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Orbit/Spectrum
ITU International
Regulatory Framework
2 December 2015, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Political Studies at the Charles UniversityPrague Security Studies Institute and American Center
Faculty of Electrical Engineering (ITU Academia member), CTU Prague
“Space Security in the 21st Century”
ITU in brief Leading United Nations agency for Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs)
Founded on 17 May 1865
193 Member States, > 700 Sector Members , Associates
& Academia
750 staff & 100 nationalities
Annual budget = US$180,000,000
4 regional offices, 8 area officesHQ in Geneva, Switzerland
http://www.itu.int
5 Elected Officials
5 Elected Officials
ITU Key priorities
radio spectrum
international standards
emergency communications
digital dividend
cyber security
4
5
Summarizing …
The ITU-T produces interoperable technical ICT
standards
The ITU-R coordinates global wireless communication and technical standards
The ITU-Dprovides technical
assistance to the un-connected,
emergency communication,
ICT
The ITU GS provides inter-sectorial coordination, management, promotion for the whole organization
23rd ECSL Summer Course on Space Law & Policy
1957…. 1965
development of
communication
satellites
58 cm metal sphere
83 kg launch mass
1W TX 20.005 / 40.002 MHz
Copyright: ESA–S. Corvaja, 2013
INMARSAT ALPHASAT
• Size of a London double-decker bus • Total mass of more than 6.6 ton• Solar arrays – wing span of 45 m• 12 kW total power• Operational life time 15 years• L band and 2 Gbit/s laser (opt.link)• 9 wide beams and • more than 200 narrow spot beams
…..2015
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Where do satellites operate … Geostationary Orbit 35,786 km above the Earth's equator
Highly Elliptical Orbit – 40 000 km in apogee
Medium Earth Orbit 8 000 - 20 000 km
Low Earth Orbit 400 - 2 000 km
International Space Station
Molniya
Sub-orbitalSub-orbital flight
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265 000 km belt around the Earth at 35 786 km above Earth's equator and yet congested
Geostationary Satellite Orbit resource
ITU Legal Framework
Instruments (CS, CV, RR, RoPs, Recs)
Principles of use of orbit/spectrum
Allocation of frequency bands to services
Procedures, Plans, operational measures
Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference EARC-63
to allocate frequency bands for space radiocommunication purposes
FIRST Space Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva, 1963)
UN Legal Framework
United Nations Outer Space Treaty (1967)
Outer space free for exploitation and use by all states in conformity with international regulations
States retain jurisdiction and control over objects they have launched into outer space
States shall be liable for damage caused by their space objects
ITU ConstitutionArticle 44
Use of the Radio-Frequency Spectrum andof the GSO-Satellite and other Satellite Orbits
Radio frequencies & satellite orbits are limited natural resources
Rational, Efficient, Economical Use
Equitable Access
Article 45 Harmful Interference
• Shall not cause harmful interference to radio services of other member states (CS 197)
• Each Member State is responsible to ensure that the stations licensed by them (CS 198)
ITU Constitution
Why is ITU important for Satellite communication ?
14
International Legal Framework for Space Services
UNOuter Space instruments
(on space objects)
free “exploration and use”
under international law
States
“responsibility” & “licensing”
“jurisdiction & control”
States
“liable” for damage
ITUInstruments
(on radio frequencies)
Equitable access and rational use of spectrumunder international law
State
- must license transmitting radio stations
- shall not cause harmful interference
No liability clauses
15
Radio & regulations history - 1
Prince Heinrich interoperability claim
1st World War Better radio technology
(e.g., spectrum efficient vacuum tube transmitters)
Beginning & expansion of broadcasting
1906 Radio Conference (Berlin) 1st Radio Regulations; interoperability provision; identification of frequencies; SOS code; International Bureau in Bern
Titanic disaster
1912 Radio Conference (London) Obligatory installation of radio aboard ships & continuous radio watch; new radio services, (e.g, meteorology); new identified frequencies
1927 Radio Conference (Washington)
Allocation of frequency bands (10 kHz - 60 MHz) to defined classes of radio users called “services”; procedures for rights to use of specific radio channels free from interference from stations of other nations; participation of private companies; establishment of a technical committee:CCIR (Comité Consultatif International pour la Radio)
Spark transmitter phasing-out
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1932 Radio and Telegraph Conference (Madrid)
• 80 countries agreed on creation of theInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU)
which replaced the International Telegraph Union.
The new ITU Convention included the following regulations:• the Telegraph Regulations• the Telephone Regulations• the Radio Regulations
By that time, the basic international institutional arrangements for radiocommunication were conceived & implemented: regular meetings to prepare technical & operational standards, review of Table of Frequency Allocations, collection, recording and publication of telecommunication information by a central Bureau
1932(unification of ITU)
MARITIME,BROADCASTING,AERONAUTICAL, FIXED, AMATEUR
Radio spectrum
Notification to the Bureau:
rights & recognition
Radio & regulations history - 2
17
1938(Radio expansion)
1947(Birth of modern ITU)
Radio Conference (Cairo)Allocations to: intercontinental air routes, additional frequency bands to broadcasting, radar and broadcasting developments.
Radiocommunications important for post-war reconstruction and propaganda: expansion and sophistication of radio technology and use.
Radio Conference (Atlantic City)Creation of the International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB): members are “custodians of international public trust”(proposed as a kind of international court of justice for disputes on the use radio spectrum); extensive change to the Table of Frequency Allocation (higher frequencies < 10.5 GHz & new services, Regions
1/2/3). ITU joined the “UN system”
New different approach to spectrum management:
“planned” X “notified”
Radio & regulations history - 3
18
1951
Planning period
1963
…
1992
Radio Conference (Geneva)Plans for fixed, aeronautical & maritime services
Development of draft plans for HF & tropical broadcasting, fixed and land mobileBut Plans are only fragments; bulk of bands still used on an unplanned basis!
Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference to Allocate Frequency Bands for Space Radiocommunication Purposes (Geneva)• No more insistence on a-priori allotment plan approach • Table of Frequencies up to 40 GHz• Introduction of the satellite service
Table of Frequency Allocations(bands & services)
Planned & unplanned
bands(procedures &
standards
Notification& rights +
international recognitionRR
Special ITU Conference merged the CCIR and IFRB to the ITU-R sector directed by a Director of the Bureau
Radio & regulations history - 4
19
1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s
MICROPROCESSOR
radio-relay DIGITALIZATION
satellite
mobile-satellitesatellite-navigation
cellularwireless access
personal mobile-satellite
digital mobileIMT (3G)
PERSONALIZATION
IMT-Advanced (5G)
The Wireless Development
digital broadcasting
BROADBAND
centrally planned regulated market-driven open
utility-based technology-based
COGNITIVE
First “mobile” phone (1924)
First “outer space artificial object” (1957)
SEMICONDUCTOR
CONVERGENCE
TUBES
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An example:
the light bulb
A Disappearing TechnologyPenetration
Time
Exclusive
”Everyone” has it
Vanishing technology
In almost every home
Why isn’t there an outlet here?
In a few homes
1900 1950 2000
The Wireless Vision
Transforming radio from a
physical device
designed for a specific purpose …
… into a
core function
embedded in every device
World Radio Conference (WRC)
WRC performs a complete and detailed review of the Radio
Regulations (RR) and its Rules of Procedure (RoP)
WRC updates RR considering technological developments on
Spectrum utilization and needs by the radiocommunication
services and ITU-R sector studies, realities and challenges, to
respond early and appropriately to these changes.
WRC have the authority to modify the RR by addenda,
modifications or deletions they deem pertinent. These
modifications are made by consensus, and only if necessary,
would vote (one vote per administration).
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WRC
Regional preparation
Resolution 72 (Rev.WRC-07)
Proposals
Coordinated
common proposals Member States
CPM Report
Informal Group(Structure & Chairmanship) Proposals
Director’s
Report
Agenda: in WRC Res, finalized in Council Res
Radio
Regulations
(CS89)Conference
Secretariat
(BR & GS)
RA
The WRC Process
Final Acts
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• Intergovernmental Treaty – legal
bindings on all Member states,
governing the use of spectrum/orbit
resources by administrations
• Define the rights and obligations of
Member States in respect of the use of
these resources
• The ITU Radio Regulations incorporates
the decisions of WRCs, including all
Articles, Appendices, Resolutions,
Recommendations and
ITU-R Recommendations incorporated
by reference.
Two main concepts:
Frequency block allocations to defined radio services (FA Table - Article 5)
Mandatory or voluntary regulatory procedures (Coordination, Plan, Notification) and Recording in the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR) that are adapted to the frequency allocation structure
ITU Radio Regulations - 1
24
ITU Radio Regulations - 2
OBJECTIVES:
to facilitate equitable access to and rational use of the
natural resources of the radio-frequency spectrum and
any associated orbits;
to ensure the availability and protection from harmful
interference of the frequencies provided for distress and
safety purposes;
to assist in the prevention and resolution of cases of
harmful interference between the radio services of
different administrations;
to facilitate the efficient and effective operation of all
radiocommunication services;
to provide for and, where necessary, regulate new
applications of radiocommunication technology.
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StatusRIGHT for international recognition
OBLIGATION to eliminate harmful interferenceArt 7-8
MIFR(Master Register)
FrequencyTABLE
(9kHz-275GHz)Art 4-6
ProceduresCoordination, Notification &
RecordingArt 9, 11AP 4-8
Definitions – Art 1-3, AP 14, 42Administrative
Secrecy/Licences/Interception/Identification of stations/
call signs/Service PublicationsArt 17-20
Bureau & RRB – Art 13-14
Limitstechnical/operational
Arts 21, 22APs 1-3
PlansMaritime HF, VHF (AP 17-18)Maritime coast stations (AP 25)Aeronautical (OR) (AP 26)Aeronautical (R) (AP 27)Broadcasting-satellite(AP30-30A)Fixed-satellite (AP 30B)
ServicesAeronautical – Art 35-45
Maritime – Art 46-58Amateur, broadcasting,
fixed, radiodetermination, standard freq. & time – Art 12, 23-29
AP 11-13, 16, 19
Interference
& MonitoringArt 15-16Aps 9-10
GMDSSArt 30-34
AP 15
ITU Radio Regulations - 3
RADIO REGULATIONS - 4
RR classifies services that use radio communications,
according to several parameters, namely:
1. Link type: Terrestrial (earth to earth) or satellite (earth-
space, space-earth, space-space)
2. Type of coverage: land, global, maritime, aeronautical
3. Station type: fixed, mobile, ESV, ESinMotion, ESoMP
4.Type of use: communications, broadcasting, navigation,
meteorological, scientific, earth observation (act/pass),
time-standard, radio-astronomy, amateur-satellite, etc.
RADIO REGULATIONS - 5
RR is technically and technologically neutral, it
does allocate frequency bands to radiocommunication
services
for example allocation for mobile (terrestrial) service
Does not allocate to specific applications
Does not allocate to particular technologies
not for application or technology (GSM, LTE, Wimax, etc.)
RR REGIONS
RR Global Harmonization
Global Harmonization
ultimate goal (as far as possible)
should, wherever possible, allocate frequency bands on a worldwide
basis (aligned services, categories of service and frequency band limits)
taking into account safety, technical, operational, economic and other
relevant factors;
should, wherever possible, keep the number of footnotes in Article 5
to a minimum when allocating frequency bands through footnotes
Example from Article 5 Frequency Allocation Table
footnotes PRIMARY service
Secondary service
Harmonized(common for 3 regions)
Frequency range
Region Column
Interference
Radio Regulations (RR)
• Laws of physics
• Radio waves do not stop at national borders
• possible between radio stations of different
countries
• This risk is high in Space Radiocommunications
• One of its main purposes - Interference-
free operation of Radiocommunications
Propagation of Radio waves
Coordination provisions & interference
No. 9.14
No. 9.12
servicelinks
feederlinks
Nos. 9.18, 9.17
No. 9.13
GSO
Non-GSO
Nos. 9.159.16
GSO ES
Nos. 9.12A, 9.13
N-GSO ES
feederlinks
Nos. 9.15 & 9.16No. 9.17A
servicelinks
INTERFERENCE
RR
Control of
interference
Radio Regulations Mechanisms - 1
Control of Interference
ALLOCATIONFrequency separation of stations of different
services
POWER LIMITS
PFD to protect TERR services / EIRP to protect SPACE services / EPFD
to protect GSO from Non-GSO
RECORDINGIn the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR)
International recognition
COORDINATIONbetween Administrations to
ensure interference-free operations conditions
MONITORING
International monitoring system
• Rights & obligations + applicable procedures
• Two mechanisms of sharing orbit / spectrum
Coordination Approach
First come, first served for actual requirements
Planning ApproachEquitable access Plan for
future use
International Recognition Registration in MIFR
Radio Regulations Mechanisms - 2
Rights acquired through coordination with administrations concerning actual usage
Efficient spectrum / orbit management
Dense/irregular orbital distribution of space stations
Coordination ApproachFirst come, first served for actual
requirements
Rational, Efficient, Economical Use
Start the
clock
(7 years to
bring into
use)
Significant
MOD by
WRC-15
Advanced
Publication
Information
Obligatory
negotiation
(Goal:
interference
-free
operation)
(3 ~ 6 years)
Coordination
Recording in
Master
Register
(protection&
international
recognition)
(Bringing into
use)
Notification
Coordination ApproachFirst come, first served for actual requirements
Congestion of the GSO
Frequency / orbital position plans
Guarantee for equitable access to the spectrum / orbital resources
Spectrum set aside for future use by all countries
Predetermined orbital position & frequency spectrum
Planning ApproachPlan for future use
Equitable Access
WHAT NEEDS TO BE NOTIFIED ?
Any frequency assignments of transmitting and receiving earth and space stations shall be notified to the Bureau under ART11, No.11.2 if:
Capable of causing harmful interference; or
Used for international radiocommunication; or
Subject to coordination procedure of ART9; or
Seeking to obtain international recognition; or
Non conforming assignment under No. 8.4 seeking to be recorded into MIFR for information purposes only
37
ITU BR Annual Space Report to the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee (STS) of the COPUOS on the use of the geostationary-satellite orbit (GSO) and other orbits
http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/space/snl/en
Total count – 80 ADM in the space MIFR
Count of all satellite filings submitted to the Bureau and Notified (recorded) in the space MIFR
Space statistics
Year All GSO/N All Non-GSO/N TOTAL/N
NOV.2015 5606/1101 703/382 6309/1483
2014 4641/1085 611/379 5252/1464
2013 4017/1079 566/368 4583/1447
2012 3993/1041 545/353 4538/1394
2011 3371/1021 509/340 3880/1361
2010 3133/1052 495/320 3628/1372
http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/space/en
ITU - SPACE SERVICES WEBSITE
SPACE SERVICES HOMEPAGE
21
http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/space/snl/
ITU – SNL ONLINE
SNL - SPACE NETWORK LIST ONLINE
PART AUSE OF FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
OCCUPANCY OF THE ORBITS
PART BREFERENCE TO WIC / BRIFIC
PUBLICATIONS
SUSPENSIONS
SNL LIST IN THE BRIFIC DVD-ROMEVERY 3 MONTHS
ANNUAL COLLECTION ON DVD-ROM
DATES OF BRINGING INTO USE
PART CNETWORKS PUBLISHED “AS
RECEIVED”
BSS SERVICE EXCLUSION
CHANGE OF SATELLITE NAME
ANNUAL SPACE REPORT
40
HOW your university can actively participate
in the ITU-R studies?
Become an ITU Academia member
(ITU brings together more than 700 Sector Members
and Associates from industry, international and
regional organizations, as well as academia
In doing so, ITU provides a unique, trusted and global
multi-stakeholder platform for partners from the public
and private sectors to address major ICT issues)
For more info
http://www.itu.int/en/membership/Pages/sector-members.aspx
41
ITU-R Academia membership
Key ITU documents free on-line
The ITU Constitution: http://www.itu.int/pub/S-CONF-PLEN-2011
ITU Radio Regulations @ 2012:http://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR-2012
ITU-R Recommendations:http://www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en
WRC-15:http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/conferences/wrc/2015
Dekuji zapozornost
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