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Optical Communication inOptical Communication inAccess NetworkAccess Network
K. T. WuK. T. WuDeanDean
College of EngineeringCollege of EngineeringNational University of KaohsiungNational University of Kaohsiung
OutlineOutline
•• IntroductionIntroduction•• Elements of Access NetworkElements of Access Network
–– CAU, Access Node, Access Transport, Edge CAU, Access Node, Access Transport, Edge NodeNode
•• Access TransportAccess Transport–– Optical CommunicationOptical Communication
•• Next Generation NetworkNext Generation Network•• ConclusionsConclusions
2
IntroductionIntroductionDrivers of the Access Network EvolutionDrivers of the Access Network Evolution
•• Unbundling of local loopUnbundling of local loop–– CLEC can provide new access technologiesCLEC can provide new access technologies
•• New TechnologiesNew Technologies–– xDSLxDSL–– Radio AccessRadio Access–– Fiber AccessFiber Access
•• IPIP--Based Network with QoSBased Network with QoS–– Rapid Growth in Data ServicesRapid Growth in Data Services–– VoIP ApplicationsVoIP Applications
•• MultiMulti--Services ConceptServices Concept–– High Bandwidth Data ServicesHigh Bandwidth Data Services–– PSTN/ISDNPSTN/ISDN
•• Cost IssueCost Issue
Elements of Access Network
Server Layer
BackboneAccessTransport
AccessNode
EdgeNode
Management Layer
AccessNode
CAU
CAU
CAU
CAU
CAU
CAU: Customer Access Unit
3
Technologies for Access NetworksTechnologies for Access Networks
Local Exchange, V5, Access Local Exchange, V5, Access Server, RouterServer, RouterEdge NodeEdge Node
SDH, DWDM, PON, FTTx, SDH, DWDM, PON, FTTx, EthernetEthernet
Access Access TransportTransport
LegacyLegacyMultiserviceMultiservice
Legacy DLC, Multiservice Legacy DLC, Multiservice PlatformPlatform
AccessAccessNodeNode
Narrow bandNarrow bandBroad bandBroad band
POTS, ISDN, T1/E1 Lease POTS, ISDN, T1/E1 Lease Line, DSL, EthernetLine, DSL, EthernetCAUCAU
TrendTrendInterfaces / TechnologiesInterfaces / Technologies
Integrated Access NodeDDN
E1 Network
G.703 64Kbit/s Network
ISDN
Internet
ATM Network
•Time Division Multiplex Technology
•Dynamic Time Slot Assignment
•Point-to-Point
•Tree / Hub
•Drop and Insert
•xDSL Technology
•ATM Technology
•Broadband Service Access Platform
• Single-ended Channel Bank
•Data Port Processor
•SNMP
E1 lease lineFractional E1NxE1POTSE&MRS232V.35 / V.36G.703 CO64ISDN (2B+D)Nx64kIDSLSHDSLADSLSTM-1IMAEthernet
TechnologyInterface V.35 / V.36
G.703
STM-1, IMA, DS3
ADSL,FE1,V.35/V.36
ISDN
E1
4
Broadband Digital Loop Carrier
Central Office (CO)
Switch
CO SideV5
Remote Side Payphone
PBX
2W
2W/4W
DSU/CSUE1/T1 Lease Line
POTS
2W/4W
Router
ManagementDatabase
Internet
Lease Line
Broadband Network
Ethernet ADSLRouter
SplitterADSL
•Access Transport
T1 / E1 OpticalPDH fiber terminal
SDH Interface
Multifunction Optical Network Unit
Narrowband Switched Network(Local Exchange)
Lease Line Network
ATM Broadband
Network
SDH ADM
SDH ADM
SDH
ADM SD
H A
DMSTM-N
SNCP RING
Central Office
ON
U (M
ultif
unct
ion)E1(V5.2)
E1(LL)
STM-1 or DS3 or E1(IMA)
E1(V5.2)
E1(LL)
STM-1 or DS3 or E1(IMA)
POTS
Pay-phone
ISDN BRA
2W / 4W
64 / 128 Kbit/s
E1, Nx64 Kbit/s
ADSL G.lit
POTS
ADSL G.dmt
POTS
LF
SATU-Rd
S
SATU-Ri
HTU-R
NTU
NT1
NMS Interface CIT
Network Interface
Service Interface
5
MSAN (Multi-Service Access Network)
MSAN
CO
MSAN
RTSTM-1, STM-4
•Point to Point•Star•Ring•Cascade
PONSTM-4STM-1
CO-RT
InterfaceTransport
10/100/1000 BaseT
IP
10/100/1000 BaseT
Softswitch
STM-4
STM-1SDH Trunk
E3/DS3
E1Lease Line
E3/DS3
STM-1ATM
CAS (Non V5)
E1 (V5.2)PSTN
InterfaceNetwork
Connection
STM-1
45M
34MOptical
VDSL
ADSL2/2+
ADSL
HDSL, SDSL or SHDLS
xDSL
45M (G.703)
34M (G.703)
2.048M (G.703)
N x 64 kDigital
Lease Line
ISDN PRI
ISDN BRI
Payphone
POTSPOTS &
ISDN
InterfaceSubscriber Services
CO-RT Transport
Subscriber Interface
Network Interface
PSTN
ATM SW
DDN Node
SDH
NGN Node
IP Node
Access TransportAccess Transport
•• SDH / SONET SDH / SONET –– Next GenerationNext Generation•• GbE / XGbE NetworkGbE / XGbE Network•• PONPON•• Others Others -- RPRRPR
6
Typical Metro TDM Transport NetworkAccess ADM
CO ADM
3/1 DCS
3/3 DCS
STM-16Ring
STM-16Ring
STM-16Ring
STM-16Ring STM-16
RingSTM-4Ring
STM-4Ring
STM-1Ring
CO: Central Office
ADM: Add-Drop Multiplexer
DCS: Digital Cross-Connect System
Inter-office Network
Access
Network
Access
Network
Access TransportNG SDH-Base Network Architecture
Metro AccessNG-SDHNetwork
Metro CWDM / NG-SDHNetwork
Transport CoreNetwork
EOS: Ethernet over SONET/SDH
STM-1/4 NGSDHADM with EOS
EOS MTU
Ethernet
Switch
IP DSLAM
AccessNetwork
OLT
ONU ONU
TDMSW/Mux
FTTx/EPON
NG SDH ADMwith EOS
STM-16 NG SDHADM with EOS
STM-1
STM-1
100/1000MEthernet
100/1000M Ethernet
10/100M
10/100M GbE
10M/100M
STM-1/4/16
xDSL xDSL
NG SDH ADMwith EOS
1 2 3
4 5 67 8 9
* 8 #
PSTNNetwork
100/1000MEthernet
Phase II
Phase I
10/100M
7
EOS Transport Model
IP
EthernetPHY
Enterprise Access Node Access Node
SONET BasedMetro Transport
NetworkEthernetPHY
SONETPHY
IWF
SONETPHY
EthernetPHY
IWF
IP
EthernetPHY
Enterprise
Internetworking Functions802.3x Flow ControlEthernet Status CollectionGFP/LAPS MappingVirtual Concatenation
EthernetMAC
EthernetMAC
EOS Transport Technology
Frame Mapping TechnologyGeneric Framing Procedure (GFP-F/T)Link Access Procedure – SDH (LAPS)
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation TechnologyVirtual Concatenation (VCat)Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
Ethernet
Optical Fiber/Optical Transport Network (WDM)
LAPS GFP-F/T
SONET/SDH with VCat+LCAS
DV
I
ESC
ON
FC
FIC
ON
Data SANs VideoIP
Low
er O
rder
SON
ET/S
DH
TDM
Frame MappingTechnology
Dynamic BandwidthAllocation
8
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
•• A real time control mechanism to increase/decrease A real time control mechanism to increase/decrease capacity of a virtually concatenated group without capacity of a virtually concatenated group without incurring hits to active traffic.incurring hits to active traffic.
•• Rerouting of traffic due to current network conditions, Rerouting of traffic due to current network conditions, such as failures or maintenance proceduressuch as failures or maintenance procedures
•• Defined for all high and low order SONET and SDH Defined for all high and low order SONET and SDH payloadspayloads
IP Backbone Providers
ISPs
GbE Network Architecture
Multi-tenant Building
Multi-tenant Building
Multi-tenant Building
ASPs
Server Farm
GbE L2 Switch
GbE L2/3 Switch
Access GbE
SwitchAccess
GbE Switch
Core GbE Switch
Network
Multi-Tenant Unit (MTU) Building
LAN 1
LAN 2
LAN n
GbEGbE
GbE
GbE
9
Gb/10Gb Ethernet AdvantagesGb/10Gb Ethernet Advantages
•• Big cost advantage over SONET/SDH and ATMBig cost advantage over SONET/SDH and ATM•• Uses standard Ethernet frame format (no protocol Uses standard Ethernet frame format (no protocol
conversion)conversion)•• Full duplex pointFull duplex point--toto--point links with long reach to point links with long reach to
4040--70 km70 km•• Layer 2/3 switchesLayer 2/3 switches
–– VLAN capacity (802.1Q)VLAN capacity (802.1Q)–– Standard IP routing at layer 3 (e.g., OSPF, BGP)Standard IP routing at layer 3 (e.g., OSPF, BGP)–– Priority capability (aggregate flow QoS) provided by Priority capability (aggregate flow QoS) provided by
802.1p at layer 2 and DiffServ at layer 3802.1p at layer 2 and DiffServ at layer 3–– Traffic policing, shaping and monitoring at edgeTraffic policing, shaping and monitoring at edge
Gb/10Gb Ethernet DeficienciesGb/10Gb Ethernet Deficiencies•• Protection time ~ 1 sec >> 50 msec in SONET/SDHProtection time ~ 1 sec >> 50 msec in SONET/SDH•• QoSQoS
–– OverOver--provisioning needed to provide delay/jitter sensitive provisioning needed to provide delay/jitter sensitive apps.apps.
–– QoS provided for traffic aggregates, not individual flowQoS provided for traffic aggregates, not individual flow–– Providing QoS across network boundaries is difficultProviding QoS across network boundaries is difficult
•• PM and Fault management worse than SONET/SDHPM and Fault management worse than SONET/SDH–– Ethernet provides no overhead for performance monitoring, Ethernet provides no overhead for performance monitoring,
alarms, protection signaling, etc.alarms, protection signaling, etc.–– Except for 10GbE WAN PHY, these functions must be Except for 10GbE WAN PHY, these functions must be
performed at the management layerperformed at the management layer–– Proprietary solutions ( e.g., using the interframe gap) are Proprietary solutions ( e.g., using the interframe gap) are
being developedbeing developed•• Accommodation of Legacy TDM Services Accommodation of Legacy TDM Services use TDMoIP use TDMoIP
technologytechnology
10
PON Evolution
1998 20042003200220012000 Year
100K
1M
10M
100M
1G
Bit Rate(bps)
Carrier grading?
100M-Ether MC
GbE-MC
WDM-PON
G-PON600M B-PON
150M B-PON
STM PON
10M-Ether MC
ADSL
Developed
Developed
Developed IEEE 802.3 FSAN, ITU-T
FSAN, ITU-T
FSAN, ITU-T
LAN(SS)
PON StandardsPON Standards
•• ATMATM--based PONsbased PONs•• Early BPON Early BPON
products tested products tested and installed in and installed in limited quantities limited quantities by carriersby carriers
•• Supports Voice and Supports Voice and DataData
•• 622 Mbps 622 Mbps bandwidth ~70% bandwidth ~70% EfficiencyEfficiency
•• Adopted as ITU Adopted as ITU standard in 1999standard in 1999
EPON=EthernetEPON=Ethernet--based PONsbased PONsEmerging market, Emerging market, especially for especially for Metro EthernetMetro EthernetEfficiency (for Efficiency (for Voice and data Voice and data services) services) --~49%~49%1Gbps bandwidth1Gbps bandwidthIEEE acceptance IEEE acceptance expected only in expected only in 20042004
•• GPON=Gigabit PONGPON=Gigabit PON•• Evolution in FSAN Evolution in FSAN
Committee for Committee for Voice and Data in Voice and Data in their native formattheir native format
•• Efficiency (for Efficiency (for voice and data voice and data services) services) --~93%~93%
•• 2.5Gbps+ of 2.5Gbps+ of bandwidth at 93% bandwidth at 93% EfficiencyEfficiency
•• ITU ratification in ITU ratification in 20032003
BPON G.983
EPONGPONG.984
1995 Today
- PON Evolution Timeline -
11
EPON vs. APON, GPONEPON vs. APON, GPON
20 km20 km20 km20 kmType1 <= 10 Type1 <= 10 kmkmType2 <= 20 Type2 <= 20 kmkm
Max ReachMax Reach
Class A, B, CClass A, B, CClass A, BClass A, BType1, Type2Type1, Type2ODN TypeODN Type
1010--12121010--10101010--1212BERBER
Scramble NRZScramble NRZScramble NRZScramble NRZ8B/10B8B/10BLine CodingLine Coding
TDMATDMATDMATDMATDMATDMAUS MAC schemeUS MAC scheme
MiddleMiddleLargeLargeSmallSmallProtocol overhead for Protocol overhead for IPIP
Ethernet/ATM/TDMEthernet/ATM/TDMATMATMEthernetEthernetBasic protocolBasic protocol
Up to 2.488 GbpsUp to 2.488 Gbps155/622155/622622/1244 Mbps 622/1244 Mbps (Amendment)(Amendment)
1G1GSpeedSpeed
SPSPSPSPVendorsVendorsStandard driven byStandard driven by
2003.11 2003.11 (G.GPON.GTC)(G.GPON.GTC)
199819982004.072004.07Standardization Standardization timelinetimeline
ITUITU--T SG15 (FSAN)T SG15 (FSAN)ITUITU--T (FSAN)T (FSAN)IEEEIEEEStandard bodyStandard body
GPONGPONAPONAPONEPONEPON
GPON TC Layer Options
Layer 1 PON-PHY
Layer 2
ATM Cell Generic frameEthernet frame
G.983 base G.707 base IEEE 802.3 base
AAL1/AAL2 AAL5
Layer 3
Layer 4
Layer 5 or more
T1/E1 TDM
POTS
Ethernet
IP
TCP+UDP etc.
Data
VideoT1/E1 TDM
POTS
Ethernet
IP
TCP+UDP etc.
Data
VideoT1/E1 TDM
POTS
IP
TCP+UDP etc.
Data
Video
Now being discuess in PWE3 WG in TETF
ATM frame base Generic frame base Ethernet frame base
•Comparative analysis will be made by the FSAN members
•One of the best solutions will be proposed to ITU-T from the members in FSAN
12
Interworking between TDM and IP Networks
Internet
TDM Service POP
Packetize T1 or E1 circuit over IP
ISP Services e.g., Web hosting
IXC•ATM•Frame Relay
Voice CLEC•PSTN (Class 5)•Centrex (Class 5)•Clearinghouse (VoIP)
TDM Service POP
IP routing onlyILEC Network
Unbundled Local Loops
Multi-Tenant Unit
Building #1
Building #2
Building #3
T1, E1
n x T1, n x E1, MLPPP, MLFRE1 or E3,
T1 or T3 Lines
T3, E3
T3, E3
TDMoIP / CESoPTDMoIP / CESoP
•• Encapsulate TDM Signal (T1, E1, T3, E3) in IP Encapsulate TDM Signal (T1, E1, T3, E3) in IP packetspackets
•• Transparent service deliveryTransparent service delivery–– In Band Signaling id preserved andIn Band Signaling id preserved and--toto--endend
•• EndEnd--toto--End Delay in minimizedEnd Delay in minimized–– Low latencyLow latency
•• Tributary clock recovery id difficultTributary clock recovery id difficult–– Adaptive clock methodAdaptive clock method–– Differential clocking method (similar to SRTS in AAL1)Differential clocking method (similar to SRTS in AAL1)
13
Edge Node and Local ExchangeEdge Node and Local Exchange
•• Local Exchange may be replaced byLocal Exchange may be replaced by–– Multiservice access nodesMultiservice access nodes–– Media gatewayMedia gateway–– Telephony serverTelephony server
•• Access ServersAccess Servers–– Narrowband Access ServerNarrowband Access Server–– Broadband Access ServerBroadband Access Server
•• Voice GatewayVoice Gateway–– VoIP gateway, H.323 / SIPVoIP gateway, H.323 / SIP–– VoDSL gateway, (AAL2)VoDSL gateway, (AAL2)
•• RoutersRouters
Next Generation NetworkNext Generation NetworkIP-Based and All IP in the Future
Server Layer
BackboneAccessTransport
AccessNode
EdgeNode
AccessNode
CAU
CAU
CAU
CAU
CAU
IP Network Coverage
Management Layer
1
23
14
Next Generation Network (NGN)Next Generation Network (NGN)
•• Access Transport and Backbone Network Access Transport and Backbone Network IP NetworkIP Network
•• Server Layer and Edge Node Server Layer and Edge Node Sever, Sever, Controller, Internetwork GatewayController, Internetwork Gateway
•• Access Node Access Node GatewayGateway
•• CAU CAU Intelligent Access UnitIntelligent Access Unit
Technologies for Access NetworksTechnologies for Access Networks
Server, Controller, Server, Controller, Internetwork GatewayInternetwork Gateway
Local Exchange, Local Exchange, V5, Access V5, Access Server, RouterServer, Router
Edge NodeEdge Node
IPIP--Based NetworkBased NetworkSDH, DWDM, SDH, DWDM, PON, FTTx, PON, FTTx, EthernetEthernet
Access Access TransportTransport
GatewayGatewayLegacyLegacy
MultiservicMultiservicee
Legacy DLC, Legacy DLC, Multiservice Multiservice PlatformPlatform
AccessAccessNodeNode
IntelligentIntelligentNarrow bandNarrow band
Broad Broad bandband
POTS, ISDN, POTS, ISDN, T1/E1 Lease T1/E1 Lease Line, DSL, Line, DSL, EthernetEthernet
CAUCAU
NGNNGNTrendTrendInterfaces / Interfaces / TechnologiesTechnologies
15
NGN Applications (VoIP-SIP Based)
Managed IP Network
Media Server
ApplicationServer
Media GatewayController
Network Management &
Service Management
SignalingGateway
TrunkGateway
AccessGateway
Residential Gateway
Session InitiationProtocol Server
PSTN
ServiceControlPoint
BillingCenter
NetworkManagement
Center
IP Soft phone
IP Videophone
IP Hardphone
SIP SS7
E1
MGCP/H.248
SIP
LANxDSL
3GPP Release 5 IP Multimedia Network
HSS/HLR
Node B
Node B
SGSNlub
lublur
lu-PS
Gr
RNC
RNC
Cx
MRF
Mr
GGSN
Gi
Gn
SS7
PSTN
Internet
SS7
MGW
T-SGW
Gi
Gi
Mc
PCM
Mg
R-SGW
Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF)
CAll State Control Function (CSCF)
CSCF
16
ConclusionsConclusions
•• Access Node Interfaces vary from NB to BB, to Multi Access Node Interfaces vary from NB to BB, to Multi servicesservices
•• Access Transport can be SONET/SDH, Gb/XGb Ethernet, Access Transport can be SONET/SDH, Gb/XGb Ethernet, PON, RPR PON, RPR Optical Communication BasedOptical Communication Based
•• An Evolution to NGN Driver is An Evolution to NGN Driver is ““IPIP””–– Near tem convergence: TDMoIPNear tem convergence: TDMoIP–– Long term convergence: All IPLong term convergence: All IP
•• Telecom and Data Com become IP ComTelecom and Data Com become IP Com