Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Integumentary = Skin

• external covering, Synth. Vit. D

• Skeletal = bones, jnts, cartilage

• Blood cell formation, mineral storage, protects/supports, muscle attach

Figure 1.2a

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Muscular: movemnt, posture, heat

• Nervous: Brain, spinal cord,Nerves(neurons)

• Fast acting control system

• Endocrine: Secretes hormones

• Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands

Figure 1.2c

• Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels.• -Transports materials via blood: nutrients

O2, CO2

• Lymphatic: Lymph nodes/vessels; Immunity

• Respiratory: Lungs, trachea; provide O2, remove CO2

• Digestive: esophagus, intestines, mouth. Break down food.

• Urinary: kidney, ureters, bladder. Eliminate wastes

• Reproduction: Sex organs. Making babies.

Homeostasis

• Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions

• Homeostatic imbalance = disturbance in homeostasis results in disease/illness

Negative feedback

• Acts to Decrease original stimulus• Blood sugar high…body release insulin,

insulin causes cells to up-take sugar(decrease blood sugar)

• Cold….Body responds by shivering to produce heat….Heat generated decrease cold feeling

• Thirsty…body/brain respond by drinking water (decreases thirst)

Positive feedback

• Increase original stimulus• Birth- contractions put pressure on cervix,

pressure sends signals to brain to release oxtocin, oxytocin increases strength of contractions…increases pressure, more oxytocin released….

• Monkey drug trials- takes drug, gets “high”…feeling makes monkey take more drug…gets “higher”…take more drug….

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks

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• Anterior

Figure 1.5a

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks

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• Posterior

Figure 1.5b

• Anterior/posterior = front/back

• Proximal/distal = closer to pnt of appendage’s attachment to trunk/farther

• Inferior/superior = below/above

• Deep/superficial = innermost/toward surface

Body PlanesBody Planes

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Figure 1.6

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

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Figure 1.7

Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants

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Figure 1.8a

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

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Figure 1.8b

Abdominopelvic Major OrgansAbdominopelvic Major Organs

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Figure 1.8c

Cell organelles• Mitochondria = “powerhouse of cell”,

make energy(ATP)• Endoplasmic reticulum – “highway of

cell”, transports materials throughout cell.Rough=ribosomes attached

Smooth=no ribosomes

Ribosomes – make proteins• Golgi body – “FedEx of cell”, modifies &

packages proteins for delivery

Cell organelles

• Nucleus – Control center of cell, contains DNA• Nucleolus = inside nucleus, Makes ribosomes• Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive

enzymes• Cytosol – gel-like fluid in cytoplasm

• tRNA – ribosomes helper, brings Amino Acids to ribosome for bldg. of protein.

• mRNA – carries “Message” of DNA (inside nucleus) to ribosomes (in cytoplasm)

Cell organelles

• Microvilli – Finger-like projections on cell surface to increase area for absorption(ex. Cells lining digestive tract)

• Cillia – short Hair- like projections that move substances across the cell (Ex. On cells lining digestive tract)

• Flagellum – whip-like structure used to propel cell (ex. Sperm cells)

Plasma membrane

Stabilizes/stiffens plasma membrane

Hydro_Phillic

Hydro__phobic

• P rophase – centrioles move to Poles

• M etaphase – chromosomes lineup in Middle

• A naphase – Chromosomes pull Apart

• T elophase – Two cells form/cleavage furrow

Mitosis

Cell Transport

• Passive = no energy

• Diffusion – movement of mlcles from high to low

• Osmosis – “Diffusion” of Water!

• Active = energy needed• Occurs if particles too big to diffuse

through plasma membrane• Or needed to go against concentration

gradient• Endocytosis – cell engulfs particle (Take

IN)• Exocytosis – cell exports particle

Tissue

• Stratified squamous = areas of high abrasion; mouth/throat, skin

• Simple Squamous= single, flattened cell layer; good for diffusion: lining lungs/capillaries

Muscle Characteristics

• Skeletal = Voluntary, striated, found in skeletal muscles

• Smooth = Involuntary, spindle-shaped, in walls of Blood vessels.

• Cardiac = Involuntary, striated, has intercalated discs (gaps btwn cells that increase signal transmission). Found in Heart tissue.

Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones

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Support of the body

Protection of soft organs

Movement due to attached skeletal muscles

Storage of minerals and fats

Blood cell formation

Classification of Bones1. Long – longer than wide, shaft

w/heads at both ends.

2. Short – generally cube-shaped & mostly spongy bone(carpals of wrist/tarsals of ankle)

3. Flat – thin, flat and usually curved (skull, ribs sternum)

4. Irregular – doesn’t fit in other categories. (Vertebrae)

Red marrow: in adults spongy ends of long bones (site of red blood cell formation) Yellow marrow- mostly fat

Epiphyseal plate=actively dividing cartilage in child, site of bone growth

Osteoclast= Bone destroying cellsOsteoBlasts= Bone Building cells

Stages of Bone fracture repair

Axial skeleton = skull, vertebral column, bony thorax

Appendicular Skeleton = Bones of Appendages

Cervical = 7Thoracic = 12Lumbar = 5

#17,18 Axial skeleton = skull, vertebrae, bony thorax

• Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis

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Figure 5.23c

3. Pelvic opening larger (& rounder) in Females!

2. Pubic Arch WIDER in Females!

1. Flared Illium in females

Bones of shoulder/hip girdle

Joints/movements

• Hinge = elbow

• Ball & socket = hip/shoulder

• Gliding(Planes) = Knee/carpals

• Pivot = atlas/axis of cervical vertebrae

• Saddle = thumb(only ex. In human body)

• Abduction = take body part AWAY from midline

• Adduction = “ADD” back into midline• Supination= palm up• Pronation = palm down• Flexion=decrease angle btwn 2 bones• Extension=increases ………

• Circumduction= move part in circle

• Inversion = sole of foot inwards

• Eversion = sole of foot outwards

• Dorsiflexion = toes toward shin

• PlantarFlexion = toes pointed