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Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme Production and Degradation of Organic Matter Diatomeen

Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

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Page 1: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Organische Geochemie sedimentärer

Systeme

Production and Degradation of Organic Matter

Diatomeen

Page 2: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Diatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of

the primary production in the present-day oceans. A characteristic feature of

diatom cells is that they are encased within a unique cell wall made of silica and

pectin, often with complex sculptured surfaces and range in size from 2 to 200

μm. The silica cell wall is also called frustule, which usually shows a wide diversity

in form, but consists of two asymmetrical sides with a split between them.

There are more than 200 genera with 6000 species of living diatoms but it is

estimated that there are approximately 100,000 extant species. Most diatoms live

pelagically in open waters but they are found in the oceans, freshwater, in soils

and on damp surfaces

Diatomeen

Page 3: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Chromalveolata

Phylum: Heterokontophyta

Class: Bacillariophyta

1. Fragilariophyceae (Pennales without raphe)

2. Bacillariophyceae (Pennales with raphe)

3. Coscinodiscophyceae (Centrales)

Diatomeen - Taxonomie

Page 4: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Centrales (zentrische Diatomeen)

Frustel ist radiärsymmetrisch aufgebaut

Valven aus radiär verlaufenden Reihen kleiner

hexagonaler Kammern

Typische Vertreter: Thalassiosira, Stephanodiscus,

Cerataulus, Rhizosolenia

Pennales

Frustel ist lang gestreckt oder bilateralsymmetrisch

Besteht aus der Hypotheka (Schachtel), Epitheka (dem Deckel),

Typische Vertreter: Pinnularia, Navicula, Mastogloia

Diatomeen - Taxonomie

Page 5: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Hypovalva (HV)

Epivalva (EV)

Hypocingulum (HC)

Epicingulum (EC)

Hypotheka (HT)

Epitheka (ET)

Diatoms consist of a silicate cell wall comprising two

seperate valves. The valves typically overlap each

other.

Gehäusemerkmale pennater Diatomeen

Page 6: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Erste Kieselalgen entwickeln

sich im Jura (ca. 185 Mio.

Jahren), die der Ordnung

Centrales zugerechnet

werden

Erste Vertreter der Pennales

treten am Ende der Kreide

auf (ca. 70 Mio. Jahren)

Diatomeen

Page 7: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Diatomeenschlämme

REM-Aufnahme

Diatomeen

Page 8: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Hauptverbreitung in gemäßigten bis kalten Gebieten der Weltmeere,

sowie in den nährstoffreichen Upwellingzonen der westlichen

Kontinentalränder (Südwestafrika, Südamerika und Kalifornien)

Bracher et al. (2009)

Diatomeen

Page 9: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Verteilung von Phytoplanktongruppen

ändert sich vom Schelf zum offenen

Ozean

Diatomeen dominieren in küstennahen

Bereichen

Dinoflagellaten und Coccolithophoriden

gewinnen im offenen Ozean an

Bedeutung

Räumliche Verbreitung von Diatomeen

Page 10: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Frühlings- und Herbstblüte von Diatomeen in

den kalten und temperierten Ozeanbereichen

Diatoms

Saisonale Entwicklung von Diatomeenblüten

Page 11: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Eukaryotes

Page 12: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

OHOH

OH

24-methylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (C28 sterol)

OH

OH

24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (C29 sterol)

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Sterole)

Page 13: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Sterole)

Page 14: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Ternäres Steroldiagram und Lage

verschiedener Primärproduzenten und

Ablagerungsräume

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Sterole)

Page 15: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs)

Treten als Serie von C20, C25, C30 und C35 Homologen in Sedimenten und

Rohölen auf

C25 und C30 in Diatomeen

nachgewiesen

C30 HBI = 2,6,10,14,18-pentamethyl-7-

(3-methylpentyl)-eicosane

C25 HBI = 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-7-

(3-methylpentyl)-pentadecane

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Highly Branched Isoprenoids)

Page 16: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

2. C25 Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs)

Spezifische Biomarker für Diatomeen der Gattungen

Rhizosolenia (Centrales) und Navicula (Pennales)

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Highly Branched Isoprenoids)

Page 17: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Anwendung:

Chemostratigraphische Studien und Fazies Marker für Erdölmuttergesteine

die in Upwelling-Gebieten mit saisonalen Diatomeenblüten entstanden

Beispiel: C25 HBI in der Fazies des Loma Chimico Shale (thermisch unreifes

Erdölmuttergestein in Costa Rica) als dominante Komponente

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Highly Branched Isoprenoids)

Page 18: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

The ‚Ice Proxy with 25 carbon atoms‘ (IP25) is a highly

branched isoprenoid mono-unsaturated alkene that is

synthesized by sea ice diatoms. Its abundance in marine

sediments is used to trace for the past occurence of Arctic sea

ice.

Diatomeen – Biomarker (IP25)

Page 19: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Ice proxy with 25 carbon atoms (IP25)

Diatomeen – Biomarker (IP25)

Page 20: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Diatomeen – Biomarker (IP25)

Paper

Zitate

Page 21: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Diatomeen – Biomarker (IP25)

Page 22: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

3. Pigmente

Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll a,

Chlorophyll c1, Chlorophyll c2

Gruppe von Tetrapyrrolen, die

als primäre Pigmente in der

Photosynthese von Bedeutung

sind

Chlorophyll a ubiquitär in Algen,

Landpflanzen und

Cyanobakterien

Photosynthetische Bakterien

enthalten Bakteriochlorophyll

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente)

Page 23: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente)

Page 24: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente)

Page 25: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente)

Page 26: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Carotine: β-Carotin, ε-Carotin

Carotine: sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe mit der Summenformel C40H56, die zu

den Tetraterpenen gerechnet werden. Sie bestehen aus ein bis zwei Ionen-

Ringen, die durch eine Kohlenstoffkette mit neun Doppelbindungen

verbunden sind.

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente)

Page 27: Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme fileDiatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A

Xanthophylle: Echinenon, Canthaxanthin, Fucoxanthin, Neofucoxanthin,

Diatoxanthin, Diadinoxanthin, Neoxanthin

Xanthophylle: gehören zu den Tetraterpenen, die jedoch sauerstoffhaltige

Gruppen (Hydroxy-, Carbonyl-, Carboxylgruppen) enthalten

Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente)