Organizational Behavior (OB):

THE INDIVIDUAL

TOCHE VIC B. DOCEDPA Student

Graduate School of Business AdministrationCapiz State University - Pontevedra

Why do we need to study the individual?

End Goal of OB?

Increase organizational effectiveness

How?

One way is to study and understand every individual in the organization.

Foundation of Individual Behavior

Biographical Characteristics Ability, Intellect and Intelligences Physical Abilities Learning

Biographical CharacteristicsBiographical Characteristics

Personal characteristics—such as age, gender, and marital status—that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.

Ability, Intellect, and IntelligenceAbilityAn individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job.

Intellectual AbilityThe capacity to do mental activities.

Multiple IntelligencesIntelligence contains four subparts: cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.

? Multiple Intelligences ?

Physical AbilitiesPhysical Abilities

The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.

Learning

Learning• Involves change• Is relatively permanent• Is acquired through experience

Learning• Involves change• Is relatively permanent• Is acquired through experience

Learning

Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.

Theories of Learning

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Learning Theory Shaping Behavior

Theories of Learning

Key Concepts• Unconditioned stimulus• Unconditioned response• Conditioned stimulus• Conditioned response

Key Concepts• Unconditioned stimulus• Unconditioned response• Conditioned stimulus• Conditioned response

Classical Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.

Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson

Pavlov Dog Conditioning Watson’s Little Rabbit

What do you imagine when you see these?

Theories of Learning (cont’d)

Key Concepts• Reflexive (unlearned) behavior• Conditioned (learned) behavior• Reinforcement

Key Concepts• Reflexive (unlearned) behavior• Conditioned (learned) behavior• Reinforcement

Operant Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.

B.F. Skinner

Rat in a box with a lever

Theories of Learning (cont’d)

Key Concepts• Attentional processes• Retention processes• Motor reproduction processes• Reinforcement processes

Key Concepts• Attentional processes• Retention processes• Motor reproduction processes• Reinforcement processes

Social-Learning Theory

People can learn through observation and direct experience.

Albert Bandura

Theories of Learning (cont’d)

Key Concepts• Reinforcement is required to change behavior.

• Some rewards are more effective than others.

• The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence.

Key Concepts• Reinforcement is required to change behavior.

• Some rewards are more effective than others.

• The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence.

Shaping Behavior

Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.

Types of Reinforcement Positive reinforcement

› Providing a reward for a desired behavior. Negative reinforcement

› Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs.

Punishment› Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate

an undesirable behavior. Extinction

› Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Intermittent Fixed Interval Variable Interval

Schedules of ReinforcementContinuous Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated.

Intermittent Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.

Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-Interval Schedule

Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals.

Variable-Interval Schedule

Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.

Behavior Modification

Five Step Problem-Solving Model

1. Identify critical behaviors

2. Develop baseline data

3. Identify behavioral consequences

4. Develop and apply intervention

5. Evaluate performance improvement

Five Step Problem-Solving Model

1. Identify critical behaviors

2. Develop baseline data

3. Identify behavioral consequences

4. Develop and apply intervention

5. Evaluate performance improvement

OB Mod

The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting.

OB MOD Organizational Applications Well Pay versus Sick Pay

› Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not absence.

Employee Discipline› The use of punishment can be counter-

productive. Developing Training Programs

› OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.

Self-management› Reduces the need for external management

control.

CEH-OR/DR

ANALYSIS

Organization:Capiz Emmanuel Hospital, Inc.

Operating Room /Delivery Room and Central Supply Department

A sectarian 100-bed capacity private hospital whose OR/DR Department provides comprehensive services to clienteles.

Foundations of Individual Behavior

Workers which includes nurses attendants and orderlies came from different backgrounds and orientation, eg. residence, school

Mixture of different age groups, majority are young, single, because of rapid turnover

Majority are females because nursing is a female dominated profession but the inclusion of the males is evident nowadays.

Ability, Intellect, Intelligence

Almost all employees are working within the scope of the unit’s SOP, although there are some, especially the newcomers who are not well-versed in the daily routines..

An interplay of logical and interpersonal intelligence in the exercise of their function

Physical Abilities

All are able to do their respective functions like the usual nursing procedures, care of patients and assisting doctors (surgeons, Obs and anesthesiologist)

Physical handicap is a no-no in nursing

Learning Process

Upon entrance in this specialty field, we start from scrap…

The learning process starts by shaping our behavior and competencies

We learn by observation, experience and coaching.

Feedback is provided Failure to meet standards -transfer

Reinforcement

Promotion Salary Increase Punishment

› Explanation letter› Incident Report› Audit› Suspension/Dismissal› Internal Rules/Policies/Unwritten dictum

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed-Interval schedule Intermittent schedule

OB Mod Org. Application

Paid sick leave In-service education Self-management (less likely) Employee discipline

› One-on-one conference› Scene defamation (negative)

Assessed Needs and Plans:

Revisit SOPs, Reorient Staff Clear or Clarify Unwritten Dictums Get out of what we call “Comfort Zone” Restructure the department Initiate department in-service

education and updates

THANK YOU!