Organisms & Their Environment Section 2-1. Animals that share our world in PA Some Tenaglia family pets

Organisms & Their Environment

Section 2-1

Animals that share our world in PA

Some Tenaglia family pets

http://www.flickr.com/photos/palegreenmoth/194379270/in/set-72157594206182679/

Animals that share our world in PA according to eNature.com

• 246 species of birds• 92 species of butterflies• 45 species of mammals• 73 species of reptiles and

amphibians• 312 species of trees• 760 species of wildflowers


Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

ecology

• Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment


Eastern Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana


Star-nosed Mole Condylura cristata

Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus


Black Bear Ursus americanus


Eastern Red-bellied Turtle Pseudemys rubriventris (Chrysemys rubriventris)

Eastern Box Turtle Terrapene carolina

Biotic

• All the living things in an environment

• Plants, animals, fungus, protists, bacteria.

Abiotic

• All the non-living things in an environment.

• Water, humidity, rocks, soil, atmosphere, temperature, amount of light, pH, elements.

Biotic vs Abiotic

• Wind, humidity, and rocks are all abiotic in a terrestrial ecosystem.

Biotic vs Abiotic

• In a pond ecosystem, ducks, mosquitoes, pond plants, and frogs are biotic factors.

Biotic vs Abiotic

Identify the abiotic factor labeled in the ecosystem shown above.a. Mouse b.butterfly c. rock d. tree

Problem solving lab 2.1

Questions are on

p.37 in textbook

an individual living thing

Levels of Organization ~ organism

This wildebeest is an individual organism.

Organism

A group of individuals of the same species, living in the same place,

at the same time.

Levels of Organization ~ Population

Population

A herd of wildebeest is a population.

This is a population of purple-flowered musk thistle.

And this herd is a population of bison.

Population

Colonies of bacteria in a petri dish

Population

Penguins on an island in the South

Atlantic Ocean

Population

Impala on a plain in Kenya

Levels of Organization ~ Community

• An ecologist who studies how several species in an area interact is interested in the biological organization called a community.

• Communities are groups of interacting populations of different species.

Community

A close-up of several species: wildebeest, lion, giraffe, elephant, rhino and vulture makes a community.

Levels of Organization ~ Ecosystem

• An ecologist who studies how several species in an area interact among each other and with the abiotic parts of the environment is interested in the biological organization level called an ecosystem.

• Includes all of the living and non-living factors.

Levels of Organization ~ Biosphere

• In ecological classification, the next biggest level after the ecosystem.

• Includes all the places on Earth that can support life.

• Approximately 8 km below & above sea level.

An individual organism is

part of a population,

a community, an

ecosystem, and the

biosphere.

Levels of Organization ~ a question

The group of animals above is an example of what?

a. community c. population b. ecosystem d.biosphere

What type of ecosystem is shown in the figure above?

• a. terrestrial c. acquatic• b. population d. abiotic

Habitat

• The place where an organism lives

• Where it obtains it’s energy, water and shelter

• Two or more species can share the same habitat

Habitat

• Sea stars live in saltwater ecosystems.

• Some species live in shallow tidal pools, while others live in the deepest parts of the oceans.

Niche

• How an organism lives

• Its role or job

• How it obtains its energy, water and shelter

• An organism’s interactions

• Two species can not share the same niche

Niche

• Cougars are predators that often eat weakened or diseased animals.

A lion’s niche includes all of its relationships with its

environment.

Niche

Tick on a lion’s face

Lion fighting with hyenas

Lions feeding on

a kill

Lions drinking at a water hole

Symbiosis

• 2 different species

• In a close relationship

• Living together – one on or in the other

Symbiotic ~ mutualism

• Anemones and Clownfish


• Both organisms benefit


• Pederson cleaning shrimp with their host corkscrew anenome.


• Bulldozer shrimp with their lookout sailfin blenny, note that both shrimp, which are nearly blind, are making contact with the blenny with their antennas.


• Oxpeckers (a kind of bird) land on rhinos or zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on their skin.

• The oxpeckers get food and the beasts get pest control. • Also, when there is danger, the oxpeckers fly upward

and scream a warning, which helps the zebra


• Oxpeckers eat the parasites off of large animals like this African buffalo.

• But they're also parasites themselves, keeping wounds open and picking at scabs.


• Oxpecker again.. This time on a giraffe


• Bees fly from flower to flower gathering nectar, which they make into food, benefiting the bees.

• When they land in a flower, the bees get some pollen on their hairy bodies, and when they land in the next flower, some of the pollen from the first one rubs off, pollinating the plant. This benefits the plants.

• In this symbiotic relationship, the bees get to eat, and the flowering plants get to reproduce.

Symbiotic ~ mutualism• Plants and fungi occupy

completely different categories in taxonomy.

• Yet their lives are so utterly entwined that about 90 percent of all the plants in the world have their own fungal “partners” that allow them to survive [source: Wakeford].

• The fungus in question is mycorrhizal.

• Many mycorrhizal varieties live in close association with trees and other plants, drawing in nutrients from deep underground and providing them to the tree in exchange for a share of the energy (in the form of sugars) produced by the tree’s photosynthesis.

• The mushrooms and toadstools often seen around the bases of trees are actually the reproductive organs of vast subterranean fungal networks that plants tap into in order to gain nutrients more efficiently.

Sharp-scaly Pholiota (Pholiota spuarrosoides) mushroom




• British Soldiers – my favorite lichen• A lichen is a fungus and an algae living together• Both the alga and the fungus are benefited from their relationship in a lichen.

Symbiotic ~ mutualism• Some wax-eating

birds are known as honey guides because they may be followed by humans to wild beehives.

• When the humans (or other animals) take honey from the hives, the birds are able to get to the wax.

Symbiotic ~ mutualisim

• A parasite and its host evolve together. • The parasite adapts to its environment by living in and

using the host in ways that harm it. • Hosts also develop ways of getting rid of or protecting

themselves from parasites. • Ladybugs live on plants, eating the aphids and

benefiting by getting food, while the plant benefits by being rid of the aphids.

Symbiotic ~ commensalisms

• In the ecology of orchids, commensalisms with different types of fungi is essential, because their seeds have lost nutritive tissue so they can sprout and develop only with the help of other organisms.

• Those other organisms

are always some kinds of fungi which live on the ground.

Orchis tridentata


• One benefits

• The other isn’t effected


• In the forest, orchids live attached to the branches of trees.

• We call them epitytes.

• The orchid gets the light it needs.

• The tree is not aware.


• Commensalisms are symbioses that are beneficial to one organism and neither beneficial nor detrimental to the other.


• Remora fish have a symbiotic relationship with sharks and other larger sea animals.


• Cocos Islands, Indian Ocean: Manta ray with remoras


• A common example of commensalism involves fish, often juveniles, and jellyfish.

• The juvenile fish swim around the jellyfish, presumably gaining something of a safe haven from potential predators.

• It is thought that the jellyfish is not affected by the relationship because it is not eaten by the fish nor does it eat the fish.


• The most likely pollinator for the pitcher plant , are the commensal spiders within the pitcher community.

The California Pitcher Plant

Symbiotic ~ parasitism

• Tomato hornworm & the pupa from a parasitic wasp that was living inside of it.

• The tiny wasp picture is the same type that laid her eggs inside the caterpillar


• One benefits• The other is harmed


• This is a flea… what does it do?

Predator

• Hunts & kills for food

• Ginglymostoma cirratumNurse Shark

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Organisms & Their Environment Section 2-1. Animals that share our world in PA Some Tenaglia family pets