organisation of this talk - 大阪大学 · compound verbs ≠serial verbs (()1a) ... we form assume do-1pl AWAY-Nsg 'We will assume ... Hindi-Urdu CVs ≅Marathi CVs ? 3

La Trobe UniversityWhat we know donrsquot know and donrsquot know we donrsquot know

about the compound verb

Peter Edwin Hook (Universities of Virginia and Michigan)

organisation of this talkbull 1 Definition

2 G hi di t ib tibull 2 Geographic distributionbull 3 Historybull 4 Evolutionbull 5 Functional analogsbull 6 Effect of genrebull 7 Using Google to find comparable functions in bull disparate formsbull 8

features of a definition

bull 1 Alternation is key (See point 6)bull 2 Main verb + vector verb = CVbull 3 Vector bears desinencebull 4 Vector bleached to varying degreesbull 5 Expression of a single action or eventbull 6 CV competes with corresponding SV

cong Vector alternates with its absence

Non-compound Compoundbull Transitive rakh nā rakh dele nā to put

vector selection in Hindi-Urdu

bull Transitive rakh-nā rakh dele-nā to putput-Inf put GIVETAKEInf

bull Intransitive gir-nā gir jaa-nā to fallfall-Inf fall GO-Inf

bull Semitransitive pakaŗ-nā pakaŗ le-nāt h I f t h TAKE I fcatch-Inf catch TAKEInf

khā-nā khā le-nā khā jaa ndashnāeat-Inf eat TAKEInf eat GO-Inf

alternation competition desinence

1 xālī gilās mez-par rakh-eempty glasses table-on put-PstHe set the empty glasses on the table

2 xālī gilās mez-par rakh di-el blempty glasses table-on put GIVE-Pst

He set the empty glasses on the table

bleaching

1 kabhīkabhī ġussā-bhī ātāhaisometimes anger-too comesSometimes X even gets angry

2 kabhī-kabhī ġussā-bhī ā jātāhaiisometimes anger-too come GOES

Sometimes X even gets angry

expression of a single action or event

Hindi phāgun kī mast bahār ā jā tī haiHindi phāgunkī mast bahār ā jātīhaiphalguns delightful spring come GOES

Phalguns delightful spring comes YES

Mar vasant pāhuņyā sārkhā ye-un dzātospring guest like come-CP goes

Spring like a guest comes and goes NO

compound verbs ne serial verbs

(1a) šāhīn uŗ gayā (Hindi-Urdu)( ) ŗ g y ( )(1b) lăoyīŋ fēi zŏule (Mandarin)

eagle fly WENTThe eagle flew away okay buthellip

(2a) mazdūrotildene dīvār girā dī( b) b l(2b) gōŋreacuten bă-qiaacuteŋ zaacute dăole

workers Acc-wall knock GAVE FELLThe workers knocked down the wall

vector CVs and factor CVs

(1a) zamīn-par gir gayā(1b) dhartī-par gir āyā

ground-on Earth-on fall CAME WENTHe fell on the ground fell to the Earth

(2ab) atildeatildekhotilde mẽ atildeatildesū bhar gae āe(2cd) atildeatildekhe atildeatildesuotilde se bhar gaĩ āĩ(2cd) atildeatildekhe atildeatildesuotilde-se bhar gaĩ āĩ

eyes in tears-with fill WENT CAME (His) eyes filled with tears

some CV analogsreversals zamīn-par de paţkā paţak diyā

ground-on GIVE flung fling GAVEhellipdashed it to the ground (Hindi)

3-part CVs pūrītarah toŗ -kar rakh diyāpūrītarah toŗ diyācompletely break-CP PUT GAVE

hellipbroke (them) completely (Hindi)natsu-mo owat-te-šimač-čat-ta-šisummer-too finish-CP-PUT-PUT-Pst-ClToo damn bad summers over and done

some more CV analoguespair verbs mi ne-gaʔ-ru ne-laʔ-ru

I 1sg eat Pst 1sg STRIKE PstI 1sg-eat-Pst 1sg-STRIKE-PstI ate it up (Gorum S Munda)hullī kask-as hinās-ashorse died-Nsg WENT-Nsg (Brahui)The horse diedpēg-ɛččhɛ + a-bir-ɛččhɛ

go-2duImp1sgBen+Aug-GIVE-2duImp1sgBenYou (two) go for me (Limbu)

CV analogs directional adverbs

(1) mhe rūp dhāraɳ karotilde par-u(1) mhe rūp dhāraɳ karotilde par uwe form assume do-1pl AWAY-Nsg

We will assume (our true) form (Bhitrodi)

(2) hāthi muo par-o hāthi ni muol h t di d AWAY M l h t N di delephant died AWAY-Msg elephant Neg died

The elephant died didnt die (Bhitrodi)

CV analogs in VO languages Russian(1) a здесь взяла да и началась осень

d j l d i č l a zdes vzjala da i načalas osenand here TOOK and and began autumnAnd here without warning autumn began

(2) а вдруг возмёшь да и вспомнишьhellipa vdrug vozmjošrsquo da i vspomniša vdrug vozmjoš da i vspomnišand suddenly TAKE2sg and and recall2sgAnd suddenly youll rememberhellip

CV analogs in VO languages English(1) Then I went and dropped it a couple of days

l h il d b h fl hlater on the tiled bathroom floor - ouch(2) What did you go and do that for(3) If you are not giving away free information

on your web site then a huge proportion of your business is just upping and leaving

(4) Big Pig she took and built herself a house out of brush

(5-7) went amp died up(ped) amp died took amp died

Geographical distribution Geographical distributionIn Masicarsquos Indo-Turanian Linguistic Area

1 South Asia1 South Asiaa Indo-Aryan (but not in Shina or Sanskrit)b Dravidianc Tibeto-Burman Kiranti Newar Karenhellip d Indian Austro-Asiatic (but not in Khasi)e Absent in Burushaskif No information Nihali Kusunda Car

Shom Pen Vedda

Geographical distribution

2 Central Asiaa Altaic all (marginal in Turkish)b Iranian

i In Baluchi Tashkandi Tajikii Not in Pashto or Dari or Persianii Not in Pashto or Dari or Persian

c Tibetan (marginal in Lhasa) Balti d No information Ket

Geographical distribution3 Northeast Asia

a Mongolian (only factor CVs)g ( y )soldiers that country-Dat arriv-ing COM-ING be-FutSoldiers will be arriving in that place (Martin 196098)

b Korean (and Tungusic) Japanese c Ainu neno i-ki wa en-kore hani

thus IndefObj-do and 1sgObj-GIVE Emphj g j pPlease do it like that for me

d Absent in Yukaghir (Maslova 2003) Udihe e No info Chukchi Itelmen Nivkh Manchuhellip

Geographical distribution4 West Asia

N th t C i Aa Northeast Caucasian Avar--- suna sun anafire wentout goout WENTThe fire went out

b Kartvelian No CVsb Kartvelian No CVsc Semitic No CVs Cushitic No CVsd Anatolian Turkish Lost most of its CVs

Geographical distribution4 Outside Eurasia

a Andes Quichua and local Spanishhuantildeuči-špa šita-šun (Quichua)

kill-CP THROW-1plFutbota-remos mat-aacutendote (Spanish)We will kill you

b NE Africa Somali Oromo No CVs Butiacute haattaacutea kunt- iacute wott-iisi (Wolaitta)he water fill-CP PUTDOWN-3MsgPstHe drew some water (in case pipe closed)

Australian CVrsquos

(1) gabarn-na wek-ga ga-ra-n (Wagiman)quickly-Asp swallow-Asp 3sg-THROW-PresHe swallows it quickly Wilson 199946

(2) bewh-ma nga-bu-ni boran (Wagiman)cross-Asp 1sg-HIT-Pst riverI crossed the river Wilson 199964

(3) wer-wun-any-ta-m (Kamu)tease-3AugObj-2MinSbj-SPEAR-PPYou two teased them Harvey 2003160

Australian CVs

Comparable with S Asian CVrsquos Wilson 199962coverb (particle) + verb = main verb + vector = CV

Highest CV in S Asia is 25In N Australia ratio seems to be much higherA li f th f t A glimpse of the future

(barring the Singularity)

origins of CVs bull Speculative topicbull More than one kind of origin is possiblebull More than one kind of origin is possible

ndash Independent internalndash Interstratal Andean Spanishndash Stimulus diffusionndash Grammatical capture Southern Rajasthan

bull Biclausal origin (pair verbs Steever)meri i boilim wara pinisThe woman has boiled the water

evolution of CVs1 Actionsartal rArr completive rArr aspectual2 Lexical rArr clausal rArr morphological3 De re rArr attitudinal de dictu

(a) koi ši-te šimač-čat-ta-no desu love do-CP PUT1-PUT2-Pst-Nmnlzr be-PresI fell in love (to my regret)

(b) rāt-ko yahatildeatilde pānī pī-ne ātāhainight-at here water drink-Inf comesgkabhīkabhī dopahar-mẽ bhī ā jātāhaisometimes afternoon-in too come GOesAt night he comes to drink At times by day

evidence for biclausal origin

(1) sāhaņu bhaggau laggu umaggehimM b M b d d Iarmy ranMsg beganMsg badroadsIns

lsquoThe army began to run on bad roadsrsquo (Svayambhūdevarsquos paumacariu 2178)

(2) so jāu jji muuhe WENT Prt diedhe WENT Prt diedlsquoHe diedrsquo (paumacariu 3659)

[examples as cited in V Bubenik 1998113]

effects of genre on CV flux1 Formal text versus narrative PM papers2 Headline (a) vs body (b)

(a) bārāt choRā bhāgā dulhāweddingprocession left fled groom

(b) šādi-sepahale dulhā ghar se bhāg gayāddi b f h Abl WENTwedding-before groom home-Abl run WENT

3 Back-bone vs setting interpretation etcPaul Hacker Burton-Page Compare overuse of は

functional analogs

1 Russian perfectives cong Hindi-Urdu CVs 2 Hindi-Urdu CVs cong Marathi CVs 3 Bhitrodi directionals cong Hindi-Urdu CVs 4 English go and V cong Hindi-Urdu CVs 5 Japanese CVs cong Hindi-Urdu CVs 5 Japanese CVs cong Hindi Urdu CVs 6 Korean CVs cong Japanese CVs

Using Google to find comparable functionsin disparate forms

Case study Perfectivity in Russian and Hindi-Urdu and Marathi

convergent function in divergent form

1 položiacutel pustyacutee stakaacuteny na-stoacutelputP empty glasses on-tableHe set the empty glasses on the table

2 xālī gilās mez-par rakh diyel blempty glass table-on put GAVE

Non-perfective Perfectivebull Prefixing deacutelat sdeacutelat to do

perfective aspect forms in Russian

guglirovaacutet poguglirovaacutet to googlebull Suffixing paacutedat paacutest to fall

ostavaacutetsa ostaacutetsa to stayponimaacutet poniaacutet to understandlsquo

bull Suppletion klaacutes t položiacute t to putbull Suppletion klaacutest položiacutet to putloviacutet pojmaacutet to catch

naxodiacutet najtiacute to find

ratios of perfectives or of CVs to totals

bull ona paacutela na zemljuacute paacutedala na z 43103 = 42bull vo gir gaī vo girī 17 42 = 46bull hellipshe fell (on the ground)hellipbull oniacute pojmaacuteli ego oniacute loviacuteli ego 147 218 = 67bull use pakaR liyā use pakaRā 164280 = 58bull hellip (they) caught himhellip

bull položiacutel kniacutegu klaacutel kniacutegu 501570 = 88položiacutel kniacutegu klaacutel kniacutegu 501570 88bull rakh dī rakh lī rakhī 432623 = 70bull hellipplaced (the book) hellip

characteristic contrast conative vs completive

1 doacutelgo loviacuteli i na-koneacutets pojmagravelil ti htNP d t d htPlongtime caughtNP and at-end caughtP

hellipchased (us) a long time amp at last caught (us)(httpsforumdpniorgforumshowthreadphpt=11468amppage=9)

2 gdeacuteto naxodiacutel no ne našoacutelsomewhere foundNP but Neg foundPsomewhere found but Neg found

I was looking for it somewhere but didnt find it (forumru-boardcomtopiccgiforum=33amptopic=9383)

1 kārD DhũũRhā lekin milā nahĩĩcard searched but got NegI looked for my card but couldnt find it

(is-was-willbeblogspotcom2008045-april-saturdayhtml)

2 kārD DhũũRh liyā (lekin milā nahĩĩ)card search TOOK but got NegI found my card (but couldnt find it)

characteristic limits phasal verbs

1 daacuteli paacutedat (6) 2 daacuteli paacutest (67) gave fallInfNP gave fallInfP

They let (x) fall

3 naacutečali paacutedat (512) 4 naacutečali paacutest (16)began fall InfNP began fall InfPbegan fallInfNP began fallInfP

They began to fall

characteristic limits on CVs phasal verbs

1 gir-ne diyā (41) 2 gir jāne diyā (6)fall-Inf gave fall GO-Inf gavehellipallowed (x) to fall

3 gir-ne lagā (172) 4 gir jāne lagā (0)fall-Inf began fall GO-Inf beganfall Inf began fall GO Inf beganhellip began to fall

dolžnyacute posylaacutet (561) dolžnyacute poslaacutet (311)dolžnyacute posylaacutet (561) dolžnyacute poslaacutet (311) should sendInfNP should sendInfP

They should send (x)

perestaacuteli posylaacutet (210) perestaacuteli poslaacutet (1)d d I fNP d d I fPstopped sendInfNP stopped sendInfP

They stopped sending (x)

1 bhej-na cahie (170) bhej de-na cahie (75)1 bhej-na cahie (170) bhej de-na cahie (75)sendInf should send GIVEInf should (x) ought to send (y)

2 bhejna band kar diya (62)bhej dena band kar diya (0)bhej dena band kar diya (0)send GIVE shut do GAVE (x) stopped sending (y)

perfective-promoting contexts fear-clauses

1 boj-uacutes kakby onaacute s maacuterkom ne sputaacutelasfear-1sg lest she with Mark Neg entangleP

Im afraid she might get entangled with M

2 bojuacutes kakby moj muacutež ne postradaacutelfear-1sg lest my husband Neg sufferPg y gIm afraid my husband might sufferhellip

(wwwperfectladyruarticle-16776html)

1 bojuacutes kakby podruacutega na negoacutefear lest girlfriend on himhellipI am afraid that (my) girl friend might

zagljaacutedyvatsja ne staacutelabeunabletokeepeyesoff NP Neg startP

be unable to keep her eyes off him(wwwterrawomancomforum)

1 hellip kto-nibuacuted ne uviacutedel hellip (37)2 kto-nibuacuted ne uvidaacutel (3)2 hellip kto-nibuacuted ne uvidaacutel hellip (3)3 hellip kto-nibuacuted ne viacutedel hellip (49)

someone Neg saw PNPNP

hellipno-one caught sight of saw 4 hellip kakby kto-nibuacuted ne uviacutedel hellip (10)5 hellip kakby kto-nibuacuted ne uvidaacutel hellip (0)6 hellip kakby kto-nibuacuted ne viacutedel hellip (0)

helliplest someone catch sight of see

1 hellip koī dekh na le hellip (21)2 k d kh (3)2 hellip koī na dekhe hellip (3)

someone Neg seehellipno-one may catch sight of see

3 hellip kahĩĩ koī dekh na le hellip (19)4 hellip kahĩĩ koī na dekhe hellip (0)

CV-promoting contexts fear-clauses

1 Dar hai ki kahĩĩ ovarDoz na ho jāefear is that lest overdose Neg become GO

Im afraid there might be an overdose(merekavimitrablogspotcom)

2 Dartā hũũ ki kahĩĩ bigaR na jāo tumfearing am that lest anger Neg GO youfearing am that lest anger Neg GO youIm afraid you might get mad (at me)

(httpmere--wordsblogspotcom)

parallel contexts fear-clauses

Im afraid she might get tangled up with M

2 Dar lagtāhaelig kahĩĩ ulajh na jāE dhāgefear sticks lest tangle Neg GO threadsg gIm afraid the threads might get tangled up

(birenbhatiablogspotcom200806blog-posthtml)

exceptions to the perfective in fear-clauses

1 boj-uacutes kakby mneacute ne byacutelo xuacutežefear-1sg lest meDat Neg wouldbeNP worse

Im afraid it might be worse for me (stative)(wwwwomanruhealthPregnancythread)

2 onaacute strašiacutelas kakby ja eeuml ne ubivaacutelshe feared lest I her Neg killNPshe feared lest I her Neg killShe was afraid that I was going to kill her(anetkoinfovoprowaet_storogevogo_mastera_soglasenhtm)

exceptions to the CV in fear-clauses

1 Dar hai ki kahĩĩ ye na kahā jāe ki hellipfear is that lest this Neg said GO (Pass) thatfear is that lest this Neg said GO(Pass) that Im afraid people might say that (stative)(httpwwwbhaskarcom20070813kiran_bedihtml)

2 Dar hai ki kahĩĩ vo na māŋ-ne lagehellipfear is that lest he Neg ask-Inf beginfear is that lest he Neg ask Inf begin

Im afraid he might start demanding (simplicium tantum) (injagranyahoocomsakhi)

divergent function in convergent form case two Hindi vs Marathi

1 xālī gilās mez-par rakh diye1 xālī gilās mez par rakh diyeempty glass table-on put GAVEHe set the empty glasses on the table

2 tyā-na te pustak raeligk-var Thev-un dilehe-Erg that book rack-on put-CP GAVEg pHe set the book on the rack

(wwwmarathinovelsnet200809marathi-litearature-black-hole-ch-49html)

ratios of CVs to totals

bull ti paDun geli 1 ti paDli 19 120 = 5bull vo gir gaī 17 vo girī 25 1742 = 46bull vo gir gaī 17 vo girī 25 1742 = 46bull hellipshe fellhellip

bull pakaDun dilā ghetlā pakaDlā 9280 = 3bull use pakaR diyā liyā use pakaRā 212371 = 58bull hellip caught (him)hellip

bull khāli Thevun dila khāli Thevla 119 = 5bull nīce rakh dī lī nīce rakhī 2193 = 23bull hellipplaced it belowhellip

1 khup šodhle paN miLat nāhiyemuch searched but getting NegisI looked (for it) a lot but cant find it

(wwwmaaybolicomhitgujmessages35115839html)

2 te šodh-un kāDhle (paN miLat nāhiye)it h CP TOOK OUT b t t N iit search-CP TOOKOUT but got NegisI found it (but cant find it)

Hindi vs Marathi CVs with phasal verbs

1 ramĩ 3 2 ram gaĩ 133 ramli 59 4 ramun geli 9

enjoyed enjoy WENT

hellip became rapt hellip5 ramne lagā 21 6 ram jāne lagā 07 lā l i 11 8 d ā lā l i 17 ramu lāgli 11 8 ramun dzāu lāgli 1

enjoy began enjoy GO beganhellip began to become rapt

1 samajhne lagā 523 2 samajh lene lagā 0understand began understand TAKE beganhellip began to understand

3 samadzu lāg- 38 4 samadzun gheu lāg- 4understand began understand TAKE begang ghellip began to understand

1 samajhī hundreds 2 samajh līliyā hundreds3 samadzle 280 4 samadzun ghetle 92

understood understand TOOKhellip understood

5 samajhne lag- 523 6 samajh lene lag- 07 d l 38 8 d h l 47 samadzu lāg- 38 8 samadzun gheu lāg- 4

understand began understand TAKE beganhellip began to understand hellip

1 goLā ye-Nār nāhi nā yāci kāLji vāTliball come-Fut Neg NQM thisGen worry feltI worried the cannonball might comehellip

(anandghanblogspotcom200810blog-posthtml)

2 uddeš viphal ho-il hi bhiti hotigoal unsuccessful be-Fut this fear wasgoal unsuccessful be Fut this fear was were afraid theyd be unsuccessful(mymahabharatblogspotcom2008_04_01_archivehtml)

CVs and fear-clauses in Kazakh

1 Балқаш көлi құрғап кетпей ме деп қорқадыbalqaš kœli qŭrġa p ket pej me de p qorqa dıbalqaš kœli qŭrġa-p ket-pej me dep qorqa-dıBalkhash Lake dry-CP GO-Neg QM Quot fear-3(They) are afraid that Lake Balkhash will dry up

2 Қазақстан қазақтанып кетеді деп қорқадыqazaqstan qazaq-tanı-p ket-edi dep qorqa-dıKazakhstan kazakh-ify-CP GO-Fut Quot fear-3Kazakhstan is afraid it will go Kazakh

acknowledgement

The research reported here was supported in part by the Grants-in-aid No 18520314 and No 20520384 from MOMBUSHO Government of Japanp

Compound Verbs involving ldquoPUTKEEPrdquo as a vector verb in Northeast Central and

South Asian languages g gAn areal‐typological study

Prashant PARDESHIKobe University Japan

Workshop on Compound Verbs in Indo‐TuranianLinguistic Area

Research Center for Linguistic TypologyLa Torbe University Melbourne 19th Dec 2008

1 Introduction

bull Background amp Purpose

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

Explicator compound verb

bull one of the hallmarks of the languages spoken in Northeast Central and South Asia

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 151)Explicator compound verb

1 Introduction

bull Explicator compound verb

＋bull Sequence of two verbs V1(non‐finite)＋v2(finite)

bull V1＝PrimaryMainPolar Verb

bull v2＝SecondaryExplicatorVector Verb

bull Semantics V1 is the semantic center of gravity and v2 is semantically bleachedand v2 is semantically bleached

bull The set of v2s is a closed classGO COME GIVE TAKE PUTKEEP SEE THROW SIT STAND etc

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 146)Chief explicator auxiliaries

1 Introduction

bull Explicator compound verb [V1+v2]

bull The concatenation of [V1+v2] is lexically selective

bull A given v2 combines only with such V1 as are compatible with it

bull Not much is known about the cross linguisticbull Not much is known about the cross‐linguistic differences in the co‐occurrence restrictions of a given v2 with the V1

1 Introduction

bull The co‐occurrence restrictions of a given v2 with the V1 may be taken as a barometer of the degree of semantic bleaching or grammaticalization of the v2 in question

bull Assuming that the direction of semantic changeAssuming that the direction of semantic change is the same but that the speed of the change may vary from one language to other

1 Introduction

9grammaticalization path

1 Introduction

bull a comparative study of vector verbs across the l f N th t C t l d S th A ilanguages of Northeast Central and South Asia provides us an invaluable opportunity to examine the process of grammaticalization at different points in apparent time and to follow it through successive phases (see Hook 1988)

bull Such an exploration in ldquospacegeographyrdquo provides a glimpse into the ldquotimehistoryrdquo of the trajectory of change

1 Introduction

bull In this paper I focus on the vector verb (v2) usage of the experientially basic verb PUTKEEPusage of the experientially basic verb PUTKEEPin the languages of Northeast (Japanese Korean Mongolian) Central (Kazakh Uzbek Kyrgyz Tajik Uyghur) and South Asia (Hindi Marathi Telugu Tamil Malayalam) in an attempt to shed light on the similarities andattempt to shed light on the similarities and differences in its co‐occurrence restrictions with the main verb (V1) through a questionnaire‐based elicitation study

1 Introduction

bull Languages under discussion

2 Methodologybull Questionnaire based elicitation from native speakersprimary data

bull ConsultantsNative speakers of the concerned languages (and also fluent in Japanese)

bull No of consultants 1 per language（5 for Korean）

bull The data represents the dialectidiolect of thebull The data represents the dialectidiolect of the consultant

bull Masica (1976 146) semantic contribution of the vector ldquoKEEPPUTrdquo forethought+completion

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

bull Korean Dr J‐M Kim Dr H‐J Chung Y‐N Li Y‐J Kwon and J‐H Kwon

bull Monogolian Badema (Wūlaacutenchaacutebugrave City Inner Monogolia China)

bull Uzbek Mukhamediev Nozim Mufazzalovich (Tashkent Uzbekistan）bull Tajik Fariza Abidova Mirmuhammadovna(Samarqand Uzbekistan)

bull Kyrgyz Djamilia Soltobaeva (Ak Tuz Kyrgyzstan)

bull Kazakh Saltanat Abdildina (Astana Kazakhstan)

bull Uyghur Gulizar Keyim (Ghulja City Uyghur Autonomous Regions China)

bull HindiSunil Lakhera (New Delhi India)bull Telugu Dr SAR Reddy (Kakinada India)

bull Tamil Verrappan Veerasureshkumar (Madurai India)

bull Malayalam Dr P A George (Thiruvananthapuram India)

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

1 canonical transitive exx 2-12

2 semi-transitiveingestive exx13-17

3 reflexive exx 18-20 amp 23

4 unergative exx 21 22 24-31

5 unaccusative ex 32

See appendix for enlarged version

2 Methodologybull V1 classification 5 groups in the order of decreasing transitivity

i l i i ( h l h l hbull canonical transitive (eg wash cloths clean the room etc) exx 2‐12

bull semi‐transitiveingestive (eg eat food drink medicine)exx 13‐17

bull reflexive transitive (take shower wash onersquos hands etc) exx 18‐20 amp 23

bull unergative (eg run walk sit etc) exx 21 22 24‐31 bull unaccusative (eg die) ex 32bull Check if the above can co‐occur with the vector PUTKEEP in the languages under discussion

3 Findings

bull Since the number

1 canonical transitive exx 2-12bull of languages under

bull consideration is

bull large results will be

bull presented as per

bull the category of

bull V1

See appendix for English translation

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

1 Canonical transitive exx 2-12 (see appendix)

Uzbek (Central Asia)6 Ertaga sayil-ga chiq-ib ketish-im bois kiyim-lar-im-ni

tomorrow journey-to go out-CP go-1S hence cloth-PL-1S-ACCyuv-ib qorsquoy-d-imwash-CP keep-PAST-1S

Malayalam (South Asia)6 Nale muthal yatrakkyu pokunnathukondu vasuthram

tomorrow from journeyto go-hence clothsACCalaki vecchu

alaki vecchuwashCP keepPASTSince I was to go on a trip from tomorrow I washed the cloths beforehand

Exx 2-8 10 In all the language at hand the combination of [WASH+ KEEPPUT] is permitted

3 Findings

Mongolian (N-E Asia)9 tere učir-yin toqai bodulqila- ya [bodulqila-ĵu talbi-ya]

that thing-GEN about think-FUT think-CP keep-FUT

Telugu (South Asia)9 Aa vishayam gurunchi aalochi-staanu aalochi-nchi-uncutaanu

that topic about think-1SFUTURE think-CP-keepFUTUREI will think about it beforehand

I will think about it beforehandあのことについて考えておきます

As for [THINK＋KEEPPUT ] combination variation is observed across lgs

3 Findings

Tajik12 in faila desktop-ba mon-da mon-d-am

that fileACC desktop-on keep-CP keep-PST-1S

Hindi12 vo fail desktop-pe (rakh) rakhi

that fileACCF desktop-on keepCP keepPSTFあのファイルをデスクトップに置いておいたI kept that file on the desktop

I kept that file on the desktop

Exx 11 12[KEEPPUT+ KEEPPUT ] is permitted in East and Central Asian lgs But not in South Asian lgs

3 Findings2 Semi-transitiveingestive exx 13-17 (see appendix)

Uyghur

13 Ete imtixan bolgha-chqa plastinka-ni 2-3-qeacutetim angla-p qoy-d-um

tomorrow exam be-hence tape-ACC 2-3-times listen-CP keep-PAST-1SG

Kazakh13 erteng ekzamen bol-a-dy sol ushyn kasseta-ny 2-3 ret

tomorrow examination be-FUT-3S that for cassette-ACC 2-3 timestynda-p khoi-d-um al-d-ymlisten CP keep PAST 1SG take PAST 1SG

Exx 13 14[LISTEN+ KEEPPUT ] [LOOKSEE+ KEEPPUT ] variation across languages

listen-CP keep-PAST-1SG take-PAST-1SGSince the examination is tomorrow I heard the 2 to 3 times tape beforehand

KyrgyzKyrgyz16 anan uiku-m kel-bes uchun chai-dan kop

later sleep-1S become-NEG so as to tea-ACC lotichi-p koy-d-um al-d-ymdrink-CP keep-PAST-1SG take-PAST-1SG

Marathi16 nantar dzhop yeu-naye mhaNun bharapur cahaa

later sleep come-NEG so as to lot teaACCpi-un ghet-laa Thev-laa

Exx 15-17[EAT+ KEEPPUT ] [DRINK+KEEPPUT] only permitted in Japanese

pi un ghet laa Thev laadrink-CP take-PFMSg keep-PFMSgI drank a lot of tea so as not to fall asleep later

3 Findings3 Reflexive exx 18-20 and 23 (see appendix)

UyghurUyghur19 Tamaqndashni yeacuteyeacutesh uumlchuumln qolum-ni yu-du-myuyu-p qoy-d-um

food-ACC eatINF for hand-ACC wash-PAST-1Swash-CP keep-PAST-1S

Tamil19 saappaaDu saappiDum mun kaiyai kazhuvinEnkazhuvi-vaittEn

food eatPTCPL before handACC washPAST1SwashCP-keepPAST1SI washed my hands for eating food

Exx 18-20 23[TAKE BATH WASH HANDS or FACE BRUSH TEETH+ KEEPPUT ] not permitted in any lg except Japanese

3 Findings4 Unergative exx 21 22 24-31 (see appendix)

Mongolian30 qula-ĵam ayala-qu tola saGu-ĵu bayi-ya talbi-yaab-ya

long-road walk-adj hence sit-CP be-VOL keep-VOLtake-VOL

Marathi30 laamb-caa prawaas asalyaane bas-un thewaa-wa ghyaa-wa

long-GENM journeyM hence sit-CP keep-VOL take-VOL長旅なので座っておこう

Itrsquos a long journey hence let us sit

Exx 21 22 24-31 [ SWIM SIT STAND HIDE RUN +KEEPPUT ] only permitted in Japanese

3 Findings5 Unaccusative ex 32 (see appendix)

Telugu32 naa-ku ekkuwa kaalam bratakaalani leedu

I-DAT long time wish to live notjanam tiTTukoka munde chan-i powaDamuncaTam manchidipeople commenting before die-CP goingkeeping good

Kazakh32 men-in uzakh omyr sur-g-ym kel-mei-dy on-da barlykh

1SGGEN long life live-NOML come-NEG-3SG this-in all

adam-dar sen-y aiai-dy ol-yp Khalkhoi-ghan jakhsy

Ex 32[DIE+KEEPPUT ] Only possible in Japanese

y y yp g j y

person-PL 2SG-GEN regret-FUT3P die-CP stayput-NOML good

I do not want to live long It is best to die when people around regret your death

3 Findings

4 Summary amp Conclusions

bull The results of the study show that all the languages under discussion behave alike withlanguages under discussion behave alike with regard to the concatenation of PUTKEEP with canonical transitive V1

bull As for the combination of the same verb acting as V1 as well as V2 (KEEP+KEEP) differences are observed Northeast anddifferences are observed Northeast and Central Asian languages allow such combinations while South Asian languages do not

bull With regard to ingestive verbs very few languages barring Japanese and Koreanlanguages barring Japanese and Korean permit concatenation with PUTKEEP The same trend is found for the reflexive and unergative verbs

bull Finally as for unaccusative only Japanese allow concatenation with PUTKEEP Theallow concatenation with PUTKEEP The vector PUTKEEP in Japanese (oku) unlike its Korean counterparts also undergoes phonetic attrition

bull From these facts I conclude that on the ti f ti li ti f th tcontinuum of grammaticalization of the vector

PUTKEEP Japanese occupies the higher end and South Asian languages the lower one Korean and the Central Asian languages fall mid‐way between these two poles

bull A more fine‐grained analysis (involving elicitation from multiple no of speakers attested examples etc) is required

Thank you very much

bull Comments criticisms suggestions welcome

bull Acknowledgement

The research reported here is supported in part by grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18520314 18520290 and 20520384)and 20520384)

bull Contact e‐mail address

prashantpardeshigmailcom

Selected references

bull Hook Peter 1988 Paradigmaticization A Case Study from South Asia In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual MeetingSouth Asia In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society Pp 293‐303

bull Hook Peter 2001 Where do Compound Verbs Come from And where are they Going In The yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 2001 Tokyo Symposium on South Asian Languages Contact Convergence and Typology Delhi SAGE Pp 101‐130 p

bull Masica Colin 1976 Defining a linguistic area South Asia Univ of Chicago Press

Appendix English translation of the questionnaire in Japanese

bull 1 HeShe kept the book on the table

bull 2 Since the guests are going to come tomorrow I cleaned the room g g gbeforehand

bull 3 Since the guests were to come soon I switched on the light beforehand

bull 4 Since I was going return home late toady I prepared dinner beforehand

bull 5 I wrote the telephone number on the paper so as not to forget it

bull 6 Since I was to go on a trip from tomorrow I washed the cloths beforehand

bull 7 Mother hid the chocolates beforehand so as not be found by the kids

bull 8 I booked the ticket beforehand

bull 10 Please convey him that I will go tomorrow

bull 9 I will think about it beforehand

bull 11 Keep that book on the table

bull 12 I kept that file on the desktopp p

bull 13 Since the examination is tomorrow I listened the 2 to 3 times tape beforehand

bull 14 When I had been to Japan I should have seen Mt Fuji

bull 15 It is better to drink (take) medicine before getting sick

bull 16 I drank a lot of tea beforehand so as not to fall asleep later

bull 17 Today I may not be able to take lunch hence I atehad a heavy breakfast beforehand

breakfast beforehand

bull 18 Since I wanted to go out I took shower beforehand

bull 19 In order to eat food I washed my hands

bull 20 In order to do makeup I washed my face

bull 23 Let me brush teeth before going to bed

bull 24 After reaching there I have start the work immediately hence I took enough sleep in the plane beforehand

bull 25 Hide yourself so as not be found by him

bull 26 I felt danger hence I decided to run away

bull 27 It looks like it is going to rain later hence I will jogrun in the morning

bull 28 It is better to run the distance more than one required to be run in the race while doing practice

bull 29 Those who want to ask questions should stand (line up) in front of the microphone

bull 30 It is a long journey hence I should better sit

30 It is a long journey hence I should better sit

bull 31 It is important to sit when one can sit

bull 32 I do not want to live long It is best to die when people around regret your death

Compound Verbs in Newar Aspect and Modality

Kazuyuki KiryuMimasaka Univeristy Japan

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

bull Tibeto-Burman (Himalayish)

bull Mainly spoken in the Kathmandu Valleybull Population 1245232

Introduction

(1)bull The basic word order is SV AOV GN AN

RelNbull Shows a strong agglutinative morphologybull The case marking system is an ergative-

absolutive type

Conjunct and disjunct system

wane lsquoto gorsquo wan-e wan-i

wan-ā wan-a

Three types of verbs

(3)Control verbs intentional action

can be inflected with the full range of forms both conjunct and disjunct

Non-control verbs non-intentional action only disjunct ispossible

Fluid verbs behaves like control verbs in some context andlike non-control verbs in others

Conditions for the conjunct series

Conjunct and disjunct system declarative and interrogative

Conjunct and disjunct systemreported speech

Patterns of verb sequences in Newar

There are four types of verb sequences that involves the non-finite form of a verb in the V1 slot

NF1 (Non-Finite form 1)

bull The meanings expressed by this form are means manner temporal sequence temporal overlap causereason and concessive (Hale amp Shrestha 2006)

bull See Hale and Shrestha 1999 for details

NF1(continued)

the NF1 clause constitute an independent clause and it is not necessary for the V1 and V2 to be adjacent

NF3 amp NF4 Compound verbs in Newar

bull The NF2 form is used to form an auxiliary verb phrase and this combination is the candidate for compound verbs in Newar

bull However I have found one instance in which the V1 appears in NF4

The NF4 (infinitive) is used to express purpose with the ndashtapurpose suffix This is related to the use of the NF4 in this verb compounding the NF4 expresses posterior tense which indicates the V1 event takes place after the V2

Auxiliary verbs that take V1 in the NF2 forms

Hale and Shrestha (2006 129)

Two types of compound verbs

bull Lexical compound verbs

Both V1 and V2 have lost their original meaning and forms a single sense in combination of the two

bull Productive typebull The V1 is the main verb that keeps the literal

meaning while the V2 functions as a grammatical unit that has lost its original lexical meaning but has developed a grammatical meaning

bull Vectors in Newarkāye lsquoto takersquo taye lsquoto putrsquowane lsquoto gorsquo waye lsquoto comersquochwaye lsquoto sendrsquo haye lsquoto bringrsquobiye lsquoto giversquo

Kāye (TAKE)1 Indirect perception

Kāye (TAKE)

2 Direction toward the subject

Taye (PUTKEEP)1 Perfect use (resultative)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

2 Preparation sense with intransitive activity verbs

Taye (PUTKEEP)

bull No occurrence with unaccusative verbs

Wane (GO)

1 V1 (Manner) + V2 (Motion)

2 Complete disappearance (Intransitive)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

sense of completion implying it was a while ago that the event took place

Wane (GO)

bull Change caused by external factor that the subject cannot control

Waye (COME)

bull Aspectual auxiliary use (Gradual change)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

2 Perfect (Resultative)

Chwaye (SEND)1 Directional (Transitive event)

Chwaye (SEND)

2 Completion (completely)

Chwaye (SEND)

bull The verb can take the same verb

bull A few activity intransitive verbs may occur in the V1 slot

Haye (BRING)

1 Directional(Factor)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

The verb indicates a starting of a habitual activity

Haye (BRING)

bull Another aspectual use (repetitive)

Haye (BRING)

2 Marking a different place

Haye (BRING)2rsquo Marking a different place

Marking different place

bull Meche (TBBodo-Garo Eastern Nepal)

The suffix ndashi indicates that the action denoted by the verb takes place at somewhere different from the place where the utterance is made

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

benefactive malfactivebiye `to give

start to dodirectional different

lt--gt yaːke

chwayehaye `to bring

directional completionlt--gt hayechwaye `to send

gradual change (appearance)

directional perfect (resultative)

waye `to come

gradual change (disappearance)

complete disappearanceperfectivechange caused by external factor

wane `to go

preparation perfect (result)

taye `to put

indirect perceptiondirection toward the subject

kaye `to take

Phasal aspectVectorFactor

Abbreviations

ABL-ablative AD-antideictic AND-adnominal ADV-adverbial CL-classifier COMP-complementizer CS-change of situation DAT-dative DIST-distal EMPH-emphatic ERG-ergative FC-future conjunct FD-future disjunct FUT-future GEN-genitive INF-infinitive LF-long form LOC-locative NEG-negation NF-non-finite NL-nominalizer PART-particle

PC-past conjunct PD-past disjunct PL-plural PROG-progressive Q-question SG-singular SP-specific

Are vector verbs immune to evolution

Peter Edwin Hook and Prashant Pardeshi

University of Michigan and Kobe University

Compound verbs in the Indo-Turanian linguistic area

RCLT La Trobe University 19th December 2008

1 IntroductionThe compound verb (CV) is one of the hallmarks of theThe compound verb (CV) is one of the hallmarks of the South Asian linguistic area (Cf Masica 1976) and has been a topic of debate in traditional as well as modern linguistic descriptionsCV is concatenation of two verbsmdashpolar verb V1 (aka as main or primary verb) and vector verb V2 (aka explicator light verb secondary verb intensifier operator etc)

The polar verb is in the conjunctive participle (or absolutive) form while the vector verb bears desinential affixesCompound verbs can usually be replaced by corresponding non-compound verbs with little or no difference in meaning translatable into languages (eg English) that lack them

1 Introduction

Th l b f t t d fThe core class members of vector set are drawn from nearidentical or at least closely similar lexical items GO COMEGIVE TAKE THROW PUT KEEP SIT FALL TAKE OUT

(1)raam-na patra lih-l-aRam-Erg letterN write-Pst-NlsquoRam wrote a letterrsquo

(2) raam na shyaam laa patra lih un di l a

(2) raam-na shyaam-laa patra lih-un di-l-aRam-Erg Shyam-Dat letterN write-CP give-Pst-NlsquoRam wrote a letter for Shyamrsquo [OTHER-BENEFACTION]

(3) shyaam-na patra lih-un ghet-l-aShyam-Erg letterN write-CP take-Pst-NlsquoShyam wrote the letter (for himself)rsquo [SELF-BENEFACTION]

1 Introduction(4)raam na patra lih un Thev l a(4)raam-na patra lih-un Thev-l-a

Ram-Erg letterN write-CP keep-Pst-NlsquoRam wrote a letterrsquo [ANTICIPATORY ACTION]

(5)raam-na patra lih-un Taak-l-aRam-Erg letterN write-CP throw-Pst-NlsquoRam wrote a letterrsquo [NOW RID or FREE of OBLIGATION]

(6)raam-na patra lih-un kaaDh-l-aR E l tt N it CP d P t N

Ram-Erg letterN write-CP draw-Pst-NlsquoRam wrote a letterrsquo [EXHAUSTIVE]

(7)raam patra lih-un bas-l-aaRamM letterN write-CP sit-Pst-MlsquoRam wrote a letterrsquo [UNDESIRABILITY of ACTION]

1 Introduction(8)Tarou ga Hanako ni hon o yon de yat ta(8)Tarou-ga Hanako-ni hon-o yon-de yat-ta

Taro-Nom Hankako-Dat book-Acc read-CP give-PstlsquoTaro read the book for Hanakorsquo [OTHER-BENEFACTION]

(10)Tarou-ga sono hon-o yon-de oi-taTaro-Nom that book-Acc read-CP put-PstlsquoTaro read that bookrsquo [ANTICIPATORY ACTION]

(11)Tarou-ga sono hon-o yon-de shimat-taTaro-Nom that book-Acc read-CP put way-PstlsquoTaro read that bookrsquo [EXHAUSTIVE]

1 Introduction

l i h b d h hRecently it has been asserted that the vector (aka light) verb constituents of the compound verbs (V1+V2) found in South Central and Northeast Asian languages differ in fundamental ways

g g yfrom auxiliaries of tense and mood(Butt 2003 Butt amp Geuder 2003 Butt amp Tantos 2004)

1 Introduction

A central contention (Butt 200315-16) is that while auxiliaries may evolve from full verbs over longer or shorter periods of time in ways deemed by students of grammaticalization to be universally

grammaticalization to be universally valid path-ways the vector verbs do not evolve along those paths

1 Introduction

Vector verbs are said to be form-identical with their full verb counterparts while tense auxiliaries are not the light verb is always form-identical to a main verb in the language historically

main verb in the language hellip historically stable very much unlike what has been documented for auxiliaries (Butt 200315)

1 Introduction

Vector verbrsquos semanticsare claimed to be sufficiently abstract to allow them to function immediately as vectors or explicators in compound verbs without semantic bleaching or phonological

without semantic bleaching or phonological ablation

1 IntroductionFurthermore vector verbs are not to be regardedFurthermore vector verbs are not to be regardedas semantically bleached hellip light verbs do not enter the grammaticalizationcline ie they are not main verbs which have beenreanalyzed as light verbs and which are now proneto further reanalysis light verbs are intimately

to further reanalysis hellip light verbs are intimatelyconnected to their main verb counterpart in thelexicon They are so intimately connected that weassume just one lexical entry which can give rise toboth light and main verb meanings (Butt 200316)

1 IntroductionGrammaticalization cline Hopper amp Traugott (1993)Grammaticalization cline Hopper amp Traugott (1993)

Full verbgt(light verb)gtauxiliarygtcliticgtaffix

Revised Grammaticalized cline Butt amp Geuder (2003 328)

Full verbgtauxiliarygtcliticgtaffix

Light verb

2 Form-identicalnessEvidence in support of Butt (2003)Evidence in support of Butt (2003) Shina-Gilgitauxiliary verbs ne full lexical source

(11) a ma Caa bi-g-asINom cold become-Pst-1sgM(ltlsquowentrsquo-1sgM) I got became cold

bCaa b-ee ma hamaam-eT g-aascold become-CP INom bath-Dat went-1MsgFeeling cold I went to the baths (Hook and Zia 2005)

2 Form-identicalnessEvidence in support of Butt (2003)Evidence in support of Butt (2003) Marathivector verbs = full lexical source

(12) a baaraa vaadz-un gel-etwelveNom strike-CP WENT-M3pl

It struck twelve b te ghari gel-e

theyNom home went-M3plThey went home

2 Form-identicalness

Evidence in support of Butt (2003) MarathiEvidence in support of Butt (2003) Marathiauxiliary verbs ne full lexical source

(13)a te maadzhe mitra aahe-ttheyNom my friends be-M3plThey are my friends

b te ghari gel-e (aahe)-ttheyNom home went-M3pl BE-M3plThey have gone home

2 Form-identicalnessHowever Buttrsquos generalization is not universallyHowever Butt s generalization is not universally applicable In Hindi-Urdu the forms of the vector jaa-ga- lsquogorsquo are indeed form-identical with those of their etymological source as claimed by Butt

(14) a ye gaaliyAA sun-kar aape se baaharthese curses hear-CP self from outsideho ga-yaa

g ybecome WENT-Msg Hearing these curses he lost control (godaan 4833)

b tab hiiraa apne ghar ga-yaathen Hira selfrsquos house went-MsgThen Hira went home (godaan 10941)

However although Hindi-Urdu h-th- be also functions as an auxiliary of tense and mood there is no difference in form between its forms quaauxiliaries and the corresponding full lexical verb(example (15) and (16))

(example (15) and (16))So the presence of ldquoform-identicalnessrdquo does not in and of itself distinguish vectors from auxiliaries

2 Form-identicalness(15) a ham jaan-te hAI(15) a ham jaan te hAI

we know-Hab Pres1plWe know (godān 10718)

b ham yahAA hAIwe here areWe are here

(16) a kahII duur nahII gayaa thaa

somewhere far Neg gone PstMsg I hadnt gone anywhere far (godān 2105)

b lakhnauu mE to thaaLucknow in Particle wasI was (just) in Lucknow (godān 2105)

2 Form-identicalnessIn fact when the data net is cast further theIn fact when the data net is cast further theempirical evidence for the form-identity claimevaporates Vector verbs do undergo phonologicalattrition just as auxiliaries do

(17) a naan naay-e viTT-een (Tamil)

I NOM d ACC l d M1

INOM dog-ACC released-M1sgI let the dog go

b (naan) ad-e saappiTTu -TT-eenINOM it-ACC eatCP-RELEASED-M1sgI ate it (all) up (Schiffman 200590)

2 Form-identicalnessAbout vector koL-koo- HOLD CONTAIN SchiffmanAbout vector koL koo HOLD CONTAIN Schiffmansays ldquoThe phonology of the spoken form of thisaspectual verb differs much more from its literaryTamil counterpart than could be predicted byregular historical or morphophonemic rulesrdquo (200596)Schiffman adds a footnote The extreme variability

Schiffman adds a footnote The extreme variabilityof the phonology of this aspectual verb bespeaks aradical departure of some sort that is one of thesymptoms of the process of grammaticalization(2005105)

Dictionaries specify forms for the imperative of koL- koo- when it occurs as a vector that are differentfrom those of koL-koo- as a main verbThese facts are not consonant with Butts andTantoss claim that historical changes that apply

Tantos s claim that hellip historical changes that applyto change the surface form of the verb (changes inmorphology form etc) will apply to both the lightand the main verb useshellip (2004126)

2 Form-identicalnessIn Japanese the vector shimau PUT (AWAY) shows a highIn Japanese the vector shimau PUT (AWAY) shows a high degree of phonological attrition In fact shimaursquos ablation to a suffix -chau is seen by Japanese linguists as a normal instance of grammaticalization (Ono 1992 372)

(18) a ano ko wa moo otona ni natte shimatte iruthat child Top already adult to become PUT-CP be

p yThat little girl has already turned into an adult woman

b kocchi-ni moo ki-chat-tathisway-to already come-PUT-Pst(He) camehas come over herelsquo (Ono and Suzuki 1993 205)

We may conclude that the tendency overWe may conclude that the tendency over time for function as opposed to content verbs to undergo (or not to undergo) phonological attrition in a particular language or language family does not depend on whether they are

functioning as vectors or as auxiliaries of tense or mood

3 Semantic bleachingIs the contribution of the vector verb to the semantics of aIs the contribution of the vector verb to the semantics of a compound verb something that needs to be separately accounted for Or is the meaning of the vector isotopic with that of its full lexical counterpart hence not subject to independent specification What are the consequences of this hypothesis If the isosemantic assumption were correct we should expect

isosemantic assumption were correct we should expect differences in the semantic range of a given lexical verb to be reflected by parallel differences in the range of functions of the corresponding vector And vice versa

3 Semantic bleachingThese correlations should be observable bothThese correlations should be observable both within and across languages As the semantics of a main verb evolve the functions and distribution of the vector should evolve pari passu If cognate lexical verbs have the same or nearly the same range of meanings in languages x and y

the same range of meanings in languages x and y their vector counterparts should have the nearly the same distributions in x and y This seems to be true in the case of PUTKEEP in (19)

3 Semantic bleachingMasica (1976) has noticed the cross-linguistic parallel inMasica (1976) has noticed the cross linguistic parallel in the function of vectors whose lexical counterparts mean put or keep Regardless of their etymological source or phonological shape vectors PUTKEEP are used in the sense of performance of an act with future use or benefit in viewSuch parallels can be seen in the uses of Kashmiris thav

Such parallels can be seen in the uses of Kashmiri s thav(19a) and Marathis Thev (b) Hindi-Urdus (non-cognate) rakh (c) Tamils vayyi (19d) Japaneses ok (e) Ainursquos anu (f) and Koreans noh (g) and twu (g)

Parallels in vectors lt PUT

(19) a kamri theevy-tav vuch-yith kathbaath kery-tavroom PUT-Imper look-CP words do-Imper

Have a look at the room (then) talk things over (Kashmiri)

b tumcyaa saaThi rastaa tayaar kar-un Thev-l-aayour sake road ready make-CP PUT-Pst-Msg(They) prepared you the way (Marathi)

c pahale-hii sabkuch kah-sun rakhaa thaabefore-Emph everything say-hear PUTPst bePstMsg(He) had discussed it all in advance (Hindi-Urdu)

(19) d taNNiir-e kuDiccu veppoom (Tamil)water-Acc drinkCP PUTFut1pl

Well tank up on water [ie lsquohellipfill up to avoid future thirst ] (Schiffman 200591)thirst] (Schiffman 200591)

e wasure-nai uchi-ni kai-t(e) ok-ou (Japanese) forget-Neg house-in write-CP PUT-Hortative I better write (this) down before I forget

f ku-ye wa k-anui (Ainu) 1sg-say and 1sg-PUT

g y gI said it (for a future purpose) (Onishi RCLT39)

g jan-i chayk-ul ilk-e noh-ass-ta (Korean) John-Nom book-Acc read-CP PUT-Pst-DeclarativeJohn prepared by reading a book (Suh 2000 78)

3 Semantic bleaching

However the cross linguistic parallels in theHowever the cross-linguistic parallels in the meanings of vectors that are homophonous with main verbs meaning put or keep are the exception rather than the rule Let us look at some exceptions

3 Semantic bleachingHindi-Urdus vector de GIVE as in (20) has a muchHindi Urdu s vector de GIVE as in (20) has a much broader range of uses than its Marathi counterpart Some of these are at odds with those of Marathirsquos de GIVE and are not predictable from the semantics of the main verb give in either language

(20) na-jaane kidhar cal de-tiihai hellipNeg-know where move GIVE-Habitual

Neg know where move GIVE Habitual

No knowing where she goes off tohellip (Hindi-Urdu)

Marathi does not allow the equivalent of (20) even though it also has a vector correlated with its main verb de- give

3 Semantic bleachingThis unexpected variation in vector function takes onThis unexpected variation in vector function takes on dramatic form in Turkish

(21) a koşa-ver-iniz Hurry up and run

b i ccedilkis-in-i i ccedile-ver-didrink-his-Acc drink-GAVE-Pst3sgHe gulped his drink down

While (21a) in Turkish has an apparent parallel in Hindi-Urdus inverse CV de bhaagaa took off there is no Hindi-Urdu counterpart to (21b) that can be related to any cor-responding difference in the semantics of main verb ver- in Turkish as opposed to the semantics of main verb de- in Hindi-Urdu

The Japanese vector shimau PUT (AWAY) also exhibits a profound degree of semantic bleaching As pointed out by Ono (1992371) some dictionaries even have a separate entry for the grammaticalized usage and the Ministry of Education in Japan is trying to abolish use of the Chinese character (which denotes its lexical meaning) for the

character (which denotes its lexical meaning) for the rendering of the grammaticalized usage Example (22 a-f) shows the spectrum from lexical to grammatical usages of shimau

3 Semantic bleaching(22) a monooki-ni yoma-nai hon-o shimat-ta( ) a o oo yo a a o o s at ta

storeroom-in read-not book-Acc putaway-PstThe books I dont read I put away in the store room(Ono 1992 369)

b sono hon-o yon-de break shimat-tathat book-Acc read-CP putaway-PstI read that book and put it away (Ono 1992 371)

I read that book and put it away (Ono 1992 371)

c sono hon-o yon-de shimat-tathat book-Acc read-CP PUT(AWAY)-PstI finished reading that bookI have read the book

(Ono 1992 371)

3 Semantic bleaching(22) d hon-o shimat-te shimat-ta(22) d hon o shimat te shimat ta

book-Acc putaway-CP PUT(AWAY)-PstI put the book away (Ono 1992 372)

e susumu-wa nyuuginiya-ni it-te shimat-taSusumu-Top NewGuinea-to go-CP PUT(AWAY)-PstSusumu has gone to New Guinea (Ono 1992 372)

f henna hon-o yon-de shimat-taobscene book-Acc read-CP PUT(AWAY)-Pst(I) have read an obscene book (to my regret) (Hasegawa 199614)

3 Semantic bleachingExample (22a) represents the lexical use of shimau while (d-f)Example (22a) represents the lexical use of shimau while (d f)represent its grammatical uses Examples (22b 22c) straddlebetween the lexical and grammatical use with the formerhaving a phonological break while the latter doesnt Thisaccording to Ono represents the iconic relationship holdingbetween phonological distance and conceptual distance In(22b) the presence of a phonological break has a two-eventinterpretation wherein shimau maintains its lexical meaning

interpretation wherein shimau maintains its lexical meaningwhile (22c) with its absence of a phonological break has aone-event interpretation in which shimau does not have itslexical meaning Example (22d) shows a concatenation withtwo shimaus in a row The first one has the lexicalinterpretation while the second one is grammaticalized

3 Semantic bleachingIn present day Japanese a layering ofIn present day Japanese a layering of grammatical shimau and its phonetically reduced variant chau is encountered in which the full form marks the aspectual meaning (completeness) while the reduced form conveys what Suzuki (1999) calls the speakers negative attitude

( ) p gtowards completion of a situation (example 23)

3 Semantic bleaching(23) a koi shi-te shimac-chat-ta-no desu(23) a koi shi te shimac chat ta no desu

love do-CP PUT1-PUT2-Pst-Nominalizer beI fell in love (to my regret)

b douse natsu-mo owat-te-shimac-chat-ta-shialas summer-also finish-CP-PUT1-PUT2-Pst-CLbetsu-no koto-o kangae-youother-Gen thing-Acc think-DesiderativeAlas summer is over (to my regret) I should think of something else

( y g ) g

In other words the aspectual auxiliary is form-identical with its lexical counterpart while the attitudinal light verb is phonologically reduced These facts run counter to the prediction of Butt (2003) and Butt and Tantos (2004)

3 Semantic bleachingFurthermore it is interesting to note that the acquisition ofFurthermore it is interesting to note that the acquisition ofthe reduced form -chau precedes its non-reduced counterpartndashte shimau Through the analysis of mother-child interactiondata Suzuki (1999) demonstrates that -chau which is themost grammaticalized form occurs much more frequently thanits full form counterpart ndashte shimauShe claims that the earliest meaning of -chau as shown to thechild by his mother is affective expressing a negative attitude

child by his mother is affective expressing a negative attitudetoward completion of a situation rather than mere completionThis according to her is one of the morphological tools that aJapanese mother uses in socialization trying to teach a childhow to behave how to move his own body and how theworld around him is structured

4 Entanglement

In a more recent study Butt and Tantos (2004)assert that the vector and its main verbcounterpart are so closely linked that if the eitherone disappears from its language then so doesthe former simultaneously

the former simultaneously

4 Entanglement evidence for the intimate connection between main andhellip evidence for the intimate connection between main andlight verb hellip is the observation that when a verb ceases toexist in a language then both the main and the light verbusage disappear simultaneously (if both exist) hellip if thelexical entry is deleted from the grammar of the languagethen both the main and the light verb use will cease toexist at the same time hellip This situation stands in stark

contrast to that of auxiliaries which tend to develop awayfrom the original main verb form until they are almostunrecognizable (2004126)

4 EntanglementFurther The available diachronic evidence showsFurther The available diachronic evidencehellip showsthat one never finds a light verb on its own there isalways a form-identical main verb in use as well(2004126)The clearest counter-example to this generalization is Hebbar Tamils kyo- which as a vector is cognate with Tamilrsquos kokoL CONTAIN (Sriram 2004) but

with Tamilrsquos kokoL- CONTAIN (Sriram 2004) but which in contemporary Hebbar Tamil does not have a main verb counterpart kyo- is an orphan vector a status that by Buttrsquos claims should be impossible

5 The end of the line

A central contention (Butt 200315 16) isA central contention (Butt 200315-16) is that while auxiliaries may evolve from full verbs over longer or shorter periods of time in ways deemed by students of grammaticalization to be universally valid

path-ways the vector verbs do not evolvealong those pathsHoweverhellip

5 Vectors do evolveThe verb la lsquoput placersquo was already in useThe verb la lsquoput placersquo was already in use as a vector in the 8th century CE and was also used as a suffixldquoThe absolutive form of the verb la used as an auxiliary has hellip become the mark of the

yabsolutivehelliprdquo (lsquoabsolutiversquo = conjunctive participle) helliprdquo (Paranavitana 1956 1clvii)

5 Vectors do evolve[pi]rimi baumlNauml la-ta tama-haTa[pi]rimi baumlNauml la-ta tama-haTamen speak PUT-Cond self-with

rava-la [baumll]u dik-netfrown-PUT looked long-eye

lsquoW t k t h th l d

lsquoWere men to speak to her the long-eyedone looked (at them) frowningrsquo(Paranavitana 19562119 8th cent)

6 ConclusionWe conclude that any differences in the speed of phonologicalWe conclude that any differences in the speed of phonological

attrition or semantic bleaching that may seem todiscriminate vector verbs from auxiliaries of tensemoodshould be ascribed to the greater text frequency of theauxiliaries and not to some fundamental or categorialdistinction between vector verbs and other kinds ofauxiliaries (cf Fidelholtz 1975 and Johnson 1983 asdiscussed in Newmeyer 1998256)

Acknowledgement The research reported here was supported in part by the Grants-in-aid (18520314 20520384) from MOMBUSHO Govt Of Japan

ReferencesAnnamalai E 1985 Dynamics of Verbal Extension in Tamil Trivandrum DLABailey T Grahame 1924 Grammar of the Shina Language London Royal Asiatic SocietyButt Miriam 2003 The Light Verb Jungle In G Aygen C Bowers and C Quinn (eds) HarvardWorking Papers in Linguistics Vol 9 Papers from the GSASDudley House Workshop on Light VerbsPp 1-49Butt Miriam and Wilhelm Geuder 2003 Light Verbs in Urdu and Grammati-calisation In RegineEckardt Klaus v Heusinger and Christoph Schwarze (eds) Words in Time Diachronic Semantics fromDifferent Points of View Berlin Mouton de Gruyter Pp 295-350Butt Miriam and Alexandros Tantos 2004 Verbal Semantic via Petri Nets On Web www-lfgstanfordedulfglfg2004abstractslfg04-abs-butt-tantospdfFidelholtz James L 1975 Word frequency and vowel reduction in English CLS 11200-13

Fidelholtz James L 1975 Word frequency and vowel reduction in English CLS 11200 13godān See PremchandGuseva E 1961 sistema vidov v sovremennom korejskom jazyke(The system of aspects in modernKorean) Moscow Izdatelstvo vostochnoj literaturyHacker Paul 1961 On the problem of a method for treating the compound and conjunct verbs inHindi BSOAS 24484-516_______ 1958 Zur Funktion einiger Hilfsverben im modernen Hindi Mainz

ReferencesHasegawa Y 1996 A Study of Japanese Clause Linkage the connective -te in Japanese Palo AltoCSLI P bli iCSLI PublicationsHeine Bernd 1993 Auxiliaries Oxford University PressHerring Susan C 1988 Aspect as a discourse category in Tamil In Berkeley Linguistics Society 14280-292Hook Peter E 1991 The emergence of the perfective aspect in Indo-Aryan languages In Traugott andHeine (eds) Vol 2 pp 59-89Hook Peter E and Muhammad Amin Zia 2005 Searching for the Goddess A study of sensory andother impersonal causative expressions in the Shina of Gilgit In T Bhattacharya (ed) Yearbook ofSouth Asian Languages and Linguistics 2005 Berlin Mouton de GruyterHopper Paul and Elizabeth C Traugott 1993 Grammaticalization Cambridge University PressIglesias-Rabade Luis 2001 Composite Predicates in Middle English with the verbs nimen and taken Studia

Iglesias Rabade Luis 2001 Composite Predicates in Middle English with the verbs nimen and taken StudiaNeophilologica 73143ndash163Johnson Theodore C 1983 Phonological free variation word frequency and lexical diffusionUnpublished University of Washington PhD dissertationLehmann Thomas 1989 A Grammar of Modern Tamil Pondicherry PILCMadgulkar GD 1967 candani-udbatti (Sandalwood Incense) Poona Kulkarni GranthāgārMakino Seiichi and Michio Tsutsui 1986 A dictionary of basic Japanese Grammar Tokyo The JapanTimes

ReferencesMartin Samuel Yang Ha Lee and Sung-Un Chang 1967 A Korean-English Dictionary New g g g g y

Haven Yale University PressNewmeyer Frederick J 1998 Languge form and language function MIT PressOno Tsuyoshi 1992 The grammaticalization of the Japanese verbs oku and shimau Cognitive

Linguistics 3 (4) 367-390Ono Tsuyoshi and Ryoko Suzuki 1992 The development of markers of speakers attitude The

pragmatic use of the Japanese grammaticalized verb shimau Proceedings of the eighteenthannual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society Berkeley University of California

Paranavitana S 1956 Sigiri Graffiti (two vols) Oxford University PressP d hi P h t K H i amp Shi S t 2005 A t f th t b b N

Pardeshi Prashant Kaoru Horie amp Shigeru Sato 2005 An anatomy of the posture verb basNesit in Marathi A cognitive-functional account In Newman and Rice (eds) Experimentaland empirical methods CSLI

ReferencesPompur Rasool 1986 vwany koor gatshi (Where will I go now) Bijbehara SangamP bli hPublishersPremchand godān Saraswati PressSchiffman Harold 2005 Grammaticalization of aspect in Tamil In SS Mufwene EJFrancis and RS Wheeler (eds) Polymorphous Linguistics Jim McCawleys LegacyCambridge MIT Pp 83-107Sriram Vasanth A brief survey of Hebbar Tamilrsquos verb morphology Language in India IV(online at httpwwwlanguageinindiacomaug2004hebbartamil1html)Strauss Susan 2003 Completive aspect emotion and the dynamic eventive the case ofKorean V-ae pelita Japanese V-te shimau and Spanish se Linguistics 41653-679Suh Yongwhan 2000 Study of the auxiliary verb construction and verb serialization inKorean Seoul Hankuk

Korean Seoul HankukSuzuki Ryoko 1999 Language socialization through morphology The affective suffix -CHAU in Japanese Journal of Pragmatics 31 1423-1441Traugott EC amp B Heine (eds) 1991 Approaches to Gramma-ticalization (2 vols)Amsterdam J BenjaminsYoshida Kanehiko 1971 Gendaigo jodooshi no shiteki kenkyuu [Historical study of contemporary Japanese auxiliaries] Tokyo Meiji Shoin

G Eff t f C dG Eff t f C d

Workshop on Compound Verbs in the Indo-Turanian Linguistic Area

La Trobe University MelbourneDecember 19th 2008

Genre Effects of Compound Genre Effects of Compound Verbs in HindiVerbs in Hindi

MikiMiki Ni hi kNi hi kMiki Miki NishiokaNishioka

Research Institute for World LanguagesResearch Institute for World LanguagesOsaka University JapanOsaka University Japan

The Types of Compound Verb The Types of Compound Verb Constructions in HindiConstructions in Hindi

(( fi i )fi i )Verbal formVerbal form

(non(non--finite)finite)

１１ Stem Stem verb stem (without verb stem (without --nAnA) )

２２ InfinitiveInfinitive verb stem + verb stem + --nene

３３ Present ParticiplePresent Participle verb stem + verb stem + --tAtA --tItI --ttee

４４ Past Participle Past Participle verb stem + verb stem + --AA --II --ee

The Types of Compound Verb The Types of Compound Verb Constructions in JapaneseConstructions in Japanese

１１ Present ParticiplePresent Participle RenRen you you keikei ((RenRen you form)you form)

２２ Past ParticiplePast Participle Te Te keikei ((--tete form) form)

The Sources of the CV DATAThe Sources of the CV DATA

ltShort StoriesgtltShort Storiesgt

ईईईदगाह ईदगाह [IdgAh] [IdgAh] ((IdgahIdgah))बड़ भाई साहब बड़ भाई साहब [[baRebaRe bhAIbhAI sAhabsAhab] ]

(The Elder Brother)(The Elder Brother)written by written by MunshiMunshi PremchandPremchand

ltScreenplaygtltScreenplaygt

महािफज़ महािफज़ [[muhAfizmuhAfiz] ] In CustodyIn Custody ((19931993))directed by Ismail Merchant with a screenplay by directed by Ismail Merchant with a screenplay by

Anita Desai and Anita Desai and ShahrukhShahrukh HusainHusain

Details of Details of IdgahIdgah

Writer Writer MunshiMunshi PremchandPremchandReading Materials Reading Materials 11 Premchand Premchand kiki sarvashreshthsarvashreshth kahaniyankahaniyan

SarasvatiSarasvati Press Banaras 1956Press Banaras 195622 httpmunshihttpmunshi--premchandblogspotcom200603blogpremchandblogspotcom200603blog--

post_114186257841658058htmlpost_114186257841658058html

T t l dT t l d 11 4 925 d4 925 dTotal words Total words 11 4925 words4925 words2 2 4857 words4857 words

Stem Type from IdgahV1 V2

ho A lag ban baiThho A lag ban baiTh

jAnAmil mac chA caRh badalkAT jal luRhak ghus TUT-phUT

khisiyA

kar de paTak toR DAldenA

bikhbikhermAr nikAl jamA chIn pIT lenAho uThnAmAr gir paRnA

Infinitive Type from Idgah

V1 V2V1 V2

hone Ane kahne khAne karnelagnA

bolne kABpne lagAne rone chiRaknejAne lAne denA

kamAne lAne mABgne jAnAmABgne pakaRne AnAmABgne pakaRne AnA

Present Participle Type from Idgah

VV1 V2m sg f sgpl m pl oblpaRhte

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

Past Participle Type from Idgah～ Part 1 ～

V1 VV2m sg f sgpl m pl oblbharA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

bichAf sgpl(huI haihaiM)

m pl obl(hue haiM)

phiroelaTkepakRerakhe

V1 VV2m sg f sgpl m pl obldauRA dauRe

kaResahAcalA calIdiyA dI die

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

V1 VV2m sg f sgpl m pl oblrakhe

rahnApaRA

banA banIuBRela cAhnAR

Details of Bare Bhai SahabDetails of Bare Bhai Sahab

Writer Writer MunshiMunshi PremchandPremchandReading Materials Reading Materials 11 Premchand Premchand kiki sarvashreshthsarvashreshth kahaniyankahaniyan SarasvatiSarasvati

Press Banaras 1956Press Banaras 195622 httpmunshihttpmunshi--premchandblogspotcom200603blogpremchandblogspotcom200603blog--

T t l dT t l d 11 3 561 d3 561 dTotal words Total words 1 1 3561 words3561 words2 2 3550 words 3550 words

Stem Type from Stem Type from Bare Bare BhaiBhaiSahabSahab

～～ Part 1Part 1 ～～

VV11 VV22

hoho AA laglag paRpaR baiThbaiTh

jAnAjAnAmilmil bhUlbhUl rahrah paRhpaRh marmaruRuR kaTkaT phirphir TUTTUT sUkhsUkh

phaTphaT cATcAT

karkar batAbatA likh likh girAgirA kahkahdenAdenAdenAdenA

miTAmiTA ThUBsThUBs DhakelDhakelmARmAR khIMckhIMc banAbanA karkar bhABpbhABp

lenAlenApaRhpaRh samajhsamajh lele baRhbaRh pakaRpakaRlagAlagA

VV11 VV22

likhlikh raTraT nikAlnikAl karkar DAlnADAlnAroro TUTTUT paRnApaRnA

rakhrakh choRnAchoRnAhoho guzarnAguzarnA

Infinitive Type from Infinitive Type from Bare Bare BhaiBhaiSahabSahab

VV11 VV22

hoho socnesocne bahAnebahAne kaTnekaTne roneronelagnAlagnA

samajhnesamajhne uthAneuthAne curAnecurAnejAnejAne karnekarne denAdenAkarnekarne jAnAjAnApaRhnepaRhne baiTh jAnAbaiTh jAnAmABgnemABgne pakaRnepakaRne AnAAnA

Present Participle Type from Present Participle Type from Bare Bare BhaiBhai SahabSahab

VV11 VVVV22m sgm sg f sgplf sgpl m pl oblm pl oblpaRhtApaRhtA paRhtepaRhte

rahnArahnAkheltAkheltA

saRtesaRte

Past Participle Type from Past Participle Type from Bare Bare BhaiBhai SahabSahab

～～ Part 1 Part 1 ～～VV11 VVVV22m sgm sg f sgplf sgpl m pl oblm pl obl

bharAbharA honAhonA((huAhuA haihai))baRhAbaRhA

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

jAnAjAnAdauRAdauRAcalAcalA calecale

paRApaRArahnArahnAjakaRAjakaRA

baiThebaiThedauRIdauRI

A AA ARR

AnAAnAcalAcalAdauRAdauRA calAcalA AnAAnAbanAyAbanAyA karnAkarnAuBRelAuBRelA cAhnAcAhnA

Details of Details of MuhafizMuhafiz

Director Director Ismail Merchant Ismail MerchantScreenplay Anita DesaiScreenplay Anita DesaiReference Reference In CustodyIn Custody （（UrduUrdu）） ed by Yutaka ed by Yutaka

Asada TUFS 1996Asada TUFS 1996

Total words 9199 words Total words 9199 words ff h lh l d hd hParts of Parts of GhazalsGhazals are omitted hereare omitted here

Stem Type from Stem Type from MuhafizMuhafiz～～ Part 1 Part 1 ～～

VV11 VV22

hoho ThaharThahar rahrah AA milmilhoho ThaharThahar rahrah AA milmil

jAnAjAnA

laglag banban pahuBcpahuBc bigaRbigaR paRpaRgirgir pighalpighal calcal nikalnikal bhUlbhUl

lele baiThbaiTh jaljal dede thakthakbacbac rukruklele AnAAnAlele AnAAnAdede nikalvAnikalvA bhejbhej hArhAr khilAkhilA

denAdenAbharbhar jhoMkjhoMk batAbatA choRchoR karkarlagAlagA karvAkarvA kahkah rakhrakh kATkAT

bhijvAbhijvA nikAlnikAl calcal

VV11 VV22

lele mAnmAn maBgvAmaBgvA karkar dekhdekhlele mAnmAn maBgvAmaBgvA karkar dekhdekhlenAlenA

sunsun bacAbacA utArutAr DhUBRhDhUBRh karvAkarvAkahkah xarIdxarIdkhokho gaBvAgaBvA uThuTh baiThnAbaiThnA

samajhsamajh rokrok rakhnArakhnADhUBRhDhUBRh nikalnAnikalnADhUBRhDhUBRh nikalnAnikalnA

AA lAnAlAnA

Infinitive Type from Infinitive Type from MuhafizMuhafizVV11 VV22

AneAne sunAne lagnAlagnAAneAne sunAne lagnAlagnA

AneAne rahne pIne jAne hone denAdenA

pilAnepilAne jAnAjAnA

karnekarne dekhne sunAne milne lagAne AnAAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

Present Participle Type from Present Participle Type from MuhafizMuhafiz

VV11 VV22f lf l l bll bl 22m sgm sg f sgplf sgpl m pl oblm pl oblhotIhotI jAnAjAnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

maMDlAtemaMDlAterahnArahnA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

Past Participle Type from Past Participle Type from MuhafizMuhafiz～～ Part 1 Part 1 ～～

VV11 VV22f lf l l bll bl 22m sgm sg f sgplf sgpl m pl oblm pl oblbaiThebaiThe

honAhonA((huAhuA haihai))

((huIhuI haihaihaiMhaiM))(hue (hue haiMhaiM))

likhelikhechUTAchUTA

pahacAnApahacAnAhhpaRhepaRhe

jAnAjAnAkiyAkiyAcalAcalA calecale

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

Past Participle Type from Past Participle Type from MuhafizMuhafiz～～ Part 2Part 2 ～～

VV11 VV22f lf l l bll bl 22m sgm sg f sgplf sgpl m pl oblm pl oblbaiThIbaiThI rahnArahnA

lielie AnAAnAkhulIkhulI rakhnArakhnA

phARephARe denAdenAkkrukIrukI paRnApaRnA

VV22VV jAnAjAnA denAdenA lenAlenA uThnAuThnA paRnApaRnA

The Distribution of the Patterns of CVs ndash Part I

VV11jAnAjAnA denAdenA lenAlenA uThnAuThnA paRnApaRnA

StemStem II BB MM II BB MM II BB MM II II BB

InfinitiveInfinitive II MM II BB MM

PresentPresentParticipleParticiple

II BB MM

I I IdgahIdgahB B Bare Bare bhaibhai sahabsahabMM MuhafizMuhafiz

PastPastParticipleParticiple

II MM MM MM

VV22VV DAlnADAlnA baiThnAbaiThnA rakhnArakhnA rahnArahnA bannAbannA

The Distribution of the Patterns of CVs ndash Part II

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

InfinitiveInfinitive

II BB MM II

VV22VV honAhonA karnAkarnA cAhnAcAhnA lagnAlagnA AnAAnA

The Distribution of the Patterns of CVs ndash Part III

VV11gg

StemStem MM

InfinitiveInfinitive II BB MM II BB MM

II MM BB II BB BB MM

VV22VV choRnAchoRnA guzarnAguzarnA nikalnAnikalnA calnAcalnA

The Distribution of the Patterns of CVs ndash Part IV

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

InfinitiveInfinitive MM

Occurrence of Top Three Verbs Occurrence of Top Three Verbs of the Stem CVsof the Stem CVs

lenA23

Idgah Bare bhai sahab Muhafiz

The Japanese Verb The Japanese Verb lsquolsquosimausimaursquorsquo as in Vas in V22

for for jAnAjAnAThe Verb The Verb しまうしまう [simau][simau]Original meaning Original meaning

lsquoput something awayrsquo lsquoput in orderrsquo lsquosettlersquolsquoput something awayrsquo lsquoput in orderrsquo lsquosettlersquo

The Occurrence of The Occurrence of jAnAjAnA and lsquoand lsquosimausimaursquorsquo as a Vas a V22

Ex )Ex ) IdgahIdgah Ex) Ex) IdgahIdgah jAnAjAnA as a Vas a V22 98 in the original text98 in the original text

lsquosimaursquo as a Vlsquosimaursquo as a V2 2 42 in the Japanese translation 42 in the Japanese translationrArrrArr 27 of 27 of 4242 are used for are used for jAnAjAnA

Some Examples with Some Examples with jAnAjAnA translated translated into Japanese from into Japanese from IdgahIdgah

पर म छाल पर म छाल पड़ जाएगपड़ जाएग11 पर म छाल पर म छाल पड़ जाएगपड़ जाएगpair pair meMmeM chAlechAle paRpaR jAeBgejAeBgefootfoot inin blistersblisters fallfall gogo

「足「足にに水水ぶくれがぶくれができてしまうできてしまう」」

22 ईदगाह स लौटतईदगाह स लौटत लौटत दोपहर लौटत दोपहर हो जाएहो जाएगागा22 ईदगाह स लौटतईदगाह स लौटत--लौटत दोपहर लौटत दोपहर हो जाएहो जाएगागाIdgAhIdgAh se se lauTtelauTte‐‐lauTtelauTte dopahardopahar ho ho jAegAjAegAIdgah from returnIdgah from return--return noon be goreturn noon be go

「「イードガーハからイードガーハから帰帰ってきたらってきたら昼昼にになってしまうなってしまうだろうからだろうからなな」」

33 ततव व स रोिटया उतारती हस रोिटया उतारती ह तो हाथ तो हाथ जल जाता जल जाता हहtave se tave se roTiyABroTiyAB utArtIutArtI haiMhaiM to to hAthhAth jal jal jAtAjAtA haihaipan from pan from rotisrotis removing is then hand burn go isremoving is then hand burn go is

「鉄板「鉄板からローティーをからローティーを取取ろうとすればろうとすれば手手をやけどをやけどしてししてし「鉄板「鉄板からローティーをからローティーを取取ろうとすればろうとすれば手手をやけどをやけどしてししてしまうまう」」

44 उनह कया उनह कया ख़बरख़बर िक िक चौधरीचौधरी आजआज आख बदल आख बदल लल तो यह सारी ईद महररम तो यह सारी ईद महररम हो जाएहो जाएunheMunheM kyAkyA xabarxabar kiki caudharIcaudharI AjAj ABkheMABkheM badalbadal leMleM to yah to yah sArIsArI Id Id unheMunheM kyAkyA xabarxabar kiki caudharIcaudharI AjAj ABkheMABkheM badalbadal leMleM to yah to yah sArIsArI Id Id muharrammuharram ho ho jAejAe

them do news that chaudhari them do news that chaudhari today today eyes eyes change would take then this whole Id change would take then this whole Id forbidden be goforbidden be go

「「そのその人人がが今日今日そっぽをそっぽを向向いたらいたらイードイード祭祭がが台無台無しにしになっなってしまうてしまうなんてなんてどうしてどうして子供子供たちにたちに分分かるだろうかかるだろうか」」

All above translated by T MatsuokaAll above translated by T Matsuoka

References in HindiReferences in HindiPremchand Premchand MunshiMunshi lsquo lsquoIdgAhIdgAhrsquo rsquo premcaMdpremcaMd kIkIsarvaSreXThsarvaSreXTh kahAniyABkahAniyAB SSarasvatIarasvatI PPresressarvaSreXThsarvaSreXTh kahAniyABkahAniyAB SSarasvatIarasvatI PPresres BBanArasanAras p11 p11ndashndash26 195626 1956PremchandPremchand MunshiMunshi lsquo lsquobaRebaRe bhAIbhAI sAhabsAhabrsquo rsquo premcaMdpremcaMd kIkI sarvaSreXThsarvaSreXTh kahAniyABkahAniyAB SSarasvatIarasvatI PPresres BBanArasanAras p61 p61ndashndash71 195671 1956In In Custody|MuhafizCustody|Muhafiz (1993) directed by Ismail (1993) directed by Ismail M h t ith l b A it D iM h t ith l b A it D iMerchant with a screenplay by Anita Desai Merchant with a screenplay by Anita Desai and and ShahrukhShahrukh HusainHusainGuru Guru KKAmtAprasAdAmtAprasAd 2017 (c1960) 2017 (c1960) HiHindIndIvyAkaraNvyAkaraN NNAgarIpracAriNIAgarIpracAriNI SSabhAabhA K KASIASI (the (the 66thth impression)impression)

References in EnglishReferences in EnglishMasica Colin P 1976 Masica Colin P 1976 Defining a Linguistic Area South Defining a Linguistic Area South AsiaAsia University of Chicago PressUniversity of Chicago PressAsiaAsia University of Chicago Press University of Chicago PressHook Peter EdwinHook Peter Edwin 1974 1974 The compound verb in HindiThe compound verb in Hindi University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies USAsian Studies USHook Peter E 2001 Where do Compound Verbs Hook Peter E 2001 Where do Compound Verbs Come From (And Where are They Going) in Come From (And Where are They Going) in The The Y b k f S h A i L d Li i iY b k f S h A i L d Li i i ( d ) b( d ) bYearbook of South Asian Language and LinguisticsYearbook of South Asian Language and Linguistics (ed) by (ed) by R Singh P R Singh P BhaskararaoBhaskararao and K V and K V SubbaraoSubbarao Sage Sage PublicationsPublications

References in JapaneseReferences in Japanese

lsquolsquoIdgahIdgahrsquo translated by Tamaki Matsuoka in rsquo translated by Tamaki Matsuoka in GenkanGenkannono yoruyoru PremchandPremchand tanpentanpen shuushuu ed byed by TeijiTeijino no yoruyoru Premchand Premchand tanpentanpen shuushuu ed by ed by TeijiTeijiSakata p83Sakata p83--108 Nihon 108 Nihon AisaAisa BungakuBungaku KyoukaiKyoukai 19901990

lsquoBare lsquoBare BhaiBhai SahabSahabrsquo translated and ed by rsquo translated and ed by TeijiTeijiSakata in Sakata in GenkanGenkan no no yoruyoru Premchand Premchand tanpentanpen shuushuu p 159p 159--173 Nihon173 Nihon AisaAisa BungakuBungaku KyoukaiKyoukai 19901990p 159p 159 173 Nihon 173 Nihon AisaAisa BungakuBungaku KyoukaiKyoukai 1990 1990

In CustodyIn Custody （（UrduUrdu）） ed by Yutaka Asada Tokyo ed by Yutaka Asada Tokyo gaikokugogaikokugo daigakudaigaku KyouikukenkyuuKyouikukenkyuu kyougikaikyougikai(TUFS) 1996(TUFS) 1996

Appendix (1)Appendix (1)Some Examples of Japanese CV Some Examples of Japanese CV

[[renyourenyou keikei] Verb ] Verb 「する」「ふる」「なく」「かく」「する」「ふる」「なく」「かく」

はじめるだすかける

つづけるまくる

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

[[--tete keikei] Verb ] Verb 「する」「する」

して

いる＞てるある

いく

くる

しまう＞ちゃうちまう

おく＞とくして

みる

みせる

やるあげるさしあげる

もらういただく

くれるくださる

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

The The research reported here was supported in research reported here was supported in part by a Grantpart by a Grant inin aid (20520384) from theaid (20520384) from thepart by a Grantpart by a Grant--inin--aid (20520384) from the aid (20520384) from the Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology (MOMBUSHO) Government and Technology (MOMBUSHO) Government of Japanof Japan

I thank you for your intensive listening

The compound verb in the constitutions of India Japanconstitutions of India Japan and Korea

Prashant Pardeshi Peter Edwin Hook and

Sung-Yeo ChungKobe University University of Virginia and Osaka UniversityWorkshop on Compound Verbs in Indo-Turanian Linguistic Area

1 Introduction

In his seminal work on areal linguistics Masica (1976) shows that the explicator compound verb (hereafter CV) is one of the hallmarks of the languages spoken in Northeast Central and South Asia (Masicarsquos Indo-Turanian linguistic area)The compound verb (CV) has been a topic of

The compound verb (CV) has been a topic of debate in traditional as well as modern linguistic descriptions especially in the South Asian languages

Indo-Turanian Area

Masica (1976 150-51) Distribution of ECV and Analogous phenomenon

1 Introduction

CV is concatenation of two verbsmdashpolar verb V1 (aka as main or primary verb) and explicator verb V2 (aka vector light verb secondary verb intensifier operator etc)

The polar verb is in the conjunctive participle (or absolutive) form while the vector verb bears desinential affixes eg Japanese ne te shima (sleep CP keep aside)

Japanese ne-te shimau (sleep-CP keep aside) Korean ss-e nohta (write keep)Marathi khaa-un TaakNe (eat-CP throw) Hindi kar Daalnaa (doabsolutive throw)

1 Introduction

Th li t b i d f l d t f l i lThe explicator verb is drawn from a closed set of lexicalverbs GO COME GIVE TAKE PUTKEEP RISE FALLTHROW SIT etc which express motion or displacementand hence also are sometimes referred to as vector verbsVector verbs contribute various meanings to the ECVconcatenation such as modularities of aspect deixis and

k ttit d

speaker attitudeExplicator compound verbs can usually be replaced bycorresponding non-compound verbs The meaningdifference between the two is not easily translatable intolanguages (eg English) that lack them

1 Introduction(1)raam-na patra lih-l-a(1)raam na patra lih l a

Ram-Erg letterN write-Pst-NlsquoRam wrote a letterrsquo

1 Introduction(8)Tarou ga Hanako ni hon o kashi te yatta(8)Tarou-ga Hanako-ni hon-o kashi-te yatta

Taro-Nom Hankako-Dat book-Acc lend-CP give-PstlsquoTaro lent a book to Hanakorsquo [BENEFACTION]

(9)Tarou-ga Hanako-ni eig-o oshie-te kure-taTaro-Nom Hankako-Dat English-Acc teach-CP give-PstlsquoTaro taught English to Hanakorsquo [BENEFACTION]

(10)Tarou-ga sono hon-o yon-de oi-taT N th t b k A d CP t P t

Taro-Nom that book-Acc read-CP put-PstlsquoTaro read that bookrsquo [ANTICIPATORY ACTION]

(11)Tarou-ga sono hon-o yon-de shimat-taTaro-Nom that book-Acc read-CP put away-PstlsquoTaro read that bookrsquo [EXHAUSTIVE]

1 Introduction

Th t di f CV i Hi diThere are numerous studies of CVs in Hindi Marathi Japanese and Korean describing their morphology syntax semantics history areal distribution etc (Hook 1974 2001b Masica 1976 Abbi and Gopalkrishanan 1991 Verma (ed ) 1993 Butt 1995 Butt 2003

Verma (ed) 1993 Butt 1995 Butt 2003 Kageyama 1993 Matsumoto 1998 Himeno 1999 Rhee 1996 inter alia)

1 Introduction

However there are relatively few studies that focus on the influence of genre on the occurrence of CVs in connected texts (Burton-Page 1957 Hacker 1958 and Hook 2001a are exceptions)

Hook 2001a are exceptions)

1 Introduction

The influence of genre on the use of CVs remains an underexplored issue

The goal of our study is to shed light on th i fl f th

the influence of genre on the occurrence of CVs

2 Data collection and results

With a view to explicating the influence of genre on the occurrence of CVs we investigated two contrastive types of texts (i) narrative prose (novels and short stories) and (ii) legal documents (constitutions) in 4

and (ii) legal documents (constitutions) in 4 languages viz Hindi Marathi (Indo-Aryan) Japanese and Korean (Altaic)

The constit tion of India is a la geThe constitution of India is a large document From the Hindi version three passages were selected

From the Marathi version of the Indian

From the Marathi version of the Indian constitution just one sample passage was selected

Since the Japanese and Ko ean constit tionsSince the Japanese and Korean constitutions are considerably shorter full texts of them were subjected to analysis

The results (together with counts from

The results (together with counts from representative works of non-legal prose) are as follows

From the statistics given in Tables 1 through 4 it is clear that although the text frequencies of CVs vary from language to language in the four languages under investigation they share a common

investigation they share a common tendency

CVs are infrequent or disfavored in legislative texts like constitutions while they occur much more frequently in typically episodic texts like stories and novels

Why should CVs be disfavored in a legal text like a constitution

3 Why are CVs rare in legal texts

Hook (1993) demonstrates that in general CVs are not favored in non-finite environments

H k (2001 ) tt ib t th f CV

Hook (2001a) attributes the rareness of CVs in legal prose to the fact that legal prose contains a large number of non-finite forms and to the un-connectedness of such texts

To gain insight into the core functions of the CV then the reasons for the presence of the few CVs that do occur in a legal text like a constitution that abounds in non-finite forms

constitution that abounds in non-finite forms are well worth exploring

For the CVs that do occur in the Hindi version of Indian constitution Hook (2001a) proposes a division of them into 4 classes

(I) th th t l l d

(I) those that are nearly always compound due to their inherent aspectual properties (composita tantum)

(II) those that refer to operations on the text(II) those that refer to operations on the text itself a statement that specifies how some other statement in the text is to be read or one that moves changes expands limits or deletes some other statement in the text (text-operational expressions)

operational expressions) (III) those expressing prior acts and conditions (eg if-clauses) and (IV) those that feature pleonastic negation (eg unless- and until-clauses)

(I) Verbs always used in the CV constellation(I) Verbs always used in the CV constellation (composita tantum)In the Hindi version of the Indian constitution a verb like sAUp lsquoassign hand overrsquo occurs 8 times and in all its occurrences it co-occurs with the vector verb de - lsquogiversquo

Out of 10 occurrences of the ECV in theOut of 10 occurrences of the ECV in the Marathi constitution 7 are cases of composita tantum (sequences which behave like unit lexical items)raakhun ThevNe lsquoreserve + KEEPrsquo 5 tokens

hiraavun gheNe lsquosnatch + TAKErsquo 2 tokensExample 13 from Marathi version of Indian constitution

(II) Operation on text(II) Operation on textAnother environment wherein CVs are favored in the constitution is in forms referring to operations which have been or are to be carried out on the text itself

Unlike composita tantum verbs the main verb (V1) in the case of text-operational expressions can be used alone

In example (14) the main verb rakh- put stating that under certain circumstances the text in question

that under certain circumstances the text in question will be replaced by another one expresses action on the text itself In such uses rakh- occurs in conjunction with the vector verb de - GIVE [diyaa GIVEN in example (14)]

When the operation-on-text reading is absent rakh-When the operation on text reading is absent rakhcan occur without the vector as in example (15)

Like sAUp de lsquoassign hand overrsquo in (12) these text-operational expressions behave like composita tantum In the Hindi version of the Indian constitution there are 9 expressions

which can be classified as lsquooperation-on-textrsquo type expressionsrsquo

In the Marathi version of the IndianIn the Marathi version of the Indian constitution 3 expressions of the lsquooperation-on-textrsquo type are attested nemun deNelsquodesignate + GIVErsquo ghaalun deNe lsquoinsert + GIVErsquo khaatri karun gheNe lsquoassurance do + TAKErsquo A full sentence example

TAKErsquo A full sentence example

In the Japanese constitution there are 4 tokens ofIn the Japanese constitution there are 4 tokens of the so-called ldquolexical compoundsrdquo (Kageyama 1993)yuzuri-watasu lsquohand overrsquo yuzuri-ukeru lsquotake overrsquo uke-toru lsquoreceiversquo 2 tokens) These are unitary lexical items and are listed in the lexicon In the Korean constitution there is one token of a

complex predicate (na-o-n-da lsquocome out fromrsquo) which is an instance of a composita tantumNone of these are instance of an explicator compound verb

(III) Prior acts and conditions(III) Prior acts and conditionsHook (2001a) points out that in the Hindi version of the Indian constitution if-clauses expressing conditions that must be met before some law may come into force favor the appearance of compound verbs Hook views this as a metaphorical extension

pof the CVs power to express temporal anteriority

(III) Prior acts and conditions(III) Prior acts and conditionsAs shown in the examples below (18 from Marathi 19 from Japanese and 20 from Korean) passages in the Marathi version of the Indian constitution or in the Japanese or Korean constitutions that would correspond to a passage in the Hindi version of the

p p gIndian constitution such as (17 from Hindi) do not seem to prefer or even to permit a CV [As in (17) predicates denoting anterior action are shown in bold face]

Colloquial Marathi Japanese and Korean do permitColloquial Marathi Japanese and Korean do permit CVs in the expression of temporally anterior events

(IV) Pleonastic negation(IV) Pleonastic negationIt has been noted that in Hindi CVs are not favored in negative polarity environments Hook (2001a) reports that in the Hindi version of the Indian constitution CVs frequently occur in negative environments and especially in the jab tak clauses

environments and especially in the jab tak clauses (lsquounlesshelliprsquo and lsquountilhelliprsquo clauses) with which legal documents like a constitution abound

(IV) Pleonastic negation(IV) Pleonastic negation

These clauses contain a pleonastic negative element and lack positive counterparts Such clauses should be considered as functionally non-negative Further Hook notes that there is a set of instances

Further Hook notes that there is a set of instances of negated compound verbs which are almost always found in yadi-clauses

(IV) Pleonastic negation(IV) Pleonastic negationThe yadi-clauses are functionally similar to lsquounlesshelliprsquo and lsquountilhelliprsquo type clauses In these clauses the force of the negative element seems to depend on whether one thinks of yadi nahII as expressing lsquoif not rsquo or as lsquounless rsquo The following examples adapted

g p pfrom Hook 2001a illustrates it

On the possible reasons as to why CVs occur in the otherwise p ydisfavored negative environments in the Hindi version of the Indian constitution Hook (2001a) observesldquoThe fact that the frequency of compound verbs in clauses of the jab-tak and theyadi type in the Indian Constitution does not differ much from their frequency inother kinds of texts may indicate that some functions of the compound verb havelittle or nothing to do with discourse structure Or it may mean that jab-tak andyadi constructions create small ripples of sequenced statements in the otherwisefl t d h i t l f f th C tit ti rsquo t t A th f

flat and unchanging temporal surface of the Constitutionrsquos text Another way ofregarding this difference is to observe that (unlike in stories) the foregroundedportions of a constitution are expressions sanctioning general states Exceptions tothem or restrictions on their applicability often involve the specific acts of specifiedauthorities actions which can be seen as temporally or logically prior to theconsequent acts or states the Constitution authorizes and legislates As priorconditions sanctioning later actions they are apt to condition the occurrence ofcompound verbsrdquo

Neighboring languages like Hindi and Marathi differNeighboring languages like Hindi and Marathi differ to a considerable extent in the use of CV both in legal documents as well as connected texts like narratives The lsquounlesshelliprsquo lsquountilhelliprsquo and lsquoif not rsquo type clauses in which Hindi almost always uses CVs almost always

y ycorrespond to simple verbs in the Marathi version of the Indian constitution Japanese and Korean are similar to Marathi in this regard They permit CVs for anterior actions in the colloquial style but not in legal documents

The variation observed in the use of CVs inThe variation observed in the use of CVs in lsquounlesshelliprsquo lsquountilhelliprsquo and lsquoif not rsquo type clauses in the Hindi version of Indian constitution on the one hand and the Marathi version of Indian constitution and the Japanese and Korean constitutions on the other might be related to the degree of

entrenchment of CV systems in their respective languages

In a comparative study of CVs in various languagesIn a comparative study of CVs in various languages of the Indo-Turanian area Hook (2001b 110-124) reports that rates of occurrence of CV in various South Asian and Central Asian languages vary and this variation can be correlated with differences in the stage of evolution of the CV system of a

language at a given point in time Stage I (lsquolexicalrsquo) gt Stage II (lsquorelative tensersquo) gt Stage III (lsquoperfective aspectrsquo)

Hindi with a CV flux crossing 10 is at Stage IIIHindi with a CV flux crossing 10 is at Stage III while Marathi with a CV flux of less than 3 to 4 is at Stage I These differences translate inversely into the freedom of occurrence of CV [see Hook (2001b 110-118 for the differences between Hindi-Urdu Marathi

Punjabi and Kashmiri] As for Japanese and Korean a more detailed study is necessary to precisely locate them on the evolutionary scale of CV systems

4 Summary amp ConclusionOne common trend attested in all the four languagesOne common trend attested in all the four languages under discussion is that CVs are far more frequent in narratives than in legal texts (see Tables 1 through 4 above)One possible reason for this might be that there is greater room for using CVs to express various kinds

g g pof speaker attitude in sequenced episodes and sub-episodes in connected narratives as compared to legal texts where the expression of speaker attitude is barred

4 Summary amp ConclusionIn legal prose like the constitution asIn legal prose like the constitution as expected the so-called attitudinal vectors those which convey the speakerrsquos evaluation of the situation in question (eg Daalnaa lsquoto throwrsquo in Hindi basNe lsquoto sitrsquo Marathi shimaulsquoputpack awayrsquo in Japanese or pelita lsquothrowrsquo

lsquoputpack awayrsquo in Japanese or pelita lsquothrowrsquo in Korean) are not attested

4 Summary amp ConclusionIn sum an understanding of the influence ofIn sum an understanding of the influence of genre on the occurrence of CVs helps us to understand the lexical semantic and discourse functions of the heterogeneous category of the explicator compound verb in South Asian and Northeast Asian languages

South Asian and Northeast Asian languages

Thank you for your kind attention

Comments suggestions criticisms most welcomeComments suggestions criticisms most welcome

AcknowledgementThe research reported here was supported in part by a Grant-in-aid (18520314 and 20520384) from the Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science

y p and Technology (MOMBUSHO) Government of Japan

ReferencesBurton-Page J 1957 Compound and Conjunct Verbs in Hindi BSOAS 19 469-478Butt Miriam 1995 The Structure of Complex Predicates in Urdu Stanford CSLI PublicationsButt Miriam 2003 The Light Verb Jungle Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics 9 1-49Hacker Paul 1958 Zur Funktion einiger Hilfsverben im Modernen Hindi In Abhandlungen der

Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz 4189-270Himeno M 1999 Fukugoudoushi no kouzou to imiyouhou (The structure and meaning of the

Compound Verb) Tokyo Hitsuji ShobouKageyama T 1993 Bunpou to Goikeisei (Grammar and Word formation) Tokyo Hitsuji ShobouMasica Colin 1976 Defining a Linguistic Area South Asia Chicago Chicago Univ PressMatsumoto Y 1998 Nihongo no goitekifukugoudoushi ni okeru doushi no kumiawase (The combinatory

g g g ( ypossibilities in Japanese V-V lexical compounds) Gengokenkyu 114 37-83

Hook Peter Edwin 1974 The Compound Verb in Hindi CSSEAS University of Michigan _______ 2001 The Hindi Compound Verb and the Constitution of India In Tohfa-e-Dil Festschrift Helmut

Nespital Ed Dirk W Loumlnne Reinbek Wezler Verlag Pp 227-236 Rhee Seongha 1996 Semantics of Verbs and Grammaticalization The Development in Korean from a

Cross-linguistic Perspective Seoul Hankuk Publisher

MemokhaaNaaraa khaallelaa

khaa-t baslaa khaa-u deNeEat-non-fin sit eat-nonfin giveKeep eating let someone eat

khaa un baslaa khaa aaylaa deNe

khaa-un baslaa khaa-aaylaa deNeEat-CP sit (CV) eat-nonfin giveEat (repentance) give someone to eatkhaaNa eating khaaNe

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

alternation competition desinence

1 xālī gilās mez-par rakh-eempty glasses table-on put-PstHe set the empty glasses on the table

2 xālī gilās mez-par rakh di-el blempty glasses table-on put GIVE-Pst

bleaching

1 kabhīkabhī ġussā-bhī ātāhaisometimes anger-too comesSometimes X even gets angry

2 kabhī-kabhī ġussā-bhī ā jātāhaiisometimes anger-too come GOES

Sometimes X even gets angry

expression of a single action or event

Hindi phāgun kī mast bahār ā jā tī haiHindi phāgunkī mast bahār ā jātīhaiphalguns delightful spring come GOES

Phalguns delightful spring comes YES

Mar vasant pāhuņyā sārkhā ye-un dzātospring guest like come-CP goes

Spring like a guest comes and goes NO

compound verbs ne serial verbs

(1a) šāhīn uŗ gayā (Hindi-Urdu)( ) ŗ g y ( )(1b) lăoyīŋ fēi zŏule (Mandarin)

eagle fly WENTThe eagle flew away okay buthellip

(2a) mazdūrotildene dīvār girā dī( b) b l(2b) gōŋreacuten bă-qiaacuteŋ zaacute dăole

workers Acc-wall knock GAVE FELLThe workers knocked down the wall

Shom Pen Vedda

Australian CVrsquos

Australian CVs

functional analogs

They let (x) fall

They began to fall

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Shom Pen Vedda

Australian CVrsquos

Australian CVs

functional analogs

They let (x) fall

They began to fall

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Shom Pen Vedda

Australian CVrsquos

Australian CVs

functional analogs

They let (x) fall

They began to fall

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Australian CVrsquos

Australian CVs

functional analogs

They let (x) fall

They began to fall

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Australian CVrsquos

Australian CVs

functional analogs

They let (x) fall

They began to fall

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

functional analogs

They let (x) fall

They began to fall

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

They let (x) fall

They began to fall

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

They let (x) fall

They began to fall

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

enjoyed enjoy WENT

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

acknowledgement

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

1 Introduction

bull Masica (1976 141‐158)

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

2 Methodology

bull Consultants

Thank you very much

2 MethodologyV1

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

3 Findings

bull V1

3 Findings

U b k (C t l A i )

3 Findings

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Uyghur

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

y y yp g j y

3 Findings

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Thank you very much

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Selected references

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

kiryumimasakaacjp

Introduction

bull Newar ( )

Introduction

absolutive type

wan-ā wan-a

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

NF1(continued)

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Kāye (TAKE)

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Taye (PUTKEEP)

Wane (GO)

3 Perfective

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Wane (GO)

Waye (COME)

1 Directional

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Chwaye (SEND)

Haye (BRING)

bull Aspectual use

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Haye (BRING)

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Biye (GIVE)

1 Causative

Biye (GIVE)

bull malfactive

Conclusion

lt--gt yaːke

waye `to come

wane `to go

taye `to put

kaye `to take

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

1 Introduction

Light verb

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

I NOM d ACC l d M1

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

(Ono 1992 371)

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

( y g ) g

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

4 Entanglement

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

khisiyA

V1 V2V1 V2

jAnAdetI

girAtI

jAgterahnA

calte bannA

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

honAmsg(huA hai)

banIlagI

m pl obl(hue haiM)

sunIrakhA

bichAyA bichAe

rahnApaRA

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

VV11 VV22

phaTphaT cATcAT

VV11 VV22

saRtesaRte

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

pUcApUcA

jA AjA AbanIbanI

A AA ARR

VV11 VV22

jAnAjAnA

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

VV11 VV22

AA lAnAlAnA

ghUmne calnAcalnA

miltAmiltA

rahnArahnA

detAdetA

kartekarte

jItejIte

caltIcaltI

ThaharAyAThaharAyA

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

II BB MM

II MM MM MM

VV11DD TT

StemStem BB MM MM

II BB MM II

VV11gg

StemStem MM

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

VV11RR gg

StemStem BB BB MM

lenA23

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

おわる

きる

つきる

すぎる

あきる

ふりなきやむ

かきなぐる

して

いく

くる

みる

みせる

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

1 Introduction

Indo-Turanian Area

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

1 Introduction

k ttit d

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

1 Introduction

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

(I) th th t l l d

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Presentatioin 1

Presentatioin 2

Presentatioin 3

Presentatioin 4

Presentatioin 5

Presentatioin 613

Documents

organisation of this talk - 大阪大学 · compound verbs ≠serial verbs (()1a) ... we form assume do-1pl AWAY-Nsg 'We will assume ... Hindi-Urdu CVs ≅Marathi CVs ? 3