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Opportunities & Challenges for Photonics in the Automotive

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Summary

• Introduction

• Lighting (front, rear & interior…)

• Display (flat panel displays, head up displays…)

• Optical communication (optic fiber, communication protocols…)

• Optical sensors (drowsiness, ACC, night vision…)

• General conclusions

• Appendices

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Contents

• Lighting– Synthesis

• Front lighting• Rear lighting• Interior lighting

– Technologies• LEDs and HBLEDs

– Price, performances and SWOT analysis• HIDs

– HIDs versus LEDs and halogens• Reflectors

– External lighting - Front lighting: Adaptive Front lighting System (AFS)…

– External lighting - Rear Lighting: RCL, CHSML, smart functions…

– Interior illumination: LED, wave guide, panel…

– Market • Sales forecasts for lighting 2003 – 2009 (front, rear and interior lighting)

– Challenges for lighting in the automotive

– Conclusions

– Pro-active actions to accelerate the adoption of solid-state lighting in cars

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Contents (cont’d)

• Displays– Synthesis

– Technologies• Flat Panel Displays

– LCDs– Polymer LEDs

– Applications• Night vision• Head-Up displays

– Market • Sales forecasts for lighting 2003 – 2009

– Challenges for displays in the automotive

– Conclusions

– Pro-active actions to accelerate the adoption of FPDs in cars

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Contents (cont’d)

• Optical Communication– Synthesis

– Technologies• Fiber optics networks• Evolution of the protocols

– MOST, IDB, ByteFlight, FlexRay• Free space optics

– Market • Sales forecasts 2003 – 2009

– Challenges for optical communication in cars

– Conclusions

– Pro-active actions to accelerate the adoption of optical datacom in cars

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Contents (cont’d)

• Optical sensors– Synthesis

– Technologies• CMOS/CCD technologies

– Applications• Drowsiness• ACC• Environment monitoring• Night vision• European projects

– Market • Sales forecasts for optical sensors 2003 – 2009

– Challenges for optical sensors

– Conclusions

– Pro-active actions to accelerate the adoption of optical sensors in cars

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Contents (cont’d)

• General conclusions

• Appendices– Vehicle type definitions– List of acronyms– Relative spectral intensity, luminous flux and

efficiency of LEDs compared with HIDs and halogens

– Rear combination lamps functions and characteristics

– Contribution of interior light to better environment

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Introduction

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Scope of the report

In the future, photonics will enable the marketing of new functions in cars to make them more secure, more fuel-efficient and with improved design.

Today, there are already photonics devices used in cars such as HB LEDs for brake or interior lights, and optical rain sensors for automatic wipers.

Moreover, optical multiplexing for multimedia applications and head-up displays are now starting to be implemented in high-end cars and some more complex devices are already at the prototyping level. This is the case for example for driver information flat panel displays or optical sensors for preventing drowsiness.

Introduction

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Scope of the report

• This report gives an overview of the current and future optical applications in cars. Four different optical applications for cars are covered: lighting, displaying, optical communication and opticalsensors.

• For each of these applications is described:• The optoelectronic devices currently used and in

development• A SWOT analysis• The current and future applications• The technological and market trends• A market forecast for 2003-2009• Challenges to overcome for this application• Conclusions

Introduction

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List of acronyms• ACC: Adaptive Cruise Control• AFS: Adaptive Front lighting Systems• BFD: Brake Force Display• CHMSL: Center High Mounted Stop Lamp• CRI: Color Rendering Index• DMD: Digital Micromirror Device• FPD: Flat Panel Display• HBLED: High-Brightness LED• HID: High Intensity Discharge• HT: Heavy Trucks• HUD: Head-Up displays• IR: Infra Red• LC: Light Car• LCD: Liquid Crystal Display• LDWS: Lane Departure Warning Signal• LED: Light Emitting Diode• Lidar: Light Detection And Ranging• OLED: Organic Light Emitting Display• PC: Passenger Car• PCS: Polymer-Clad Silica• POF: Plastic Optical Fiber• RCL: Rear Combination Lamp• RGB: Red Green Blue• TFT: Thin Film Transistor• UHBLED: Ultra HBLED• VCSEL: Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser

Introduction

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Some figures related to the automotive industry

• The total number of motor vehicle produced (PCs + LCs + HTs …) is 60 million. • Passenger cars production was 42 million in 2003. • At the end of 2004, 850 million cars should be in circulation worldwide.• New markets are emerging:

– Today, Chinese market represents 20 million vehicle (same as France), this number should be multiplied by seven within 15 years, as there is one vehicle per 265 inhabitants.– Chinese want to owns cars and even high end (GPS, DVD…) & luxury cars (Porsche or Ferrari are already selling cars even if taxes make their cars two times more expensive than in Europe).– China will be the n°-1 market for cars in 2020 with 140 Million of vehicles circulating.

Introduction

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Some figures related to the automotive industry (cont’d)

More than 40 million cars are sold each year worldwide. Below the breakdown car new registrations for 2003.

Breakdown of the different type of cars

0,42 4,201,68

35,70

Luxury cars (1%)High-end cars (10%)Middle-end cars (85%)Low-end cars (4%)

Source OICA

Introduction

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Lighting

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Lighting Technologies

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Definition of nitride-based LED (white and blue)

Conventional nitride LED High Brightness LED Ultra-high brightness white LED

Specifications • 350x350 µm² die• 30 mA, 3.5 V supply• < 200 mW power• External QE about 20%• 20 lm/W• 1 to 3 lm generated• Typical epoxy housing

• Up to 2x2 mm² die• 350 mA, 3.5 V supply• Up to 1 W power• External QE > 30%• > 30 lm/W• 5 to 30 lm generated• Specific packaging

• Up to 5x5 mm² die• > 50 A/cm²• Up to 5 W power• External QE > 30%• > 50 lm/W• >1000 lm generated• CR of 85• Specific packaging

Markets • Mobile phone keypad lighting• Mobile phone backlighting• Signs

• Screens backlighting• Automotive dashboard backlighting• Automotive front headlamps• Large displays

• Illumination

ASP 0.1 $/part 1 to > 3 $/part Will be marketed from 2007 on

Lighting - Technologies

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Strengths of LEDs

• LEDs have large market opportunities everywhere in the automobile: they can be used both for internal and external lighting

• LEDs have:• a low consumption, • a small size and weight, • a short response time,

• LEDs are mercury free• Longer lifetime & larger reliability (reduced warranties, zero

maintenance for vehicle owner…): They have a lifetime much larger than what needed in the automobile: 10 000 h while 3 000 h is necessary for low beams for example

• Shock- and vibration resistance• For white color, the CRI (“Color Rendering Index”) of LED is close

to 100 (state of the art is 85)• LED based projectors are less bulky: they require less space than

HID (HIDs need thicker projectors)

Lighting - Technologies

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Number of lumens per type of light

In comparison, a HBLED is 30 lm while an UHBLED objective is > 1 000 lm

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Halogen H4 Halogen H7 Xenon

Num

ber o

f Lum

ens

(lm)

Lighting - Technologies

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Front Lighting

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LED front lighting system

Front lighting Source: Hella

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In development: Texas Instruments’DLP for AFS application

• AFS functions can be obtained by the use of micro-mirror technology. • Key aspects is the harsh environment at the assembly area.

– The temperature of the micro mirror device can be reached up to 150° C due to the under-the-hood environment.

• Therefore a cooling strategy for the mirror especially for the mirror control seams to be very important.

– Another requirement of the system is a good stability against the vibrations of the automobile.

• First tests at FhG IZM already showed that the DMD is very insensitive due to the compact design.

TI source

Front lighting

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Rear Lighting

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LEDs for rear combination lamps

• A rear combination lamp integrates the following functions: tail/stop/indicator/reverse light.

• History:– Alfa Romeo 166 (1999) Rear Turn – Cadillac DeVille (1999) Stop-Tail-Turn– Maserati 3200GT (1999) Stop-Tail-Turn– Mercedes S Class (1999) Stop

Rear lighting

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Future trends: simplify the system with less LEDs

• For some suppliers, the objective is to have one LED for the system

• Current development at Lumiled– Light of Luxeon side-emitting LED radiates axially– Light is injected into center of light guide and travels outwards via TIR

(total internal reflection) at top & bottom surfaces– Spreading pillow optic on top surface creates required radiation pattern

Rear lighting

115 mm diameter

13 mm depth

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Interior Lighting

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Applications for interior lightingInterior lighting is currently the biggest market for LEDs in terms of sales figure and number of potential applications of lighting, back lighting and illumination

Vanity light

Courtesy light Reading light Luggage compartment

light

Ambient light

Orientation light

(external)

Puddle light

Orientation light (internal)

Glove box light

Footwell light Door sill illumination

Map pocket light

Interior lighting Source Hella

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Specifications for functional interior lighting

• Homogeneous illumination• Sharp borders of illumination• Illumination

– Map light > 100 lux– Courtesy light > 20 lux– Vanity light > 20 lux– Puddle light 1 – 10 lux

• No visible shadow• Neutral light color• High color rendering• Full color spectrum• Absolutely non glaring

Interior light from a physiological point of view: relative spectral sensitivity of the human eye

Interior lighting

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Lighting - Market

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Lighting: LEDs market synthesis

HBLEDs for front light will gain increasing market share over “conventional” LEDs for the interior

2003 - 209 LEDs market for cars

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

$900

1 2

$mill

ions Total INTERNAL ligth car market

Total EXTERNAL ligth car market

2003 2009

CAGR 2003-2009 for internal LEDs: 5%

CAGR 2003-2009 for external red/amber LEDs: 21%

CAGR 2003-2009 for external white HBLEDs: 72%

Lighting - Market

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2003 photonics market in the automobile

Already a $4 billion market …

2003 Market for Photonics in the Automobile

4%9%

11%

27%

45%

2%2%0%

AFS LEDs for external lighting HUDs

Optical datacom LEDs for internal lighting Optical sensors

FPDs HID-based system

Source Yole

Introduction

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Main players in automotive lighting

• LED– Osram– Lumileds (Agilent/Philips joint venture)– Nichia– Cree– Toyoda Gosei– …

• Bulbs & HID– Philips– Osram– Toshiba– Nichia– …

Lighting - Market

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Displays

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Display - Technologies

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Desired FPD specifications for cars

• Operating temperature: -30°C to +85°C• Contrast > 20:1, readable in direct sunlight• Viewing angle 125° (65° for drivers)• Lifetime > 10,000 hours• Luminance 400 – 1,200 fL• Full color• Harsh environment• For modern versions:

– New shapes (round, polygon …)– Flexible– Novel format such as HUD– High-performance active matrix for entertainment, PC …– “Programmable” FPDs

Mercedes source

Displays - Technologies

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Example of market opportunity: Flat Panel Display for passengers’ entertainment

• New applications will drive the market for FPDs: passenger’s entertainment, GPS, multimedia, internet…

• Example of a back seat screen for rear passenger entertainment (DVD players, video games…)

Delphi source

Displays - Technologies

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Displays - Applications

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Displays for night vision

• Displays integrated and tested– Combiner Display:

• Pop up mirror in front of the driver (integrated into the dash board)

– Navigation Display :• In the center stack

(original position) (16/9 7” TFT display 480x234 pixels)

– Head Up Display (HUD) :• Reflection of a TFT

display on the windshield in front of the driver (16/9 7” TFT display 480x234 pixels)

Source DaimlerChrysler

Display – Applications

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Optical communication

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Car becomes an active node in the network

• Car has already in-built datacom network with current services (GPS, Security, Breaking system, Engine management, Mobile network...)

• Tomorrow, there will be car-based intranet with sensors and entertainment, also Internet Gateway via mobile devices and also possibly car-to-car IR communication.

Optical communication - Technologies

Satellite

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

GSM

GPRS

UMTS

DVB-T

GPS

Real time driving information(Weather, Accidents)

Safety, life style inform-ation, traffic, entertainment

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Evolution of the technologies

Mbps

400

100

10

1

0.1 CAN B, J1850, multimedia bus

CAN C, multimedia bus

D2B, multimedia audio

ByteFlight: Security

MOST: multimedia, audio, video

MOST2: multimedia, audio, video

IEEE 1394

1995 2000 2005 2007

Optical communication - Technologies

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Optical sensors

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Optical sensors – Technologies

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Opportunities for optical sensors in the automobile

• Optical sensors are contributing to safer cars and more comfort for the driver

• Future safety car applications will require optical sensors, these numerous function currently in development are:– Adaptive cruise control– Blind spot detection– Feed forward control in air conditioning– Black ice detection– Measurement of tires and brakes– Outside passenger protection– Driver drowsiness– Intelligent airbag deployment– Lane departure warning– Rear view– Driver replacement– …

Optical sensors - Technologies

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CMOS versus CCD for automotive applications

CMOS CCDAdvantages

Standard manufacturing process• Automotive qualified• Long term availability• Low costHigh speedFlexible readout and ROISystem-on-chip• Small camera size• Standard interfaces• Low system cost• Low system powerIntegrated pixel electronics• High dynamic range• In-pixel gain -> high sensitivity• Global shutter -> no motion blurLow readout noise

Optimized manufacturing process• Low dark current• Low dark offset• High sensitivityMinimal pixel electronics• Higher fill factor

DisadvantagesHigher offset Higher readout noise

Pixel to pixel offset (FPN) Complex and inflexible control

Source PhotonfocusOptical sensors - Technologies

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Optical sensors – Applications

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Drowsiness application

To prevent drowsiness, there are two main technologies:

– To detect unpredicted lane changes: LDWS (Lane Departure Warning Signal)

• Developments at PSA with Valeo, Siemens VDO, Honda

• IR sensors are used• Some LDWS systems are

already sold in Japan• Valeo system first to market

in Europe and US in 2004– To monitor drivers’ behavior:

blinking sensors in the interior (in development at Siemens VDO)

Source Valeo

Optical sensors - Applications

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Optical sensors for environment monitoring

• Blind spot vision – Cameras inside side mirrors for Schefenacker (Volvo

cars)– Radar technology at Valeo

• Rear vision– 2 types:

1.CMOS/CCD cameras (Toyota, Nissan, Lexus, Porsche Cayenne)

2.“Smart” camera with image distortion correction (Valeo)

• Side vision– Camera are already used in Japan (AISIN) for parking

assistance

Optical sensors - Applications

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Optical sensors – Applications : Night vision

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Classification of night vision systems

Night Vision Systems

Thermal 8-14 µm

Passive

(no illumination)

Incandescent

Continuous illumination

Image intensifier VIS/NIR

Pulsed illumination

Discharge

Laser IRED

Active

(IR illumination)

Laser IRED

Source DaimlerChrysler

Optical sensors – Applications: NV

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Camera project: Icar

• “Icar” project – Infrared camera for CAR– European project: Cedip, Umicore, Zeiss Optronik,

Valeo, CRF, CEA Leti and Ulis– 5.7 million Euros budget over 3 years– Objective is to produce low-cost

IR cameras for 400 m range• Microbolometer technology (Ulis)• Optics is IR transparent glass made

by Umicore: “Gasir”– Testing in 2004 on Fiat’s Multipla

at CRF in Torino

Optical sensors – Applications: NV

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Optical sensors – Market

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Market forecasts 2003 – 2009 for optical sensors in cars

0

5

10

15

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25

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Num

ber o

f uni

ts (i

n m

illio

n)

Anti-colliding/distance warning(Alasca …)White line detection (LDWS)

Nigth vision (IR camera)

Rain/Light, Rain/Light/Tunnelsensors

Optical sensors - Market