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Organic Chemistry-1
Organic Chemistry
• is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties.
• Compounds are broken down
into 2 general categories:
• Inorganic Compounds:–Do not contain carbon
Timberlake LecturePLUS 4
Organic Compounds
• Contain significant amounts of carbon.
• are mostly composed of 4 elements:
H, O, N, C “honk”Have covalent bondsHave low melting pointsHave low boiling pointsBurn in air (oxygen) Are soluble in nonpolar solventsForm large molecules
• Exceptions:
–oxides of carbon (CO2, CO)
–carbonates,bicarbonates(NaHCO3,CaCO3)
–cyanides (NaCN, etc)
Origin of organic compounds• Naturally occurring organic
compounds are found in plants, animals, and fossil fuels
• Synthetic organic compounds are derived from fossil fuels or plant material
Carbon:
Carbon is essential to life for several reasons:
–It can form strong stable covalent bonds
–It can form up to 4 chemical bonds
–It can form multiple bonds
Organic Compounds
hydrocarbons (C,H) heteroatomic (O, N, P, S, X, etc.)
aliphatic (fatty) aromatic (pleasant smelling)
alkane alkene alkyne cyclic
C C C CC C
Hydrocarbons:
• Contain C and H only
1.HydrocarbonsC C C C
C CC
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C C
H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Alkanes Alkenes
Alkynes Aromatics
C C C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C CH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
1.1.1. AlkanesAlkanes• Hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds Hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are SINGLE bondsbetween carbons are SINGLE bonds
• Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)atom
• Are nonpolar molecules• Saturated• General formula: [CnH2n+2], where n is the
number of C atoms in the compound.• Name uses the ending –Name uses the ending –aneane
12
International
Union of
Pure and
Applied
Chemistry
“eye-you-pac”
colloquially:
Devised following WWII ca. 1946-1950
Nomenclature
Timberlake LecturePLUS 13
IUPAC Names
Name # carbons condensed formulas
Methane 1 CH4
Ethane 2 C2H6
Propane 3 C3H8
Butane 4 C4H10
Pentane 5 C5H12
Hexane 6 C6H14
Timberlake LecturePLUS 14
Structural Formulas
H H
H C H H C H H H
CH4 , methane
• Each pair of electrons is shown as a line in the structural formula.
Timberlake LecturePLUS 15
More Alkanes Condensed Structural Formulas
Ethane
H C C H CH3 CH3
H H H Propane
CH3 CH2 CH3
H H
H H
H H
HHH
C C C
1.1.1.a. Alkyl Groups
• Alkyl group s are obtained when one H is removed from an alkane
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999 17
Alkyl Groups
H
H C CH3 methyl H H H H C C CH3CH2 ethyl H H
• Shown as R- in general• Name: replace -ane ending of alkane with -yl
ending– CH3 is “methyl” (from methane)–CH2CH3 is “ethyl” (from ethane)–CH2CH2CH3 is “propyl” (from propane)
• CH3Cl methyl chloride
• CH2CH3Br ethyl bromide
1.1.2. Cycloalkanes
• Cycloalkanes are alkanes having carbon atoms that form a ring.
• The two ends of the carbon chain are attached in a ring in a cyclic hydrocarbon
• General formula: CnH2n
• Structure is shown as a regular polygon with the number of vertexes equal to the number of C’s.
• H2C CH2
or • H2C CH2
• cyclobutane• C4H8
Cyclohexane
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H HH
H
H
HH H
H
H
or
to name, prefix the name of the corresponding
open-chain alkane with cyclo-.
Cyclopropane
C3H6
Cyclobutane
C4H8
Cyclopentane
C5H10
Cyclohexane
C6H12
1.1.3.Alkenes:•hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
• the simplest member is ethene (ethylene).
No. of Carbon
Atoms in One
Molecule
Alkene Member
Structure of One Molecule
2ethene(C2H4)
3propene
(C3H6)
4butene(C4H8)
HH
CH
HC
H
HC
H
HH C
HC
H
HH C
H
HC
HC
H
HC
•General formula: [CnH2n], where n is the number of C atoms in the compound.•names of alkenes end with –ene.
1.1.4. alkynes:• hydrocarbons containing a carbon-
carbon triple bond.• Acetylene, the simplest alkyne.• “-yne” as a suffix indicates an
alkyne• General formula is CnH2n-2.
Alkynes: CnH2n-2
C2H2 H—C C—H
ethyne (acetylene)
C3H4 CH3CCH
propyne (methylacetylene)
1.2.Aromatic hydrocarbons:• A special class of cyclic unsaturated
hydrocarbons.• Called as “aromatic hydrocarbons”, because
of pleasant odor• Also called as arenes.
–simplest aromatic is benzene
(C6H6)
– or
–Benzene is a six-carbon ring, with alternating double and single bonds
• One derivative of Benzene is called phenylethene, or commonly named STYRENE.
• Foamed styrene is trademarked by Dow Chemicals as “styrofoam”
• Other manufacturers usually just called “foam cups”
CHCH2
THE END!!!• Don’t forget checking out “
Organic Chemistry- 2.”