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• ORBIS is a non-profit organisation dedicated to saving sight worldwide – focussed on capacity building.
• Brien Holden Vision Institute is a non profit organisation dedicated to excellent and equitable vision care solutions for everyone, everywhere.
• The African Vision Research Institute (AVRI) is an African-based institute that links, institutions, organisations, academics and intellectuals in the pursuit of confronting the challenges of Africa’s eye health issues.
Introduction to the Consortium Members
• Since 1994 the conditions of the poor in South Africa have progressively been improving.
– 43% of the population is still trapped in poverty, with numerous barriers preventing them from accessing services
• In July 2008 the South African Cabinet resolved that they would define a national poverty matrix, develop a database of households living in poverty, identify and implement specific interventions directed at these households, monitor progress in moving households out of poverty and co-ordinate and align poverty eradication programmes to maximise impact, avoid wastage and duplication.
– The War on Poverty Initiative is one example of a programme designed enable households to access social security benefits as well as health care.
• In July 2010 the three Consortium members met with War on Poverty Initiative and agreed to collaborate to determine the relationship between poverty and visual impairment/ blindness to support and enable service delivery mechanisms.
– An agreement provided the Consortium with access to the raw data collected nationally across all the poorest areas.
Background to the Project
• Raw data will be accessed from the Government’s WOP household surveys to: – Determine the prevalence of self-rated eye health needs amongst
people in the most under-resourced settings.
– Determine if visual impairment and blindness amongst the poorest people contributes to their poverty – through analysis of the correlation between selected categories such as disability, access to health care and blindness.
– Generate and publish peer-reviewed articles on the profile of self-reported visually impaired and blind people who are poverty-stricken, as characterised by the National Development Agency (NDA).
Purpose of the Consortium
Literature Review
Poverty&
Eye Health
Compiled into a REVIEW DOCUMENT
Compiled into a REVIEW DOCUMENT
• Prevalence Rates:The WOP campaign provided this investigation with a sample of 74 901 individuals from the 18 016 households.
• Reported Visual Difficulty by Gender:The prevalence was significantly higher in females, which was 12.7% (95% CI; 9.98%-15.41%) than in males which
was. 9.5% (95% CI; 7.13%-11.87%).
WOP Campaign Data Analysis: Results
Condition Confidence Interval
Reported visual difficulty (even when wearing glasses)
11.2% (95%CI: 8.72%-13.72%)
Spectacle wear 5.1% (95%CI: 3.78%-6.36%)
Permanent visual difficulty 9.8% (95%CI: 7.29%-12.30%)
• Reported eye condition was considered as the dependent variable • All the other variables were taken as the dependent variables • Considering an additive relationship between the variables, the results show that at the 5% significant
level:– that relationship, education, education needs, social needs, document needs, eating fruits, eating
nuts, taking fats and oil and age and education interaction DO NOT EXPLAIN reported visual difficulty
– that age, marital status, health needs, eating green vegetables, consuming dairy products, province, gender and spectacle use EXPLAIN VISUAL DIFFICULTY
• Reported eye condition was considered as the dependent variable • All the other variables were taken as the dependent variables • Considering an additive relationship between the variables, the results show that at the 5% significant
level:– that relationship, education, education needs, social needs, document needs, eating fruits, eating
nuts, taking fats and oil and age and education interaction DO NOT EXPLAIN reported visual difficulty
– that age, marital status, health needs, eating green vegetables, consuming dairy products, province, gender and spectacle use EXPLAIN VISUAL DIFFICULTY
0.0
05
.01
.01
5.0
2.0
25
Den
sity
0 20 40 60 80 100AgeInYears
no_visual_difficuty_ ages visual difficulty_ages
WOP Campaign Data Analysis: ResultsFigure 1: Age comparisons: respondents with reported visual difficulty and those without
The density f(x) distributions of reported visual difficulty were significantly higher for those 40 years old and above (K-S test, p=0.000)
Figure 2: Reported visual difficulty by employment: including >15 years not in school
A significant higher proportion of employed respondents (16.9% (95%CI16.17%-17.72%) reported to have visual difficulty and while 14.0% (95%CI 13.68%-14.37%) unemployed respondents reported to have visual difficulty.
• The maximum number of occupants reported in a single household was 23.
• Reported visual difficulty was highest for households with one occupant and was due to the high mean age in this category (47.17yeas± 18.93) compared to the other categories (26.6 years ± 20.7 years).
Figure 3: Visual difficulty reported by employment status and expenditure
Figure 4: Reported visual difficulty by household size
• Percentages of reported visual difficulty are lower for non-working respondents when considering those that did not report visual difficulty in each expenditure category as shown in Figure 3.
• When considering frequencies reported, visual difficulty is higher for non-working respondents compared to respondents who were working, which were 5 387 and 1 484 respectively.
WOP Campaign Data Analysis: Results
Figure 5: Reported needs
WOP Campaign Data Analysis: Results
• Health and education needs were highest among respondents, followed by social and documentation needs.
• 21.8% (3 384 out of 15 518) of the respondents with health needs reported to have visual difficulty compared to respondents with educational needs (5.8%).
• Conclusion • Prevalence of self-reported visual impairment/ blindness was 11.2%.• Self-reported visual difficulty were higher in females, employed respondents.• Households with one occupants had higher mean age and showed higher prevalence of self-
reported visual difficulty. • The findings of this study offers the opportunity to investigate the relationship between the
subjective responses regarding visual impairment and the prevalence through a clinical evaluation and also further qualitative evaluations.
