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OPTIMISM
“Man does not need the mortar of truth to seal up the prisons of his fear.”
Montaigne
Homework• Spirituality and Religion in the VIA Survey– One Question – “Religion”– Spiritual Person – Purpose, Faith, Calling, Prayer– Spirituality = search or connection with the
“sacred”Mindfulness and Character Strengths
by Ryan M. Niemic
Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification, Martin E.P. Seligman
Type A
• 1950 by Meyer Friedman and R.H. Rosenman• Link between personality and heart attacks…• Western Collaborative Group Study looked at
3154 men: Type A 1589, Type B 1565• Person’s personality type– Smoking– Cancer– Heart Disease
Type A
• 1994, Friedman wrote OSHA …– Type A behavior – Correlated in only 3 of 12 studies
• One component of a Type A personality – HOSTILITY – was related to Heart Disease
Redford Williams of Duke UD.W. Johnson 1993
The Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
Positive Psychotherapy - Summary
• Drugs : Curative and Cosmetic• Curative drugs cure and the condition does
not reoccur. • Cosmetic drugs are a palliative. • While palliation is a good thing; it is not the
goal of intervention. • No curative drugs used in psychotherapy; only
cosmetic drugs.
Positive Psychotherapy - Summary
• Active, Constructive Responding
• Most personality traits are inherited.
• Learn to deal with negative emotions.
OPTIMISM
• Positive emotions about the future:– Faith– Trust– Confidence– Hope– Optimism
Optimism and Hope
• Can be built• Cause– Better resistance to depression – Better performance at work– Better physical health
EXPLANATORY STYLE
• A Habit Of Thought – – Your habitual way of explaining bad events– Stems from your view of your place in the world– Are you valuable and deserving, or worthless and
hopeless
It is whether you are an optimist or a pessimist.2 Dimensions: PERMANENCE, & PERVASIVENESS
PERMANENCE
• PERMANENCE: always and never rather than sometimes and lately when explaining the causes of bad events
PERMANENCEPERMANENT (PESSIMISTIC)
TEMPORARY (OPTIMISTIC)
I’m all washed up. I’m exhausted.
Diets never work. Diets don’t work when you eat out.
You always nag. You nag when I don’t clean my room.
The boss is an SOB. The boss is in a bad mood.
You never talk to me. You haven’t talked to me lately.
PERMANENCEItems marked PMB (Permanent Bad),
2,7,13,14,19,22,28, and 31. 0 or 1 Very optimistic on this
dimension
2 or 3 Moderately optimistic
4 Average
5 or 6 Quite pessimistic
7 or 8 Stay awake for the changing from pessimistic to optimistic next week
PERMANENCETEMPORARY (PESSIMISTIC)
PERMANENT (OPTIMISTIC)
It’s my lucky day. I’m always lucky.
I try hard. I’m talented.
My rival got tired. My rival is no good.
PERMANENCEItems marked PMG (Permanent Good),
1,6,8,9,16,17,26, and 27
7 or 8 Very optimistic on this dimension
6 Moderately optimistic
4 or 5 Average
3 Moderately pessimistic
0,1, or 2 Very pessimistic
PERVASIVENESS
• PERMANENCE is about time. • PERVASIVENESS is about space.
• PERVASIVENESS: Events are viewed as specific or universal.
PERVASIVENESSUNIVERSAL (PESSIMISTIC)
SPECIFIC (OPTIMISTIC)
All teachers are unfair. Professor Seligman is unfair.
I’m repulsive. I’m repulsive to him.
Books are useless. This book is useless.
PERVASIVENESSItems Marked PVB (Pervasiveness Bad),
5,10,11,12,15,21,30, and 32
0 or 1 Very optimistic on this dimension
2 or 3 Moderately optimistic
4 Average
5 or 6 Moderately pessimistic
7 or 8 Very pessimistic
PERVASIVENESS
SPECIFIC (PESSIMISTIC) UNIVERSAL (OPTIMISTIC)
I’m smart at math. I’m smart.
My broker knows oil stocks.
My broker knows wall street.
I was charming to her. I was charming.
PERVASIVENESSItems Marked PVG (Pervasiveness Good),
3,4,18,20,23,24,25, and 29
7 or 8 Very optimistic on this dimension
6 Moderately optimistic
4 or 5 Average
3 Moderately pessimistic
0, 1, or 2 Very pessimistic
HOPEBad Events
HOPELESS HOPEFUL
I’m stupid. I’m hung over.
Men are tyrants. My husband was in a bad mood.
It’s five to ten this lump is cancer.
It’s five to ten this lump is nothing.
HOPE
• HOPE SCORE FOR BAD EVENTS: HoB = PVB total + PMB total
HOPEGood Events
HOPELESS HOPEFUL
I’m lucky. I’m talented.
My wife charms my clients.
My wife charms everyone.
The U.S. will root out the terrorists.
The U.S. will root out all its enemies.
HOPE
• HOPE SCORE FOR GOOD EVENTS:
HoG = PVG + PMG total
HOPE = HoG - HoB
10 to 16 You are extraordinarily hopeful
6 to 9 Moderately hopeful
1 to 5 Average
-5 to 0 Moderately hopeless
Below -5 Severely hopeless
Optimistic People
• Use Proactive Coping Strategies – to eliminate, reduce, or manage stress and
negative emotions• More Positive Expectancies For Success– approach difficult situations– expend energy to solve problems
Pessimistic People
• More Likely– to become depressed– to become physically ill– have shorter life spans