Opportunities for Climate and Clean Air Action in Urban Road Transport … · 2020. 10. 17. · transport measures that have the potential for rapid climate and clean air benefits

LowCarbonTransportQuickWinsOpportunitiesforClimateandCleanAirActioninUrbanRoadTransportinLowIncomeCountriesinAfricaandAsia

GaryHaqJune2020

LOWCARBONQUICKSWINS:OPPORTUNITIESFORTRANSPORTANDCLIMATEACTIONINAFRICAANDASIA

ThisresearchwasfundedbyUKAIDthroughtheUKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopmentundertheHighVolumeTransportAppliedResearchProgramme,managedbyIMCWorldwide.

TheviewsexpressedinthisdocumentdonotnecessarilyreflecttheUKgovernment’sofficialpolicies.

ReferenceNo. HVT/028

LeadOrganisation/Consultant GaryHaqPartnerOrganisation(s)/Consultant(s) None

TitleLowcarbonquickwins:opportunitiesforclimateandcleanairactioninurbanroadtransportinlowincomecountriesinAfricaandAsia

Typeofdocument ConceptPaper

Theme Lowcarbontransport

Sub-theme Urbantransport

Author(s) GaryHaq

GeographicalLocation(s) AfricaandSouthAsia

Abstract

TheclimateemergencytogetherwiththeCOVID-19pandemicprovideauniqueopportunitytomakeurbantransportmoreresilient,reducegreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,achieveliveablecities,secureprosperityandboostlivingstandards.RapidmotorisationinLICsinAsiaandAfricaisexpectedtoincreasetheircontributiontototalglobaltransportGHGemissions,threateninginternationalclimateobjectivesifnoactionistaken.Thetransportsectorisalsoamajorcontributortofineparticlepollutioninmajorcitieswithtoxicoutdoorairpollutionkillingupto3.4millionpeopleeachyearworldwide.Deathrateshaverisenascountriesshiftformlowtomiddle-incomecountries.

LowincomecountriesinAfricaandAsiacantakeanumberofshort-tomedium-termlowcarbonroadtransportmeasuresthathavethepotentialforrapidclimateandcleanairbenefits.Thispolicynoteoutlines10lowcarbontransportquickwinsidentifiedbytheDFIDHVTProgrammethatcanreduceGHGemissionsforbothpassengerandfreightroadtransportwhileofferingsustainabledevelopmentbenefits(e.g.improvedairquality,accessibility,efficiency,safetyandenergysecurity).Fourrecommendationsaremadetoachieveclimateandairco-benefitsinlowincomecountries:(1)exploitthepost-COVID-19recoverytopushforwardlowcarbontransporttransformation;(2)targetfinanceforlowcarbontransportinthepost-COVID-19recovery;(3)raisethelevelambitionofNDCsbyincludinglowcarbonquickwinsforroadtransport;and(4)ensurebettercoordinationbetweentransport,energyandenvironmentandplanningagencies.

Keywords NDCs,low-carbontransport,lowcarbontransportquickwins,ParisAgreement,SDGs,AvoidShiftandImprove(A-S-I)

Funding DFID/UKAID

AcknowledgementsTheauthorisgratefulfortheinsightfulcommentsanddiscussionsofferedbyHolgerDalkmann,JeffTurner,LucaPetrarulo,BertFabian,DieterSchwela,JohnWhiteleggandSergioMissana

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EXPLOITINGCLIMATEANDCLEANAIRCO-BENEFITSINTHETRANSPORTSECTORTheclimateemergencytogetherwiththeCOVID-19pandemicprovideauniqueopportunitytomakeurbantransportmoreresilient,reducegreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,achieveliveablecities,secureprosperityandboostlivingstandards.

Transport,accessandmobilityarekeytosustainabledevelopmentinmanylow-incomecountries(LICs)inAfricaandAsia.Yet,globaltransportGHGemissionsarerisingfasterthananyothereconomicsector.[1]

RapidmotorisationinLICsinAsiaandAfricaisexpectedtoincreasetheircontributiontototalglobaltransportGHGemissions,threateninginternationalclimateobjectivesifnoactionistaken.

Far-reachingtransitionsintransportandaswellasothersectorsarethereforerequiredtoadapttoachangingclimateandtoreduceemissionstoavoidfurtherclimatechange.The2015UnitedNations(UN)ParisAgreementsetoutaglobalactionplantolimitglobalheatingtobelow1.5°Candavoidrisks

tohealth,livelihoods,foodsecurity,watersupply,humansecurity,andeconomicgrowth.[1]

RaisingtheambitionoftransportmeasuresinNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)icanunleashthetransportsector’spotentialtomeetglobalclimateobjectives.Thiscouldbeundertakenby(i)settingemissionsreductiongoalsforthetransportsectorincludingtargetsforspecificsub-sectorssuchascars,roadfreight,andaviation;(ii)includingabalancedapproachofallAvoid-Shift-Improvemeasures;(ii)incorporatingclimatechangeadaptationandresilienceintotransportsystems;and(V)aligningnationalfinancingandinvestmentstrategiestodecarboniseandclimateprooftransportsystems.[2]

Thetransportsectorisalsoamajorcontributortofineparticlepollution(PM2.5)incities.InAfrica,roadtransportPM2.5emissionsareexpectedtoincreaseby40%by2030comparedto2012.[3]Pollutingdieselvehiclesareakeysourceofblackcarbonwhichcanhavedirectandindirectimpactsontheclimate,glacialregions,agricultureandhumanhealth.

Toxicoutdoorairpollutioniskillingupto3.4millionpeopleeachyearworldwide,withdeathratesrisingascountriesshiftformlowtomiddle-incomecountries.[4]Forexample,inAfricaoutdoorairpollutioncauses780,000deatheachyear.[5]

Althoughindoorairpollutionisamajorkiller,vehicletail-pipeemissions(PM2.5)areresponsibleforabout385,000prematuredeathsglobally(2015)equalto11%ofairpollutiondeathsandacostofUSD1trillioninhealthdamages.[6]RecentevidencesuggeststhatlongtermexposuretoairpollutionmaybelinkedtohigherCOVID-19deaths.[7][8]However,itistooearlytosaythatairpollutionisanadditional,orunaccountedfor,effectonCOVID-19,beyonditbeingancontributortounderlyingdiseaseinthepopulation.

i EffortsbyeachcountrytoreducenationalemissionsandadapttotheimpactsofclimatechangeundertheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange.

AfricanandAsiaLICscantakeanumberofshort-tomedium-termlowcarbontransportmeasuresthathavethepotentialforrapidclimateandcleanairbenefits.

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TheCOVID-19pandemicproduceda17%temporarydropindailyglobalcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsbecauseofforcedconfinement(sinceearlyApril2020),withhalffromchangestoroadtransport.Zeroemissionmobilitysuchaswalkingandcycling,includinge-bikesprovidesocialdistancingandcouldbedesirableforsometimeasconfinementiseased.However,thetransportsectoremissionsarelikelytoraisefasterifgovernmentresponsesdonotusetheopportunitytochangetravelbehaviour.[10]Thepost-COIVD-19pandemicprovidesanopportunityforlowcarbonandzeroexposuretransformationofthetransportsectoraspartofacomprehensiveemissionreductionstrategy.[9]

Takingactiontoaddresstransportemissionsimprovesurbanairquality,mitigatesclimatechangeandcontributestotheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDG)suchasreducingroadtrafficfatalities.The17SDGsaimtoendextremepovertyandcreateahealthy,sustainableworldbytheyear2030.HealthandwellbeingofpeopleandtheplanetisattheheartoftheSDGssuchashalvingthenumberofroadtrafficfatalitiesandinjuries.Thecontributionoftransporttotheroadtrafficdeathsandinjuriesandairpollutiondeaths,togetherwithitscloselinkstoclimatechange,meansitisathreattotheSDGvisionofabetterworld.

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LOWCARBONTRANSPORTQUICKWINSLowcarbontransportquickswinshavehighclimatechangeemissionreductionpotentialandcanplayanimportantroleinthedecarbonisationoftheroadtransportsector.SlocatundertookareviewoftransportpolicymeasuresonbehalfoftheUKDFIDHighVolumeTransport(HVT)programme.BasedonaconsultationoftransportstakeholdersinnineLICsinAfricaandAsia,Slocatidentified10lowcarbontransportquickwinstoachieverapidemissionreduction.[11]WhilethesemeasureshavebeenidentifiedforAfricanandAsiaLICs,theyalsoapplytodevelopedcountriesandotherregions.

Lowcarbontransportquickwinsareshort-tomedium-termactionsthatcanreduceGHGemissionsforbothroadpassengerandfreighttransport,offersustainabledevelopmentbenefits(e.g.improvedairquality,accessibility,vehicleefficiency,roadsafetyandenergysecurity),includeAvoid-Shift-ImprovemeasuresandreflectthelocaltransportsystemcontextofLICs.

Othertransportpolicymeasures(e.g.improvedpublicandinformaltransport,speedmanagementandelectricvehicles)areavailable,butthese10lowcarbonquickwinslistedhereareconsideredbytransportstakeholderstohavethegreatestrelevancetoLICstoimproveurbanairqualityandcontributetolong-termclimatetargetsundertheUNParisAgreement.

QuickWin MitigationPotential Practice

FossilFuelSubsidyPhaseOut

FossilfuelsubsidiesinSub-SaharanAfricaareestimatedtoaverage5%ofGDP.Removaloffossilfuelconsumptionsubsidiescouldresultinan8-12%reductioninglobalGHGemissionsby2050.[12]TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)seetheremovaloffossilfuelsubsidiesasaprerequisiteforcarbontaxation,whichhasthepotentialtoraisesubstantialclimatefinanceforLICs.

FuelsubsidyreformhasthepotentialforIndiaandIndonesiatoachieve1-9%inGHGsavingsby2030.

FossilfuelsubsidyreformisbeingintroducedincountriessuchasAngola,Ghana,Kenya,NigeriaandUganda.

Bangladesh,IndiaandNigeriahaveincludedFossilFuelSubsidyreforminnationalclimatechangestrategies.

National/UrbanSustainableMobilityPlans

Urbantransportemits25%oftotaltransportsectoremissions.Sustainableurbanmobilityplansfocusonnon-technologicaloptions(e.g.avoidingtheneedtotravel,movingtoenvironmentallymodes)whichcancontributetoa2-40%reductioninemissionsby2050.

Cameroonisadoptingnationalandcityurbanmobilityplans.ThecitiesofDoualaandYaoundéadoptedasustainableurbanmobilityplanin2019.

FuelEconomyStandardsandPolicies

Improvingvehiclefueleconomydeliversfinancialsavings,lowerscarbonemissions,reducesoildependenceandimprovesairquality.Regulationofthefueleconomyofdieselandpetrolvehiclesareneededifclimatetargetsaretobeachieved.

In2018,ASEANcountriesadoptedthefueleconomyroadmapfortransport.In2020,WestAfricaEnvironmentMinistersadoptedthefirstregionalfueleconomyroadmap.China,India,Kenya,MauritiusSriLanka,SouthAfricaThailandandVietnamhaveallimplementedfuel

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economypolicies.

DieselQualityStandards

Dieselroadvehiclesandshipsareresponsiblefor19%ofglobalblackcarbonemissions.[16]Usinglow-sulphurfuelsandcleanerdieselvehiclestandardscanreduceblackcarbonemissionsandavoidanestimated500,000prematuredeathgloballyeachyear.[17]

In2019,SouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity(SADC)countriesagreedtoreducesulphurlevelsinfuelsto50ppmorlessbyend2022forimportingcountriesand2025forrefiningcountriesandto10ppmfrom2025-2030forallcountries.

LimittheImportofPollutingSecond-handVehicles

Fuelefficiencyofvehiclesdeclinesafter15yearsofuse,upto50%by25years.Vehiclesthatmeetminimumemissionstandardsinexportingmarkets,whencombinedwithcleanfuelsandregularmaintenance,havethepotentialtolowertheimpactofroadtransportintermsofCO2andnon-CO2emissionsinallmarkets.Regulationthereforeiskeytocontrollingthequalityofusedvehicleimportsinlinewiththeimportingcountry’saspirations.

CarownershipinAfricaisdrivenbytheimportationofusedvehicles.However,fewAfricancountriesplacerestrictionsonimportedusedvehicles.Incontrast,someAsiancountries(e.g.Nepal,Pakistan)doregulatetheimportationofusedvehicles.

ElectricTwo-andThree-WheelersandElectricBicycles

Electrificationofelectrictwo-andthree-wheelersande-bikescanimproveairqualityandreduceGHGemissions.Fulldecarbonisationoftwo-andthree-wheelersisnecessarytokeepbelow2°Cglobalheating.OftheCO2savingsfromelectricvehiclesgloballyin2017,80%wasduetoe-bikesinChina.

Two-andthree-wheelersarethefastestgrowingtransportmodeinmanyLICs.WhileAsiahasthehighestshareoftheglobalmotorcyclefleet,growthratesofmotorcyclesinmanyAfricancountriesareincreasing.Ethiopia,Morocco,Kenya,Rwanda,UgandaandPhilippines,ThailandandVietnamareundertakingE-initiatives.

Low-EmissionZones

AccesstoLowEmissionZonesisrestrictedtovehiclesthatmeetspecifiedemissionstandardsandreducepollutingemissions.Anyvehiclethatfailstomeetthesestandardsmaybeeitherexcludedfromenteringthezoneorwillbechargedafeetoenter.Lowemissionszonesimproveairqualitywhilethedeploymentofelectricvehiclescanprovideadditionalclimatebenefits.

LowEmissionZoneshavebeenadoptedbyEuropeancitiesandsomeAsiacities(e.g.China).InEuropeanUnioncities,lowemissionszonescitiesresultedinareductioninfineparticulatematteremissions.[13]

WalkingandCyclingInfrastructure

A370kmnon-motorisedtransport(NMT)networkcouldincreasecyclingby7%(CapeTown)andwalkingby40%(Nairobi).TheclimatevalueofNMTpresentsanopportunityforAfricancities,andtheglobalcommunity,toachievecollectiveclimate-relatedgoals.

In2019,ZambiahasadoptedaNMTstrategytoimprovedaccessthroughsustainabletransportmodesincludingwalking,cycling,andpublictransport.IndonesiahaspublishedaNationaldesignandplanningtheforguidepracticalaasGuidelineand

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areasurbaninNMTforinfrastructureofstakeholdersatthecitylevel.

RoadPricing Roadpricing(e.g.roadtollsandcongestioncharging)appliesdirectchargesfortheuseofroadstomanagetraveldemand.Congestionchargingandparkingmanagementcanalsoinfluencevehicleuse.[14][15]CongestionchargingcanreduceGHGemissionsfrom15-20%,lowertrafficcongestionby13-30%andimproveairquality.

InSingapore,congestionchargingandCO2-basedvehicletaxationtogetherwithothermeasureshassuccessfullyreducedtransportemissions.[1]Kenya,TanzaniaandUganda,andSouthAfrica,haveintroducedroadtollcharges.

GreenFreight Measuresaimedatimprovingtheefficiencyoffreightlogistics(e.g.urbanconsolidationcentres,platooning,retimingdeliveries,etc.)couldachieve5-10%reductioninemissions.

Greenfreightprogrammescouldreducefuel,increaselogisticsefficiencyandreduceGHGemissions.However,theimplementationofsuchprogrammesespeciallyurbanfreightisstillatanearlystageinmanyLICs.

In2017,theNorthernCorridorGreenFreightstrategywaslaunchedcoveringthesixcountries(Kenya,Uganda,Rwanda,Burundi,SouthSudanandtheDRofCongo)toimprovefuelefficiencyandreducetransportemissions.

TheGreenFreightInitiativeintheGreaterMekongSubregionisimprovingfuelefficiencyandreducingcostsandemissionsoftruckingcompanies.

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RECOMMENDATIONSFORCLIMATEANDCLEANAIRACTION1. Exploitthepost-COVID-19recoverytopushforwardlowcarbontransporttransformation

• TheCOVID-19crisisprovidestheopportunitytorevisittransportpolicypost-crisis(e.g.nationalpolicyforthenewfinancingofsidewalksandpop-upbikelanes)andtoshowleadershipinencouragingwalkingandcycling.

• Apost-COVID-19recoverycansupporturbanmobility,exploitcleanervehicletechnologies,digitaltransportandlogistics,infrastructuredevelopmentandpromotelowemissionmobilityforall.

• Transportsystemsshouldproducelowemissionandbeclimateresilient.Thisrequiresreducingthevulnerabilityofatransportsystemtoclimatechange(basedonlocationandthereforeitsexposureandsensitivitytoclimatechange),reducingpollutingemissionsandincreasingitsadaptivecapacity(i.e.itsresourcesforcopingwithimpactsandminimisingdamage).

2. Targetfinanceforlowcarbontransportinthepost-COVID-19recovery

• Targetingfinanceatlowcarbontransport(especiallyprovisionofcyclingandpedestrianinfrastructure)togetherwithtraininginpreparingfundingproposals,canensuretheprovisionofthenecessarybudgettoimplementprojects.

• Informalandformalpublictransportsystemprovidesaccesstojobsandamenitiesandaneffortshouldbemadetoensurethissectorsurvivespost-COVID-19.

• Morefundingforresearchandpromotionoflowcarbontransportcanassistinthedecarbonisationofthetransportsectorinthepost-Covid-19recovery.

3. RaisethelevelambitionofNDCsbyincludinglowcarbonquickwinsforroadtransport

• UndertheUNParisAgreementcountriesareduetosubmittheirupdatedNationallyDeterminedContributionsin2020outliningnationaleffortstokeptglobaltemperaturebelow1.5°C.

• LowcarbontransportquickwinscanformpartoftheAvoid-Shift-Improvestrategiestoachieverapidemissionreductions,equitableaccessandclimateandcleanairco-benefits.

• ConnectnationallevelambitioninNDCstowhatcanbepracticallybeachievedattheindividualprojectandpolicyleveltoimplementandoperatelowcarbontransportsystems.

4. Ensurebettercoordinationbetweentransport,energy,environmentandplanningagencies

• Greaterinter-agencycoordinationcanconnectnationalclimateambitionwithmetropolitanandcityleveltransportplanningandimplementationtoensurecompacturbangrowth,increasedprovisionofpublictransportinfrastructureandnon-motorisedtransportuse

• Institutionalreformcanimprovecoordinationandeffectivenessofvariousstakeholdersinimplementinglowcarbontransportpolicies(e.g.accountableurbantransportauthorities;empoweredregulatoryframeworks;securesourcesoffundingforfleetandinfrastructureimprovements;apublictransportindustryamenabletoregulatorycontrolandfleetinvestments).

• Coordinatingbodiescanplayakeyroleinadvancinglowcarbontransport,actaschampion,regardingtheintroductionofnewtransporttechnologies(e.g.electricmobility).Thiscanprovideopportunityforstrengtheninginstitutionsandcapacitybuilding.

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AcknowledgementsThispolicynotewasfundedbyUKAIDthroughtheUKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID)andmanagedbyIMCWorldwide.ItwasalsofundedbytheClimateParliament.TheauthorisgratefulfortheinsightfulcommentsanddiscussionsofferedbyHolgerDalkmann,JeffTurner,LucaPetrarulo,BertFabian,DieterSchwela,JohnWhiteleggandSergioMissana.

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Opportunities for Climate and Clean Air Action in Urban Road Transport … · 2020. 10. 17. · transport measures that have the potential for rapid climate and clean air benefits