INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON

SAEED AHMED CHAUDARY

(2008-URTB-8275)

B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE

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CERTIFICATE

It is to certify that Mr. SAEED AHMED CH, Reg # 2008-URTB-8275 Student of

B.Sc.(Hons) Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, university of

Poonch,Rawalakot, have completed the internship at NIOA, National Agricultural

Research Center Islamabad, from 9th July to 20th September, 2012 under our

supervision and completed all the experiments necessary at this level of study.

Supervisory Committee Supervisor at NARC: _________________________ Dr. M. Riaz Chattha

PSO/Director National Institute of Organic Agriculture National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad.

Co- Supervisor at NARC: __________________________ Mr. Abdul Sattar Anjum Scientific Officer National Institute of Organic Agriculture National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad.

Internal Supervisor at UOP: ________________________________Mr. Raiz Ahmed Lecturer Department of Horticulture

University of Poonch, Rawalakot.

Chairman of Department: _________________________________ Prof. Zulfiqare Ali Shah

Department of Horticulture University of Poonch, Rawalakot

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DEDICATION

To

HOLY PROPHET (PBUH)

AND TO

MY EVER LOVING PARENTS,

ALWAYS GUIDING TEACHERS,

MY FRIENDS AND MY BROTHERS

WHO UPLIFTED ME ALL

THE TIME AND ALL THE WAY.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly grateful to Almighty ALLAH, the omnipotent; the most compassionate

who bestowed us with his blessing and his beloved Prophet HAZRAT

MUHAMMAD (S.A.W) who made it compulsory for every Muslim to get

knowledge from cradle to grave.

Now we would like to pay our sincere gratitude and deep thanks to Supervisor Dr.

M. Riaz Chattha (PSO/Director NIOA), Co-supervisor Mr. Abdul Sattar Anjum

(SO), Mr. M. Imran (SSO), for providing guidance, moral and technical support

throughout our internship period.

We feel high privilege in taking this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to

Mr.Zulfiqare Shah, Chairman, Department of Horticulture, UOP and Mr Raiz

Ahmed lecturer, Department of horticulture, UOP for their dexterous supervision,

inspiring and impetuous guidance, valuable suggestion and technical help throughout

the progress of study.

Mr. Saeed Ahmed Ch,

(Regd. No. 2008-URTB-8275)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. # Contents Page No.

1. Certificate 2

2. Dedication 3

3. Acknowledgement 4

4. Background 6

5. Introduction of Islamabad 8

6. Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) 11

7. National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) 19

8. Crop Sciences Institute(CSI) 20

9. National Institute of Organic Agriculture (NIOA) 27

10. Compost Preparation And Its Use In Organic Farming 33

11. Introduction 31

12. Review of literature 32

13. Materials And Methods 34

14. Results And Discussion 39

15. Conclusion 40

16 References 41

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INTERNSHIP REPORT

BACKGROUND

Pakistan's estimated population is over 187 million making it the world's sixth most-

populous country and 40 % of its population is living below poverty line. During

1950–2011, Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold, while the total

population increased by over fourfold. In the past, the country's population had a

relatively high growth rate that has, however, been moderated by declining fertility

and birth rates. The population growth rate now stands at 1.6%.

The total geographical area of Pakistan is 79.6 million hectares. About 27 percent of

the area is currently under cultivation. Of this area, 80 percent is irrigated. In this

regard, Pakistan has one of the highest proportions of irrigated cropped area in the

world. The cultivable waste lands offering good possibilities of crop production

amount to 8.9 million hectares. Growth in cropped area is very impressive: from 11.6

million hectares in 1947 to 22.6 million hectares in 2007.

More specifically; the agricultural sector plays an important part in Pakistan's

economy by: contributing 24 percent towards GDP, providing food to about 130

million people, earning about 60 percent of the country's total export earnings,

providing employment to 47 percent of the total work force, providing the main

source of livelihood for the rural population of Pakistan, providing raw materials for

many industries and a market for many locally produced industrial products. Pakistan

is being as agricultural country is facing rural poverty, land degradation, low yield,

natural catastrophe and climate change. Organic farming is a production system that

“respond to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical

practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve

biodiversity” Organic agriculture is a holistic way of farming: besides production of

goods of high quality, an important aim is the conservation of the natural resources

fertile soil, clean eater and rich biodiversity.

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There are some benefits of organic farming, which are given as; Organic farming is a

science within itself that conventional farmers can learn while they transfer their

capital resources and skills to master a trade that can be even more profitable than

conventional farming. Researchers in the United States have found that by following

organic farming methods, conventional farmer can actually reduce production cost by

over 25%. This is accomplished by eliminating the use of synthetic fertilizers and

pesticides, minimizing soil erosion by up to 50% and increasing crop yields up to

five-fold within five years. Regardless of products produced, a well planned transition

strategy will allow conventional farmers to adopt new, more effective organic farming

process in as little as three to five years. Organic farms can support substantially

higher levels of wildlife especially in lowlands and where animals can roam pastures

or graze on grassland. Not only does wildlife benefit, but entire ecosystems and

ground water are improved by simply following organic farming methods. Organic

farming practices not only benefit farmers and consumers; but the dairies can benefit.

When dairies feed their cows organic feed and graze them on organic fields, the cows

experience better health, less sickness, diseases and ultimately produce better tasting

milk for consumers.

Organic farming promotes soils that are teaming with life and rich in micro nutrients

which can be used for decades to grow crops virtually year round in many parts of the

world. Organically grown products are free from harmful chemicals, artificial flavors

and preservatives that ultimately cost consumers money when they purchase non-

organically grown products. Eating organic foods may in fact, reduce the risk of heart

attacks, strokes and cancer for individuals who abstain from consuming products

produced by conventional farming methods. Since organic farming is a new practice it

needs competent and reliable management. Major problem is lack of public awareness

of organic food. Development of viable producer and consumer linkages. Poverty

alleviation, sustainable development, food security, agrarian reforms and appropriate

technologies better farm management is needed. Due to lack of marketing structure,

organic products are sold at the market rate of conventional produce. Artificial price

structure bring disadvantage to consumer as well as producer. Organic farms spent

more on labor for spreading manure. Organic farmer suffers due to labor charges and

shortage of labor.

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In future, Governments will have to design better Trade regulation which is socially

fair, ecologically sound and better standards for green and fair trade. In future, it is

important to establish promotion and training programs to foster export opportunities

for organic products. Future attention should be given to meet the guarantee system

that will ensure organic quality and allow consumer to develop their preferences for

organic products with feeling of trust. In future we have to develop a practical and

sophisticated monitoring procedure that is applicable to different farming structures

and maintain international standards. In future need proper organic standards, rules

and regulation.

INTRODUCTION

ISLAMABAD

Islamabad is beautiful. As the city was newly founded, the growth of the population

was slow. Being the seat of the Government of Pakistan, initially government servants

and employees of the federal administration settled here. Since then, there has been a

steady growth in the population of the city, which has swelled to somewhere in excess

of a million inhabitants. The reason: at the moment, the capital city is the fastest

growing urban settlement in the country. There is an increased interest in the city

from The President and The Prime Minister, as well as a renewed drive from foreign

investors to invest in the city. This has caused a growth in the economy, produced

employment at all levels and ensured development. Owing to all these factors,

Islamabad is now becoming a lively and bustling metropolis, full of vibrancy.

Combining a rich history, the confluence of many a civilization and temperate

climate, Islamabad - the capital city of Pakistan, is one of the most beautiful cities in

the South Asian region. Wide, tree-lined streets adorn the various sectors and zones of

the city, making it accessible and spectacular.

Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located

within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown

from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi

Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of

over 4.5 million inhabitants.

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Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within

the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the

crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the

gateway between the two regions. Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan

and is home to the some of the top-ranked universities in Pakistan, including Quaid-i-

Azam University, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences and the

National University of Sciences and Technology. Allama Iqbal Open University in

Islamabad is one of the world's largest universities by enrollment.

THE AREA OF ISLAMABAD

The area of Islamabad is 906 square kilometers. A further 2,717 square kilometers

area is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast.

The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang

River, on which the Rawal Dam is located. Islamabad's micro-climate is regulated by

three artificial reservoirs; Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. Khanpur Dam is located

on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about 40 kilometres from Islamabad.

Simli Dam is located 30 kilometres north of Islamabad. 220 acres of the city consists

of Margalla Hills National Park. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad

Highway, covering an area of 1,087 acres.

CLIMATE

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Islamabad features an atypical version of a humid subtropical climate, with warm to

hot humid summers accompanied by a monsoon season followed by cold winters. The

hottest months are from May to July, where average highs routinely exceed 38°C

(100.4°F). The monsoon season is from July through September, with heavy rain falls

and evening thunderstorms. Highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 millimeters (29.26 in)

was recorded during July 1995. Winters are from October to March with temperatures

variable by location. In the city, temperatures stay mild to cold with sparse snowfall

over the highest elevations points on the Margalla Hills. The weather ranges from

−3.6 °C (25.5 °F) in January to 40 °C (104 °F) in June. The highest temperature

recorded was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was

−6 °C (21.2 °F) on 17 January 1967. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record

breaking 620 millimetres (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest

rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.

Pakistan Agriculture Research council (PARC)

Pakistan Agriculture Research council established in 1982 is an autonomous apex

body with the mandate to undertake aid, promote and coordinate research at the

federal provincial levels in the country to provide science based solution for

agricultural development.

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STATUTORY FUNCTIONS

Undertake aid and promote coordination agricultural research

Expedite utilization of research results

Establish research establishment

Train high-level scientific man power

Generate, acquire and disseminate agricultural information

Establish research library

Perform any other related functions.

PARC STRIVING FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AGRI SECTOR

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) is making radical changes for the

development of agricultural sector in the country. Dr Iftikhar Ahmad, Chairman

PARC at an inter-national meeting organized by Agriculture Department,

Government of Sindh, in collaboration with donor agencies said PARC has initiated

an intensive process of internal review in August 2011. This review aimed to

reprioritize and integrate all the activities of the Council and focus these on enhancing

the resource productivity and overall efficiency of the agricultural sector in Pakistan.

ROLE OF PARC IN AGRICULTURAL CRISES MANAGEMENT

Pakistan agricultural research council (PARC) has played a pivotal role to manage a

number of national crises that occurred in agriculture over the past 25 years. Some of

these are listed as follows.

Leaf rust epidemic in wheat crop resulted in crop failure in 1978 causing loss

of rupees 5.1 billion to the national economy. PARC evolved the rust

screening system which resulted in development of resistant varieties

Chickpea blight epidemic during 1979-81 resulted in loss of more than 50%

production. PARC identified resistant sources through screening program

leading to development of resistant varieties

The cotton crop(s) failed in Pakistan during 1991-93 due to cotton leaf curl

virus (CLCV) disease resulting in loss of 2 million bales. PARC scientist

characterized and identified the virus and its vector which helped in

developing disease resistant varieties.

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Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) disease outbreak in fish was diagnosed,

which provided the fish farming industry a rescue in the year 1996-197.

Diagnose the Bird Flue (Avian Influenza) in poultry and contained its spread

to humans through vigorous monitoring and surveillance in 2006.

NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES

PARC being the apex national agricultural research organization is maintaing and

strengthening national and international linkages to improve performance.

NATIONAL LINKAGES

PARC has MoU with university of Agriculture, Faisalabad for collaborative research.

The cooperation between PARC and university of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi is

actively under implementation. PARC sponsors provincial research scientists for

participation in national and international conferences and seminars/visits.

RESEARCH COORDINATION

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Animal Sciences, Crop Sciences, Horticulture, Farm Machinery, Natural Resources

Social Sciences, Agricultural Information

RESEARCH INSTITUTES

PARC has following major research establishments in Pakistan conducting

research according to the agro-ecological needs of various regions.

National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad.

Southern Zone Agricultural Research Centre (SARC) Karachi

Arid Zone Research Centre (AZRC) Quetta.

Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI) Bhawalpur.

National Tea Research Institute (NTRI) Mansehra.

National Sugar Crops Research Institute (NSCRI) Thatta.

Mountain Agricultural Research Centre, (MARC) Gilgit.

Research Station Shaheed Benazir Bhuttoabad (RSSBB) Sakrand, Sindh.

Summer Agricultural Research Station (SARS), Kaghan.

Besides, PARC has Coastal Area Research Station, Karachi;

Federal Pesticide Research Lab, Multan; and PARC-IPM Lab, Multan..

Agricultural Economics Research Units (AERUs)

PARC also has its Liaison Offices in Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar and Quetta

and its research units in Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore and

Dokri, Sindh.

FUNCTIONS OF PARC

Undertake aid, promote and coordinate agricultural research.

Arrange expeditious utilization of research results.

Establish research establishments mainly to fill in the gaps in existing

programmes of agricultural research.

Arrange the training of high level scientific manpower in agricultural sciences.

Generate, acquire and disseminate information relating to agriculture.

Establish and maintain a reference and research library.

Perform any other functions related to the matters aforesaid.

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) is the apex agricultural

research organization at the national level. Its main objective is to strengthen

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Pakistan's agricultural research system, comprising the federal and provincial

components.

PARC conducts research, specially of a basic and long term nature in areas of

national importance, which are either neglected or inadequately covered or are

beyond the resources of the provincial institutions requiring sophisticated and

costly equipment and facilities as well as highly qualified but scarce

manpower and frequent interaction with international agricultural research

institutions.

AGRICULTURAL MAP OF PAKISTAN

COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGIES

"Nimboli", Neem based Household Insecticide.

"Nimbokil", Neem based Crop Protection Pesticide.

Potato Seed Production and Marketing.

Development and Production of Hydropericardium Vaccine.

Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Influenza Vaccine Development.

Legume Rhizobium Technology Biofertilizer.

Solar Dryer.

Rice Transplanter.

Quality Wheat Seed Evaluation and Production.

Tea Production and Processing Technology.

No-Till Seed Fertilizer Drill.

Rice Transplanter.

Quality Seed Production and Management of Selected Fodder Crops.

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Sunflower Hybrid Seed Production Technology.

Virus Free Seed Potato Production through Tissue Culture.

Virus Free Banana Production through Tissue Culture.

Maize Seed Production & Crop Management Technology.

Farm Level Cereal Storage Technology.

Quality Seed Production, Crop Management and Nursery Raising Technology.

Sorghum & Millet Seed Production and Management Technology.

Off-Season Vegetable Production Technology..

Vertebrate Pest Control Technology.

On-Farm Quality Seed Production Technology.

Services for Quality Evaluation of Dairy Products.

Viable Animal Feed Formulation Technologies.

Services for Establishment of Poultry Farming.

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE (NARC)

National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad established in 1984, is the

largest research centre of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC).

NARC,

With a total land area of approximately 1400 acres, is located near Rawal Lake, six

kilometers south-east of Islamabad. Physical facilities in term of experimental fields,

laboratories, green houses, gene bank, library/ documentation, auditorium, machinery

& lab equipment repair workshops, stores, hostels, cafeteria, audio visual studios, are

also available at NARC.

OBJECTIVES

NARC coordinated programmes serve as a common platform for the scientists

working in different federal, provincial agricultural research, and academic

institutions to jointly plan their research activities, avoiding unnecessary duplication

of research efforts. Research which can best be addressed at a national centre rather

than by provincial institutions is undertaken at NARC. The adaptation of technologies

available from the international research system is also managed by NARC, in

collaboration with the provincial research and extension institutions. In particular,

research requiring sophisticated instruments like electron microscopes,

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ultracentrifuges, and elaborate analytical and quality testing facilities is undertaken at

NARC, supported by highly qualified and trained manpower.

LOCATION

The location of NARC at Islamabad facilitated liaison with international and national

scientists. NARC governance and planning functions were carried out through a

Board of Management; a Research Management Committee (RMC) and Technical

Working Group (TWG). It is situated near RawalLake on the Park Road.

NARC IN MAP

HISTORY

In 1968 Agriculture Research Council (ARC) established.

In 1974 Concept of ‘Strengthening Agriculture Research Capabilities’.

In 1978 Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) assigned to develop ‘Center

of Excellence for Agriculture Research’.

In 1980 National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) foundation laid down.

In 1984 NARC inaugurated by President of Pakistan.

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ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP OF NARC

CROP SCIENCES

CROP SCIENCES INSTITUTE (CSI)

The  is organized into commodity oriented research programmes that include national

coordinated programme of wheat, rice, oilseeds, pulses, sugar crops, fodder, maize

( picture on page 3 ), sorghum and millet. The major research focus is on developing

high yielding varieties and efficient and resource saving crop management techniques;

germplasm enhancement and evolution of varieties; tillage and stand establishment;

yield gap analysis; suitability of cropping systems; climate change and crop modeling.

It also evaluates promising varieties across the agro-ecological zones in National

Uniform Yield

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Trials and makes data available to Varietal Evaluation Committee (VEC).

The Crops Sciences Institute (CSI) has the following Coordinated Research

Programmes:

Rice

Wheat

Fodder

Maize , Sorghum & Millet

Oil Seed

Pulses

Sugar Crops

Plant Physiology

NIOA(national institute of organic agriculture)

HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH

They introduce and evaluate the germpalsm of fruits, flowers, vegetables and

potato for selection of varieties suited to various agro-ecological zones of the

country.

Programs of horticultural crops include,

1. Vegetable crops

2. Fruit crops

3. Potato crops

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY:

Research areas include plant tissue culture and genetic engineering. Plant tissue

culture focuses on quality potato seed production, virus elimination and micro-

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propagation of banana and sugarcane, clonal multiplication of ornamental plants and

varietal improvements of rice/wheat through anther culture.

FARM MACHINERY: 

FMI has been working for the promotion of agricultural mechanization in the country

through designing, performance evaluation and commercialization of appropriate

farm machinery. It is equipped with required facilities of designing, prototype

fabrication workshop, and farm machinery testing laboratory and testing yard. Some

pictures of the working machinery at NARC.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

The research at this includes study of pre and post harvest damages and losses caused

by insect pests, weeds and vertebrate wild life. Insect pest management focuses on

cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, stored grains and problem of resistance to pesticides.

CROP DISEASES RESEARCH

This is concentrating on fungal, bacterial, nematode and viral diseases of crops of

economic importance. The  is developing expertise in molecular biology for the

investigation of genomic diversity among pathogens as well as providing disease

diagnostic and advisory service to the farmers.

ECOTOXICOLOGY RESEARCH:

This is conducting research to determine pesticide residues in the food chain

especially in ground water, fruits and vegetables. The  is conducting research for the

judicious use of agrochemicals to safeguard the beneficial microorganisms. It is also

providing advisory service on the use of agrochemicals to farmers.

PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES:

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The collects and preserves the genetic resources of various crops both from national

and international s to save them from extinction and make them available to scientists

throughout the country.

NATURAL SCIENCES

Land Resources Research: 

Water Resources Research:

Rangeland Research:

Potash Development (PDI):

Honeybee Research

SOCIAL SCIENCES

The comprising Agricultural Economics Research Unit (AERU) and Computer and

Statistical Section (CSS) focus on socio-economic and ecological viability of new

technologies, identify constraints and the pattern of diffusion process, to evaluate

social benefits and costs of new technologies/interventions and their socio-economic

consequences. The major areas of research are baseline/benchmark survey, farming

system, project evaluation, impact assessment, policy analysis, farm planning and

management issues, economics of improved technologies, technology verification and

adoption surveys, improvement of experimental design, field variability studies and

women’s role in agriculture, etc.

AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Agricultural Communication: 

It comprises Scientific Information, Audio Visual Communication, Publications and

Management Information System. A large numbers of scientists from within and

outside NARC and students of different educational s avail the database facility of

ACI. PARC web site has been established in Jun 1999 and Home Pages containing

vital information about the organization have been developed. Three out of four DSI-

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developed databases have online access on Internet. Audio Visual programmed on

various technologies developed at the Centre are produced at AVC and telecast from

various channels of PTV.

Agricultural Training: 

They impart theoretical and practical trainings in various disciplines to federal,

provincial and international scientists, extension workers and progressive farmers.

Facilities at ATI include lecture halls, computer lab., conference room, hostels and

cafeteria.

Technology Transfer:

They regularly hold field days, exhibitions, fairs, colloquia, disease and pest control

and promotional campaigns for farmers in collaboration with agro based industry.

There is an exhibition hall to abreast visitors about the quality and dimensions of

research undertaken at NARC.

National Institute of Organic Agriculture

Introduction:

Organic farming consists of natural agricultural techniques without using chemical

inputs and without causing harm to the nature for achieving maximum production.

Directorate of Organic Farming was established on September 22, 2008 and

developed as National Institute of Organic Agriculture (NIOA) on February 11, 2010.

The main objective behind the establishment of NIOA was to formulate simple eco-

friendly products at NARC and to disseminate its technology among the farming

community for the sustainable livelihood of Pakistani communities.

Objectives:

i. Demonstration of growing field crops, fruits and vegetables without using any

chemicals fertilizers and pesticides.

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ii. Establishment of Bio-fertilizer, Bio-pesticide and Bio-herbicide processing

units at NARC and outstations for preparation of organic products and their

promotion.

iii. Dissemination of organic farming technologies to the farming community

across Pakistan and demonstration of organic soil fertility management.

iv. Educational activities leading to degree/training of farmers for growing of

crops by using organic farming techniques.

v. Further research to enhance organic matter in nutrients depleted soils of

Pakistan.

vi. Participation in national/international workshops symposium and events etc.

on the subject related to organic farming.

vii. Establishment of research laboratory/facilitates and devise organic

standards/certification for imports/exports of organic products.

Program Detail:

National Institute of Organic Agriculture (NIOA) has established 3 research programs

for the research and development of organic agriculture within the country. The three

research programs are as under:

1. Organic Certification Program

2. Organic crops Program

3. Program for formulation of eco-friendly organic products for promoting safe

food production across different agro-ecologies of Pakistan

Technical Collaboration:

A. National Collaboration:

i. Social Sciences Research Institute, NARC

ii. Horticulture Research Institute, NARC

iii. Audio Visual Communication, NARC

iv. Agricultural Poly technique Institute, NARC

v. Animal Sciences Institute, NARC

vi. Livestock Research Institute, NARC

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vii. Water Resources Research Institute, NARC

viii. Pulses Program, CSI, NARC

ix. Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

x. Green Circle Organization

B. International Collaboration:

Name: Mr. Dilip Dhaker

Qualification: Agriculture Graduate (Mharana Partap Singh Agric.

University, India)

Institution/Organization: Managing Director, Biocert. India

Postal Address: 74-Sarthak Residency Sector–D, Shivsham, Khandwa

Road, Limbodi, Indore, India.

Telephone: 0917314082381 Fax: 07314080836 E-mail:

info@biocertindia.com

Salient Achievements

1. Preparation of bio-fertilizer having different formulations

Organic fertilizer was manufactured using the following Ingredients:

- Rock phosphate

- Mud sulphur

- Gypsum

- FYM (Farm Yard Manure)

- Poultry waste

Total production since the establishment of biofertilizer plant at NARC 5897 bags

(weighing 50 kg each) was manufactured. Out of these 4252 bags were used by

NIOA, NARC, IDPs and for demonstration purpose whereas 1645 bags were sold to

private clients/farms.

2. Formulation of micro-nutrient solution

The micronutrients solution was formulated using the following ingredients:

- Humic acid 10-15 gms/liter

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- K2SO4 15-20 gms/liter

- MgSO4 15-20 gms/liter

- FeSO4 15-20 gms/liter

- CuSO4 15-20 gms/liter

- ZnSO4 15-20 gms/liter

- Boron 15-20 gms/liter

- MnSO4 15-20 gms/liter

The solution when applied as foliar spray enhanced plant growth and increased yield.

3. Different formulations of Bio-pesticides

The Biopesticide plant installed at NARC was used for formulation of biopesticide

using the following ingredients:

- Green chilli (10%)

- Garlic (10%)

- Aak (10%)

- Surfactant (1%)

- Tara mera oil (6%)

- Organic emulsion (2.5%) and

- Water (60.5%)

The above formulation has been reported as effective against sucking and chewing

pests on vegetables and field crops.

4. Preparation of Bio-herbicides

Bioherbicide plant installed at NARC was used to prepare bioherbicide from the

extraction of following plants:

- Heaven tree

- Chenopodium

- Mulberry

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- Sorghum

- Euclyptus

- Corn gluten

Efficacy of bioherbicide is under trial.

5. NIOA Response to Emergencies

Summary of NIOA response to emergencies is given below:

Extended Support to IDPs (Internally displaced persons) during 2009

Provision of different useable items i.e. tool kits, vegetables and fodder seed bags,

wheat straw, chicken, egg laying hens, vaccination to animals, food items, shoes,

clothing and toys.

Extended Support to flood affected people during 2010

9800 families in Swat, Bonair, Charsada, Nowshera, Mianwali, Layyah, Rahim yar

khan and Dera ismail khan provided vegetable seeds, technology, clothes, food,

animal vaccines etc.

6. Development of organic farming technologies

NIOA was initiated observational development research on vegetables, field crops

and mushrooms besides some allied activities with some success are summarized

below:

- Crops and vegetables production by using bio-fertilizer, humic acid and

micro-nutrients at different stages.

- Judicious use of irrigation water by making furrows or ridge sowing at

different stages according to prevailing conditions.

- Green manuring.

- Organic mushroom production.

- Land use without degradation; hill farming, terracing, soil and water

conservation techniques.

7. Tunnel Farming

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Three different types of tunnels i.e. high tunnels, walk in tunnels and low tunnels

were used for growing organic vegetables out of season and vegetable seedlings.

Raising vegetable seedlings under these tunnel structures resulted better remuneration.

8. Trainings

Detail on trainings imparted and knowledge transferred to different clients is given

below:

- On farm trainings provided to more than 5000 farmers, agricultural

professionals and extension workers from different areas of Pakistan in

various disciplines.Advisory services to small farmers at private farms.

- Imparted trainings to 24 internee students from different universities.

- Disseminated knowledge through T.V channels, meetings, demonstrations,

exhibitions and lectures (formal and in-formal).

9. Current Activities:

Preparation and testing of organic gardening products.

Research and production of year round organic vegetables.

Effects of climate change on organic farming.

10. Future Prospects

Future prospects of NIOA are as under:

• Concentration on small farmers regarding integrated agricultural system.

• Cultivation of organic vegetables and its marketing through PATCO.

• Organic seed production.

• Organic herbal, fruit and flower production.

• Participatory training systems within farming community using different

media.

Establishment of organic forum for promotion of organic farming system in

Pakistan.

• Organic certification system.

11. Publications

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Following publications were produced-fertilizer preparation and application in

organic crop production.

Preparation and use of bio-pesticides and herbicides.

1. Organic Sunflower cultivation in rain fed areas.

2. Comparison of sunflower hybrids under organic farming systems.

12. PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVEMENT

1- Research institutions should be established in all the four provinces of the

country to promote the organic research work in local conditions.

2- In schools syllabi of organic farming should be included.

3- Permanent training schedule should be devised to train students and small

farmers in the art of organic farming for the promotion of kitchen gardening in

Pakistan.

4- The rules and regulations of organic farming should be formulated and experts

should be sent to abroad for the trainings of organic certification system.

5- Countrywide surveys should be done for the collection of data related with

organic farming community to establish national organic forum.

6- The working of National Institute of Organic Agriculture should be established

on concrete grounds for promotion and certification of organic farming system

in Pakistan

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INTRODUCTION

Soil organic matter affects crop growth and yield, either directly by supplying

nutrients or indirectly by modifying the soil physical properties, thereby improving

the root environment and, thus, stimulating plant growth. The highest total aerial dry

matter and grain yields were associated with the highest organic matter contents of the

soils. In addition, crop production based on the use of organic manures rather than

chemical fertilizers is assumed to be a more sustainable type of agriculture. Therefore,

in recent years the application of organic fertilizer has received great attention from

environmentalists, agriculturists and consumer’s alike. Owing to the threats of heavy

rains and typhoons during the summer months, cultivation of vegetables in

greenhouses is popular, especially for organic farming.

Organic farming has become very popular and the acreage under cultivation is

steadily increasing. For vegetable cultivation, six to ten crops in a year, depending on

the type of crop, is common. Vegetable crops require an adequate and continuous

supply of nitrogen for proper growth and maximal high quality yields. Therefore, a

high rate of N fertilizer is applied in vegetable cultivation. The nutrients released after

the biological breakdown of the soil organic matter supply the nutrients essential for

plant growth in organic farming.

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The mineralization rate of soil organic matter is slow. Therefore, to establish and

maintain soil organic matter content to a certain level through the initial application of

a large quantity and the continuous application of compost are important in organic

farming. However, climate and soil significantly affect the accumulation and storage

of organic matter in the soil because of the interactions of temperature and moisture

on plant productivity and the ability of the soil mineral components to retain organic

matter. Under tropical and subtropical climatic conditions, high cultivation frequency,

and a low input of the organic matter content in the farmland soil is generally low,

and it is common for the soil organic matter content to be lower than 20 g kg−1. The

biological component of soils usually responds more rapidly to changing soil

conditions than either the chemical or physical properties. Soil enzymatic activities

have been used as indicators of soil fertility because they are a reflection of the effects

of cultivation, soil properties and pedological amendments.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different amounts of compost on

selected chemical and enzymatic activities of an agricultural soil under intensive

cultivation of vegetables for three consecutive years and to find out what an adequate

rate of compost application is in the organic cultivation of vegetables..

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

(Partab-2003) concluded that Traditional system of medicine consists of large number

of plant with various medicinal and pharmacological importance’s and hence

represents a priceless tank of new bioactive molecules. Luffa cylindrica found all over

the world. It is commonly known as ‘tori’ and has been recognized in different

traditional system of medicines for the treatment of varied diseases of human being.

The phytoconstituents present in it mainly belong to the category of flavonoids.

Different part of this plant are traditionally claimed to be used for the treatment of

broad spectrum of ailment including snake bites, convulsions, cramps, tetanus,

emetic, cathartic, dropsy, nephritis, chronic bronchitis, asthma, sinusitis and fever to

be list a few.

(V.M.kitku2005) There was no significant difference in rooting success between

bitterbrush (Persia tridentate Pursh) plants from 7 different locations in south-central

Wyoming. Over 60%of all plants had roots at least 2 cm in length 45 to 60 days

following propagation.

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Transplantation from propagation media to containers had no major negative impact

on the plants, based on the 85% survival of all transplanted plants. When plants were

subjected to artificial winter conditions of –25 oC, 2 hrs/day for 2 weeks, about 50%

Survived and resumed growth in the spring. The morphological development that

followed exposure to winter conditions suggests propagation by cutting and out

planting prior to winter is a feasible method of preparing containerized bitterbrush

plants for field

Luffa/Sponge Gourd/Luffa cylendrica

Introduction:

Luffa (Luffa cylindrica (L.) commonly called sponge gourd, luffa, vegetable sponge,

bath sponge or dish cloth gourd, is a member of cucurbitaceous family. Nepalese

farmers (ailed it Ghiraula The number of species in the genus Luffa varies from 5 to

7. Only two species L. cylindrica and nhhed or ridge gourd (L. acutangula (L.)Roxh)

are domesticated. Two wild species are L. graveo lens and L.eclunata. These two

cultivated and one wild species, L. eclunata exist in Nepal. Luffa is diploid species

with 26 chromosomes (2n = 26) and a cross pollinated crop. It is a sub-tropical plant,

which requires warm summer temperatures and long frost-free growing season when

grown in temperate regions. It is an annual climbing which produces fruit containing

fibrous vascular system. It is summer season vegetable growing.

Mid hills is most important ion where most of the farmers grow sponge gourd. It is

difficult to assign with accuracy the indigenous areas of Luffa species. They have a

long history of cultivation in the tropical countries of Asia and Africa. Indo- Burma is

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reported to he the center of diversity for sponge gourd. The main commercial

production countries are China, Korea, India, Japan and Central America. Many

diversity also exits in different types of landraces e.g. Basaunc Ghiraula, Hariyo

Chitoto, Boso Ghiraula etc exit in different areas and these are generally part of home

garden of most of the Nepalese farmers.

The Iibrous vascular system inside the fruit after separating from the skin, flesh and

seeds, can he used as a bathroom sponge, as a component of shock absorbers, as a

sound proof linings, as a utensils cleaning sponge, as packing materials, for making

crafts as a filters in factories and as a part of soles of shoes. Immature fruit is used as

vegetables, which is good for diabetes. Oil is also extracted from seeds for industrial

use.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sowing Time

Matter and humus are favorable for vegetable production. There should be no hard

pan in the land. A layer of calcium carbonate is quite beneficial. Although Vegetables

in India are grown in various types of soils but the sandy loam soils are best for

growing vegetables as such soil is better in texture and structure, easy to work, drain

away excess moisture quickly and retain necessary moisture.

The time of sowing of vegetable depends upon the soil and weather conditions, kind

of the vegetable and demand in the market. The vegetables like all the other crops if

not sown in time fail to perform to their potential. Sowing time is February-March,

June-July

Spacing

Every plant needs a specific space around its vicinity to develop to its full potential.

This space varies according to soil conditions, plant vigor, growth habit of plant,

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inter-plant competition etc. Thus spacing refers to distance between crop rows (inter-

row) and between plants with in the rows (intra-row spacing), that is 150 x 45cm.

Management of Water

Water is the most critical input for maximization of the yield. In northern and central

regions of country, where rains are more or less frequent, supplemental irrigation is

required. But in the coastal regions of country and in areas where rains occur more

frequently vegetables can be grown as rain fed crops but even then irrigation is

needed during winters. The water management in vegetables not only refers to

irrigation but also to drain away the excess water, as most of the vegetables cannot

withstand the excessive moisture in the root zone. Irrigation in vegetables is done by

either flood or furrow irrigation. Now a days drip irrigation is being followed to

reduce the irrigation cost and for optimal use of irrigation water. Light irrigation after

sowing followed by 9-10 irrigations at 8-10 days interval.

Weed management

Weeds are unwanted plants in gardens that reduce available moisture, nutrients,

sunlight and growing space needed by crop plants. Their presence can reduce crop

growth, quality and yield. In addition, they can make harvest difficult. Weeds also

provide cover for diseases, insects and animals (rodents, box turtles, snakes, etc.).

Garden weeds are hard to control because they grow rapidly, produce abundant seeds,

and spread aggressively by vegetative structures and/or seeds. There are several

methods that should be used in a combined, coordinated effort to control weeds. They

include cultural, and mechanical method.

Cultural Methods

Fast growing vegetable crops can effectively suppress weeds by shading. The

vegetables like Peas, Cucumber and gourds can suppress the weeds effectively.

Mulches can also be used to check weeds and ultimately reduce time and labor

required to remove them. The mulches used are of -- organic mulches, which are

derived from plant material that decompose naturally in the soil.

Mechanical Methods

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Weeds can be removed mechanically by hand, weeds can be hand pulled or removed

by using hand tools. Several small hand tools like hand hoe, wheel hoe are available

that are very effective on small weeds and for working near garden plants.

Nutrient Management

Nutrients can be supplied to vegetables by organic manures. Organic manures not

only add the essential nutrients to the soil but they also improve the soil texture and

structure. They also increase the water holding capacity and aeration of soil. The

organic manures are needed in bulk as they have little proportion of the nutrients and

these nutrients are also released slowly.

Harvesting and Yield

Harvesting is the final agricultural operation in field. It depends upon kind and variety

of crop, weather, conditions at time of sowing, distance of market and the purpose of

marketing. Commercial vegetable growers, wholesalers and retailers are experts at

selecting the optimum harvest time and storage conditions to ensure that the

vegetables will have the longest possible shelf life. The production reaches to 90-110

kg in a tunnel measuring 110’x12’

Method of Harvesting

They are harvested after 60-90 days of sowing when fruits are fully developed and

mature.

Bitter gourd/Momordica charantia

Introduction

Bitter gourd is one of the most popular vegetables in Southeast Asia. It is a member

of the cucurbit family along with cucumber, squash, watermelon and muskmelon.

Native to China or India, the fast growing vine is grown throughout Asia and is

becoming popular worldwide. Depending on location, bitter gourd is also known as

bitter melon or balsam pear. The immature fruits and tender vine tips are used in a

variety of culinary preparations. The fruits and shoots are soaked in salt water to

remove some of their bitterness and then boiled, fried or pickled. The fruit of bitter

gourd fruit is similar in nutritional value compared to other cucurbits with the notable

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exceptions that it is much higher in folate and vitamin C. The vine tips are an

excellent source of vitamin A. The medicinal value of the gourd in the treatment of

infectious diseases and diabetes is attracting of scientists worldwide

Climate and soil requirements

Bitter gourd grows well under the same conditions preferred by other cucurbits. It is

normally grown as an annual crop, but can perform as a perennial in areas with mild,

frost-free winters. The plants thrives in the tropics from lowland areas to altitudes of

up to 1,000 m. Bitter gourd requires a minimum temperature of 18oC during early

growth, but optimal temperatures are in the range of 24-270 c. It is more tolerant to low

temperatures compared to other gourds, but cool temperatures will retard growth and

frost will kill the plant. The plant is adapted to a wide variety of rainfall conditions,

but regular irrigation is needed to ensure high yield. Bitter gourd tolerates a wide

range of soils but prefers a well-drained sandy loam soil that is rich in organic matter.

The optimum soil pH is 6.0-6.7, but plants tolerate alkaline soils up to pH 8.0.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Preparing the field

Thorough land preparation and a well-prepared bed is required. Prepare a finely

pulverized nursery bed of 1 m wide, 15-20 cm high and convenient length. Form 15

cm high beds.

Bitter gourd sowing time February-March, June-July

Seed rate is 2-3 kg per/hec

Planting

Direct seeding is the most common method of planting. In cooler climates, it may be

necessary to start the seedlings in a greenhouse to ensure good germination.

Direct seedling

Optimum plant density differs with variety and usually ranges from 400 to 500 plants

per tunnel. In some intensively managed plantings, a closer spacing of 50 X 50 cm is

used. On raised beds, sow two or three seeds per hole at a depth of 2 cm. Space holes

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40-60 cm apart. Plants density using this spacing will range from 450 to

530plant/tunnel.

Staking

Bitter gourd grows very fast and vines elongate rapidly within two weeks after

planting. There after. The plant sends out lateral stems. Staking and trellising will

increase fruit yield and size, reduce fruit rot and make spraying and harvesting easier.

There are several methods of trellising bitter gourd, Bamboo poles, wood stakes, PVC

pipes or other sturdy materials are used to provide support and keep the fruit and

foliage off the ground. The trellis is arranged either in a lean to or tunnel structure.

The trellis should be 1.8-2.0 m high, constructed from stakes 1.2-1.8 m apart which is

almost similar to the plant row spacing. For the lean to type, the stakes are joined

between two adjoining beds forming an A-shape structure. Horizontal stakes are

installed at the top joining all other beds. The stakes support the climbing vines and

lateral stems. Strings are used to secure adjoining stakes. Plantings are easier to

manage and mote productive when 2 m high rather than 1 m high string trellises are

used For the tunnel type, plants are grown inside an arch-shape structure made of iron

pipe. Plants are supported by bamboo stakes where vines freely climb and reach the

top. The vines and lateral stems will then grow along the structure. Another type of

trellising consists of a system of vertical strings running between top and bottom of

horizontal wires or horizontal wires running across all directions on top.

Nutrient Management

Bitter gourd requires a balance of nutrients from organic fertilizers No matter the soil

type, the first side dressing is applied when plants have four to six true leaves.

Subsequent side dressings are applied at two week intervals. Compost or manure can

be used to satisfy the basal application of organic fertilizer.

Irrigation

Bitter gourd will not tolerate drought. Maintain good soil moisture in the upper 50 cm of soil

where the majority of roots are located. Fields are furrow-irrigated every 10 days during the

cool dry season and weekly during the hot dry season. During the rainy season, drainage is

essential for plant survival and growth. In water limited environment, tickle or drop irrigation

is an efficient method of supplying water and nutrients to bitter gourd plantings.

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Controlling weeds

Mulching is commonly used for bitter gourd crops grown on raised beds. Use organic or

plastic mulch depending on availability. Organic mulch such as dry rice straw or grass is

usually available and cheaper than plastic mulch. If you use organic mulch, be sure that it is

free or weed seeds. Mulch can be laid down before or after transplanting and after sowing

Hand or hoe weeding can be performed as needed. also use the organic weedicide.

Controlling diseases and pests

Bitter gourd is susceptible to many of the same diseases that affect other cucurbits. It

is a host of water melon mosaic pot virus and is infected by downy mildew.

Carpospores leaf spot, bacterial wilt, fusarium wilt and root knot nematode. Fungal

infections often occur during prolonged wet periods, compound complex organic

insecticide may be used under such conditions to prevent infection. The use of

resistant varieties is the best defense for most of these diseases. Fruit fly is the most

destructive insect pest of bitter gourd. This fly is difficult to control because its

maggots feed inside the fruits, protected from direct contact with compound organic

insecticide any infested fruits to prevent the build up of fruit fly populations. To

prevent flies from laying eggs inside the fruits, enclose the gourd in paper while it is

on the vine. A cylinder of paper, longer than the fruit is tied with string around the

stalk. Where consumers want their bitter gourd straight rather than curved, tie a

pebble at the end of a long piece of string to the flower end to weigh down the fruit

and keep it from curling. Double layer paper bags may be used against fruit fly and

are applied when gourds measure 2-3 cm in length. Beetles, trips, cutworms,

bollworm, aphids and mites are other common pests of bitter gourd. Avoid pesticides

that kill or inhibit the development of beneficial organisms especially the pollinators.

Harvesting and Handling

Bitter gourd requires close attention at harvest time. The fruits develop rapidly and

must be harvested frequently to keep them from becoming too large or too bitter.

Normally it takes 15-20 days after fruit set or 90 days from planting for fruit to reach

marketable age, however, bitter gourd can be harvested at earlier stages depending on

the purpose for which it will be used. Fruit should be light green, thick and juicy and

the seeds should be soft and white. Harvest every 2-3 days using a pair of scissors or a

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sharp knife to cut the fruit stalk. If a fruit remains too long on the vine, ill will turn

spongy, sour yellow or orange and split open.

Bitter gourd yield can vary depending on variety and crop management. Average

marketable yields are 8-10 t/ha. Production of bitter gourd is 70-80 kg per tunnel

measuring 110 ft × 12 ft.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

In the present investigation a field trial was laid out to study the effect of different

organic manure combinations on growth, yield, quality and economics of Bitter gourd

and sponge gourd during July 2012 to Sep 2012, at the C-2 plot in NARC. The

treatments consisted of combination of manure and FYM with and without

biofertilizers. Organic management 2012 proved a better season for the growth, yield

and quality of Bitter gourd and sponge gourd during July 2012 to Sep 2012, at the C-2

plot in NARC. Morphological characters like plant height, number of leaves, leaf area

were found to be significantly with FYM (recommended package) and control (insect,

diseases). Organic manures along with biofertilizers have given next best results of

growth parameters.net plot yield (kg), yield per Tunnel (kg/tunnel) revealed that if

nutrient requirement of the plant is met properly by using organic manures together

with biofertilizers, comparable results with recommended package of fertilizers can

be obtained without much yield reduction. FYM proved to be the best treatment as far

as yield is considered (as bitter gourd and sponge gourd is a heavy feeder). Yield

related attributes of Bitter gourd and sponge gourd showed a favorable response to

bacterial inoculants. Economics of different treatments showed that conventional

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recommended package gives better return in comparison with organic manures.

Application of poultry manure and compost together with seedling dip of biofertilizer

has given higher economics among organic treatments. As cost of cultivation involved

in organic cultivation is more, use of on farm inputs will be more beneficial, which

can increase ratio.Serious pest or disease infestation was not observed in the field as

Bitter gourd and sponge gourd is comparatively a hardy crop among cocurbetaceae

members. Leaf eating caterpillars were observed during season which was effectively

managed by spraying of compound complex organic pesticide.

Conclusions

Integrated application of Poultry manure +compost + Biofertilizers and Sheep manure

+ compost + Biofertilizers were found effective and produced on par yield with FYM

alone with improved quality parameters. All the organic manure treatments given

lesser yield than recommended package. Quality of Bitter gourd and sponge gourd

found to be improved with application of organic manures. Cultivation of Bitter gourd

and sponge gourd is recommended in season which can give yield of good quality and

size.

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