Oregon Judges Criminal Benchbook - NFPCAR · 2015-06-18 · States Supreme Court through December, 2005. The revised BENCHBOOK includes OJD’s model scripts for waiver of counsel

2005

Oregon JudgesCriminal Benchbook

Oregon Judicial DepartmentOffice of the State Court AdministratorCourt Programs and Services Division

OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK (2005 EDITION)2 © 2005 OJD

PrefaceThe 2005 Edition of the OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK was developed by the Judicial Education and Criminal Law Committees of the Oregon Judicial Conference with staff direction provided by Jean Ann Quinn, former Staff Counsel, Nancy Cozine, current Staff Counsel and Mollie Croisan, Education Manager, Court Programs and Services Division, Oregon Judicial Department.

The Oregon Judicial Department would like to express sincere thanks and gratitude to Christian Malone, former Court Programs and Services Law Clerk, for his excellent, painstaking work in revising, updating, and reformatting the OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK to produce the 2005 Edition and to Gina Zejdlik, the current Court Programs and Services Law Clerk, for her diligence in keeping it current through 2006. We are also indebted to the many judges who reviewed and edited individual chapters of the BENCHBOOK and provided thoughtful suggestions for practice tips and other useful resources. Their names appear at the front of each chapter. Finally, we would like to thank Chief Justice Paul J. De Muniz for graciously allowing us to include his work as chapters five and six.

The 2005 Edition of the OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK incorporates the 2005 Oregon Session Laws and the relevant case law of Oregon’s appellate courts, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, and the United States Supreme Court through December, 2005. The revised BENCHBOOK includes OJD’s model scripts for waiver of counsel and accepting a guilty or no contest plea, as well as model forms for waiver of counsel (in both Spanish and English) and waiver of jury trial. In addition to the table of authorities following each chapter, a comprehensive index of authorities was added to improve the usefulness of the BENCHBOOK as a reference tool. Lastly, the format of the BENCHBOOK was redesigned and now includes sidebar features that provide check lists, cross-references, practice tips, and additional, related information.

Online Users:An Adobe PDF of the 2005 Edition of the OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK is available for download at www.ojd.state.or.us. The electronic version of the BENCHBOOK features bookmarks and hyperlinked cross-references for quick, easy navigation, and is fully searchable. The electronic BENCHBOOK is also updated to reflect significant developments that occur between revisions of the printed publication. The current online version is up-to-date through June, 2006, and reflects significant changes in case law since December, 2005.

The following sections have been UPDATED:CHAPTER 1, SECTION IV.A.3.

a. Calculating 5-day Time Period for Defendant in Custodyb. Calculating 30-day Time Period for Defendant on Release

CHAPTER 3, SECTION II.A.4. Informing Non-citizen Defendants of Potential DeportationCHAPTER 16, SECTION IV.E.1. Restitution and Compensatory FinesCHAPTER 16, SECTION IV.G.2.e. Further Considerations Concerning Restitution

The following sections have been ADDED:CHAPTER 1, SECTION III.D. Defendant’s Right to Waive Appearance at TrialCHAPTER 2, SECTION V. Right to Speedy Trial

Questions and comments should be directed to the Oregon Judicial Department, Court Programs and Services Division, Education & Training, 503.986.5925, or [email protected].

Note: The OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK was originally created in 1987 by the Judicial Education

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www.ojd.state.or.us

OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK (2005 EDITION)3© 2005 OJD

Committee of the Oregon Judicial Conference with Paula L. Abrams serving as its editor. It was subsequently revised in 1996 under the direction of Nori J. McCann Cross.

PurposeThe OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK is designed to summarize statutes and case law in select areas of Oregon criminal law in order to assist trial judges in their duties on the bench. In no way is it intended to offer legal advice or substitute for the service of a competent professional in researching original sources of authority. The Oregon Judicial Department cannot give legal advice and will not answer any questions concerning the content of the BENCHBOOK or how it may pertain to any individual case.

Copyright Notice© 2005 Oregon Judicial Department, all rights reserved. This material may be reproduced or transmitted for personal use or non-profit educational purposes, but not for resale or other for-profit distribution without the written permission of the Oregon Judicial Department.

AcknowledgementWe wish to acknowledge the extensive support of the members of the 2004-2005 Judicial Education Committee and the 2004-2005 Criminal Law Committee in the 2005 revision of the OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK. Their faithful devotion of experience and expertise has once again improved a resource that we are confident will provide valuable assistance to our colleagues on the bench. We sincerely appreciate their contribution.

Hon. John L. Collins, Chair, 2004-2005 Judicial Education CommitteeHon. Patricia A. Sullivan, Chair, 2004-2005 Criminal Law Committee

2004-2005 Judicial Education Committee

Hon. John L. Collins, ChairHon. Mary M. James, Vice Chair

Hon. Paula M. BechtoldHon. Thomas O. BranfordHon. David V. BrewerHon. Paul J. De MunizHon. Daniel L. HarrisHon. Lauren S. HollandHon. Rick KnappHon. Karla J. KniepsHon. Terry A. LeggertHon. Paul J. LipscombHon. Berkely A. SmithHon. Ronald W. StoneHon. Ronald D. ThomHon. Jeffrey M. WallaceHon. Russell B. West

2004-2005 Criminal Law Committee

Hon. Patricia A. Sullivan, ChairHon. Susan M. Tripp, Vice Chair

Hon. William D. Cramer, Jr.Hon. Robert D. DurhamHon. Alicia A. FuchsHon. Robert D. HerndonHon. Janet S. HolcombHon. Darryl L. LarsonHon. Michael H. MarcusHon. Michael J. McShaneHon. Steven L. PriceHon. William G. PurdyHon. Martin E. Stone

OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK (2005 EDITION)4 © 2005 OJD

Links to Oregon Web SitesOregon Judicial Department: www.ojd.state.or.us

Oregon Appellate Court Opinions: www.publications.ojd.state.or.us

Oregon State Legislature: www.leg.state.or.us

Oregon Revised Statutes: www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

Oregon Administrative Rules: http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/banners/rules.htm

Oregon Criminal Justice Commission: www.ocjc.state.or.us

Oregon State Library: http://library.state.or.us

Oregon State Bar: www.osbar.org

Oregon Judicial DepartmentOffice of the State Court AdministratorCourt Programs and Services Division

1163 State Street, Salem, Oregon 97301503.986.5861

http://www.ojd.state.or.us/http://www.publications.ojd.state.or.us/http://www.leg.state.or.us/http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htmhttp://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/banners/rules.htmhttp://www.ocjc.state.or.us/http://library.state.or.us/http://www.osbar.org/

OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK (2005 EDITION): SUMMARY OF CONTENTS5© 2005 OJD

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: PRETRIAL .......................................................................29COMMENCING AN ACTION .......................................................................................41

Initiating a Criminal Case ...........................................................................................................................41Grand Jury & Indictments ..........................................................................................................................41Sufficiency of the Indictment .....................................................................................................................55Contents of the Indictment .........................................................................................................................57Waiver of Indictment ...................................................................................................................................64Complaint ....................................................................................................................................................65Complainant’s Information ........................................................................................................................65District Attorney’s Information ...................................................................................................................65Sufficiency of Information or Complaint ...................................................................................................66Contents of Information or Complaint ......................................................................................................67

PROBABLE CAUSE DETERMINATIONS FOR WARRANTLESS ARRESTS .....70Scope ............................................................................................................................................................70Constitutional Standard ..............................................................................................................................70Probable Cause Defined .............................................................................................................................71Burden of Proving Probable Cause Is on the State .................................................................................71Incorporating Other Proceedings ..............................................................................................................72

DEFENDANT’S RIGHT TO COUNSEL ......................................................................72Constitutional Right to Assistance of Counsel ........................................................................................72Waiver of Counsel ......................................................................................................................................72Right to Court-Appointed Counsel ............................................................................................................74Defendant’s Right to Waive Appearance at Trial ......................................................................................77

PRELIMINARY HEARING ...........................................................................................78Generally ......................................................................................................................................................78Procedure .....................................................................................................................................................80Bind-Over Standard ....................................................................................................................................83Mental Condition of Defendant ..................................................................................................................84

ARRAIGNMENT ............................................................................................................85Time and Place of Arraignment ..................................................................................................................85Arraignment Procedures ...........................................................................................................................85Availability of Testing for Communicable Diseases ................................................................................88

PRETRIAL RELEASE ...................................................................................................88

OREGON JUDGES CRIMINAL BENCHBOOK (2005 EDITION): SUMMARY OF CONTENTS6 © 2005 OJD

Federal Constitutional Standard ................................................................................................................88Victim’s Rights Under the Oregon Constitution .......................................................................................88Traffic Offenses ...........................................................................................................................................91Release Decision ........................................................................................................................................91Scheduling of Trial: The 60 Day Rule .......................................................................................................97

APPENDIX A: MODEL SCRIPT FOR WAIVER OF COUNSEL ..........................100APPENDIX B: WAIVER OF COUNSEL FORM ......................................................104TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .........................................................................................108AUTHORITIES .............................................................................................................108

CHAPTER 2: PRETRIAL MOTIONS ......................................................119FITNESS TO PROCEED ..............................................................................................129

Motion by Defense Counsel .....................................................................................................................129Inquiry by Court .........................................................................................................................................129Procedure for Determining Fitness to Proceed ......................................................................................129Involuntary Administration of Antipsychotic Medication ......................................................................133

OMNIBUS HEARING ..................................................................................................136When the Omnibus Hearing Is to Be Held ..............................................................................................136Purpose ......................................................................................................................................................136Conclusion of the Hearing ........................................................................................................................137Admissions Can’t Be Used Against the Defendant ................................................................................137Defense Counsel Is Required ...................................................................................................................137Oral Argument on Pretrial Motions ..........................................................................................................137The Law of the Case Is Not Established By Pretrial Rulings ................................................................137

CHALLENGES TO ACCUSATORY INSTRUMENT ...............................................138Motion to Set Aside The Indictment ........................................................................................................138Motion to Dismiss on Grounds of Former Jeopardy .............................................................................139Demurrer ....................................................................................................................................................140Motion to Quash ........................................................................................................................................144

VENUE ...........................................................................................................................145Motion for Change of Venue .....................................................................................................................145Proper Venue .............................................................................................................................................147

RIGHT TO SPEEDY TRIAL ........................................................................................151Federal Constitutional Right to Speedy Trial ..........................................................................................151Oregon Constitutional Right to Speedy Trial ..........................................................................................152


Statutory Right to Speedy Trial ................................................................................................................155

CIVIL COMPROMISE .................................................................................................158Certain Misdemeanors May Be Compromised .......................................................................................158Reduction of Certain Felonies to Misdemeanors ...................................................................................159“Hit and Run” Cases .................................................................................................................................160Crimes Not Subject to Civil Compromise ...............................................................................................160Judicial Discretion ....................................................................................................................................161Effect of Compromise ...............................................................................................................................161

MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE .......................................................................161Guidelines ..................................................................................................................................................161Purpose ......................................................................................................................................................162Judicial Discretion ....................................................................................................................................162Effect of Denial of the Motion ...................................................................................................................163State May Take an Interlocutory Appeal ..................................................................................................163

PRETRIAL PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT .....................................................163Prosecutorial Vindictiveness Defined .....................................................................................................163Unethical Conduct by District Attorney ..................................................................................................164

PROSECUTION NOT READY FOR TRIAL .............................................................164Motion to Dismiss .....................................................................................................................................164

MOTION FOR CONTINUANCE OF TRIAL ............................................................166Motion Must Be Made Pretrial ..................................................................................................................166Court Has Discretion to Grant Motion .....................................................................................................166Considerations ..........................................................................................................................................167

SEVERANCE AND JOINDER ....................................................................................167Motion to Sever Jointly Charged Defendants .........................................................................................167Motion to Join or Consolidate Charges Against Defendant ..................................................................168Defendant’s Motion to Sever Joined Charges ........................................................................................170

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .........................................................................................172AUTHORITIES .............................................................................................................172

CHAPTER 3: ENTRY OF PLEA ............................................................179PLEAS GENERALLY ...................................................................................................185

Types of Pleading ......................................................................................................................................185Pleading By the Defendant .......................................................................................................................185Time of Entering Plea ................................................................................................................................188


ACCEPTING GUILTY OR NO CONTEST PLEAS .................................................188Advising the Defendant ............................................................................................................................188Victim’s Rights ...........................................................................................................................................192

PLEA DISCUSSIONS & AGREEMENTS ..................................................................193District Attorney Authorized to Engage in Plea Discussions ...............................................................193Early Disposition Programs .....................................................................................................................193Judge’s Participation ................................................................................................................................193Judge’s Responsibilities ..........................................................................................................................194Criminal History Classification ................................................................................................................194Stipulations Under Sentencing Guidelines .............................................................................................195Binding Effect of the Plea Agreement .....................................................................................................195Evidence of Discussion or Plea Agreement ...........................................................................................196

WITHDRAWAL OF GUILTY OR NO CONTEST PLEA .........................................196Court’s Discretion to Allow Withdrawal ..................................................................................................196Defendant’s Right to Withdraw ................................................................................................................196Evidentiary Issues .....................................................................................................................................196

APPENDIX A: MODEL SCRIPT FOR ACCEPTING A GUILTY OR NO CONTEST PLEA .....................................................................................................................198

APPENDIX B: WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL FORM .................................................202TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .........................................................................................203AUTHORITIES .............................................................................................................203

CHAPTER 4: DISCOVERY ...................................................................207OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................213

Limitation on Exclusion of Relevant Evidence .......................................................................................213Measure 11 Offenses .................................................................................................................................213Victims’ Rights ...........................................................................................................................................213Definition of “Disclose” ............................................................................................................................214Purpose of the Discovery Statutes ..........................................................................................................214Application of Discovery Statutes ...........................................................................................................214

TIMING ..........................................................................................................................214Disclosure Must Be “As Soon as Practicable” .......................................................................................214Continuing Duty to Disclose ....................................................................................................................215

DISCLOSURE BY THE PROSECUTION .................................................................215Mandatory Disclosure to the Defendant .................................................................................................215


Disclosure to a Non-Represented Defendant .........................................................................................218

DUE PROCESS DISCLOSURE ...................................................................................218Scope of Disclosure ..................................................................................................................................218

SPECIFIC EXAMPLES ................................................................................................220Police Notebooks ......................................................................................................................................220Police Personnel Files ..............................................................................................................................220Police Weapons .........................................................................................................................................221Children’s Services Division (CSD) Files ................................................................................................221Results of Body Sample Testing ..............................................................................................................222Automobile Search ....................................................................................................................................222

PRESERVING EVIDENCE .........................................................................................222Duty to Preserve Evidence .......................................................................................................................222Due Process and Bad Faith ......................................................................................................................223

DISCLOSURE BY THE DEFENSE ............................................................................224Mandatory Disclosure to the State ..........................................................................................................224

EXEMPTIONS FROM DISCOVERY .........................................................................225Statutory Exemptions ...............................................................................................................................225Protective Orders ......................................................................................................................................225

SANCTIONS FOR DISCOVERY VIOLATIONS ......................................................226Options to Remedy Discovery Violations ...............................................................................................226Court Has a Duty to Inquire ......................................................................................................................227Review of the Court’s Decision ................................................................................................................227


CHAPTER 5: SELF-INCRIMINATION—FIFTH AMENDMENT & COMPARABLE OREGON CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS .....................................231

MEASURE 40 (OVERVIEW) ......................................................................................237Measure 40 Held Unconstitutional ...........................................................................................................237

SUPPRESSION OF STATEMENTS BY DEFENDANT ............................................237Voluntariness ............................................................................................................................................237Miranda ......................................................................................................................................................241“Fruit of Poisonous Tree” Issues ............................................................................................................246

FORMER JEOPARDY .................................................................................................247Overview ....................................................................................................................................................247


Procedure ...................................................................................................................................................247Purpose of Hearing ..................................................................................................................................248Burden of Proof ........................................................................................................................................248Prior Prosecution .....................................................................................................................................248Same Offense ...........................................................................................................................................252Prosecutorial Knowledge ........................................................................................................................255“Appropriate Prosecutor” ........................................................................................................................256Federal Rule for Multiple Prosecution: Blockburger Test ....................................................................256Waiver ........................................................................................................................................................256Proceedings Not Constituting Acquittal .................................................................................................257Final Court Action ....................................................................................................................................258


CHAPTER 6: AN OREGON SEARCH AND SEIZURE LAW COMPENDIUM .265THE MOTIONS—MOTION TO SUPPRESS OR CONTROVERT ........................271

General Considerations ...........................................................................................................................271Motion to Suppress ..................................................................................................................................272Motions to Controvert ..............................................................................................................................274

THE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................275Statutory Issues ........................................................................................................................................275Senate Bill (SB) 936: Oregon Laws 1997, Chapter 313 ........................................................................275Constitutional Issues ...............................................................................................................................278Suppression of Derivative Evidence .......................................................................................................288Inevitable Discovery .................................................................................................................................289

SEARCH WARRANTS .................................................................................................290Warrant Requirement ...............................................................................................................................290Description of Person(s) to be Searched ...............................................................................................290Description of Place(s) to be Searched ..................................................................................................290Description of the Object of the Search .................................................................................................291Motions to Controvert ..............................................................................................................................292Review of Search Warrant Applications .................................................................................................293Execution of Warrants ..............................................................................................................................296Search Warrant Returns ...........................................................................................................................297

EXCEPTIONS TO THE WARRANT REQUIREMENT ..........................................297


Exigent Circumstances .............................................................................................................................297To Protect Officer Safety or Prevent Escape .........................................................................................301Community Caretaking Function ............................................................................................................302Search Incident to Arrest .........................................................................................................................303Consent .....................................................................................................................................................305Plain View ..................................................................................................................................................312Inventories ................................................................................................................................................312Search of Probationers ............................................................................................................................315Search of Parolees ...................................................................................................................................315

WARRANTLESS SEIZURES OF PERSONS—ARREST, STOP OR MERE CONVERSATION ...............................................................................................316General Considerations ...........................................................................................................................316Arrest—Requires Probable Cause ..........................................................................................................317Stop—Requires Reasonable Suspicion .................................................................................................320Mere Conversation—Requires No Justification ....................................................................................325Frisk ............................................................................................................................................................326Traffic Infractions .....................................................................................................................................328

DUII ...............................................................................................................................333Field Sobriety Tests Are a Search ...........................................................................................................333Stopping Drivers—Requires Reasonable Suspicion ............................................................................333Self-Incrimination ......................................................................................................................................334Consent .....................................................................................................................................................335Right to Consult with Counsel ................................................................................................................336Miranda Warnings ....................................................................................................................................337


CHAPTER 7: JURY PROCEDURES ........................................................347RIGHT TO TRIAL BY IMPARTIAL JURY ...............................................................357

Right to Jury Trial In Criminal Prosecutions ..........................................................................................357

WAIVER OF RIGHT TO JURY TRIAL .....................................................................358Generally ....................................................................................................................................................358Denial of Waiver .......................................................................................................................................360Withdrawal of Waiver ...............................................................................................................................361Waiver on Guilt Automatically Waives Jury on Facts ............................................................................361


JURY ORIENTATION ..................................................................................................361Court Program ...........................................................................................................................................361Consider Jurors’ Convenience ................................................................................................................361

VOIR DIRE ....................................................................................................................362General Principles ....................................................................................................................................362Permissible Areas of Inquiry During Voir Dire .......................................................................................363Suggestions on Selecting the Jury ........................................................................................................365Excusing a Prospective Juror From Jury Duty ......................................................................................367

CHALLENGES FOR CAUSE ......................................................................................367Challenging Jurors for Cause ..................................................................................................................367

PEREMPTORY CHALLENGES .................................................................................373Generally ...................................................................................................................................................373Peremptory Challenges Based on Race, Ethnicity, or Gender .............................................................374

ALTERNATE JURORS ................................................................................................376Purpose of Alternate Jurors ....................................................................................................................376Selection of Alternate Jurors ...................................................................................................................376

THE JURY IS SELECTED ...........................................................................................377Required Number of Jurors ......................................................................................................................377Oath of the Jury .........................................................................................................................................377 Court’s Preliminary Instructions to the Jury .........................................................................................378Communication With Jurors Prohibited .................................................................................................379

JURY VIEW AND HANDLING OF EXHIBITS ........................................................379Purpose of a Jury View .............................................................................................................................379Procedure for a Jury View ........................................................................................................................379Court Has Discretion to Grant a Jury View .............................................................................................380Juror Handling of Exhibits .......................................................................................................................380

JUROR NOTE-TAKING AND QUESTIONS ............................................................381Juror Note-Taking .....................................................................................................................................381Juror Questions During Trial ...................................................................................................................381

JUROR CONTAMINATION ........................................................................................382Contamination Defined .............................................................................................................................382Court Has Discretion to Handle Juror Contamination ...........................................................................382Jurors May Not Communicate Private Knowledge or Information .......................................................382Common Ways Juror Contamination Occurs ........................................................................................382Avoiding Jury Contamination .................................................................................................................383


Court Response When Jury Contamination Occurs .............................................................................384Correcting Jury Contamination ..............................................................................................................385Examples of Juror Contamination ...........................................................................................................385

JUROR EXCUSED DURING TRIAL .........................................................................390Generally ...................................................................................................................................................390Options ......................................................................................................................................................391

JURY INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................................................391Timing ........................................................................................................................................................391Charging the Jury ......................................................................................................................................392Requesting Jury Instructions ...................................................................................................................395Lesser Included Offense Instructions .....................................................................................................395Jury Instructions on Inferences ...............................................................................................................396Point of Exception to Instruction Must Be Timely Made .......................................................................397

JURY DELIBERATIONS .............................................................................................397Custody of the Jury ...................................................................................................................................397Time Frame for Deliberations ..................................................................................................................398Appropriate Materials During Deliberations ..........................................................................................398Inappropriate Materials During Deliberations .......................................................................................399Reading Portions of Testimony to Jurors During Deliberations ..........................................................400Discretion to Reinstruct ............................................................................................................................400Written Statement of Issues .....................................................................................................................401Answering Questions During Jury Deliberations ..................................................................................401Handling Lengthy Deliberations .............................................................................................................402Deadlocked Jury .......................................................................................................................................402Discharging the Jury Without a Verdict ..................................................................................................403

JURY VERDICT AND POLLING ...............................................................................405Reaction to Verdict ...................................................................................................................................405Number of Jurors Required for Verdict ...................................................................................................405General Verdict Required ........................................................................................................................406Verdicts in Cases with Lesser or Necessarily Included Offenses ........................................................406Verdict on Several Defendants .................................................................................................................406Improper Verdicts .....................................................................................................................................407Polling the Jury .........................................................................................................................................408Return of the Verdict .................................................................................................................................409

JURY PROBLEMS ARISING AFTER DISCHARGE ..............................................409


Policy Is to Protect Jury Verdicts ............................................................................................................409Jury Mistake, Fraud, or Misconduct .......................................................................................................409Jury Contamination Discovered After Discharge ...................................................................................411Inquiry Into Misconduct Must Be Extrinsic to Jury Deliberations ........................................................411Use of Juror Affidavits to Impeach Verdict .............................................................................................411Raise it or Waive it ....................................................................................................................................411


CHAPTER 8: ORDER OF PROOF .........................................................419STATUTORY ORDER ..................................................................................................423

Statutory Order of Proof ...........................................................................................................................423

JUDICIAL DISCRETION AFFECTING ORDER ....................................................423Discretion to Vary Order ..........................................................................................................................423Discretion to Determine Scope of Rebuttal and Surrebuttal ................................................................423Discretion to Allow a Party to Reopen Its Case In Chief .......................................................................425


CHAPTER 9: OPENING STATEMENTS AND CLOSING ARGUMENTS .........429OPENING STATEMENTS ...........................................................................................433

Purpose of the Opening Statement .........................................................................................................433Order of Opening Statements ..................................................................................................................433Control of Opening Statement ................................................................................................................433

SCOPE AND CONTENT OF OPENING STATEMENT ..........................................433Scope of Opening Statement ..................................................................................................................433Errors in Opening Statement ..................................................................................................................434Remedy ......................................................................................................................................................436

CLOSING ARGUMENTS ............................................................................................436Defendant’s Right to Closing Argument ................................................................................................436Order of Closing Arguments ....................................................................................................................437

SCOPE AND CONTENT OF CLOSING ARGUMENT ............................................437Scope of Closing Argument .....................................................................................................................437Content of Closing Argument .................................................................................................................438

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .........................................................................................441


AUTHORITIES .............................................................................................................441

CHAPTER 10: MOTIONS DURING TRIAL ............................................443MOTION TO EXCLUDE WITNESSES .....................................................................447

Procedure ..................................................................................................................................................447Purpose ......................................................................................................................................................447Court May Deny Motion for Good Cause ................................................................................................447Limitations on Exclusion of Witnesses ..................................................................................................447Violation of an Exclusion Order Does Not Warrant Disqualification ....................................................448Mistrial May be Appropriate for Violation of Exclusion Order ..............................................................448

OFFER OF PROOF .......................................................................................................448Purpose ......................................................................................................................................................448Procedure ...................................................................................................................................................449

MOTION TO STRIKE ANSWER OF WITNESS ......................................................449Purpose ......................................................................................................................................................449Use ..............................................................................................................................................................450Procedure ..................................................................................................................................................450

MOTION TO COMPEL ELECTION .........................................................................450Generally ....................................................................................................................................................450Timing .........................................................................................................................................................451Considerations ..........................................................................................................................................451Specific Examples .....................................................................................................................................452Joinder .......................................................................................................................................................452

MOTION FOR JUDGMENT OF ACQUITTAL ........................................................452Appropriate When Evidence Will Not Support Conviction ....................................................................452Motion Cannot Be Made Post Verdict ......................................................................................................453Procedure ..................................................................................................................................................454Variance Between Allegations and Proof Supports Motion ..................................................................454Venue May be Challenged by Motion ......................................................................................................454Acquittal Bars Subsequent Prosecution .................................................................................................454

MOTION IN ARREST OF JUDGMENT ....................................................................454Purpose ......................................................................................................................................................454When the Motion May Be Taken ...............................................................................................................455



CHAPTER 11: EVIDENCE—WITNESSES ..............................................459COMPETENCY .............................................................................................................473

General Rule of Competency ...................................................................................................................473Witness Must Swear to Testify Truthfully ...............................................................................................474Challenges to Competency ......................................................................................................................475Special Issues ............................................................................................................................................475

INTERPRETERS ..........................................................................................................480Appointment For Non-English-Speaking Party or Witness ...................................................................480Appointment For Disabled Party or Witness ..........................................................................................481Appointment of a Certified Interpreter Required ....................................................................................482Interpreter Must be Qualified as an Expert .............................................................................................482

SECURING THE WITNESS’S ATTENDANCE ........................................................482Person Before The Court ..........................................................................................................................482Subpoena ...................................................................................................................................................482Payment of Witness Fees .........................................................................................................................486Uniform Act to Secure the Attendance of Witnesses .............................................................................486Material Witness Order .............................................................................................................................489

EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES ..............................................................................491Control by the Court .................................................................................................................................491Direct Examination ....................................................................................................................................492Cross-Examination ....................................................................................................................................494Redirect Examination ................................................................................................................................497Recross-Examination of Witnesses .......................................................................................................498Judicial Questioning of Witnesses Permissible .....................................................................................498

PRIVILEGES .................................................................................................................499Lawyer-Client Privilege .............................................................................................................................499Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege ...........................................................................................................506Physician-Patient Privilege ......................................................................................................................510Nurse-Patient Privilege .............................................................................................................................510School Employee-Student Privilege ........................................................................................................510Clinical Social Worker-Client Privilege ...................................................................................................511Husband-Wife Privilege ............................................................................................................................513Member of Clergy-Penitent Privilege .......................................................................................................515Counselor-Client Privilege .......................................................................................................................515Stenographer-Employer Privilege ...........................................................................................................516


Public Officer Privilege ............................................................................................................................517Disabled Person-Sign Language Interpreter Privilege ..........................................................................518Non-English-Speaking Person-Interpreter Privilege ..............................................................................518Informer Privilege ......................................................................................................................................519Media Person Privilege .............................................................................................................................521Comment Upon or Inference From Claim of Privilege ...........................................................................523Improperly Compelled Privileged Testimony .........................................................................................523Waiver of Privilege by Voluntary Disclosure or Consent ......................................................................524

REFRESHING MEMORY ...........................................................................................525Writing Used to Refresh Memory .............................................................................................................525Past Recollection Recorded .....................................................................................................................527

EXPERT WITNESSES .................................................................................................527Testimony by Experts ...............................................................................................................................527Qualification as an Expert ........................................................................................................................528Scientific Evidence ....................................................................................................................................528Bases of Opinion Testimony By Experts ................................................................................................532Disclosure of Fact or Data Underlying Expert Opinion .........................................................................533Opinion on Ultimate Issue ........................................................................................................................533Impeachment of Experts ...........................................................................................................................534

LAY WITNESS OPINIONS ..........................................................................................535Lay Witness Opinion Testimony ..............................................................................................................535

IMPEACHMENT ..........................................................................................................536Who May Impeach .....................................................................................................................................536Evidence of Witness’s Character and Conduct ......................................................................................537Admissibility of Character Evidence .......................................................................................................538Impeachment by Evidence of Conviction of Crime ................................................................................540Impeachment For Bias or Interest ...........................................................................................................542Impeachment For Lack of Perception .....................................................................................................542Prior Statements of Witness ...................................................................................................................542Impeachment of Experts ...........................................................................................................................543Illegally Obtained Evidence ......................................................................................................................543

REHABILITATION ......................................................................................................544Criminal Records ......................................................................................................................................544Bolstering a Witness’s Credibility ...........................................................................................................544Good Character .........................................................................................................................................545


Prior Consistent Statements ....................................................................................................................545Use of Polygraph .......................................................................................................................................545

HEARSAY ......................................................................................................................546Hearsay Rule ..............................................................................................................................................546Hearsay Defined ........................................................................................................................................546Hearsay Exceptions ..................................................................................................................................548Hearsay Within Hearsay ...........................................................................................................................555Attacking and Supporting the Declarant’s Credibility ...........................................................................555


CHAPTER 12: DEFENSES ...................................................................571DEFENSES GENERALLY ...........................................................................................579

Standard ....................................................................................................................................................579“Affirmative Defenses” Defined ..............................................................................................................580Mutually Exclusive Defenses ..................................................................................................................581

AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES .......................................................................................581Alibi ............................................................................................................................................................582Extreme Emotional Disturbance (EED) ...................................................................................................583Felony Murder ............................................................................................................................................585Inability to Comply With Order of Court .................................................................................................586Lack of Notice—Driving While Suspended or Revoked ........................................................................586Mental Disease or Defect—Guilty Except for Insanity ..........................................................................587Mistake ......................................................................................................................................................591Necessity to Operate Motor Vehicle ........................................................................................................593Religious Beliefs and Practices ..............................................................................................................593Renunciation .............................................................................................................................................593Vindictive or Selective Prosecution .......................................................................................................594Concealed Handgun License ..................................................................................................................595Fleeing to Elude ........................................................................................................................................595Medical Marijuana Defense ......................................................................................................................595

OTHER DEFENSES .....................................................................................................596Choice of Evils ..........................................................................................................................................596Collateral Estoppel ...................................................................................................................................598Duress .......................................................................................................................................................600


Entrapment ...............................................................................................................................................601Impossibility Not A Defense .....................................................................................................................604Incapacity Due to Immaturity ..................................................................................................................605Intoxication ...............................................................................................................................................605Kidnapping In Second Degree—Defense ...............................................................................................607Partial Responsibility—Diminished Capacity ........................................................................................607Retraction ..................................................................................................................................................609Use of Physical Force ..............................................................................................................................609

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES .........................................................................................619AUTHORITIES .............................................................................................................619

CHAPTER 13: CONTEMPT POWER .....................................................627CONTEMPT GENERALLY .........................................................................................635

Inherent Judicial Power ............................................................................................................................635Statutory Authority ....................................................................................................................................635What Constitutes Contempt .....................................................................................................................636Summary Versus Nonsummary Proceedings .........................................................................................638

SUMMARY CONTEMPT ............................................................................................640Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................640Summary Imposition of Sanction for Contempt .....................................................................................640Procedures for Summary Imposition of Sanction ..................................................................................641Findings and Judgment ............................................................................................................................644Sanctions ...................................................................................................................................................645

REMEDIAL VERSUS PUNITIVE CONTEMPT—NONSUMMARY PROCEEDINGS 646Rules and Rights Vary ..............................................................................................................................646Sanction Sought Determines Procedure ................................................................................................646

REMEDIAL CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS .............................................................648Application of Other Provisions ..............................................................................................................648Initiating a Remedial Contempt Proceeding ...........................................................................................649Service on Contemnor ..............................................................................................................................651Compelling Contemnor’s Attendance .....................................................................................................652Hearing Required ......................................................................................................................................653Compelling Witness’s Testimony ............................................................................................................655

PUNITIVE CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS ................................................................657


Application of Other Provisions ..............................................................................................................657Initiating a Punitive Contempt Proceeding .............................................................................................657Service on Defendant ................................................................................................................................659Compelling Defendant’s Attendance .......................................................................................................660Hearing .......................................................................................................................................................661Compelling Witness’s Testimony ............................................................................................................663Pleas and Sentencing ...............................................................................................................................664

DEFENSES .....................................................................................................................665Inability to Comply ....................................................................................................................................665Former Jeopardy .......................................................................................................................................666Statute of Limitations ................................................................................................................................666Underlying Order—Void Versus Voidable ...............................................................................................667Choice of Evils ...........................................................................................................................................668Mental Illness .............................................................................................................................................668Vague Restraining or Protective Order ...................................................................................................668Conduct of Another Party .........................................................................................................................669

SANCTIONS ..................................................................................................................669Limits on Multiple Sanctions ....................................................................................................................669Judgment ...................................................................................................................................................670Sanction Imposed Limited by Sanction Sought .....................................................................................670Punitive Sanctions Are Not Exclusive .....................................................................................................670Punitive Sanctions and Continuing Contempt .......................................................................................670Summary Contempt Sanctions ................................................................................................................671Maximum Remedial Sanctions .................................................................................................................671Maximum Punitive Sanctions ...................................................................................................................673

DISQUALIFICATION—REFERRAL TO ANOTHER JUDGE ..............................674Procedures .................................................................................................................................................674

APPENDIX A: SUMMARY CONTEMPT TRIAL GUIDE .....................................675APPENDIX B: SCRIPT—SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR MAKING THE

RECORD IN A SUMMARY CONTEMPT PROCEEDING ...........................676APPENDIX C: CONTEMPT JUDGMENT FORM ..................................................677INDEX OF AUTHORITIES .........................................................................................678AUTHORITIES .............................................................................................................678

CHAPTER 14: MISTRIAL ...................................................................685


GENERALLY .................................................................................................................689Error Required For a Mistrial ....................................................................................................................689Effect of Granting a Mistrial .....................................................................................................................689Mistrial Should Be Avoided If Possible ...................................................................................................689

PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................689Either Party May Move For a Mistrial .......................................................................................................689Objection and a Timely Motion ................................................................................................................689A Timely Motion Is Contemporaneous With Objectionable Conduct ...................................................690Hearing on Motion for Mistrial .................................................................................................................690

STANDARD TO GRANT A MISTRIAL .....................................................................690Prejudice to Either Party ...........................................................................................................................690Court Has Discretion to Grant Mistrial ....................................................................................................690

GROUNDS FOR MISTRIAL .......................................................................................691Prosecutorial Misconduct ........................................................................................................................691Juror Misconduct ......................................................................................................................................692Bailiff Misconduct .....................................................................................................................................693Witness Misconduct ..................................................................................................................................693Judicial Misconduct ..................................................................................................................................693Defense Counsel’s Misconduct ...............................................................................................................694

ALTERNATIVES TO GRANTING MISTRIAL ........................................................694Curative Instruction ..................................................................................................................................694Other Remedies for Failure to Comply With Discovery Statutes .........................................................695

FORMER JEOPARDY RAMIFICATIONS ...............................................................695Constitutional Standards ..........................................................................................................................695Mistrial Granted Sua Sponte May Create Former Jeopardy Issues .....................................................696Mistrial Based on Manifest Necessity Does Not Bar Retrial .................................................................696Statutory Circumstances Allowing for Subsequent Prosecution .........................................................697Abuse of Discretion In Granting Mistrial May Bar Retrial .....................................................................698Hung Jury Bars Retrial If Caused By Official Misconduct ....................................................................698

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES .........................................................................................699AUTHORITIES .............................................................................................................699

CHAPTER 15: POSTTRIAL MOTIONS ..................................................703POSTTRIAL MOTIONS ..............................................................................................707

Permissible Motions .................................................................................................................................707


Impermissible Motions .............................................................................................................................707

MOTION IN ARREST OF JUDGMENT ....................................................................707Definition ....................................................................................................................................................707Grounds For Motion ..................................................................................................................................707When Motion May Be Taken .....................................................................................................................709Effect of Motion .........................................................................................................................................709

MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL .......................................................................................710Generally ....................................................................................................................................................710Grounds For New Trial ..............................................................................................................................711What Is Not Grounds for Motion for New Trial .....................

Documents

Oregon Judges Criminal Benchbook - NFPCAR · 2015-06-18 · States Supreme Court through December, 2005. The revised BENCHBOOK includes OJD’s model scripts for waiver of counsel