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Opportunities for Men and Women: Emerging Europe and Central Asia. Sarosh Sattar November 28, 2011 Europe and Central Asia Region The World Bank. Outline. Motivation and Objective Economic context Education Labor market outcomes Entrepreneurship Concluding remarks. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEN AND
WOMEN: EMERGING EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
Sarosh Sattar
November 28, 2011
Europe and Central Asia Region
The World Bank
Outline
Motivation and Objective Economic context Education Labor market outcomes Entrepreneurship Concluding remarks
Motivation and Objective
Motivation Rapid growth, so who was benefiting? Big crisis, so who was hurt?
Objective Do women and men have comparable
outcomes in key economic spheres in ECA? If not, what are the potential sources of the
differences?
Motivation: The Economic ContextEconomic growth, Sectoral contributions, and Demographic profile
ECA economic growth was robust
ECA grew robustly compared to LAC and the world average.
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 50
100
150
200
250
300
EAP
ECA
LAC
World
GD
P,
Index 1
999=
100
ECA grew well above the global average
The ascendance of the services sector
Globally, the importance of services sectors grew in GDP while the share of agriculture and services shrank
ECA LAC EU15 World-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Agriculture Industry Services
in %
age p
oin
t change,
1999-2
009
ECA experienced the largest struc-tural shift in GDP
ECA’s population is older and aging
ECA World0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
19
27
7066
118
Ages 0-14 Ages 15-64 Ages 65+
Sh
are
of
po
pu
lati
on
, in
pe
rce
nt
ECA has compari-tively few chil-dren and this will continue given low fertility
Though ECA ‘s population currently is more in their prime age years, it is because of fewer children.
Human CapitalAcademic performance, School enrollments, and Fields of study
Small enrollment gender gaps in ECA
The gender gap in ECA is minimal and comparable to high income OECD countries.
ECA LAC High-income OECDWorld-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Primary
Secondarym
ale
-fe
ma
le n
et
en
roll
me
nt
rate
s,
in %
ag
e p
oin
ts
International comparison of academic performance, 2009
The gender gap in academic performance is small and on average girls do better than boys
Reading Math Science 80
85
90
95
100
105
ECA OECD
Ave
rag
e m
ale
/ f
em
ale
sco
res,
in
%
Gender Parity
More women than men go to university
Women’s gross tertiary enrollment rates exceed those of men – and higher incomes will only accentuate this inequality.
ECA
High-
inco
me
OECD
LAC
EAP
Wor
ld -
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Female Maleg
ross e
nro
llm
en
t ra
tes,
in %
Fields of study
With the exception of sciences and engineering, female students out numbered male students in other fields.
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
Female
Male
in %
of
tota
l stu
de
nt
bo
dy
Labor market outcomes
ECA’s labor force participation rates
Globally there is a gender gap. ECA’s female and male labor force participation rates are well below the high income OECD averages Female Male
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ECA EAP LAC MNA SSA SAS
lab
or
forc
e p
art
icip
ati
on
,in
% o
f p
op
ula
tio
n (
15
-64
yrs
)
High income OECD averages, by gender
Labor force participation rates were stagnant
ECA’s participation rates stayed stagnant despite high economic growth .
ECA EAP LAC MNA SSA SAS OECD-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Female
Malech
an
ge
in
LF
P,
19
99
-20
09
(in
%
ag
e p
oin
ts)
ECA saw minimal change in labor force participation
Employment by sector in ECA, 2008
The majority of women employees are in the services sector which is the growing sector of the economy.
Female Male -
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 Agricul-ture
Industry
Servicese
mp
loye
es a
s %
of
tota
l e
mp
loym
en
t b
y s
ex
66% of women work in services
Number of jobs lost or gained by sector, 1999-2008
Though men and women gained more or less an equal number of the new jobs over the last decade, women’s gains were almost all in the services sector.
Agriculture Industry Services-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
MaleFe-male
in m
illi
on
s
Occupations by gender
Women disproportion-ately pursue professional & technical jobs compared to men.
Men Women -
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Professionals & technicians Admin personnel
in p
erc
en
t o
f e
mp
loye
d,
by
ge
nd
er
39% of women are professionals or technicians
Raw gender wage gap
The gender wage gap is large. Moreover, once corrected for human capital it is very larger.
EU
10
Ce
ntr
al A
sia
Ru
ssia
+
S. C
au
cuse
s
W. B
alk
an
s
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
19
24
29
36
41
Gender Gap in time use(in number of hours per day)
Women in ECA are involved more in domestic activities than men and less than
Work Domestic Activities Freetime Other-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
-1.9
2.9
-0.9
0.0
-1.7
2.1
0.7
0.1
ECA OECD
Relatively few young children in ECA are in childcare
Formal childcare in ECA is not prevalent
199019952000200120022003200420052006200720080
5
10
15
20
25
30
ECA EU
En
rolm
en
t R
ate
of
Ch
ildre
n a
ge
d
un
de
r 3
, p
er
10
0 C
hild
ren
Relatively few young children in ECA are in childcare
In ECA, women with children decrease their participation in the labor force significantly
0 1 2 3 or more0
20
40
60
80
100
71
6256
42
78 75 72
57
ECA OECD
Number of children
fem
ale
la
bo
r fo
rce
(i
n %
of
wo
me
n w
ith
ch
ild
ren
)
Entrepreneurship
Business activity is relatively modest
New business activity is low in ECA compared to other regions of the world
Ta
jikis
tan
BiH
Uzb
ekis
tan
Alb
an
ia
Mo
nte
ne
gro
Kyrg
yz
Re
p
Mo
ldo
va
Lit
hu
an
ia
Cro
ati
a
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
.
Ro
ma
nia
Slo
ve
nia
Ma
ced
on
ia,
FY
R
Bu
lga
ria
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
New
regis
tera
tions p
er
1000 p
ers
ons,
15-6
4 y
ears
ECA Average
Women employers
Yet, the gender gap is still large
Armen
ia
Georg
ia
Azerb
aija
n
Lith
uani
a
Esto
nia
Slov
enia
Czech
Rep
ublic
Croat
ia
Serb
ia
Hunga
ry0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
fe-malemale
in %
of
em
plo
ye
d,
by s
ex
Female firm ownership by sector
Plastics Electronics IT ConstructionRetail Garments0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Fe
ma
le o
wn
ers
hip
in
% o
f fi
rms
by s
ecto
r
Women participate in the private sector but are poorly represented in key roles
This is for registered firms with 5 or more employees
0
10
20
30
40
Some findings about female owned firms
They are smaller in size whether in
terms of sales revenues or employees
Women-owned firms concentrate in different sectors than male-owned firms.
Female-owned firms are as profitable as male owned firms holding firm characteristics constant.
Female owned firms pay a slightly higher interest rate than men (0.6%).
Concluding remarks
Overarching messages
Europe and Central Asia’s gender
advantage is eroding and the rest of the world is catching up rapidly.
The last decade opened up opportunities for women and took away some for men, but occupational segregation and wage disparities hinder women’s progress.
The demographic transition has large and different implications for men and women in many areas including pensions and labor markets.