties and Especially among younger parties and

younger age cohorts?younger age cohorts?

World Values Survey, US and Dutch citizens show dramatic rise in World Values Survey, US and Dutch citizens show dramatic rise in cultural participation, Tripling in the US in 18 years; but Not in cultural participation, Tripling in the US in 18 years; but Not in

France. France. US N= 3525 citizens, national sample US N= 3525 citizens, national sample

..

Rise in 13 other areas (sports, churches, etc.) for US, but Rise in 13 other areas (sports, churches, etc.) for US, but weaker than cultureweaker than culture

Example: Social Welfare Participation Rose, WVSExample: Social Welfare Participation Rose, WVS

No change in union No change in union participation in the US, WVSparticipation in the US, WVS

This figure shows the countries with the largest increases in cultural participation in the WVS, 1981 to 1999. Delta = % change

Rise of Cultural Activity groups in many countries, Rise of Cultural Activity groups in many countries, data from over 100,000 citizensdata from over 100,000 citizens

in World Values Survey in World Values Survey

The rise of culture: Individual The rise of culture: Individual membershipsmemberships

Communist countries: Communist countries: culture participation is culture participation is decreasingdecreasing

All other countries: All other countries: Culture participation is Culture participation is risingrising

Greatest increase + Greatest increase + highest levels in the highest levels in the Netherlands and U.SNetherlands and U.S

Culture participation is Culture participation is more prevalent among more prevalent among younger age cohorts!younger age cohorts!

Youth participation increase in culture is broadly similar to adults, but stronger in Netherlands and the US. Age 15-24, World Values Survey

Summing upSumming up

Verba & Nie’s, & Putnam’s hypothesis on Verba & Nie’s, & Putnam’s hypothesis on declining culture participation is rejecteddeclining culture participation is rejected Salience of culture is increasingSalience of culture is increasing Individual culture participation is increasingIndividual culture participation is increasing

But: Why??But: Why?? Consider Consider

FranceFrance US findings US findings Scenes InterpretationScenes Interpretation

Long-Standing, Recognized Associations. Data from

the French Journal Officiel.

Of 60,000 French Organized Groups, what types are most common?

Creations by category over the last ten years. Data from the

French Journal Officiel.

The new French groups are predominantly cultural

Where and why are these new cultural associations rising in France? Start with a simple map.

Where and why are these new cultural associations rising in France?

•Regions 22•Departments 96•Communes 36,000

in blue, while the West and South are gaining.Map: Paris and the North are loosing population

Hypotheses: A. this is part of a move away from Paris and the North to the South and West. B. Cultural actviitye and assocaitons attract new residnts, but also C. New migrants create more new associations.

To test?

1. Start with a simple map of departments that are gaining and loosing population (change in “net migration”)

2. Analyze the factors associated with change in population. How?

3. Assemble national data to help interpret hypotheses -- for all French departments; compute multiple regressions and other statistical tests

4. We have started assembling French data and have some tentative results, but welcome commentary and refinement.

5. A few quick exmplaes follow, of regressions that show more growth where there is more cultural oranized activity, as well as instutions like museums.

How explain the patterns in the new French map?

Exampes of Data From The Ministry of CultureHistorical Monuments Art Schools under partial direction of

the Ministry of Culture Protected Urban and Rural Zones University Libraries

Members of the Architects’ Guild Art Centers

Museums Regional Art Collections

Pieces of Art Acquired Artothèques

Sales of Antiques and Art at Public Auctions in Euros

National Theaters

Artists registered in the Social Security System

National Drama Centers

Municipal Libraries National Performing Arts Centers

Number of Record Shops Registered Performing Arts Centers

Number of Independent Record Shops Operas

Dance Companies supported by the Ministry of Culture

Orchestras

Contemporary Music Shows and Entrees Musical Ensembles

Theater Groups financed by the Ministry of Culture

Contemporary Music Venues

Movie Theaters, Seats and Entrees, Choreography Centers

Independent Movie Theaters Music and Dance Schools

The Ministry of Culture Examples of Data From

Departments with more culture have more net migration, even controlling 7 other

factors; education and crime are insignificant

Grass Roots Culture Examples


Record Shops


Contemporary Music Shows and Entrees


Movie Theaters, Seats and Entree

Independent Movie Theaters


Top Down Culture Examples

Historical Monuments

Protected Urban and Rural Zones

Museums

University Libraries

National Theaters

National Performing Arts Centers

Music and Dance Schools




Record Shops










Museums


National Theaters






Record Shops










Museums


National Theaters




Negative Impacts of Top Down Culure on Net Migration, But Positive from Grass Roots Culture

First First ConclusionsConclusions

Culture participation is on the rise!Culture participation is on the rise! This has a lot to do with rising levels of This has a lot to do with rising levels of

prosperityprosperity But also with its growing importance for But also with its growing importance for

identity constructionidentity construction As countries are detraditionalizingAs countries are detraditionalizing As scenes become more importantAs scenes become more important

We now push the analysis further, and introduce Scencs.

Art works often more powerfully in scenes, than in

organizatoins.

Scenamatography, or The Science of Scenamatography, or The Science of Scenes: A Multi-Level Research Scenes: A Multi-Level Research

ProgramProgram BackgroundBackground Multi-DisciplinaryMulti-Disciplinary Social and Cultural Change: self-reflexive modernizationSocial and Cultural Change: self-reflexive modernization

Theoretical LevelTheoretical Level Basic assumptions (action, consumption, meaning, Basic assumptions (action, consumption, meaning,

interaction)interaction) Conceptual Analysis (bring phenomenon into view, Conceptual Analysis (bring phenomenon into view,

rendering it observable, articulating its natural rendering it observable, articulating its natural ““jointsjoints””)) Model-building (analytical elements)Model-building (analytical elements)

Methodological LevelMethodological Level OperationalizationOperationalization

Empirical LevelEmpirical Level DescriptionDescription

QuantitativeQuantitative Ethnographic Case StudiesEthnographic Case Studies

Explanatory PropositionsExplanatory Propositions

A scene includes: A scene includes:

1. 1. neighborhood neighborhood 2. 2. physical structures physical structures 3. 3. personspersons labeled by race, class, gender, education, etc. labeled by race, class, gender, education, etc. 4. the specific combinations of the above 3 and 4. the specific combinations of the above 3 and activitiesactivities (like attending a concert) (like attending a concert)

which join them. These four components are in turn defined by which join them. These four components are in turn defined by 5. the 5. the valuesvalues people pursue in a scene. General values are legitimacy, defining a people pursue in a scene. General values are legitimacy, defining a

right or wrong way to live; theatricality, a way of seeing and being seen by others; right or wrong way to live; theatricality, a way of seeing and being seen by others; and authenticity, as a meaningful sense of identity.and authenticity, as a meaningful sense of identity.

Background on scenesBackground on scenes Invoked by critics as loose collection of people and Invoked by critics as loose collection of people and

activities involving culture:activities involving culture: Blues in Chicago, Theater in New YorkBlues in Chicago, Theater in New York

More than the amenity or art per seMore than the amenity or art per se:: The beach scene in Miami:The beach scene in Miami:

Beach, but also chance to ogle and be ogled, bars, music, Beach, but also chance to ogle and be ogled, bars, music, restaurants, hedonism.restaurants, hedonism.

Neighborhood scenes: Wicker Park, Haight-Ashbury, SohoNeighborhood scenes: Wicker Park, Haight-Ashbury, Soho Linked with broader themes in cultural studiesLinked with broader themes in cultural studies

Dynamic Village in The City (Straw, Blum)Dynamic Village in The City (Straw, Blum) Product of modernization, individualization, consumer Product of modernization, individualization, consumer

society (Irwin)society (Irwin) Graft tastes and affinities to physical locations, unify Graft tastes and affinities to physical locations, unify

seemingly heterogenous activities, provide grooves for seemingly heterogenous activities, provide grooves for cultural reproduction of urban sociality (Straw)cultural reproduction of urban sociality (Straw)

Aesthetic criteria are joined to scene dimensionsAesthetic criteria are joined to scene dimensions

NaplesNaples

KaporKapor

Bogota bikesBogota bikes

Contextualizing cultureContextualizing culture

Scenes as Systems of Social Scenes as Systems of Social ConsumptionConsumption

Parsons on social action; Scenes as specific form of social actionParsons on social action; Scenes as specific form of social action Consumer vs. Worker vs. ResidentConsumer vs. Worker vs. Resident

SpaceSpace Scene Neighborhood Industrial-District

GoalGoal Experiences Necessities Works, products

AgentAgent Consumer Resident Producer

Physical Physical UnitsUnits

Amenity Home/Apartment Factory

Basis of Basis of social bondsocial bond

Values birth, local residence, ethnicity, heritage

Work / production relations

Urban Amenities Database Urban Amenities Database SourcesSources

US Census of Business for zipcodes and US Census of Business for zipcodes and countiescounties

Dun & Bradstreet arts organizationsDun & Bradstreet arts organizationsUrban Institute Unified Database of Arts Urban Institute Unified Database of Arts

Organizations (UDAO), IRS 501c3 reportsOrganizations (UDAO), IRS 501c3 reportsYellow PagesYellow Pages industry datasetsindustry datasetsDDB Citizen Lifestyle Surveys, 84,000 DDB Citizen Lifestyle Surveys, 84,000

citzscitzs

Solution: Amenities databaseSolution: Amenities database

National, covering all U.S. metro National, covering all U.S. metro areasareas

UnifiedUnified Including other standard variables Including other standard variables

affecting location decisions (schools, affecting location decisions (schools, crime, etc.)crime, etc.)

As differentiated as possibleAs differentiated as possibleOpen-ended and scalableOpen-ended and scalable

Three dimensions of cultural Three dimensions of cultural valuevalue

Theatricality.Theatricality. As the very word As the very word ““scenescene”” implies, implies, one thing that may be sought for in a cultural one thing that may be sought for in a cultural experience is the chance to see and be seen. experience is the chance to see and be seen. Participants seek the essentially social pleasure Participants seek the essentially social pleasure of performing a role or a part, or of watching of performing a role or a part, or of watching others do so.others do so.

Authenticity.Authenticity. Cultural experiences, even Cultural experiences, even theatrical experiences, may aim to provide a theatrical experiences, may aim to provide a sense of an authentic cultural tradition, activity, sense of an authentic cultural tradition, activity, or identity. or identity.

Legitimacy.Legitimacy. Cultural experiences may be Cultural experiences may be intended to encourage a sense of what is right intended to encourage a sense of what is right and wrong, how one ought to live. and wrong, how one ought to live.

A GRAMMAR OF SCENESA GRAMMAR OF SCENES

Value Dimension #1: TheatricalityValue Dimension #1: Theatricality or the Pleasure of Seeing and Being Seen (or or the Pleasure of Seeing and Being Seen (or

not!)not!)

Standing on the red carpet at Cannes Standing on the red carpet at Cannes ogling the stars going by. ogling the stars going by.

Going to the opera in white tie and Going to the opera in white tie and tailstails

Watching a performance artist pierce Watching a performance artist pierce his skin.his skin.

Sharing the experience of a school Sharing the experience of a school play with other parents.play with other parents.

Jumping onto a raised platform to Jumping onto a raised platform to dance in front of a crowd at a rave.dance in front of a crowd at a rave.

GlamourGlamour

The value of displaying charm, allure, The value of displaying charm, allure, star power, and statusstar power, and status

• Versus exhibitionism, where value is in being object of Versus exhibitionism, where value is in being object of gaze (woman in window need not be glamorous)gaze (woman in window need not be glamorous)

• Designer boutiques, night clubs with VIP rooms, Prada Designer boutiques, night clubs with VIP rooms, Prada and Gucci storesand Gucci stores

• Pro: movie openings, design schools, TV and movie Pro: movie openings, design schools, TV and movie production, art galleries, interior design firms, beauty production, art galleries, interior design firms, beauty salons, advertising firms, fine art dealers/galleries, salons, advertising firms, fine art dealers/galleries, department stores, opera companies, private golf clubs, department stores, opera companies, private golf clubs, fine dining restaurants, designer clothing, custom fine dining restaurants, designer clothing, custom jewelry storesjewelry stores

• Anti: warehouse stores, convenience stores, NASCAR Anti: warehouse stores, convenience stores, NASCAR tracks, scientific R & D, bowling centers, tracks, scientific R & D, bowling centers, convents/monasteries, country music clubs, bible stores.convents/monasteries, country music clubs, bible stores.

NeighborlinessNeighborlinessThe value of closeness, personal networks, The value of closeness, personal networks, and intimacy of face-to-face interactionsand intimacy of face-to-face interactions

• Amenities affirm sense of being part of a warm, Amenities affirm sense of being part of a warm, inviting community (Little League, reading clubs)inviting community (Little League, reading clubs)

• Value lies in interaction vs. Value lies in interaction vs. authenticityauthenticity

• Pro: community centers, street fairs, pubs, bowling Pro: community centers, street fairs, pubs, bowling alleys, bed and breakfast inns, religious alleys, bed and breakfast inns, religious organizations, community organizations, business organizations, community organizations, business organizations, bakeries, florists, county fairs and organizations, bakeries, florists, county fairs and festivals, sports clubsfestivals, sports clubs

• Anti: warehouse clubs and superstores, Anti: warehouse clubs and superstores, department stores, amusement parks, fast-food department stores, amusement parks, fast-food restaurants, tele-communication networksrestaurants, tele-communication networks

5 Standards of Authenticity5 Standards of Authenticity

LocalityLocalityThe value of feeling the rooted in a placeThe value of feeling the rooted in a place

• Pro: Local restaurants, farmers markets, Pro: Local restaurants, farmers markets, community theatre, independent bookstores, community theatre, independent bookstores, independent music stores, historical sites, bed and independent music stores, historical sites, bed and breakfast inns, spectator sports, souvenir stores, breakfast inns, spectator sports, souvenir stores, antiques and collectibles, film festivals, county antiques and collectibles, film festivals, county fairs and festivalsfairs and festivals

• Anti: Warehouse clubs and superstores, human Anti: Warehouse clubs and superstores, human rights organizations, casinos, computer systems, rights organizations, casinos, computer systems, design, and related services, convenience stores, design, and related services, convenience stores, fast foodfast food

Individual Self-expressionIndividual Self-expression

The value of unique, personal, The value of unique, personal, expressionexpression

Experimental theatre, Jazz and comedy clubs, Arts and Experimental theatre, Jazz and comedy clubs, Arts and crafts classescrafts classes

Pro: fashion houses and designers; body piercing; Pro: fashion houses and designers; body piercing; custom printed t-shirts; jazz clubs; modern dance; custom printed t-shirts; jazz clubs; modern dance; experimental music; Dance companies; Fine arts experimental music; Dance companies; Fine arts schools;art dealers; Musical groups & artists; schools;art dealers; Musical groups & artists; Independent artists, writers & performers; Graphic Independent artists, writers & performers; Graphic design services; custom computer programming design services; custom computer programming services; interior designservices; interior design

Anti: business and secretarial schools; business Anti: business and secretarial schools; business associations; offices of lawyers; scientific research associations; offices of lawyers; scientific research centers; database and directory publishers; Catholic centers; database and directory publishers; Catholic churches; folk arts; industrial designchurches; folk arts; industrial design

EgalitarianismEgalitarianismThe value of universal equality, treating others non-The value of universal equality, treating others non-

strategically, as ends-in-themselvesstrategically, as ends-in-themselves

Public festivals, Public libraries, Free public lecturesPublic festivals, Public libraries, Free public lectures

Pro: human rights orgs; junior colleges; Christian Pro: human rights orgs; junior colleges; Christian churches; social advocacy organizations; public churches; social advocacy organizations; public schools; community service orgs (YMCA); salvation schools; community service orgs (YMCA); salvation army; public aquariums; public tennis courts; army; public aquariums; public tennis courts;

Anti (value of rank): private golf and tennis clubs; Anti (value of rank): private golf and tennis clubs; casinos; private clubs; yacht clubs; gourmet casinos; private clubs; yacht clubs; gourmet restaurants; equestrian; cigar barsrestaurants; equestrian; cigar bars

CharismaCharisma

The value of being in the presence of an exceptional The value of being in the presence of an exceptional personality. personality.

Jesse Owens vs. Chicago Marathon; Blockbuster shows or Jesse Owens vs. Chicago Marathon; Blockbuster shows or concerts; Public art by famous artistsconcerts; Public art by famous artists

Pro: spectator sports; motion picture theaters; Film Pro: spectator sports; motion picture theaters; Film festivals; performing arts; book stores; public relations festivals; performing arts; book stores; public relations agencies; television broadcasting; political orgs; fashion; agencies; television broadcasting; political orgs; fashion; designer clothing and accessories; art galleries; designer clothing and accessories; art galleries; government: executive; popular music;government: executive; popular music;

Anti: scientific R & D; wilderness refuge and nature Anti: scientific R & D; wilderness refuge and nature preserves; fast food restaurants; salvation army; industrial preserves; fast food restaurants; salvation army; industrial design; physical sciences research centers; big banddesign; physical sciences research centers; big band

Propositions re rise of scenesPropositions re rise of scenes

1.1. less attached to primordial groupsless attached to primordial groups 2.2. youngeryounger 3.3. unmarriedunmarried 4.4. more educatedmore educated

5.5. unemployed or working in part time or fluctuating jobs unemployed or working in part time or fluctuating jobs 6.6. change residence more often –not WVSchange residence more often –not WVS 7.7. travel more – not WVStravel more – not WVS 8.8. more aesthetically concerned –“I like pictures”WVS; I like to go to museums.more aesthetically concerned –“I like pictures”WVS; I like to go to museums. 9.9. womenwomen 10.10. less religious- WVS less religious- WVS 11.11. more leisure time more leisure time 12.12. childlesschildless 13.13. not responsible for caring for other family members, esp. parents (and from cultures where this is a not responsible for caring for other family members, esp. parents (and from cultures where this is a

norm: (ranging approximately from Protestants to Catholics to Muslims, Buddhists, Confucians) – live w parents WVSnorm: (ranging approximately from Protestants to Catholics to Muslims, Buddhists, Confucians) – live w parents WVS 14.14. higher occupational status WHY- N drops if include in WVShigher occupational status WHY- N drops if include in WVS 15.15. more psychologically confident and independent, esp. in aesthetic issues None in WVS?ddb has.more psychologically confident and independent, esp. in aesthetic issues None in WVS?ddb has. 16.16. more sociable styles—this varies by scene, however, and is more important for those scenes, e.g. more sociable styles—this varies by scene, however, and is more important for those scenes, e.g.

where theatricality and social interaction are more central, such as dancing. Sociability could be measured as an individual trait but where theatricality and social interaction are more central, such as dancing. Sociability could be measured as an individual trait but also related to subcultural patterns (Catholicism, etc.)also related to subcultural patterns (Catholicism, etc.)

17.17. trust and security must be sufficient to permit certain scenes dynamics to operate. Scenes with a trust and security must be sufficient to permit certain scenes dynamics to operate. Scenes with a potential for more extended, even intimate, social contact (bars, clubs) cannot flourish if trust is too low. Still a moderate sense of risk, potential for more extended, even intimate, social contact (bars, clubs) cannot flourish if trust is too low. Still a moderate sense of risk, edginess, a slight threat of danger enhances the attraction of some scenes (Bohemia), but weaken others (Disney Heaven).edginess, a slight threat of danger enhances the attraction of some scenes (Bohemia), but weaken others (Disney Heaven).

18.18. from societies where from societies where a.a. A. political parties are weakerA. political parties are weaker b.b. civic/cultural/internet groups are stronger, and civic/cultural/internet groups are stronger, and c.c. issue politics is stronger,issue politics is stronger, d.d. making cultural decisions thus more independent of political ideology (US, Canada, Austria, making cultural decisions thus more independent of political ideology (US, Canada, Austria,

Korea, high, Japan medium, Europe low; but changes important so younger Asians and Europeans should be more different from older Korea, high, Japan medium, Europe low; but changes important so younger Asians and Europeans should be more different from older cohorts). Could elaborate and clarity political institutions but too complex for this paper?cohorts). Could elaborate and clarity political institutions but too complex for this paper?

19.19. in societies and locales where there are more local amenities that foster scenes, individuals in societies and locales where there are more local amenities that foster scenes, individuals participate in them more: more urban locations, better transit, more dense institutions, more tolerant norms from families about the participate in them more: more urban locations, better transit, more dense institutions, more tolerant norms from families about the young going out together, etc. WVS anomie for individual; ; add next round. young going out together, etc. WVS anomie for individual; ; add next round.

20.20. where the political system permits young persons to congregate and tolerates more “deviant” where the political system permits young persons to congregate and tolerates more “deviant” behaviour, scenes will grow stronger (e.g. many Spanish cities shifted from intolerance to permitting large groups of youth to drink, behaviour, scenes will grow stronger (e.g. many Spanish cities shifted from intolerance to permitting large groups of youth to drink, talk, play loud music in the streets most nights of the week)talk, play loud music in the streets most nights of the week)

21.21. foreign or cosmopolitan tourists can serve as models for such individualism/scene consumption/art foreign or cosmopolitan tourists can serve as models for such individualism/scene consumption/art for younger persons in more traditional societies and smaller townsfor younger persons in more traditional societies and smaller towns

Scenes participation: PropositionsScenes participation: Propositions

Results: Who participates Results: Who participates more?more?

Independents Model

Age -.04*

Married -.03*

Number of children .01*

Education .15*

Lives with parents .00

Works fulltime -.04*

Works parttime .03*

Self-employed .00

Unemployed -.04*

Size of town -.01

Female .00

Religious participation=low .08*

Income .04*

Leisure time important -.01

Political tolerance .03*

Anomia .06*

Labor union member .10*

R .24

N 44021

Explaining culture, WVS, OLS regressions; entries are beta’s

From Concept to Operational Tool: From Concept to Operational Tool: Coding ValuesCoding Values

1. Create an index of standards of 1. Create an index of standards of value.value. 5-point scale:5-point scale:

Essential: expressivity for experimental music, Essential: expressivity for experimental music, traditionalism for heritage sites, glamor for traditionalism for heritage sites, glamor for couture showscouture shows

Desirable, but not determinative alone: Desirable, but not determinative alone: traditionalism in used and rare bookstorestraditionalism in used and rare bookstores

Neutral: not positively or negatively shaping Neutral: not positively or negatively shaping the experience of the amenitythe experience of the amenity

Undesirable but not a deal-breaker: utility for Undesirable but not a deal-breaker: utility for interior design firmsinterior design firms

Antithetical: amenity contrary to value, i.e., Antithetical: amenity contrary to value, i.e., egalitarianism and country clubsegalitarianism and country clubs

2. Code each category of amenity for all sub-2. Code each category of amenity for all sub-DimensionsDimensions

AmenityAmenity Ethnic Ethnic authenticiauthenticityty

Corporate Corporate authenticiauthenticityty

Transgressive Transgressive TheatricalityTheatricality

Gospel Gospel Singing Singing GroupsGroups

44 22 22

Poetry Poetry Slam Slam VenuesVenues

44 22 44

3. 3. Generate scene-profile for zip code, Generate scene-profile for zip code, city, etc.city, etc.Primary Measure = Performance Score: Average score per

amenity for each dimension in each zip code

• Other measures: Manichean, Cultural Diversity Index, Composites (flow, work, canal), Factor Analysis, Bliss Points, # scene jobs

REGIONAL VARIATION IN SCENESREGIONAL VARIATION IN SCENES

Midwest and South are more traditionalistic; Northeast and West value individualSelf-expression most; Western scenes are both transgressive and corporate;Midwest is most neighborly and exhibitionistic.

METROPOLITAN VARIATION IN SCENESMETROPOLITAN VARIATION IN SCENES

Metro averages on Scenes dimensions: LA leads on self expression; Chicago is most

neighborly; New York most utilitarian; ; all exhibit similar mega-city pattern

0 = US national average; NYC, LA and Chicago are county averages from zip codes

METROPOLITAN VARIATION IN METROPOLITAN VARIATION IN SCENESSCENES

L.A. most glamorous and transgressive, NYC mixes transgression, rationalism, statism and corporateness0 = US national average;

NYC, LA and Chicago are county averages from zip codes

LOCAL LEVEL VARIATION IN SCENES: LOS ANGELESLOCAL LEVEL VARIATION IN SCENES: LOS ANGELES

What Explains Job Growth 1998 to 2001 in all US zip codes? #1 ARTS jobs in 1998#2 EducationINSIGNIFICANT: Crime, Cost of Living, County Population Size

Glamour Drives Job Growth: Regression

Second approach: scenes as Second approach: scenes as interrelations between interrelations between kindskinds of value of value

How to define interrelations? How to define interrelations? 1. A posteriori 2. A priori1. A posteriori 2. A priori

A posteriori: factor analysis and A posteriori: factor analysis and correlationscorrelations

National-Level Factor analysis (of zips and National-Level Factor analysis (of zips and counties) shows some value-dimensions counties) shows some value-dimensions are strongly linkedare strongly linked

Correlations among scene dimensions Correlations among scene dimensions vary, among cities, regions, and other vary, among cities, regions, and other units of analysis.units of analysis.

Correlations among scene dimensions vary in different ways at different

levels of analysis. Metro LevelMetro Level

Charisma in Chicago is correlated with local authenticity, neighborlyTheatricality, and egalitarian legitimacy. Chicago is a city where charisma is channeled into the local scene, the city of neighborhoods. Charisma in NYC and LA is linked with individual self-expression and glamour.

Metro LevelMetro Level

More than in L.A. and NY, scenes in Chicago link self-expressive individualism with utilitarian legitimacy, rational authenticity, local authenticity, and corporate authenticity.Self-expression in Chicago scenes is more weakly tied to charismatic legitimacy, glamorous theatricality,and transgressive theatricality than in L.A. and N.Y. scenes.

Second way to define scenes Second way to define scenes as interrelated dimensions: A as interrelated dimensions: A

prioriprioriScenes can be defined as ideal-typical combinations of dimensions in several

ways

Proximity to bliss points: Bohemia, Disney Heaven, Bobo, Rossini’s Proximity to bliss points: Bohemia, Disney Heaven, Bobo, Rossini’s Tour, etc.Tour, etc.

Degree of ecumenicism. Scenes may encourage an openness to “all Degree of ecumenicism. Scenes may encourage an openness to “all things human”, offering many different kinds of experiences, involving things human”, offering many different kinds of experiences, involving many kinds of value. many kinds of value.

Cultural difference. Scenes may encourage an openness to conflicting Cultural difference. Scenes may encourage an openness to conflicting values and internal tensions across a number of dimensions.values and internal tensions across a number of dimensions.

Flow. Scenes may encourage a letting-go or loosening of norms.Flow. Scenes may encourage a letting-go or loosening of norms.

Work. A scene may promote efficient, disciplined activity directed Work. A scene may promote efficient, disciplined activity directed toward a corporate end. toward a corporate end.

Apply Index to types of scenesApply Index to types of scenes

Disney Heaven Renoir's Loge LA-LA Land Tinsel Becker's Buzz Rossini's Tour Wagner's Volk Brook's Bo-Bo's Black is Beautiful

Traditionalistic 4 3 2 3 2 4 3 4

Self-Expressive 2 (or 3) 3 4 4 5 2 4

Utilitarian 4 3 2 2 2 2 4 3

Charismatic 3 3 5 5 4 3 3 3

Egalitarian 2 2 3 2 3 4 5 3

Self-Righteous 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 32 1 5

Formal 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 43 3 4

Neighborly 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 42 2 4

Glamourous 2 4 5 5 3 3 3 33 4 1

Exhibitionistic 1 4 4 4 3 3 3 33 3 3

Transgressive 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 33 4 2

Local 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 42 2 4

Ethnic 2 3 3 3 3 5 4 44 4 3

State 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 33 2 5

Corporate 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 33 3 4

Rational 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 33 4 3

BohemiaBohemiaConcept has become central in theories of consumption, amenity-drivenUrban growth, and post-industrial society (Campbell, Clark, Florida, Lloyd).

It is possible to operationally define a Bohemian scene in terms of how close empirical scenes come to an ideal-typical Bohemian profile.

The 30 most Bohemian zip The 30 most Bohemian zip codes codes

in Chicago are…in Chicago are…

Source for neighborhood-zipcode crosswalk: Chicago ReaderNote: lower score = more Bohemian

Social and Demographic Social and Demographic Factors Associated with Factors Associated with

BohemiaBohemia

Bohemias are stronger in parts of the country with higher population, more retirees (Grey creative class), higher rents, less education (level), more crime (cf. Lloyd), increasing college grads, and fewer non-whites. Politics, income, baby boomers, and youth not significant. Change in retirees, youth, and baby boomers not significant.

What do Scenes Do?What do Scenes Do?

Economic impact: jobs, property Economic impact: jobs, property values, incomevalues, income

Social impact: demographic change, Social impact: demographic change, crime, community indicatorscrime, community indicators

Political impact: civic engagement, Political impact: civic engagement, voting, political affiliationvoting, political affiliation

Procedure:Procedure:

Add scene-measures to traditional set of Add scene-measures to traditional set of factors in urban development models factors in urban development models (safety, schools, crime, etc.)(safety, schools, crime, etc.)

Compare zip codes, cities, and regions Compare zip codes, cities, and regions with similar scenes to show how a given with similar scenes to show how a given type of scene interacts with type of scene interacts with demographic measures.demographic measures.

Application: Impact of Scenes on Application: Impact of Scenes on Migration PatternsMigration Patterns

Cohorts of interest: nonwhites, retirees, 18-24 Cohorts of interest: nonwhites, retirees, 18-24 year olds, 25-34 year olds, baby boomers (in year olds, 25-34 year olds, baby boomers (in their 40s and 50s), college graduates, and their 40s and 50s), college graduates, and college graduates combined with graduates of college graduates combined with graduates of graduate and professional schools graduate and professional schools

How strong a factor is the scene in a zip code How strong a factor is the scene in a zip code in accounting for changes in the % of college in accounting for changes in the % of college grads (or other cohorts) moving there?grads (or other cohorts) moving there?

Related question: do college grads in different Related question: do college grads in different cities flow toward the same kinds of scenes?cities flow toward the same kinds of scenes?

Model includes standard independent variables:Model includes standard independent variables:

Zip code variables:Zip code variables:per capita income per capita income proportion non-white population proportion non-white population

County level variablesCounty level variablespopulation size population size rent (as a measure of both the local housing rent (as a measure of both the local housing

market and cost of living)market and cost of living)percent Democratic voting in the 1992 percent Democratic voting in the 1992

Presidential electionPresidential election

What explains – DDB WILLMOVE - What explains – DDB WILLMOVE - ““We We will probably move at least once in the will probably move at least once in the

next five yearsnext five years””? Mixed model, ? Mixed model, individual, county, and regional effects, individual, county, and regional effects,

Stata syntax Stata syntax

Scenes affect migration by demographic groupsScenes affect migration by demographic groups

Nationally, different subgroups increase Nationally, different subgroups increase their numbers in different types of scenes. their numbers in different types of scenes. Young adults increase in glamorous areasYoung adults increase in glamorous areas baby boomers avoid glamour but link to baby boomers avoid glamour but link to

Christian ChurchesChristian Churches College and professional graduates avoid College and professional graduates avoid

egalitarian amenities, while non-whites seek egalitarian amenities, while non-whites seek them.them.

Results hold strong in OLS multiple Results hold strong in OLS multiple regressions and HLM models including regressions and HLM models including classic measures from related past work classic measures from related past work on migration and urban studies. on migration and urban studies.

From National to Contextual: Variations in MigrationFrom National to Contextual: Variations in Migration

Many city-level and individual-level variations Many city-level and individual-level variations are not captured in the national regressions are not captured in the national regressions which combine all US zipcodes.which combine all US zipcodes.

Demographic groups may migrate differently Demographic groups may migrate differently in different cities.in different cities.

But not only geography affects context: But not only geography affects context: Within the settings of different scenes, effects Within the settings of different scenes, effects of some values may be heightened or of some values may be heightened or weakenedweakened Ex.: in the more traditionalistic half of the country, glamour Ex.: in the more traditionalistic half of the country, glamour

explains college grad increase more powerfully than explains college grad increase more powerfully than individual self-expression does (nationally, relationship is individual self-expression does (nationally, relationship is reversed).reversed).

25-34 year olds respond to 25-34 year olds respond to ““flowflow”” very differently in very differently in different citiesdifferent cities

College grads flow to College grads flow to Bohemia in Chicago, not L.A. Bohemia in Chicago, not L.A.

and N.Y.and N.Y.

Neo-Bohemia needs to be contextualized. Hypotheses? Perhaps the unique Ways in which Chicago (as a whole, as we saw) combines individual self-expression with utilitarian legitimacy and corporate authenticity lend its Bohemians to become “useful labor” (Lloyd). Other ideas?

Policy implicationsPolicy implications Break up the simple growth conceptBreak up the simple growth concept Add specifics to fiscal, human, and social capital to Add specifics to fiscal, human, and social capital to

help focus and targethelp focus and target Add policy specifics to power, regime, and political Add policy specifics to power, regime, and political

leadershipleadership Identify growth dynamics of distinct scenes (bohemia Identify growth dynamics of distinct scenes (bohemia

vs. NASCAR scenes, etc.) vs. NASCAR scenes, etc.) Identify scenes with neighborhoods (via zipcodes etc.)Identify scenes with neighborhoods (via zipcodes etc.) Ask which neighborhoods are too low or high on Ask which neighborhoods are too low or high on

amenities for distinct scenes (e.g. donamenities for distinct scenes (e.g. don’’t mix bohemian t mix bohemian and NASCAR type amenities)and NASCAR type amenities)

Invest in key amenities to make each scene more vitalInvest in key amenities to make each scene more vital

GWR exampleGWR example

Documents

Organizations, Scenes, and Local Contexts Terry Nichols Clark University of Chicago & Peter Achterberg Erasmus University Rotterdam & Clemente Jesus Navarro