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Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies(c. 600 BCE – 500 CE)
PERIOD 2
They helped justify and preserve social inequality Although most Westerners do not associate this with
Christianity, numerous biblical passages advice the poor and the slaves to accept their lots in life and obey their masters.
40. WHAT DO CONFUCIANISM, HINDUISM, AND CHRISTIANITY HAVE IN COMMON?
Eastern Mediterranean Sea
Southern end of the Balkan peninsula
Southeastern EuropeSurrounded by the
Aegean and Ionian Seas
41. LOCATION OF CLASSICAL GREECE
Preferences for silk garments among the Roman elite
The spread of Buddhism and Christianity
42. EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION IN CLASSICAL SOCIETY
Australia
43. WHICH REGION OF THE WORLD DID NOT EXPERIENCE THE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION BY 600
CE?
Middle EastMediterraneanSouth Asia
44. REGIONS OF THE WORLD AFFECTED BY HELLENISTIC
CULTURE
Both the Republic and the Empire recruited local elites in recently conquered areas to represent the interests of the imperial center
45. POLITICAL PRACTICES OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC COMPARED THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Greek leaders who exercised “practical” political leadership
Laid the foundation for future democracyEnded exclusive aristocratic control of the
governmentSubstituted a system of control by the
wealthy Political positions allotted by wealth, not birth
Introduced a new and more humane law codeWas also a noted poet.
46. SOLON
In regards to divorce and property rights women in classical Athens had far fewer rights compared to women in classical Rome
Despite their vital role in Ancient Greek and Roman society, women were not considered full citizens and in most instances required a guardian – their fathers, and later husbands – to represent them.
The quality of life largely depended on class and status, for example, upper class women generally did not work, although poor women had to toil in the fields to survive.
47. ROLE OF WOMEN IN CLASSICAL ATHENS COMPARED TO CLASSICAL ROME
Teacher-student relationshipSocrates – PlatoPlato – AristotleAristotle – Alexander the Great
48. CONNECTION BETWEEN SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT
Both dealt with mounting costs associated with defending imperial frontiers
These costs led to economic and political crises
49. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROMAN AND HAN EMPIRES
Social hierarchy - although their structures varied, each had divisions between economic and social classes; slavery existed to some extent in al l
Patriarchal family structures - Like the river valley civilizations that preceded them, they valued male authority within families, as well as in most other areas of life.
Agricultural-based economies - Despite more sophisticated and complex job specialization, the most common occupation in all areas was farming.
Complex governments - Because they were so large, these three civilizations had to invent new ways to keep their lands together politically. Their governments were large and complex, although they each had unique ways of governing
Expanding trade base - Their economic systems were complex. Although they generally operated independently, trade routes connected them by both land and sea.
50. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL GREECE, ROME, INDIA, AND CHINA
Both allowed women to enter monastic life
51. ROLE OF WOMEN IN EARLY BUDDHISM AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Both underwent a religious conversion process that had a broad-based impact on the lands under their controlAshoka converted to BuddhismConstantine converted to Christianity
52. CONNECTION BETWEEN ASHOKA AND CONSTANTINE
Both gave relative autonomy for local elites who were cooperative with them
53. COMMON METHOD OF POLITICAL CONTROL FOR ROMAN AND HAN EMPIRES
Interacted intermittently with civilizations, often through trade
54. ROLE OF EURASIAN NOMADS BEFORE 600 CE
The Eastern Roman empire was traditionally more economically vibrant due to is more active trade links with the East.
As a result, the Western Roman Empire suffered a greater breakdown of Roman imperial unity.
55. COMPARING THE EASTERN AND WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
Most trade routes were focused around the Mediterranean Sea.
“All roads lead to Rome”The main trading partners were in Spain,
France, the Middle East and North Africa.Trade was vital. The empire cost a vast sum
of money to run and trade brought in much of that money. The population of the city of Rome was one million and such a vast population required all manner of things brought back via trade.
56. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT ROMAN TRADE
It was too vast to impose unity and order among all of the regions.
Roman civilization depended almost exclusively on the ability of the government and the military to control territory.
Even though Christianity emerged as a major religion, it appeared so late in the life of the empire that it provided little to unify people as Romans after the empire fell.
Instead, the areas of the empire fragmented into small parts and developed unique characteristics, and the Western Roman Empire never united again
57. REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
The name given to the eastern half of the Roman empire after the fall of Rome
58. BYZANTINE EMPIRE
The ROMAN republic allowed citizen to choose representatives who made laws for them.
59. WHICH ANCIENT OR CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION INVOLVED THE GREATEST
DEGREE OF CITIZEN INPUT INTO GOVERNMENT POLICY?
Christianity’s rise is most accurately viewed as a modification of Judaism
60. CONNECTION BETWEEN JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY
ColumnsDoric IonicCorinthian
Parthenon
61. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Persia
62. GREATEST MILITARY THREAT TO THE CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION
Fertile river valleysIsolating mountain rangesDependable monsoon weather patternsDecentralized rule by local princes
punctuated by Mauryan and Gupta period of unification
63. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL INDIAN CIVILIZATION
Widely practiced and similar Hindu tradition, including the caste system
64. THE MOST UNIFYING FORCE IN EARLY INDIAN CULTURE
Absence of a central founding figureFostered the formation of rigid social and
economic groups through the caste system
65. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF HINDUISM COMPARED TO THE OTHER MAJOR RELIGIONS
Belief in an afterlife/reincarnationConcern with and reverence for beauty in natureOrnate temple architectureCentrality of ritual in worship
66. HINDUISM INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUDDHISM
It fostered the formation of rigid social and economic groups
67. CONNECTION BETWEEN DHARMA AND INDIAN SOCIETY
Judaism – The TorahChristianity – The Bible Islam – The Koran (Qu’ran)Hinduism – The Vedas
68. ANCIENT TEXTS OF THE MAJOR RELIGIONS
The concept of zero
69. IMPACT OF THE GUPTA EMPIRE
Diffi culty in maintaining centralized imperial rule
70. HISTORICAL POLITICAL PATTERN OF ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL INDIA
Stable imperial authority provided safe passage for merchants
71. WHY DID LONG-DISTANCE TRADE FLOURISH IN THE CLASSICAL
WORLD?
It spread through trade routes to… Southeast Asia China Japan Central Asia
72. THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM – WHERE AND HOW?
Thousands of casts have developed in India over the millenia (a thousand years)
Based on hereditary statusUsually unchangeableBecame more complex with the addition of jati with
their own occupations, rules, and ritualsEach jati had very little contact with others;
intermarried within the jati
73. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CASTE SYSTEM
Relying mainly on diplomacy and not military force to achieve territorial expansion
Appointing bureaucrats to rule the provinces, displacing regional aristocrats
Building the Great Wall to guard against invasionEstablishing uniform currency and measurements
74. HOW DID QIN SHI HUANGDI UNIFY CHINA INTO ONE EMPIRE?
Late Zhou dynasty “Era of Warring States”
75. DURING WHAT TIME IN CHINESE HISTORY DID CONFUCIUS LIVE?
Legalism relied on harsh laws to maintain order while Confucianism depended on rituals, customs, and obligations rooted in family relations
76. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEGALISM AND CONFUCIANISM
Shi Huangdi (Qin dynasty)Empress Wu (Tang dynasty)
77. EARLY CHINESE EMPERORS WITH NON-CONFUCIAN
WORLDVIEWS
Imperial authority was strong in the opening years of each
78. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE QIN AND HAN DYNASTIES
Sponsorship of scientific inquiryMaintenance of the Great WallGrain requisition from the peasantrySuppression of banditry
79. POLITICAL FOCUS OF HAN CHINA
Emphasis on harmony with natureBalance and harmonyDetachment from human aff airs (not a political threat
to dynastic rule)
80. CHARACTERISTICS OF DAOISM
Control or ownership of extensive farmlandAbility to aff ord preparation of gentry youth for civil
service examsDurable positions as local tax collectors and
intermediaries for the imperial centerAbility to call in military resources of the imperial
state to put down local peasant rebellions
81. REASONS FOR THE HIGHER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF THE
CHINESE GENTRY
China was a unique and superior civilization surrounded by barbarians of one sort or another
The “Middle Kingdom”
82. HOW DID CHINESE IMPERIAL ELITES VIEW THEIR CIVILIZATION COMPARED TO
THE REST OF THE WORLD?
Ruler-subjectFather-son (parent-child)Friend-friendHusband-wifeOlder-younger brother
83. “FIVE BASIC RELATIONSHIPS” AS DEFINED BY CONFUCIUS
Its ability to model large-scale relations between groups in the body politic on familial or personal relationships
Its ability to unify a massive imperial bureaucracy around a common set of moral precepts over time
A set of widely agreed-on and accepted essential texts, beginning with the Analects, which formed a common basis for study over time
Its exclusively Chinese origin, which meshed well with prevalent notions of the superiority of the “Middle Kingdom” over other civilizations
84. WHY HAS CONFUCIAN IDEOLOGY ENDURED THROUGHOUT CHINESE
HISTORY?
Confucianism emphasized earthly obligations without regard to concerns relating to afterlife and birth
Hinduism was based on it's caste system and hereditary in which the only way to better one's social position is to die with good karma.
Confucianism's social hierarchy was based on the educational system and work ethic when it comes to determining a person's position.
85. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONFUCIANISM AND HINDUISM
Both achieved long periods of centralized government and expanding economies
Both became centers for artistic and scientific achievements
Each built walls and maintained forts for defense spending a great deal of time, eff ort and money
Both economies were based on agriculture but grew into wealthy urban empires
Confl ict between the wealthy and the peasants were common in both
Both brought cultural unity to their lands
86. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE ROMAN AND THE HAN DYNASTY
Military genius of peasant originRegional feudal ruler who defeats rivals in battleNomadic chieftan
87. WHAT TYPES OF INDIVIDUALS ESTABLISHED CHINESE DYNASTIES?
Dynastic China would return to equal and even greater prominence
88. THE FALL OF HAN CHINA COMPARED TO THE FALL OF THE
ROMAN EMPIRE
In terms of land space, the Mauryan Empire was larger than the Gupta Empire
89. SIZE OF THE GUPTA COMPARED TO THE MAURYAN EMPIRES
Athens placed a higher value on trade and luxuries than Sparta
Athens was a democracy while Sparta was an oligarchy
Sparta – mandatory military serviceAthens – more intellectual and cosmopolitan
90. SPARTA VS. ATHENS
To fight for control of the Mediterranean Sea since Carthage was the primary port city in North Africa
91. WHY DID ROME GO TO WAR WITH CARTHAGE?
China Scholar-gentry Artisans and merchants Ordinary, but free, citizens The Underclass (bandits, beggars, and vagabonds)
India Brahmins = priests and scholars Kshatriya = warriors and government offi cials Vaishya = landowners, merchants, and artisans Shudra = common peasants and laborers
92. SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN CLASSICAL CHINA COMPARED TO
CLASSICAL INDIA
All of life is suff ering.All suff ering is caused by desire for things that
ultimately won’t fulfi ll usDesire can only be overcome by ending all desireDesire can only be ended by following the Eightfold
Path
93. WHAT ARE THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS?
The Five Basic RelationshipsXiao = fi lial piety (devotion to family)Ren = kindness or benevolenceLi = orderly rituals that demonstrate respect
94. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONFUCIANISM
Trade allowed both Christianity, Islam and Buddhism to flourish and migrate to other regions
95. CONNECTION BETWEEN TRADE AND THE SPREAD OF RELIGION
Eastern Africa (Swahili coast)West coast of IndiaEast coast of IndiaSoutheast Asia
96. INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK (REGIONS AFFECTED BY
IT)
Slavery existed in China, but it was far less prominent than it was in Rome
Slavery was central to the Roman economySpartan helots provided agricultural laborExisted in India but not as extensively as Rome
97. SLAVERY IN CLASSICAL SOCIETIES