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8/3/2019 Oracle Database Training
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Oracle Database Training
4th February, 2012
Confidential | Copyright 2011 MindCraft Software Pvt. Ltd. All Rights Reserved | www.mindcraft.in
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Oracle Database Server Architecture
Oracle Instance Architecture
Oracle Database Architecture
Confidential | Copyright 2011 MindCraft Software Pvt. Ltd. All Rights Reserved | www.mindcraft.in
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Oracle
Architecture
Confidential | Copyright 2011 MindCraft Software Pvt. Ltd. All Rights Reserved | www.mindcraft.in
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Oracle Architecture
InstanceAn Oracle instance:
Is a means to access an Oracle database
Always opens one andonly one databaseConsists of:
Internal memory structures
Processes
Confidential | Copyright 2011 MindCraft Software Pvt. Ltd. All Rights Reserved | www.mindcraft.in
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Oracle Architecture
Database buffer cache Used to holddata blocks readfrom datafiles byserver processes
Contains dirty or modified blocks and clean
or unusedor unchanged bocks Dirty and clean blocks are managedin listscalled the dirty list and the LRU
Free space is created by DBWR writingout
dirty blocks or agingout blocks from the LRU Size is managed by the parameterDB_BLOCK_BUFFERS
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Oracle Architecture
Redo LogBuffer A circular buffer that contains redo entries
Redo entries reflect changes made to the database
Redo entries take upcontiguous, sequential
space in the buffer Data storedin the redo log buffer is periodicallywritten to the online redo logfiles
Size is managed by the parameter
LOG_BUFFER Default is 4 times the maximum data block size forthe operating system
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Oracle ArchitectureShared Pool
Consists of multiple smaller memory areas Library cache
Shared SQL area Contains parsed SQL and executionplans for statements
already run against the database Procedure andpackage storage
Dictionary cache Names of all tables and views in the database Names anddatatypes ofcolumns in the database tables Privileges of all users
Managed via an LRU algorithm Size determined by the parameterSHARED_POOL_SIZE
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Oracle Architecture
Internal Memory Structures PGAProgram or process Global Area (PGA) Usedfor a single process
Not shareable with other processes
Writable only by the server process Allocated when a process is created anddeallocated when a process is terminated
Contains: Sort area Usedfor any sorts required by SQL processing
Sessioninformation Includes user privileges
Cursor state Indicates stage of SQL processing
Stack space Contains session variables
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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - DBWR DBWR writes todisk when:
A server process cannot find a cleanreusable buffer
A timeout occurs (3 sec)
A checkpoint occurs
DBWR cannot write out dirty buffers
before they have been written to the onlineredo logfiles
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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - LGWR Writes contents of redo log buffers toonline redo logfiles
Primary job is tokeep the redo log bufferclean
Writes out redo log buffer blockssequentially to the redo logfiles
May write multiple redo entries per writeduring high utilizationperiods
Mandatory process
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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - LGWR LGWR writes todisk when:
A transactionis COMMITED
A timeout occurs (3 sec) The redo log buffer is 1/3 full
There is more than 1 megabyte of redoentries
BeforeDBWR writes out dirty blocks todatafiles
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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - SMON Performs automaticinstance recovery
Reclaims space used by temporarysegments no longer in use
Merges contiguous areas offree space inthe datafiles (if PCTINCREASE > 0)
SMON wakes up regularly tocheck
whether it is neededor it may be calleddirectly
Mandatory process
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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - CKPT Forces all modifieddata in the SGA to bewritten todatafile
Occurs whether or not the data has been
committed CKPTdoes not actually write out buffer data onlyDBWR can write to the datafiles
Updates the datafile headers This ensures all datafiles are synchronized
Helps reduce the amount of time needed toperform instance recovery
Frequency can be adjusted with parameters
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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - ARCH Automatically copies online redo logfilestodesignated storage once they havebecome full
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Oracle ArchitectureServer Processes
Services a single user process in the dedicatedserver configurationor many user processes in theshared server configuration
Use an exclusive PGA
Include the Oracle Program Interface (OPI)
Process calls generated by the client
Return results to the client in the dedicatedserver configurationor to the dispatcher in theshared server configuration
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Oracle ArchitectureUser Processes
Runon the client machine
Are spawned when a tool or an
applicationis invoked SQL*Plus, Server Manager, OracleEnterprise Manager, Developer/2000
Custom applications
Include the User Program Interface (UPI)
Generate calls to the Oracle server
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The Physical Layer
The physical layer of the database consists of three types offiles:
One or more datafiles--Datafiles store the informationcontainedin thedatabase. You can have as few as one datafile or as many as hundreds ofdatafiles. The informationfor a single table can span many datafiles or manytables can share a set ofdatafiles. Spreading tablespaces over many datafilescan have a significant positive effect onperformance. The number ofdatafilesthat can be configuredis limited by the Oracle parameter MAXDATAFILES.
Twoor more redo logfiles--Redo logfiles holdinformation usedforrecovery in the event of a system failure. Redo logfiles, known as the redo log,store a logof all changes made to the database. This informationis usedin theevent of a system failure to reapply changes that have been made andcommitted but that might not have been made to the datafiles. The redo logfiles must perform well and be protected against hardware failures (throughsoftware or hardware fault tolerance). If redo loginformationis lost, youcannot recover the system.
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Oracle Database The Physical Layer
One or more control files--Control filescontaininformation used to start aninstance, such as the locationofdatafilesand redo logfiles; Oracle needs thisinformation to start the database instance.Control files must be protected. Oracle
provides a mechanism for storing multiplecopies ofcontrol files.
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The Logical Layer
The logical layer of the database consistsof the following elements:
One or more tablespaces. The database schema, which consists ofitems such as tables, clusters, indexes,views, storedprocedures, database triggers,sequences, and soon.
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The Logical Layer
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Segments, Extents, andData Blocks
Within Oracle, the space used to store data iscontrolled by the use of logical structures. Thesestructures consist of the following:
Data blocks--A blockis the smallest unit ofstorage in an Oracle database. The database block
contains header informationconcerning the blockitself as well as the data.
Extents--Extents consist ofdata blocks. Segments--A segment is a set of extents usedto store a particular type ofdata, as shownin
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Segments, Extents, andData Blocks
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Installation Of Oracle Database onLinux
Adddba group
Addoinstall group
Create & addoracle user tooinstall & dba
group
Set the Kernel parameters.
set the parameters in limits.conf Set .bash_profile
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Installation Of Oracle Database onLinux ( rpms required for oracle 10g)
cd /media/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS
rpm -Uvh setarch-1*
rpm -Uvh compat-libstdc++-33-3*
rpm -Uvh make-3* rpm -Uvh glibc-2*
rpm -Uvh openmotif-2*
rpm -Uvh compat-db-4*
rpm -Uvh libaio-0*
rpm -Uvh gcc-3*
rpm -Uvh compat-gcc-32-3*
rpm -Uvh compat-gcc-32-c++-3*
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Oracle Network Enviroment
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Oracle Network Enviroment
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Oracle Network Enviroment
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Oracle Network Enviroment
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User Creation
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User Creation
Syntax:
CREATEUSER username IDENTIFIED {BYpassword | EXTERNALLY | GLOBALLY AS
'external_name'} options; options: DEFAULTTABLESPACE tablespaceTEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace QUOTA int{K | M} ON tablespace QUOTA UNLIMITEDONtablespace PROFILE profile_name PASSWORDEXPIRE ACCOUNT {LOCK|UNLOCK}
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Backup & Recovery
Types ofBackup
Logical Backup
ColdBackup Hot Backup
RmanBackup
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RMAN Overview
Recovery Manager (RMAN)
Recovery manager is a platform
independent utility for coordinating yourbackup and restoration procedures acrossmultiple servers
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RMAN
Create Recovery Catalog
Register Database
Full Backup
Restore & Recover The WholeDatabase
Restore & Recover A Subset OfThe Database
Incomplete Recovery
Disaster Recovery
Lists And Reports
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thank you
Confidential | Copyright 2011 MindCraft Software Pvt. Ltd. All Rights Reserved | www.mindcraft.in