Organic Industry Overview - UNCTAD

Organic AgricultureOrganic AgricultureOrganic Agriculture

The Principles of High Yielding

Organic Agriculture

The Principles of High YieldingThe Principles of High Yielding Systems

The Principles of High Yielding Systems

Andre Leu

IFOAM President

Andre Leu

IFOAM PresidentIFOAM, PresidentOrganic Federation of Australia,

Chairman

IFOAM, PresidentOrganic Federation of Australia,

Chairman

IFOAM is the international umbrella organization of organic agriculture

IFOAM is the international umbrella organization of organic agricultureorganization of organic agriculture

movements worldwideorganization of organic agriculture

movements worldwide

MissionMissionIFOAM's mission is leading uniting andIFOAM's mission is leading uniting and

International Federation of Organic Agriculture International Federation of Organic Agriculture

IFOAM s mission is leading, uniting and IFOAM s mission is leading, uniting and assisting the organic movement in its full assisting the organic movement in its full

diversity. diversity. International Federation of Organic Agriculture International Federation of Organic Agriculture

MovementsMovements VisionVisionOur goal is the worldwide adoption of Our goal is the worldwide adoption of

ecologically socially and economicallyecologically socially and economicallyecologically, socially and economically ecologically, socially and economically sound systems that are based on the sound systems that are based on the

principles of Organic Agricultureprinciples of Organic Agriculture.

Organic Industry Organic Industry OverviewOverview

organic: means the application of practices that emphasize the:

organic: means the application of practices that emphasize the:use of renewable resources; andconservation of energy, soil and water; anduse of renewable resources; andconservation of energy, soil and water; andrecognition of livestock welfare needs; andenvironmental maintenance and enhancement, recognition of livestock welfare needs; andenvironmental maintenance and enhancement, while producing optimum quantities of produce without the use of artificial fertiliser or synthetic chemicals

while producing optimum quantities of produce without the use of artificial fertiliser or synthetic chemicalschemicalschemicals


Organic systems improve soil fertility by using Organic systems improve soil fertility by using

CompostsNatural mineral fertilisersCompostsNatural mineral fertilisersCover cropsOrganic materials Cover cropsOrganic materials Organic materials Organic materials


Cultural and ecological management systems are used as the primary controls of:

Cultural and ecological management systems are used as the primary controls of:PestsWeedsPestsWeedsDiseasesLimited use of biocides of mineral, plant and DiseasesLimited use of biocides of mineral, plant and biological origin as the tools of last resort. biological origin as the tools of last resort.


Best Practice Organic Agriculture has Numerous Benefits

Best Practice Organic Agriculture has Numerous Benefits

High YieldsHigh YieldsPremium PricesRapidly Growing Industry Premium PricesRapidly Growing Industry Low Input CostsResilient to Climate ExtremesLow Input CostsResilient to Climate ExtremesEnvironmentally, Economically and Socially SustainableEnvironmentally, Economically and Socially Sustainable

High YieldsHigh YieldsHigh YieldsHigh Yields

United Nations Study – Organic Agriculture Increased Yields


Report by UNCTAD and UNEP –average increase in Report by UNCTAD and UNEP –average increase in crop yield crop yield

116 per cent increase for all African projects 116 per cent increase for all African projects

128 per cent increase for the projects in East Africa.’128 per cent increase for the projects in East Africa.’




‘The evidence presented in this study supports the argument ‘The evidence presented in this study supports the argument that organic agriculture can be more conducive to food security in Africa than most conventional production systems and that it is more likely to be sustainable in the

that organic agriculture can be more conducive to food security in Africa than most conventional production systems and that it is more likely to be sustainable in the systems, and that it is more likely to be sustainable in the long term.’systems, and that it is more likely to be sustainable in the long term.’

Supachai Panitchpakdi, Secretary general of UNCTAD and Achim Steiner, Executive Director of UNEP

Supachai Panitchpakdi, Secretary general of UNCTAD and Achim Steiner, Executive Director of UNEP

Impact of using compost - Grain yields from over 900 samples from farmers fields over 7 years

Impact of using compost - Grain yields from over 900 samples from farmers fields over 7 yearsover 900 samples from farmers fields over 7 yearsover 900 samples from farmers fields over 7 years

Average mean grain yields in kg/ha for 4 cereals

3500

4000and 1 pulse crop from Tigray, northern Ethiopia, 2000-2006 inclusive Check

2500

3000

000

1500

2000

0

500

1000

0Barley (n=444)Durum wheat (n=546)Maize (n=273)Teff (n=741)Faba bean (n=141)

Crop (n=number of observations/fields sampled)p ( / p )

Initial impacts on wheat yields in Hintalo Wejerat Tigray 2010

Initial impacts on wheat yields in Hintalo Wejerat Tigray 2010Wejerat, Tigray, 2010Wejerat, Tigray, 2010

4000

Grain Straw

37563617

3500

4000

27392578

23222500

3000

g/

ha

14941500

2000

ld in

kg

1000

1500

Yie

0

500

Compost Fertilizer CheckTreatment

High YieldsHigh YieldsHigh YieldsHigh Yields“Push Pull” for Stemborer and Striga Control“Push Pull” for Stemborer and Striga ControlPush – Pull for Stemborer and Striga ControlPush – Pull for Stemborer and Striga Control

The System’s Approach: EcoThe System’s Approach: Eco--intensificationintensification

U i lU i l

intensificationintensification

Using natural Using natural systems to systems to regulate pest regulate pest outbreaksoutbreaks

(example of (example of ( p( ppushpush--pullpullgreater farm greater farm

d ti itd ti itproductivity vs productivity vs higher yields 2 higher yields 2 to 10X)to 10X)


Scientific Review by Cornell University into the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

Scientific Review by Cornell University into the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

Organic SRI yields greater than the traditional crops Organic SRI had significantly lower input costs (fertiliser, Organic SRI yields greater than the traditional crops Organic SRI had significantly lower input costs (fertiliser, pesticide, weeding etc) than the conventional crops

“...the technology generates the estimated f h ”

pesticide, weeding etc) than the conventional crops

“...the technology generates the estimated f h ”average output gains of more than 84%.”

S B tt C t l (2004) B tt t h l b tt l t b tt f ?

average output gains of more than 84%.”

S B tt C t l (2004) B tt t h l b tt l t b tt f ?Source: Barrett C et al (2004), Better technology, better plots, or better farmers? Identifying changes in productivity and risk among Malagasy rice farmers , Am.J.Agric.Econ., 2004, 86, 4, 869-888

Source: Barrett C et al (2004), Better technology, better plots, or better farmers? Identifying changes in productivity and risk among Malagasy rice farmers , Am.J.Agric.Econ., 2004, 86, 4, 869-888

High YieldsHigh YieldsHigh YieldsHigh YieldsSystem of Rice Intensification (SRI)System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

In Madagascar, SRI has increased yields from the usual 2-3 tons per hectare to yields of 6,8 or 10 tons per hectare.

Source: Nicolas Parrott, Cardiff University, 'The Real Green Revolution‘

In Madagascar, SRI has increased yields from the usual 2-3 tons per hectare to yields of 6,8 or 10 tons per hectare.

Source: Nicolas Parrott, Cardiff University, 'The Real Green Revolution‘

High YieldsHigh YieldsHigh YieldsHigh YieldsSystem of Rice Intensification (SRI)System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

Cuba – Two rice plants the same age and same varietyBy: Dr. Norman Uphoff, Cornell University

Cuba – Two rice plants the same age and same varietyBy: Dr. Norman Uphoff, Cornell University

HIGH YIELDSHIGH YIELDS

After typhoon, After typhoon, yp ,yp ,FFS farmer in FFS farmer in

Dông Trù villageDông Trù villageDông Trù village, Dông Trù village, Hanoi Province, Hanoi Province,

Viet NamViet Nam

By: Dr. Norman Uphoff, Cornell University

High YieldsHigh YieldsHigh YieldsHigh YieldsS f SS f SRecent Scientific Field Trials in the USA

US Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Pecan Trial

Recent Scientific Field Trials in the USA

US Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Pecan TrialUS Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Pecan Trial The ARS organically managed pecans out-yielded the conventionally managed, chemically fertilized Gebert orchard in each of the past five years. Yields on ARS' organic test site surpassed the Gebert commercial orchard

US Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Pecan Trial The ARS organically managed pecans out-yielded the conventionally managed, chemically fertilized Gebert orchard in each of the past five years. Yields on ARS' organic test site surpassed the Gebert commercial orchardYields on ARS organic test site surpassed the Gebert commercial orchard by 18 pounds of pecan nuts per tree in 2005 and by 12 pounds per tree in 2007. (Bradford J.M .2008)

Yields on ARS organic test site surpassed the Gebert commercial orchard by 18 pounds of pecan nuts per tree in 2005 and by 12 pounds per tree in 2007. (Bradford J.M .2008)

The Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trialsfound that organic yields were higher in drought years and the same as conventional in normal weather years (Posner et al 2008)

The Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trialsfound that organic yields were higher in drought years and the same as conventional in normal weather years (Posner et al 2008)conventional in normal weather years. (Posner et al. 2008)conventional in normal weather years. (Posner et al. 2008)


IOWA State University TrialsThe results from the Long Term Agroecological Research (LTAR) a 12 year

Recent Scientific Field Trials in the USAIOWA State University TrialsThe results from the Long Term Agroecological Research (LTAR) a 12 yearThe results from the Long Term Agroecological Research (LTAR), a 12 year collaborative effort between producers and researchers.

organic corn harvests averaged 130 bushels per acre while conventional

The results from the Long Term Agroecological Research (LTAR), a 12 year collaborative effort between producers and researchers.

organic corn harvests averaged 130 bushels per acre while conventionalorganic corn harvests averaged 130 bushels per acre while conventional corn yield was 112 bushels per acre. organic soybean yield was 45 bu/ac compared to the conventional yield of 40 b / i th f th

organic corn harvests averaged 130 bushels per acre while conventional corn yield was 112 bushels per acre. organic soybean yield was 45 bu/ac compared to the conventional yield of 40 b / i th f th40 bu/ac in the fourth year.

Cost-wise, on average, the organic crops' revenue was twice that of

40 bu/ac in the fourth year.

Cost-wise, on average, the organic crops' revenue was twice that of conventional crops due to the savings from non-utilization of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. conventional crops due to the savings from non-utilization of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.


Rodale Organic Low/No TillRecent Scientific Field Trials in the USA

Rodale Organic Low/No Till

The Rodale Institute has been trialling a range of organic low tillage and no tillage systems.The Rodale Institute has been trialling a range of organic low tillage and no tillage systems.

‘The 2006 trails resulted in organic yields of 160 bushels and acre (bu/ac) compared to the Country average of 130 bu/ac. (Rodale 2006)‘The 2006 trails resulted in organic yields of 160 bushels and acre (bu/ac) compared to the Country average of 130 bu/ac. (Rodale 2006)

Minimum Till without Herbicides


Scientific Review by Cornell University into a 22 l Fi ld St d

Scientific Review by Cornell University into a 22 l Fi ld St d22 year-long Field Study

The improved soil allowed the organic land to generate yields

22 year-long Field Study

The improved soil allowed the organic land to generate yields p g g yequal to or greater than the conventional crops after 5 yearsThe conventional crops collapsed during drought years.The organic crops fluctuated only slightly during drought years

p g g yequal to or greater than the conventional crops after 5 yearsThe conventional crops collapsed during drought years.The organic crops fluctuated only slightly during drought years The organic crops fluctuated only slightly during drought years, due to greater water holding capacity in the enriched soil.The organic crops used 30% less fossil energy inputs than the conventional crops

The organic crops fluctuated only slightly during drought years, due to greater water holding capacity in the enriched soil.The organic crops used 30% less fossil energy inputs than the conventional cropsconventional crops.

Published in the Journal Bioscience

conventional crops.Published in the Journal Bioscience


High Yields , Sustainability and Climate R ili hi d b

High Yields , Sustainability and Climate R ili hi d bResilience are achieved by:

Adequate Levels of Soil Organic Carbon (Organic

Resilience are achieved by:

Adequate Levels of Soil Organic Carbon (Organic Adequate Levels of Soil Organic Carbon (Organic Matter)Mineral Balance

Adequate Levels of Soil Organic Carbon (Organic Matter)Mineral BalanceMineral BalanceEcological Intensification Good Management Systems

Mineral BalanceEcological Intensification Good Management SystemsGood Management SystemsGood Management Systems

Organic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterNutrient availability:Nutrient availability:Nutrient availability:

Stores 90 to 95% of the nitrogen in the soil

Nutrient availability:

Stores 90 to 95% of the nitrogen in the soil Stores 90 to 95% of the nitrogen in the soil, 15 to 80% of phosphorus and 20 to 50% of sulphur in the soil

Stores 90 to 95% of the nitrogen in the soil, 15 to 80% of phosphorus and 20 to 50% of sulphur in the soil Has many sites that hold minerals and consequently dramatically increases the soils’ Total ion Exchange Capacity

Has many sites that hold minerals and consequently dramatically increases the soils’ Total ion Exchange Capacitysoils Total ion Exchange CapacityStores cations, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and all trace elements

soils Total ion Exchange CapacityStores cations, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and all trace elementspp

Organic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterNutrient availability:Nutrient availability:Nutrient availability:

Organic acids (humic and fulvic) help make

Nutrient availability:

Organic acids (humic and fulvic) help make Organic acids (humic and fulvic) help make minerals available by dissolving locked up minerals

Organic acids (humic and fulvic) help make minerals available by dissolving locked up minerals Prevents mineral ions from being locked upEncourages a range of microbes that make l k d i l il bl t l t

Prevents mineral ions from being locked upEncourages a range of microbes that make l k d i l il bl t l tlocked up minerals available to plants.Helps to neutralise the pHBuffers the soil from strong changes in pH

locked up minerals available to plants.Helps to neutralise the pHBuffers the soil from strong changes in pHBuffers the soil from strong changes in pHBuffers the soil from strong changes in pH

Organic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterSoil Structure:Soil Structure:Soil Structure:

Promotes good soil structure which creates soil spaces for air and water by

Soil Structure:Promotes good soil structure which creates soil spaces for air and water bysoil spaces for air and water byAssisting with good/strong ped formation Feeding macro organisms (ie earthworms

soil spaces for air and water byAssisting with good/strong ped formation Feeding macro organisms (ie earthworms g g (and beetles etc) the form pores in the soil.

g g (and beetles etc) the form pores in the soil.

Organic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterDirectly assisting plants:Directly assisting plants:Directly assisting plants:

The spaces allow microorganisms to turn

Directly assisting plants:

The spaces allow microorganisms to turn The spaces allow microorganisms to turn the nitrogen in the air into nitrate and ammonia (air is 78% N)

The spaces allow microorganisms to turn the nitrogen in the air into nitrate and ammonia (air is 78% N)Soil carbon dioxide contained in these air spaces increases plant growth H l l t d i bi l th th h

Soil carbon dioxide contained in these air spaces increases plant growth H l l t d i bi l th th h Helps plant and microbial growth through growth stimulating compounds Helps root growth, by making it easy for

Helps plant and microbial growth through growth stimulating compounds Helps root growth, by making it easy for Helps root growth, by making it easy for roots to travel through the soilHelps root growth, by making it easy for roots to travel through the soil

Soil organic matterSoil organic matter

Holds waterHolds water

Electron micrograph of soil humus

Holds water

Cements soil

Holds water

Cements soil particlesparticles

Increases nutrient storage & availability

Increases nutrient storage & availabilityavailabilityHumus can last 2000 years in the

availabilityHumus can last 2000 years in the 2000 years in the soil2000 years in the soil

Resilient to Climate Resilient to Climate ExtremesExtremes

Research Shows that Organic Systems use Research Shows that Organic Systems use Water More Efficiently

‘S l h ld h d

Water More Efficiently

‘S l h ld h d‘Soil water held in the crop root zone was measured and shown to be consistently higher … in the organic plots than the conventional plots due to

‘Soil water held in the crop root zone was measured and shown to be consistently higher … in the organic plots than the conventional plots due to organic plots than the conventional plots, due to the higher organic matter ...’ (Lotter 2003)organic plots than the conventional plots, due to the higher organic matter ...’ (Lotter 2003)

Resilient to Climate Resilient to Climate ExtremesExtremes

Research Shows that Organic Systems use WaterM Effi i tl

Research Shows that Organic Systems use WaterM Effi i tlMore Efficiently

‘The exceptional water capture capability of the organic

More Efficiently

‘The exceptional water capture capability of the organic The exceptional water capture capability of the organic treatments stood out during the torrential downpours during hurricane Floyd in September of 1999.

The exceptional water capture capability of the organic treatments stood out during the torrential downpours during hurricane Floyd in September of 1999.

The organic systems captured about twice as much water as the conventional treatment during that two day event’ The organic systems captured about twice as much water as the conventional treatment during that two day event’ g y(Lotter 2003)

g y(Lotter 2003)

Organic Corn - 1995 DroughtOrganic Corn - 1995 Drought

Better infiltration, retention, and Better infiltration, retention, and delivery to plants helps avoid delivery to plants helps avoid

drought damagedrought damagedrought damagedrought damage

OrganicOrganic ConventionalConventional

Organic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic Matter

Research Shows that Organic Systems use WaterMore Efficiently

Research Shows that Organic Systems use WaterMore EfficientlyMore Efficiently

Volume of Water Retained /ha (to 30 cm) in relation to soil ( )

More Efficiently

Volume of Water Retained /ha (to 30 cm) in relation to soil ( )organic matter (OM).

0.5% OM = 80,000 litres (average 2004 level) 1 % OM = 160,000 litres

organic matter (OM).0.5% OM = 80,000 litres (average 2004 level) 1 % OM = 160,000 litres 1 % OM 160,000 litres 2 % OM = 320,000 litres 3 % OM = 480,000 litres 4 % OM 640 000 lit

1 % OM 160,000 litres 2 % OM = 320,000 litres 3 % OM = 480,000 litres 4 % OM 640 000 lit 4 % OM = 640,000 litres 5 % OM = 800,000 litres (pre-settlement level) 4 % OM = 640,000 litres 5 % OM = 800,000 litres (pre-settlement level)

Soil Organic Matters

5 % 1%

1%1% 5%5%5 % 1%

1%1% 5%5%


Organic Soil Carbon Systems Have Less Soil Erosion

Organic Soil Carbon Systems Have Less Soil Erosion

The results of a study that compared erosion in organic and conventional farming over 38 yearsThe results of a study that compared erosion in organic and conventional farming over 38 yearsconventional farming over 38 years.

‘This study indicates that, in the long term, the organic farming

conventional farming over 38 years.

‘This study indicates that, in the long term, the organic farming s study d cates t at, t e o g te , t e o ga c a gsystem was more effective than the conventional farming system in reducing soil erosion and, therefore, in maintaining soil productivity’ (Reganold et al 1987)

s study d cates t at, t e o g te , t e o ga c a gsystem was more effective than the conventional farming system in reducing soil erosion and, therefore, in maintaining soil productivity’ (Reganold et al 1987)(Reganold et al. 1987).(Reganold et al. 1987).

O i M ttO i M ttOrganic MatterOrganic Matter

• Higher corn and soybean yields in drought yearsyields in drought years

• Increased soil C and N

• Higher water infiltration

• Higher water holding cap• Higher water holding cap.

• Higher microbial activity


Organic Soil Carbon Systems Improve Soil Organic Soil Carbon Systems Improve Soil

"Results of this research suggest that organic farming systems can provide greater long-term soil improvement th ti l till t d it th f

"Results of this research suggest that organic farming systems can provide greater long-term soil improvement th ti l till t d it th fthan conventional no-tillage systems, despite the use of tillage in organic systems.”than conventional no-tillage systems, despite the use of tillage in organic systems.”

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation entitled "Strategies for Soil Conservation in No-tillage and Organic Farming Systems" (Nov/Dec 2007, Vol. 62, Number 6). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation entitled "Strategies for Soil Conservation in No-tillage and Organic Farming Systems" (Nov/Dec 2007, Vol. 62, Number 6).


Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilisers Deplete Carbon Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilisers Deplete Carbon

Scientists from the University of Illinois analysed the results of a 50 year agricultural trial and found that synthetic nitrogen fertiliser resulted in all the carbon residues from

Scientists from the University of Illinois analysed the results of a 50 year agricultural trial and found that synthetic nitrogen fertiliser resulted in all the carbon residues from the crop disappearing as well as an average loss of around 10,000 kg of soil carbon per hectare. the crop disappearing as well as an average loss of around 10,000 kg of soil carbon per hectare.

This is around 36,700 kg of carbon dioxide per hectare on top of the many thousands of kilograms of crop residue that is

d i CO

This is around 36,700 kg of carbon dioxide per hectare on top of the many thousands of kilograms of crop residue that is

d i CO converted into CO2 every year. converted into CO2 every year.


Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilisers Deplete Carbon Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilisers Deplete Carbon

The researchers found that the higher the application of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser the greater the amount of soil carbon lost as CO

The researchers found that the higher the application of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser the greater the amount of soil carbon lost as CO greater the amount of soil carbon lost as CO2.

This is one of the major reasons why conventional

greater the amount of soil carbon lost as CO2.

This is one of the major reasons why conventional This is one of the major reasons why conventional agricultural systems have a decline in soil carbon while organic systems increase soil carbon.

This is one of the major reasons why conventional agricultural systems have a decline in soil carbon while organic systems increase soil carbon.

Organic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterOrganic MatterUse Plants to Grow Soil CarbonUse Plants to Grow Soil CarbonUse Plants to Grow Soil Carbon Use Plants to Grow Soil Carbon

Between 95 and 98% of plant minerals come from water carbon dioxide and oxygenBetween 95 and 98% of plant minerals come from water carbon dioxide and oxygenwater, carbon dioxide and oxygen

The remaining 2-5% comes from the soil

water, carbon dioxide and oxygen

The remaining 2-5% comes from the soilThe remaining 2-5% comes from the soil.

Photosynthesis produces the carbon compounds that

The remaining 2-5% comes from the soil.

Photosynthesis produces the carbon compounds thatPhotosynthesis produces the carbon compounds that plants need to grow and reproducePhotosynthesis produces the carbon compounds that plants need to grow and reproduce


The Carbon GiftThe Carbon Gift

30-60% of the carbon and energy used by plants is d it d i t th il b l t t d t d30-60% of the carbon and energy used by plants is d it d i t th il b l t t d t ddeposited into the soil by plant roots as exudates and sheathsdeposited into the soil by plant roots as exudates and sheaths

Plant roots put thousand of tonnes per hectare of organic carbon and bio available minerals into the soil every yearPlant roots put thousand of tonnes per hectare of organic carbon and bio available minerals into the soil every yearcarbon and bio available minerals into the soil every yearcarbon and bio available minerals into the soil every year

MANAGING GROUND COVERSMANAGING GROUND COVERSMANAGING GROUND COVERSMANAGING GROUND COVERS

Plants shed their roots after losing leaves because because they cannot produce produce enough sugars to feed their roots


Cut plants shed their roots and add organic carbon and minerals into theminerals into the soil to feed the microorganismsmicroorganisms and the crop



Tall plantshave d deeper roots and deposit deposit more carbon deeper into the soil

Minimum Till without Herbicides P t C iP t C iPasture CroppingPasture Cropping

Onions Growing in Rye Grass

Pasture CroppingPasture Cropping

Oats Sown into Pasture

P t C iP t C iPasture CroppingPasture Cropping

Oats Sown into Pasture

Composting MethodsComposting MethodsComposting MethodsComposting MethodsA bi t A bi t A bi t A bi t Anaerobic compost Anaerobic compost

Mix and make the same way as aerobic however there is Mix and make the same way as aerobic however there is no need to turnno need to turn

Anaerobic compost Anaerobic compost Mix and make the same way as aerobic however there is Mix and make the same way as aerobic however there is no need to turnno need to turnno need to turn.no need to turn.No oxygen means that it takes more than twice as long No oxygen means that it takes more than twice as long before it is ready to usebefore it is ready to use

no need to turn.no need to turn.No oxygen means that it takes more than twice as long No oxygen means that it takes more than twice as long before it is ready to usebefore it is ready to useLess nitrogen loss Less nitrogen loss Anaerobic bacteria create a range of organic acids and Anaerobic bacteria create a range of organic acids and enzymes that are useful in making mineral rock dusts enzymes that are useful in making mineral rock dusts

Less nitrogen loss Less nitrogen loss Anaerobic bacteria create a range of organic acids and Anaerobic bacteria create a range of organic acids and enzymes that are useful in making mineral rock dusts enzymes that are useful in making mineral rock dusts enzymes that are useful in making mineral rock dusts enzymes that are useful in making mineral rock dusts (lime, rock phosphate, crushed basalt, dolomite, gypsum (lime, rock phosphate, crushed basalt, dolomite, gypsum etc) bio available etc) bio available Ch k d l f iCh k d l f i

enzymes that are useful in making mineral rock dusts enzymes that are useful in making mineral rock dusts (lime, rock phosphate, crushed basalt, dolomite, gypsum (lime, rock phosphate, crushed basalt, dolomite, gypsum etc) bio available etc) bio available Ch k d l f iCh k d l f iCheaper to make due to less costs for turning to Cheaper to make due to less costs for turning to oxygenateoxygenateCheaper to make due to less costs for turning to Cheaper to make due to less costs for turning to oxygenateoxygenate

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Organic Industry Overview - UNCTAD