Organisation of a Passage Newlisha (1)

8/13/2019 Organisation of a Passage Newlisha (1)

1/46

rganization of arganization of a passagepassage


2/46

Outcome Shouldbeabletoanalyzeapassage.

Shouldbeabletounderstandthe

structureofapassage.

Shouldbeabletograsptheflowofideas

Shouldbeabletoanswerorganizational

typequestions.


3/46

Theparagraphisaseriesof

sentencesdevelopingonetopic.


4/46

EverypassagehoversaroundamainIdea.

owapassageisorganized


5/46

!hatisamainidea"ainideaistheessenceofthepassage.Itisthecentralthemeofthepassage.


6/46

owisthemainideastatedThemainideaisstatedbyatopicsentence.#topicsentencecarriesthemainidea.


7/46

owisthemainideadevelopedThemainideaisdevelopedwiththesupportingdetails.


8/46

!hataresupportingdetails$Supportingdetailsaree%amples&statistics&facts&andopinionwhichelaboratesand

supportsthemainidea.


9/46

!hatistheorganizational

structureofapassage.

#passageopenswithanopeningstatementwhichcanevenbethetopicsentences.Itelaborateswiththesupportingdetailsandendswithaconcludingstatement.


10/46

Thestructure. Openingstatement.

.....................supportingdetail



'oncludingstatement.


11/46

The rest of the paragraphhe rest of the paragraphconsists of sentences thatonsists of sentences thatdevelop or e%plain the mainevelop or e%plain the mainidea.dea.

Through the centuries rats havemanaged to survive all ourefforts to destroy them. We havepoisonedthem andtrappedthem.We have fumigated, flooded,

andburnedthem. We have triedgerm warfare. Some rats evensurvived atomic bomb tests

conducted on Entwetok atoll inthe Pacific after World War II. Inspite of all our efforts, theseenemies of ours continue to provethat they are the mostindestructible of pests.

mainidea

concludingsentence


12/46

Developing a Paragraph

#topicsentence

maybedevelopedbyivin details.

#topicsentence

maybedevelopedbyivin details.

Atopicsentencemaybedevelopedbygiving

examples.

Atopicsentencemaybedevelopedbygiving

examples.

Atopic

sentenc

emay

bedevel

oped

bytelling

an

incident

Atopic

sentenc

emay

bedevel

oped

bytelling

an

incide

nt


13/46

(nity in the )aragraphEvery sentence in a paragraph should support the main

idea expressed in the topic sentence.

mainidea

Supporting detail Supporting detail

Supporting detail

Supporting detail


14/46

owarelongpassage

organized$#longpassagemightbehavingmorethanonepassage..

Soeventually&alongpassagewilldiscussmorethanonepoint&butitwillhaveacentraltheme.

Sothestructureofalongpassagewithgoli*ethis.


15/46

Thesis statement

3 Details

Supporting

details

Supporting

details

Supporting

details

Supporting

details

Supporting

details

Supporting

details

Theregularpattern

Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail3

Thesis Statement

3 detailsPersonal opinion


16/46

Patterns of

OrganizationSeparating supporting points from main ideas is an

important reading skill. The organization of the

supporting details will help you understand how

an author thinks. Detecting the patterns of

organization of the major and minor details can

help with comprehension and retention.


17/46

Patterns of organization! Time Order

! List of Items

! Cause and ffect

! Definition and

!ample""Order of Importance.


18/46

Time Order#lso known andchronological order$

steps and stages$ narrationor

sequence of events$ in this

pattern$ ideas are presented in the

order in which they occurred intime.


19/46

Questions Answered:

%&hen did it happen'(

%In what order did it happen'(

When Used:

Commonly used in anthropology$ history$ art history

and political science.

It answers the )uestions relating to time.

Thesis Eample:*etween now and the election$ the candidate will make a

num+er of campaign stops throughout the ,.S.


20/46

Time order signal wordsfirst$ third- ne!t then finally

e/entually following this


21/46

The famous Leaning Tower of Pisa has been tilting for over 800ears! and recent improvements should allow it to continue tilting foranother 300 more"On August 9, 1173! construction began on thiswell #nown $talian bell tower"Almost immediately! it began leaningbecause it was being erected on the soft silt of a buried riverbed"

Between 1178 and 1360! wor# stopped and started two more timesas wor#ers tried to continue the pro%ect and figure out how tocompensate for the tilt"Over the next six enturies! the tower&s leancontinued to increase! although tourists were still allowed to visit"!hen, in 1990! $tal&s prime minister feared the tower would

collapse and closed it to the public""rom 1999 to #001! engineerse'cavated soil from beneath the tower"Now! the tower still leansout about 1( feet beond its base! but it should remain stable forseveral more centuries"


22/46

#lso known aslisting! series! additionandenumeration$ the information

listed may +e items$ facts$ reasons$

e!amples$ features or characteristics.

"ist of #tems


23/46

Questions Answered:

%&hat e!amples support the main idea'(%&hat proof is there'(

When Used:

Commonly used in history$ art history$ the social

sciences and political science.

It answers the )uestions regarding the appropriate

proof$ +ack"up or support.

Thesis Eample:0anagers e!perience a num+er of different personnel

pro+lems that must +e sol/ed +efore a department can

work effecti/ely.


24/46

#nd$ too$ in addition$ moreo/er$ or$ also$

furthermore$ as well as$ plus$ in fact$

moreo/er$ +esides...

List of items signal words


25/46

)an modern people are turning themselves

into social victims" One exam$le is a Tennessee

woman who is suing )cDonald&s because she was

badl burned on the chin b a hot pic#le in her

hamburger" * +anadian woman is another exam$le"

She wants to ban the South Par# television show

because her son ,enn is victimi-ed b the show&s

,enn character! who is #illed in each episode" *third

exam$le is a group of .uropean and *ustralian women

who want to ban urinals in men&s restrooms becausethe re/uire men to stand in a wa that suggests

violence toward women"Another group argues that

single people are victimi-ed because societ ignores

them"


26/46

This pattern descri+es or discusses an

e/ent or action that is caused +y

another e/ent or action. On occasion$

this pattern is also referred to asresult$

%ause and Effect


27/46

&eadings answer the questions:

%&hy did something happen'(

%&hat were the results of a particular e/ent'(When Used: #ll Disciplines

Thesis Eample: 1esearch has shown that +irth

defects ha/e/arious causes.


28/46

! +ecause$ for this reason$ due to$ cause$ on

account of$ if this$ then this-

! as a result$ since$ conse)uently$ therefore$

thus$ in effect$ resulting$ and the outcomeis...

'auseandeffectsignalwords


29/46

Smo#ing is the single most preventable ris#

factor for fatal illnesses in the nited States" $ndeed!

cigarette smo#ingaounts %or more deaths than all

other drugs! car accidents! suicides! homicides! andfires combined" urther! nonsmo#ers who inhale

smo#e from other people&s cigarettes%ae an elevated

ris&for lung cancer and other illnesses related to the

lungs! a fact that has given rise to a nonsmo#ers&rights movement in the nited States"


30/46

This pattern is found primarily in te!t+ooks

a word or concept is introduced then

e!plained or descri+ed. #n e!ample of its

usage then follows. The pattern is /eryclose to illustration or description.

'efinition and Eample


31/46

&eadings answer the question:

%&hat is it'(

When Used: #ll Disciplines

Terms are often in +oldface print with the definition

in the +ody of the te!t$ in the margin$ and in a

glossary at the end of the te!t.

Thesis Eample: 1agtime music is a style that

de/eloped at the turn of the twentieth century.2layed primarily +y piano$ the %1ocking 3orse 1ag( is

an e!cellent short sample of ragtime.


32/46

! define as$ is$ known$ the term means$ is

stated as$ is used to mean-

! for e!ample$ to illustrate$ for instance$

such as$ specifically-! i.e.$ e.g.

Definition and e!ample

signal words


33/46

#definitionande%amplehas

threecomponents+

! key term 4often (oldfaced$

underlined or in italics5

! definition! e!ample


34/46

Aro$ho'ia is anintense, unreasona'le %ear o%

high $laes" People with acrophobia e'hibit emotional

and phsical smptoms in response to being at great

heights" "or instane! one sufferer of e'treme

acrophobia! *ndrea +opeland! is unable to go above the

third floor of an building without feeling enormous

an'iet" er acrophobia began one evening when she

was wor#ing alone in her office on the eighth floor of a

large building" Suddenl she was struc# with terror" She

gathered her things and left the building! et! she still

has no rational e'planation for her fear! which is also

tpical of this tpe of phobia"


35/46

Order of #mportanceIn this pattern the information is gi/en

either from the least important feature

to the most important$ or from the most

important to the least important. This

pattern is also known as hierarchical or

chain of command.


36/46

&eadings answer the questions:

%&hich point is the most6least important'(

%&hich element is crucial'

When Used: The sciences$ particularly in la+oratory te!tsand e!periments.

Thesis Eample: &hile the most +asic

need is physiological$ workers aspire

to self"actualization as their most

/alued need.


37/46


38/46

*lmost everone in the nited States files a ta' return" There

are several things that should be done during the ear! beginningwith the most 'asi and %undamental4 #eep copies of the ta'return! 562 statement and 1077 forms" $t is also wise to #eepseven ears& worth of documentation in files! %ust in case there isan audit" ,eep and compare figures on ta' return to the SocialSecurit statement" *lso! retain a record of earl medicale'penses" ut all of this is dependent of one crucial act" $t is

su$remely im$ortant to #eep all permanent records stored in animpregnable place! such as a fireproof strongbo'"


39/46

,etusdoane%ercisenow.


40/46

Barter, a method of exchanging goods and services, directly between individuals and Businesses,was prevalent from pre-historic times. The exchange was not limited to two entities, a Barterexchange system allowed a third party or broker to list the value of Goods/services, providing a

better exchange rates for all participants.

uring early !,!"" B.#, #hinese merchants began creating miniatures of tools/weapons as aconvenient way of transacting. $lthough #hinese introduced the first recogni%able currency coins, in&"" B.#., 'ydia(s )ing $lyattes officially minted the first coins. *t re+uires complex calculations toevaluate the value of each transaction in a Barter ystem thus allowing merchants to save taxes.owever, Barter system had its disadvantages.

The first disadvantage was that there was no common measuring unit for all goods and service.ince a market or exchange had diverse goods, the comparison of value was limited to the availablegoods in the market. That led to dissatisfied participants, who often had disputes regarding theactual value of their goods. ost of the time, brokers had the final say, which was not satisfactoryfor the participants.

The second disadvantage was for individual barters. They had to find a buyer who valued the goods

that they sold. $lso, depending on the urgency of the desired good, the seller had to negotiate thenumber of units that they were selling. or example, a seller who urgently desires a bullock cart for

transportation in exchange for precious stones will have no other choice but to exchange a highervalue item, regardless of the actual exchange rate.

The third disadvantage was due to the nature of the goods. 0ften, the goods are perishable orlivestocks, which made it difficult to loan goods and services as the exchange depended on the

longevity of the goods. $lso, non-reliable storage made it difficult for merchants to engage in long-term contracts.


41/46

1hich of the following best describesthe organi%ation of the passage2

3$4 $n assertion is made, briefly explained, and then several examples that refutethe assertion are given.

3B4 $ hypothesis is offered, carefully +ualified, and then supporting data isanaly%ed.

3#4 $ generally accepted historical viewpoint is presented in order to introducediscussion of its strengths and limitations.

34 $ historical analysis is made of a phenomenon and supporting details are

offered.

354 $ historical dispute is introduced, and the case for one side is examined indetail.


42/46

Answer

!4 6ead the paragraphs focusing on the structure of the thoughts.

74 'et us start analy%ing each paragraph and note down what the author istrying to convey with each paragraph.

8!4 *ntroduction to Barter ystem

874 istory of irst #urrency #oins

894 irst isadvantage of Barter ystem

8:4 econd isadvantage of Barter ystem

8;4 Third isadvantage of Barter ystem

94 5liminate and elect< 'et us look at the answer choices, eliminate the wrongones, shortlist the probable correct ones and finally select the correct answer.


43/46

1hich of the following best describes the organi%ation of

the passage2

3$4 $n assertion is made, briefly explained, and thenseveral examples that refute the assertion are given.

#omment< Barter system is not introduced as anassertion

3B4 $ hypothesis is offered, carefully +ualified, and then

supporting data is analy%ed.

#omment< Barter ystem is introduced as a historicalanalysis.


44/46

3#4 $ generally accepted historical viewpoint is presented in order tointroduce discussion of its strengths and limitations.

#omment< $lthough Barter ystem is historical observation, it ishardly a viewpoint. The mention of strengths were limited to one linein 87 = > *t re+uires complex calculations to evaluate the value of

each transaction in a Barter ystem thus allowing merchants to savetaxes?. The passage is mostly about the disadvantages.

34 $ historical analysis is made of a phenomenon and disadvantagesof this phenomenon are offered.

#omment< This is the closest to the actual organi%ation of thepassage. $ historical analysis of Barter ystem 3which was aphenomenon = an act/occurrence or circumstances observed4 anddisadvantages of the phenomenon are offered in 89, 8: and 8;.


45/46

354 $ historical dispute is introduced, and the case forone side is examined in detail.

#omment< $lthough only the disadvantages arehighlighted, the Barter system was not a historicaldispute, it was an acceptable practice until better

alternatives came along.

$ phenomenon 3the practice of exchange of goods andservices in pre-historic times4 is mentioned in 8! anddisadvantages provided in p9, p: and p;.

#hoices # and are short-listed. But choice is theclosest to the answer.

#orrect $nswer<


46/46

TheEnd

Documents

Organisation of a Passage Newlisha (1)