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Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
• Contain only carbon and hydrogen
• Carbon (4 valence e-) will ALWAYS form four bonds
Alkanes• Only single covalent bonds
• C1-C4—gases at room temp.
• C5-C10—liquids at room temp.
• C11 and up—solids at room temp.
• Nonpolar molecules, do not mix with water.
Alkanes
• CnH2n+2 is the formula for all alkanes
• Structural—
• Condensed—
• Molecular--
Naming Alkanes
• Find the longest “parent chain” in the molecule and name it.
• Name any branches using the correct prefix and the ending “-yl”
• Assign a number for the location on the parent chain where the branch is located.
Isomers
• Structural isomers have the same molecular formula, but different structures.
• Since they are built differently, they have different properties and react differently with other compounds.
Isomers
• Build a model of C4H10
Isomers
• Build a model of C4H10
• Does it look like this?
Isomers
• There is another form of C4H10
• And it looks like this:
Same molecular formula (C3H8), but completely different construction.
That’s isomers.
Isomers• How many isomers are there for
pentane?
• How many are there for hexane?
• Draw and name as many octane isomers as you can (as a group) before the end of class. (1 pt. each)
• Do the isomers page for homework.
Alkenes and Alkynes
• Contain double (-ene) or triple (-yne) bonds.
• Called unsaturated compounds.
• How do we name them?
Functional Groups
• This is a specific arrangement of atoms attached to an organic compound.
• The method we’ll use to introduce them will have the molecule represented as ‘R’ and the functional group attached.
Halocarbons
• This is a hydrocarbon with a halogen attached to it. R-Cl or R-Br
• How do you name them?
Alcohols
• This is a hydrocarbon with a hydroxyl attached to it. R-OH
• The carbon with the hydroxyl is numbered first, before any other attachment.
• How do we name them?
Ethers
• This is a hydrocarbon that has an oxygen along the chain. R-O-R’
• How do we name them?• Unfortunately, there are two
systems for naming ethers:
Aldehydes & Ketones• They have a carbonyl group
attached to them. -C=O
• A ketone has the carbonyl along the middle of the chain, and an aldehyde has the carbonyl at the end of the chain.
• How do we name them?
Carboxylic Acids
• Have a carboxyl group attached to them.
• These acids donate hydrogen ions just like any other acid.
• The carbon with the carboxyl attached to it is automatically carbon # 1.
• How do we name acids?
Esters
• Product of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
• Often used as artificial flavors and fragrances.
Amines and Amides• Contain the functional group –NH2
• Amines have the NH2 anywhere along the chain.
• Amides have the NH2 at the end of the chain, attached to a carbonyl group.
• And for the last time, how do we name them?
Benzene
Some benzene compounds
Drug Compounds
Ephedrine methamphetamine
Caffeine
Steroids
Steroid Basis
Andro
Some others…• andriol
Some others…
dianabol
Polymers• Large molecules formed by the
repeated bonding of smaller molecules.
• For example, polyethylene is formed by repeating ethene molecules; sometimes thousands of them.
• Everything we know as plastic is some kind of polymer.
Fatty Acids or Fats
• Fats are carboxylic acids.
• An acid with only single bonds along the chain is a saturated fat.
• An acid with double bonds along the chain is an unsaturated fat.
Fatty Acids
• The double bond comes in two types, cis- and trans-.
• The trans- bond keeps the chain straight, and the cis- bonds makes the chain bend.
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
Table of Fatty Acids
Common Name
Carbon Double
Scientific Name SourcesAtoms Bonds
Butyric acid 4 0 butanoic acid butterfat
Caproic Acid 6 0 hexanoic acid butterfat
Caprylic Acid 8 0 octanoic acid coconut oil
Capric Acid 10 0 decanoic acid coconut oil
Lauric Acid 12 0 dodecanoic acid coconut oil
Myristic Acid 14 0 tetradecanoic acid palm kernel oil
Palmitic Acid 16 0 hexadecanoic acid palm oil
Palmitoleic Acid 16 1 9-hexadecenoic acid animal fats
Stearic Acid 18 0 octadecanoic acid animal fats
Oleic Acid 18 1 9-octadecenoic acid olive oil
Polymers
• All of these polymers that make plastics and fabrics are made of molecules that were distilled from crude oil.
Where a standard barrel of crude oil goes:
• 47% Gasoline• 23% Heating oil & Diesel fuel• 18% Plastics, synthetic rubber, chemicals• 10% Jet fuel• 4% Propane• 3% Asphalt• If we quit driving cars today, we would still
need oil for lots of things.