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OPTICS & PHOTONICS
THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICS AND PHOTONICS
2020
II Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 1
IntroductionThe optics and photonics community is composed of workers and students on every continent, engaged in disciplines ranging from aerospace to semiconductors to biotechnology. The Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report provides the community with up-to-date information on pay, job satisfaction, and other important workplace topics. A key goal of this report is to provide a reference for employees, students, and managers interested in understanding compensation across the career landscape: How does my pay compare with that of my colleagues? What is a typical mid-career salary in my country? What can I expect to earn in industry versus academia?
SPIE delivers the report each year, free of charge, as part of its mission as a not-for-profit educational society supporting the science and application of light. The report builds on data from over 5,000 individuals in 100 countries1 who shared career information in a short online survey. This is the tenth annual survey and report, the largest such study in the optics and photonics community.
Unless otherwise noted, all results are based on full-time workers. For a complete list of participant countries and other details on survey methodology, please see Methodology and Endnotes on page 21.
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 1
Key findings: • The median salary for full-time employees is $75,000, up one-thousand
dollars from last year.2 This increase likely reflects the strength of the global economy, and tight labor markets for the highly-skilled workers in our community.
• Salaries paid in Chinese yuan are up 33% versus last year, and have increased an impressive 122% since 2011. Earnings in Japanese yen rose 13%, euro salaries rose 10%, and pay in US dollars was up 4%. Salaries paid in British pounds declined by 2%.
• The highest-paid discipline is aerospace, with a median income of $130,000. Aerospace has held the top spot for all ten years that the survey has been conducted.
• Median salaries are 21% higher overall for men than for women, down from 29% in last year’s survey. Women out-earn men in early career stages and several geographic regions.
• Most full-time workers (65%) identify as engineers. Within this group, 63% have engineering degrees and are working as engineers, 23% have engineering degrees but are not working as engineers, and 14% work as engineers without having engineering degrees.
• The most popular engineering degrees are electrical (25%) and optical (24%), with mechanical (12%) falling in third place.
• The largest proportion of engineers focus their work on optical engineering (38%), followed by electrical (11%).
• Startups account for just over 13% of workers at for-profit organizations. These workers earn median salaries of $83,565, versus $100,000 for those at traditional companies.
• Almost two thirds of student respondents (64%) are working towards a PhD, followed by 22% pursuing master’s degrees, and 12% seeking a bachelor’s degree.
I ’ VE B E E N WORKING AS A FU LL-TIME
OP TICAL DESIGNERFOR 36 YE ARS , AND EVE N AF TE R ALL
THOSE YE ARS , IT STILL SE E MS LIKE A
WELL PAID HOBBY TO ME.
“ “
2 Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 3
FIRST FOR INDUSTRY™
optics.org covers the global optics and photonics industry for SPIE
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24
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 3
Distribution of Full-time Salaries
Data OverviewFull-time Salary
Summary Statistics Response Demographics
Mean = $92,243
Median = $75,000
• 5th percentile = $8,343
• 25th percentile = $40,111
• 75th percentile = $125,000
• 95th percentile = $217,000
• 99th percentile = $340,000
n = 3,866
5,280 Valid Responses
3,866 Full-time employees
194 Part-time employees
109 Unemployed
91 Retired
4,012 Men
1,120 Women
1,020 Students
$1,000,000$100,000$10,000$1,000
400
300
200
100
0
Log scale
4 Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 5
Country OverviewWorkers in the United States, Switzerland, and Israel enjoy the highest median salaries. Within these high-earning countries, workers at for-profit organizations earn more than their colleagues in academia.
Country All For-profit Academic
United States (n=1659) $121,467 $133,500 $93,650
Switzerland (n=42) $120,000 $123,687 $113,379
Israel (n=33) $109,368 $95,202 $63,468
Singapore (n=27) $85,513 $97,363 $44,560
Netherlands (n=49) $82,831 $98,050 $77,994
Germany (n=192) $79,812 $93,593 $68,586
Japan (n=136) $79,398 $81,877 $72,779
Canada (n=105) $76,313 $68,969 $67,819
South Korea (n=85) $75,548 $69,231 $70,962
Australia (n=37) $73,675 $95,043 $69,122
Belgium (n=30) $67,885 $77,994 $61,838
Sweden (n=31) $66,130 $72,089 $52,206
Chile (n=21) $59,761 $108,403 $54,201
United Kingdom (n=110) $58,756 $70,819 $50,678
France (n=73) $57,009 $63,509 $48,468
Italy (n=116) $54,925 $51,810 $44,568
Spain (n=72) $48,626 $56,267 $52,367
Taiwan (n=55) $47,887 $40,991 $50,193
Czechia (n=31) $47,317 $35,132 $43,087
Brazil (n=49) $45,607 $23,217 $33,496
Peoples Republic of China (n=173) $40,360 $29,012 $26,111
Poland (n=28) $26,814 $34,731 $18,715
Mexico (n=35) $26,231 $18,337 $21,260
India (n=93) $23,272 $13,151 $15,555
Russia (n=145) $22,480 $29,402 $13,068
Turkey (n=29) $21,242 $18,410 $14,319
Ukraine (n=23) $18,741 $35,456 $5,006
Table includes all countries with a sample size of 20 or more full-time workers. The “All” column shows median salary for all full-time workers. The for-profit and academic columns represent the subsets within those types of organizations.
Median salary for full-time workers, overall and at for-profit and academic employers
I H I G H LY R ECO M M E N D B E I N G AC TIVE I N SPIE, OSA, IEEE AND OTHER SOCIETIES
P U B LI S H I N G AN D S P O N SO R I N G CO N F E R E N CE S IN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS.TH RO U G H M Y AC TIV IT I E S I WA S AB LE TO B ROAD E N M Y CO NTAC T S NATI O NALLY,
S E RVE A S AN E D ITO R , AN D U LTI MATE LY TO B E E LEC TE D TO F E LLOW I N
ALL THREE SOCIETIES.
“ “
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 5
Survey Responses by Region
4.5%
3%
28% 22%
1.5%
I AM A BIOMEDIC AL ENGINEER. We so lve rea l p rob lems re la ted to hea l th
AN D WE AR E P RO U D O F H E LP I N G DOC TO R S
WITH NEW ADVANCE SYSTEMSS U CH A S MACH I N E - BA S E D SYSTE M S
FO R M E D ICAL D ECI S IO N S .
“
“
6 Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 7
Have degrees in engineering and work as engineers.
Have degrees in engineering, but are not currently working as engineers.
Currently work as engineers, but do not have a degree in engineering.
65% of full-time workers identify themselves as engineers
Within this group:
Engineers in Optics and Photonics
$85,000
$72,000
$93,033
63%
23%
14%
–Median salaries shown.
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 7
“What type of engineering degree do you have?”
“What type of engineering is your main focus?”
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Civil
Chemical
Environmental
Automotive
General
Industrial
Computer
Materials
Software
Mechanical
Aerospace or Aeronautical
Biomedical
Other
Electrical
Optical
Chart covers the set of peoplewho say they are currentlyworking as engineers.
1%
1%
1%
2%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
6%
7%
7%
7%
11%
38%
0 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Environmental
Nuclear
Civil
Software
General
Industrial
Aerospace or Aeronautical
Chemical
Biomedical
Materials
Computer
Other
Mechanical
Optical
Electrical
Graph covers the set of people who say they have a degree in engineering.
$24,251
$103,000
$46,796
$69,697
$65,154
$69,000
$90,974
$98,959
$67,000
$83,725
$68,426
$64,624
$92,362
$83,565
$92,570
8 Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 9
Wage GrowthWages grew in both Asian currency groups, with Chinese yuan salaries increasing 33% and Japanese yen up 13%. Euro salaries rose 10%, and pay in US dollars was up 4%. Salaries paid in British pounds declined by 2%. Over the longer term, median salaries have increased in all five these currency groups, with pay in Chinese yuan increasing the most, rising 122% since 2011.3
Change in Median Salaries, 2011–2019, Main Currency Groups
Growth in Median Salaries, 2011–2019, Main Currency Groups
2011 Median Salary
2018 Median Salary
2019 Median Salary
Growth 2018-2019
Growth 2011-2019
Chinese yuan ¥90,000 ¥150,000 ¥200,000 33% 122%
Euro € 47,200 € 55,000 € 55,000 10% 17%
United States dollar $106,000 $118,000 $123,000 4% 16%
British pound £42,000 £46,000 £45,000 –2% 7%
Japanese yen ¥8,000,000 ¥8,000,000 ¥9,000,000 13% 13%
“ I’m happy with my career!”
50
100
150
200
250
201920182017201620152014201320122011
CHANGE IN MEDIAN SALARIES 2011-2019
2011 = 100
Japanese yen
British pound
United States dollar
Euro
Chinese yuan
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 9
“
“
E VERY THING YOU LE ARNPOTENTIALLY WILL BE OF VALUE .
THIS INCLU DE S
math, physics, and biology,B UT AL SO
economics, history, management science, leadership, and behavioral sciences.
NE VER STOP LE ARNING.
10 Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 11
RegionNorth America and higher-income Asia stand out as the regions with the highest salaries.4 A large portion of regional income gaps is explained by the level of economic development of countries within each area.5
Median Salary by Region
“How did you find your original position at your present employer?”
0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000
Europe, lower income (n=200)
Africa (n=54)
Asia, lower income (n=340)
Latin America and the Caribbean (n=142)
Middle East (n=95)
Europe, higher income (n=910)
Oceania (n=48)
Asia, higher income (n=313)
North America (n=1764)
MEDIAN SALARY BY REGION
$13,535
$16,578
$21,759
$30,098
$32,728
$61,281
$69,122
$69,231
$120,000
Alumni network1%
In-person job fair2%
Public/governmentplacement agency2%
Professionalassociation2%
I founded or startedthe company2% Other
2%
Printed job advertisement(newspaper or journal)4%
University careero�ce6%
I contacted theemployer directly(no job was advertised)10%
I was recruited17%
Online job advertisement18%
Networking or referral through personal contact33%
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 11
Employer Type Median salaries are greatest in civilian government, followed by for-profit companies. Universities, colleges, and other research institutes pay the least.6
Median Salary by Employer Type
Region For-profit Government/Military Academic
North America $130,000 $129,900 $92,000
Oceania $95,043 $76,034 $69,122
Europe, higher income $75,766 $51,144 $53,482
Asia, higher income $72,779 $60,405 $66,411
Middle East $62,314 $26,421 $17,387
Europe, lower income $29,402 $11,006 $12,219
Asia, lower income $25,861 $21,759 $20,490
Africa $21,580 $25,057 $12,790
Latin America & Caribbean $18,035 $34,203 $31,440
Percentage of Respondents Median Salary
Traditional companies 87% $100,000
Startup companies 13% $83,565
The question was seen only by respondents indicating “Company or corporation” or “Private laboratory or research institute” for organization type.
Median Salary by Region: For-profit, Government/Military, and Academic Employers
Median Salaries at Startup versus Traditional Companies
Startups account for just over 13% of workers at for-profit organizations. These entrepreneurs earn median salaries of $83,565, versus $100,000 for their colleagues at traditional companies.
0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000
University, college, or other educational institution (n=1155)
Government laboratory or research institute (n=505)
Other research institute (n=32)
Private laboratory or research institute (n=64)
Self-employed or consultant (n=32)
Not-for-profit organization or intergovernmental organization (n=101)
Company or corporation (n=1809)
Military or defense (n=98)
MEDIAN SALARY BY EMPLOYER TYPE
$50,808
$53,426
$32,833
$61,559
$76,000
$91,364
Civilian government (n=42) $111,501
$100,000
$91,246
12 Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 13
Median Salary by Primary Discipline
Discipline Aerospace and semiconductor disciplines enjoy the highest median earnings, at $130,000 and $115,000, respectively. Remote sensing falls at the opposite end of the spectrum, with a median salary of $49,847.
The two most important factors driving salary gaps across disciplines are employment sector and country income level. The highest-paying disciplines have much higher representation at for-profit companies: 88% of semiconductor and 66% or aerospace workers are at for-profits.
MEDIAN SALARY BY PRIMARY DISCIPLINE
0 $30,000 $60,000 $90,000 $120,000 $150,000
Remote sensing (n=152)
Civil or environmental (n=32)
Nanotechnology (n=90)
Computer science, software,or information technology (n=193)
Photonics (n=347)
Electrical or electronics (n=180)
Materials (n=97)
Physics (n=253)
Other (n=142)
Biomedical, medical, biology, biophysics,biotechnology, or healthcare (n=354)
Mechanical (n=75)
Optical design (n=144)
Lasers (n=239)
Chemical (n=48)
Manufacturing (n=200)
Illumination (n=22)
Astronomy or astrophysics (n=212)
Optical systems (n=389)
Interdisciplinary engineering or research (n=121)
Systems engineering or research (n=120)
Semiconductor (n=253)
Aerospace (n=192)
$49,847
$51,739
$52,864
$60,000
$61,000
$61,281
$62,000
$62,838
$65,821
$66,852
$67,000
$73,911
$75,000
$75,000
$81,121
$82,425
$83,282
$83,565
$84,295
$94,853
$115,000
$130,000
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 13
Country income level has a similar impact on median salaries of optics and photonics disciplines. In the highest-paid category, aerospace, 88% of workers are located in North America or higher-income European countries.
Median Salary by Discipline: For-profit, Government/Military, and Academic Employers
Discipline For-profitGovernment/
MilitaryAcademic
Aerospace $142,500 $91,987 $120,000
Systems engineering or research $125,000 $56,579 $80,111
Remote sensing $125,000 $32,511 $28,283
Semiconductor $123,843 $60,355 $62,395
Chemical $120,000 $57,000
Photonics $111,420 $49,484 $31,219
Biomedical, medical, biology, biophysics, biotechnology, or healthcare
$103,000 $52,000 $46,796
Physics $101,928 $53,482 $66,852
Astronomy or astrophysics $100,000 $86,539 $70,540
Interdisciplinary engineering or research $97,000 $66,852 $58,712
Optical systems $94,707 $46,458 $78,398
Lasers $94,636 $43,519 $61,281
Computer science, software, or information technology
$89,928 $40,111 $66,563
Illumination $88,856
Materials $87,465 $55,492 $31,843
Nanotechnology $85,004 $40,610 $60,597
Manufacturing $85,000 $53,482
Electrical or electronics $85,000 $38,997 $62,369
Other $85,000 $58,443 $55,517
Mechanical $80,793 $37,679 $46,796
Optical design $80,464 $55,710 $44,015
Civil or environmental $55,000 $54,762 $50,036
n=3,806. Minimum cell sample size is 10 respondents.
14 Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 15
Median Salary by Application Area
Application AreaSecurity/defense is the highest-paid application area, which is unsurprising given that roughly half of these workers are in aerospace, the highest-paying discipline.
0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000
Environmental monitoring (n=233)
My work does not havea direct application (n=179)
Biomedical, medical, biology, biophysics,biotechnology, or healthcare (n=705)
Communications/networking (n=302)
Other (n=406)
Advanced manufacturing (n=485)
Astronomy or astrophysics (n=376)
Transportation (n=116)
Semiconductor (n=501)
Security/defense (n=557)
$49,025
$53,642
$60,273
$60,347
$70,347
$75,000
$79,933
$81,200
$90,000
$115,000
MEDIAN SALARY BY APPLICATION AREA
Respondents were asked "What is the main application of your most recent work, research, studies, or teaching?"
I AM CURRENTLY LESS CONCERNED
ABOUT MONEY AND MORE CONCERNED
ABOUT WORKING ON
INTERESTING PROBLEMS.
“
I WANT TO EXPLORE THE HIDDEN
SECRETS OF OUR UNIVERSE. I WANT
TO KNOW THE 96% UNKNOWN OF THIS
UNIVERSE THAT IS DARK MATTER AND
DARK ENERGY.
“ ““
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 15
Gender Women make up 22% of the respondents to the survey, 33% of students, and 18% of full-time workers. Women earn less than men overall, with respective median salaries of $63,099 and $77,994.
Median Salary by Gender and Region
The largest wage differences are associated with higher-income Asian countries, self-employment, and employment of more than 30 years. Wage gaps for women persist in most demographic subsets of the data, though women earn more than men in a variety of subgroups: Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America and the Caribbean, and three out of four early career stages.
0 $30,000 $60,000 $90,000 $120,000 $150,000
Africa
Europe, lower Income
Asia, lower Income
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East
Asia, higher Income
Europe, higher Income
Oceania
North America
$23,915
$10,944
$17,849
$33,133
$55,390
$41,722
$47,911
$62,210
$100,000
$15,165
$16,334
$22,626
$29,598
$30,705
$72,779
$63,421
$76,380
$125,000Women
Men
n=702 women, 3,137 men
LIFE(AND WORK IN THE FIELD OF OPTICS)
is a continuous road,
with many surprises and great results.
BOTH MUST BE
FOLLOWED AND LIVED!
“
“
16 Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 17
Median Salary by Gender and Employer Type
Median Salary by Gender and Years Employed
Women Men
Less than one year $50,517 $43,668
1-2 years $51,698 $51,000
3-5 years $55,000 $58,062
5-10 years $66,852 $60,372
11-15 years $54,298 $72,779
16-20 years $81,877 $85,897
21-25 years $90,409 $107,831
26-30 years $84,282 $118,000
More than 30 years $72,934 $124,223
n=688 women, 3,081 men
0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000
Other research institute
University, college, or other educational institution
Government laboratory or research institute
Private laboratory or research institute
Other
Self-employed or consultant
Military or defense
Not-for-profit organization orintergovernmental organization
Company or corporation
Civilian government
Women
Men
$47,476
$29,526
$46,796
$47,755
$62,000
$40,000
$90,395
$79,232
$85,000
$108,002
$51,126
$41,924
$55,611
$66,852
$68,000
$88,568
$91,246
$100,700
$102,253
$115,000
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 17
Other Factors Other factors that influence salary include job level and job role. Top organizational leaders enjoy the highest salaries, while teaching assistants anchor the bottom of the range.
Median Salary by Job Level
Median Salary by Job Level, Selected Countries
Full professor Postdoc Director Supervisor
or managerLead or
senior level Staff
United States $170,000 $55,652 $175,000 $140,000 $145,000 $102,500
Canada $144,068* $35,251 $101,537 $84,295 $72,800 $63,221
Germany $114,763 $58,495* $133,704* $100,278* $90,807* $72,423*
Japan $109,169 $40,938 $113,718 $95,523* $79,602* $63,682
South Korea $103,847 $35,481* $80,049* $80,049 $69,231 $60,577
United Kingdom $98,757* $46,267 $89,661 $68,220 $49,378
France $54,596 $30,594 $84,679* $61,281 $63,509 $44,568
Peoples Republic of China $31,760* $32,639* $40,617 $43,519 $21,759
India $28,283 $22,626 $15,980
Russia $11,434 $23,195* $65,338* $17,641 $17,216 $14,211
Italy $25,627 $89,136* $60,724 $61,281 $38,997
Minimum cell sample size is 5 respondents, with an asterisk indicating sample size of 5-9.
0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000
Teaching assistant (n=14)
Research assistant (n=119)
Assistant professor (n=190)
Associate professor (n=210)
Postdoc (n=263)
Technician, operator, or lab tech(including engineers and researchers) (n=151)
Instructor or adjunct professor (n=25)
Other (n=80)
Fellow (n=45)
Academic dean or provost (n=10)
Sta� (including engineers and researchers) (n=785)
Full professor (n=294)
Owner (n=43)
Supervisor or manager(including engineers and researchers) (n=429)
Lead or senior level(including engineers and researchers) (n=819)
Director (n=190)
C-level or senior executive (n=86)
Vice-president (n=68)
$14,506
$20,077
$39,554
$40,097
$48,000
$50,193
$52,000
$54,241
$54,707
$61,829
$72,423
$76,445
$100,000
$107,562
$108,000
$134,896
$150,000
$166,500
18 Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 19
Median Salary by Job Role
0 $30,000 $60,000 $90,000 $120,000 $150,000
Basic research or science (n=534)
College professor, teacher, or other educator (n=431)
Technical or lab (n=117)
Applied research (n=728)
Administrative (n=60)
Other (n=74)
Consultant (n=38)
Production, manufacturing, or quality assurance (n=145)
Marketing (n=60)
Sales (n=129)
Application or product development (n=251)
Engineering or design (n=724)
Project or program management (n=208)
Business development (n=88)
Executive, leadership, or owner (n=215)
$53,130
$55,710
$56,551
$57,938
$62,000
$65,591
$74,094
$80,000
$85,506
$88,361
$89,000
$92,925
$100,139
$109,711
$150,000
ALWAYS SEEKING WAYS
TO DE VELOP MYSELF.“ “
“ “
I LOVE MY CURRENT JOBIN OP TIC S AND CAN ' T WAIT TO PU RSU E
A CAREER IN IT!
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 19
Degree Being Pursued
StudentsThe majority of student respondents are pursuing PhDs.
0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Technical degree or certificate
MD or similar medical doctor degree
High school diploma
Bachelor's degree (BA, BS, or equivalent)
Master's degree (MA, MS, or equivalent)
PhD, doctorate, or equivalent
n=1,0180.5%
0.6%
0.8%
12%
22%
64%
20 Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 21
Find targeted engineering and technical jobs, post your CV/resume online,
set up job alerts, access career-related articles and more, all for free.
STAY INFORMEDGAIN EXPOSURE
BUILD YOUR NETWORK
SPIECAREERCENTER.ORG
Optics & Photonics Global Salary Report 21
Methodology and Endnotes In January of 2020, SPIE sent email survey invitations to a large subset of its global customer database. Response was voluntary and open. An iPad raffle and early access to this report were offered as incentives to encourage participation. Surveys were completed online using SurveyGizmo’s enterprise survey tool. Results were filtered for duplicates and invalid data to yield 5,280 valid responses. Microsoft Excel and SPSS were utilized for summary statistics and related analyses.
Notes: 1. This list includes valid responses from full-time, part-time, unemployed, student, and retiree respondents. United
States (1899), Peoples Republic of China (348), India (256), Germany (250), Russia (194), Japan (169), Canada (146), Italy (143), United Kingdom (140), South Korea (117), France (98), Mexico (88), Spain (84), Taiwan (79), Brazil (73), Australia (58), Netherlands (55), Switzerland (54), Turkey (48), Belgium (47), Sweden (43), Israel (42), Poland (39), Czechia (38), Ukraine (34), Pakistan (33), Singapore (31), Chile (28), Portugal (27), Finland and Indonesia (26), South Africa (24), Lithuania and Malaysia (23), Austria and Colombia (22), Algeria (20), Argentina and New Zealand (19), Egypt (18), Denmark and Romania (17), Thailand (16), Nigeria (15), Greece (14), Ireland (13), Hungary and Philippines (11), Bulgaria and Saudi Arabia (10), Hong Kong SAR, China, and Morocco (9), Tunisia (8), Latvia, Slovak Republic, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam (7), Belarus and Jordan (6), Bangladesh, Estonia, and Norway (5), Armenia, Ecuador, and Kenya (4), Ethiopia, Ghana, Iraq, Peru, Qatar, and Tanzania (3), Bolivia, Chad, Croatia, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Macao SAR, China, Serbia, Slovenia, Sri Lanka, and Zambia (2), Botswana, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Georgia, Guatemala, Iran, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Liberia, Mongolia, Oman, Paraguay, Senegal, Tajikistan, Uruguay, and Venezuela (1).
2. US dollars are used throughout. Local currencies were converted using January 2020 market exchange rates. Salary figures include total yearly compensation, both base pay and bonuses. Full-time employees are those who indicated working 35 or more hours per week. Unless otherwise noted, all data on pay is drawn from full-time employees.
3. Yearly growth was computed by comparing same-currency results for each year.
4. Oceania is comprised of Australia and New Zealand. North America is comprised of the United States and Canada. Mexico is included in the Latin America and Caribbean category.
5. Europe and Asia are composed of countries spanning a wide range of income levels, even when subdivided into higher- and lower-income groups. For example, the European higher-income category includes Lithuania and Norway, at $17,430 and $80,610 per capita Gross National Income (GNI), respectively, for 2018. European lower-income countries include Russia at $10,230 and Ukraine at $2,660.
Higher- and lower-income subcategories are based on the World Bank’s threshold for high-income countries, $12,376 per capita GNI in 2018. This threshold is used throughout this report when referring to “higher-income” and “lower-income” countries.
For data on per capita GNI, see http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD/countries. For World Bank country income categories, see http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications
6. The category “for-profit” is composed of company/corporation, self-employed/consultant, and open text “other” entries that indicate for-profit affiliation. “Academic” is composed of university/college, private lab or research institute, not-for-profit, intergovernmental, other research institute, and open text “other” entries that indicate academic organizations. “Government/military” is composed of government lab or research institute, civilian government, and military/defense.
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