One carbon atom can make 4 possible covalent bonds. Living
molecules are made from molecules that contain carbon. Carbon bonds
can form long chains that can be unlimited in length. Carbon is the
most versatile element.
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Groups of organic molecules that contain carbon: Carbohydrates
Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
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the small subunits that ultimately link together to form larger
molecules are called monomers. Mono - one When a bunch of monomers
join together into a much larger molecule, they form a polymer.
Poly- many
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giant molecules Comprised of monomers that like together
through polymerization. many small subunits make one large unit We
consume the macromolecule, but it is later broken down into these
smaller monomers to be used in out body.
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Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for cells and
provide a means of transporting and storing that energy. They are
also a structural support.
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Carbohydrates = energy for cells. Carbohydrates are made of
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), or CHO, in an approximate
ratio of 1:2:1. All sugars are carbohydrates. Another word for
sugar is saccharide.
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 1:2:1 ratio Main source of energy C 6
H 12 O 6 monomer
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Glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6 Galactose, C 6 H 12 O 6 Fructose, C 6 H
12 O 6 When 2 monosaccharides join together, they form a
disaccharide through dehydration synthesis.
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Monomer- monosaccharide simple sugars sucrose common table
sugar = glucose + fructose lactose major sugar in milk = glucose +
galactose maltose product of starch digestion = glucose +
glucose
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What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in a
carbohydrate molecule. Why do we need carbohydrates? What is
dehydration synthesis?
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Fats, oils, waxes, detergents Insoluble in water Made of mostly
carbon and hydrogen
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Lipids are hydrophobic water fearing!!
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Lipids are used for long term energy storage. Create structure
of the cell membrane. Transmit information Warmth and
protection
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Glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids Butter, oil, lard Store
almost twice as many calories as carbohydrates, more energy!
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SaturatedUnsaturated Animal fats (meat, eggs, dairy products)
Oils ( olive oil, peanut oil) no double bonds; saturated with
hydrogen. Contains double bond. Solid at room temperatureLiquid at
room temperature
Contain: nitrogen,(N) carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O)
Monomer: amino acids Amino group (NH 2 ) on one end and a carboxyl
group (COOH) on the other end. What distinguishes amino acids is
the R group.
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Amino acids are joined together in proteins by peptide bonds. A
peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and
the amino group of the adjacent amino acid.
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Each protein has a specific role. Transport Hormonal Storage
Form muscle/bone Enzymes Fight disease
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Proteins are chains of amino acids folded up into complex
arrangements. First level of organization amino acids in a protein
chain held together by peptide bonds. Second level of organization
the chain is twisted or folded. (helix or sheet) Third level- the
chains themselves are folded to make a 3D structure. Fourth level-
3D structure of multiple protein subunits.