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Organic and Biochemistry I. Organic chemistry
A. Organic vs. inorganic compoundsB. Carbon atomsC. Biological molecules
1. 4 main classes2. Monomers3. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions4. Functional groups
II. CarbohydratesA. MonosaccharidesB. DisaccharidesC. Polysaccharides
III. LipidsA. Triglycerides
1. glycerol and fatty acids2. saturated vs. unsaturated
B. LipoproteinsC. PhospholipidsD. Steroids
IV. ProteinsA. multiple functionsB. amino acidsC. Protein structure
1. globular and fibrous2. four levels of structure
V. Nucleic acidsA. 3 functionsB. NucleotidesC. DNA/RNAD. ATP
I. Organic chemistryA. Organic vs. inorganic compounds
Organic compounds Inorganic compounds1.
2.
3.
4.
Many atoms; always carbon and hydrogen
Relatively few; not always carbon and hydrogen
Flexible Rigid
Wide variety Relatively not as variable
Carbon backbone Varies
B. Carbon molecules
Carbon forms the backbone of all biomolecules
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organic molecules?
a. longb. wide variety of sizes and shapesc. rigidd. carbon backbone
C. Biological molecules1. 4 main classes2. Monomers3. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions4. Functional groups
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids
2. Monomers
Carbohydratesmonosaccharides
fatty acidsProteins amino acids
Nucleic acids nucleotides
Lipids
Polarity?
dimers polymers
monosaccharides
fatty acids
amino acids nucleotides
Which of the following monomers is non-polar?a. fatty acidsb. nucleotidesc. amino acidsd. monosaccharides
3. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions
R1- OH + OH - R2 R1- O – R2 + HOH
R1- O – R2 + HOH R1- OH + R2 – OH
reactants productsyields
4. Functional groups
A small group of atoms that impart specific properties to the molecules to which they are attached.
HC
H
H
H OH
II. CarbohydratesA. MonosaccharidesB. Disaccharides
C6H12O
6
Isomers
Monosaccharide Disaccharide
Polarity
(1:2:1)
Glucose
3. Polysaccharides
Archaea
Why can’t most organisms digest cellulose?a. it is too largeb. it is too polarc. the glucose sub-units are too tightly packedd. the glucose to glucose bonds can’t be broken
III. LipidsA. Triglycerides
1. glycerol and fatty acids2. saturated vs.
unsaturated
Saturated versus unsaturated
Polarity
B. Phospholipids
Phosphate functional group
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Polar or non-polar?
Main components of cell membrane
Sexual dimorphism
C. Steroids
Blocked arteries
Cholesterol makes fat sticky
Which of the following is a basic component of lipids?a. glucoseb. glycerolc. glycined. gibberellin
IV. ProteinsA. Multiple functionsB. Amino acidsC. Protein structure
1. globular and fibrous
2. four levels of structure
keratin
collagen
fibrin
hemoglobin
Myosin and actin
Structural Enzymes Hormones
HDL/ LDL/ VLDLLipoproteins
B. Amino acids
Peptide bonds
C. Protein structureFibrous and globular Enzymes
Four levels of protein structure
Covalent bonds
H bonds
R group interactions
Various bonding
Prions
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
PRP
Which level of protein structure is held together by H bonds?a. primaryb. secondaryc. tertiaryd. quaternary
What level of protein structure is changed when prions “go bad”?
a. primaryb. secondaryc. tertiaryd. quaternary
Molecular clocks
V. Nucleic Acids A. 3 functions
B. NucleotidesC. DNA/RNAD. ATP
A. 3 functions of nucleic acids carriers
1. information2. energy3. electrons
DNA/ RNA
NADH
ATP
B. Nucleotides
C. DNA/ RNA
Phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
Ribose nucleic acid
ribose or deoxyribose
A,T or U, C, G
DNA homologies98.7%
D. ATP
ATP >> ADP + P
A-P~P + P
A-P~P~P
Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?a. phosphate groupb. 5 carbon sugarc. nitrogenous based. carboxyl acid group
On what basic premise are Molecular Clocks and DNA Homologies based?
a. the closer the genetic similarity between two individuals, the closer they share a common ancestorb. regardless of the organism, all amino acid sequences are the samec. like breeds liked. none of these
The end