Operators Manual

INDIABOILER DOT COM TUTORIAL FOR BOILER OPERATORS COMPETENCY EXAMINATION

DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

p*v<B*(mki. (Pre – Requisite)

p|Ativni (Preamble) pivr jnr[Sn t[mj p\i\[s[s)>g kiy< miT[ vriL bi[ylrni[ upyi[g bhi[Li p\miNmi> k[ ÄyipkpN[

Yti[ Ô[vi mL[ C[. (vXinni (vkisn) siY[ siY[ bi[ylrn) rcni t[mj kiy< krvin) pÛ(tmi> pN an[k s&Firi-vFiriai[ Ô[vi mL[ C[. pivr jnr[Sn miT[ upyi[gmi> l[viti bi[ylri[ mi[Ti Big[ hiE-p\[sr p\kirni> bi[ylri[ hi[y C[, ¶yir[ p\i[s\[s kiy< miT[ li[-p\[sr bi[ylri[ni[ upyi[g Yti[ hi[y C[. bi[ylri[ an[k p\kirni hi[y C[ a[Tl[ t[mn[ fiyr krvin) r)ti[ pN alg alg hi[y C[. bi[ylri[mi> mi[Ti Big[ f)D-vi[Trni l)F[ mi[Ti Bign) upi(Fai[ Yt) hi[y C[. td&pri>t uwi[gi[mi> upyi[gmi> l[viti> bi[ylri[ p\[sr v[sÃsn) p(rBiPimi> aivti> hi[viY) t[mn[ srkir oiri GD[l (nymi[ (I.B.R. 1991) n) kiydik)y Ô[gvie p\miN[ clivvini> hi[y C[. ai miT[ bi[ylri[n&> ri¶y-srkirmi> r(jAT^[Snn[ tij&> kriv)n[ t[ a>g[n&> s(T<(fk[T m[Lvv&> pD[ C[.

upr m&jbn) j$(ryiti[n[ lxmi> riK)n[ bi[ylrn[ clivvi miT[ ri¶y srkiri[a[ bi[ylr a[T[ºDºT tr)k[ni> Fi[rNi[ n±±) kyi< C[. bi[ylr a[T[ºD[ºT tr)k[n) liykit m[Lvvi miT[ t[ miNs[ s[kºD ±lis t[mj fAT< ±lis bi[ylr a[T[ºD[ºT ki[Àp)Tºs) pr)xi pis kr[[l) hi[v) Ô[ea[.

1. pr)xi aipvi miT[ Ô[et&> j$r) Xin: 1.1 s[kºD ±lis bi[ylr a[T[ºD[ºTn) pr)xi aipvi miT[ Ô[et& j$r) Xin: {1} j&di j&di p\kirn) vriL bi[ylri[n) rcni s>b>F) ÔNkir) t[mj v(k<>gn) ÔNkir) hi[v)

Ô[ea[. td&pri>t t[n) sirs>BiL k[v) r)t[ krvimi> aivS[ t[n) pN ÔNkir) hi[v) Ô[ea[. {2} bi[ylrmi> xiri[ jmi Yy[l hi[y ti[ t[mn[ sif krvi miT[n&> t[mj d*r krvi miT[n&> Xin hi[v&>

Ô[ea[. {3} bi[ylrmi> k[v) r)t[ diKl Yv&> Ô[ea[ aYvi ti[ si[e b)Ô miNsn[ diKl krvmi> aiv[ ti[ t[ k[v) r)t[ diKl Yiy t[ miT[n&> p*rt&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[. {4} bi[ylrn[ (nr)xN miT[ k[v) r)t[ t]yir krv&> Ô[ea[ t[mj t[ s>b>F) l[v) Ô[et) kiLJai[ vg[r[n&> p*rt&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[. {5} bi[ylrn) (cmn)ai[mi>Y) kiLi[ F&miDi[ n (nkL[ ti[ t[n[ (nvirvi miT[ k[vi pgli> Brvi Ô[ea[ t[ miT[n&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[. {6} bi[ylr upr miuºT krvimi> aivti> j&di j&di miu(ºT>³s (vP[n&> Xig hi[v&> Ô[ea[ an[ Kis kr)n[ n)c[ m&jbn) bibti[ p\Ry[ p*rt&> ¹yin aipv&> Ô[ea[.

(i) vi[Trg[jn) ckisN) k[v) r)t[ krv) Ô[ea[. (ii) vi[Trg[jn) ³lis TÂ&b t*T) Ôy Ryir[ l[v) Ô[et) sivc[t) t[mj t[n[ k[v) r)t[ bdlv) Ô[ea[ t[n&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[. (iii) p\[sr g[jn&> vi>cn k[v) r)t[ krv&> Ô[ea[ t[n&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[. (iv) slimt) viÃvn[ ckisvin&> t[mj t[mn[ s[T krvin&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[.

{7} s&prh)Tr t[mj eki[ni[miezrn) ÔLvN) k[v) r)t[ krv) Ô[ea[ t[n&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

{8} bi[ylr cil&hi[y Ryir[ eki[ni[miezr k[v) r)t[ ai[pr[Snmi> m&kv&> Ô[ea[ t[mj t[n[ ai[pr[Sn mi>Y) k[v) r)t[ alg krv&> Ô[ea[ t[ s>b>Fn&> Xig hi[v&> Ô[ea[. {9} eºj[±`Tr t[mj f)D pÀp ¶yir[ m&Æk[l) UBi krti> hi[y Ryir[ k[v) r)t[ t[mn[ Ki[l)n[ m&Æk[l) d*r krv) Ô[ea[ t[ miT[n&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[. {10} bi[ylrmi> bLtN k[v) r)t[ diKl krv&> t[ s>b>F) Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[. td&pri>t bi[ylrn[ fiyr)>g krvi drÀyin l[v) Ô[et) tk[dir)ai[ t[mj vriLn&> uRpidn krt) v[Li l[v) Ô[et) tk[dir)ai[ni[ ²yil hi[vi[ Ô[ea[. {11} bi[ylri[n[ b[Tr)mi> k[v) r)t[ Ô[Dvi t[mj j[ t[ bi[ylrn[ b[Tr)Y) k[v) r)t[ C*T&> piDv&> t[ m&jbn&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[.

1.2 fAT< ±lis bi[ylr a[T[ºD[ºTn) pr)xi aipvi miT[ Ô[et&> j$r) Xin: fAT< ±lisn) pr)xi aipvi \miT[ Ô[eti j$r) Xin upri>t n)c[ m&jbn) bibti[n&> vFirin&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[: {1} eºj[±`Tr t[mj f)D pÀpn) rcni s>b>F) Xin hi[v&> Ô[es[. {2} (cmn)mi>Y) n)kLti kiLi F&miDin[ aTkivvi miT[ upyi[gmi l[viti siFni[n&> Xin t[mj t[mni

s>b>F) mih)t) hi[v) Ô[ea[. {3} f)D vi[Tr T^)Tm[ºT s>b>F) Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[. {4} s&prh)Tr t[mj eki[ni[miezrn) rcnin&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[. {5} f)T vi[Tr h)Ts<, f)D-viT r[³y&l[Ts< vg[r[n) rcni t[mj t[mni upyi[g sb>F) Xin hi[v&>

Ô[ea[. {6} bi[ylr DîfT a>g[n&> Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[ t[mj eºDy&AT DîfT an[ fi[AD< DîfT miT[ upyi[gmi>

l[viti p>Kiai[n) rcni t[mj t[mni upyi[g s>b>F) Xin hi[v&> Ô[ea[. 2. pr)xi aipvi miT[ um[dvirn) liykiti[ 2.1 s[kºD ±lis bi[ylr a[T[ºDºTn) pr)xi aipvi miT[ um[dvirmi> Ô[et) j$r) liykiti[:

{1} um[dvirn) u>mr 20 vP<Y) ai[C) n hi[v) Ô[ea[. {2} um[dvir[ vriL bi[ylr upr aYvi vriL a[(ºjn miT[ni> vriL bi[ylr upr ai[Cimi> ai[Ci #iN vP< s&F) fiyrm[n aYvi ai(sATºT fiyrm[n tr)k[ kim kr[l&> hi[v&> Ô[ea[. aYvi {2} um[dvir[ vriL bi[ylr aYvi vriL a[(ºjn ¶yi> t[ a>g[n&> (rp[r)>g kiy< Yt&> Ryi> ai[Cimi> ai[Ci #iN vP< miT[ bi[ylr f)Tr k[ a[(ºjn f)Tr tr)k[ kim kr[l&> hi[v&> Ô[ea[. AYvi {2} srkir[ miºy kr[l eºDAT^)yl aYvi T[±`(nkl EºAT)TÂ&Tmi> #iN vP<ni[ a[p\[ºT)s ki[P< kr[li[ hi[vi[ Ô[ea[ an[ t[ miT[n&> aYvi T[±n)kl EºAT)TÂ&Tni vDin) sh) siY[n&> s(T<f)k[T hi[v&> Ô[ea[. #iN vP<ni a[p\[ºT)s ki[P<mi> ai[Cimi> ai[Ci a[k vP< miT[ f[±Tr) aYvi (mlni AT)m pivr ¼liºTmi> aYvi bi[ylr bnivt) a[(ºj(nyr)>g vk<Si[pmi> aYvi bi[ylr m[EºT[ºs miT[n) a[(ºj(nyr)>>g vk<\Si[pmi> kim kr[l&> hi[v&> Ô[ea[.

2.2 fAT< ±lis bi[ylr a[T[ºDºTn) pr)xi aipvi miT[ um[dvirmi> hi[v) Ô[et) j$r) liykiti[: {1} um[dvirn) u>mr 21 vP<Y) ai[C) n hi[v) Ô[ea[.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

{2} s[kºD ±lis bi[ylr a[T[ºD[ºTn) pr)xi pis kr[l) hi[v) Ô[ea[. {3} s[kºD ±lis a[T[ºDºTn) aYvi t[n) smkx pr)xi pis kr) l)Fi pC) a[Tl[ k[ t[n[ ligt&> sT)<f)k[T m[Lv) l)Fi pC) bi[ylrni[ upyi[g krt) m)l aYvi f[±Tr)mi> Avt>#\i r)t[ bi[ylr a[T[ºDºT tr)k[ ai[Cimi> ai[Ci b[ vP< miT[ kim kr[l&> hi[v&> Ô[ea[.bi[ulrn) h)T)>g spiT) 140 ci[rs m)TrY) ai[C) hi[v) Ô[ea[ nh)> t[mj kim kyi< p\miN tr)k[ f[±Tr)ni c)f a[(ºj(nyr aYvi m[n[jrn&> sh)> viL&> s(T<(fk[T hi[v&> Ô[ea[. aYvi {3} srkir[ miºy kr[l EºDAT^)yl aYvi T[k`(nkl EºAT)TÂ&Tmi> #iN vP<ni[ a[p\[ºT)s ki[P< kr[li[ hi[vi[ Ô[ea[ an[ t[ miT[n&> EºDAT^)yl aYvi T[k`(nkl EºAT)TÂ&Tni vDin) sh)> siY[n&> s(T<(fk[T hi[v&> Ô[ea[. #iN vP<ni a[p\[ºT)s ki[P<mi> ai[Cimi> ai[Ci a[k vP< miT[ f[±Tr) aYvi (mlni AT)m pivr ¼liºTmi> aYvi ti[ bi[ylr m[EºT[ºs an[ (rp[r krt) aYvi ti[ bi[elr bnivt) a[(ºj(nyr)>g vk<Si[pmi> a[p\[ºT)s tr)k[ kim kr[l&> hi[v&> Ô[ea[. td&pri>t ai[Cimi> ai[Ci a[k vP< miT[ bi[ylr a[T[ºD[ºT aYvi ti[ t[n) pr)xi pis kr) l)Fi pC) Avt>#i r)t[ 140 ci[rs m)TrY) ai[C) h)T)>g spiT) n hi[y t[vi bi[ylr upr bi[ylr a[T[ºD[ºT tr)k[ kim kr[l&> hi[v&> Ô[ea[. ni[>F: ki[epN Äy(±ta[ d[Sni ki[epN ri¶yn) bi[ylr a[T[ºD[ºTn) pr)xi aYvi ti[ t[n) smkx pr)xi pis kr[l) hi[y ti[ t[ s(T<(fk[Tn[ g&jrit srkir oiri miºy krvi miT[n) arJ kr) Sk[ C[. g&jrit srkirn&> ligt&> vLgt&> Kit&> s(T<(fl[T upr t[ a>g[ni[ pi[tini[ S[ri[ kr) aip[ C[.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

vriLni> g&NFmi[< (Properties of Steam)

p|Ativni vriL a[ vriL a[(ºjn (Steam Engine) an[ vriL Tbi<enmi> (Steam Turbine) mi> mi[Ti piy[ Upyi[gmi> l[viy C[. t[ upri>t j&d) j&d) k[m)kl p\(k|yiai[mi> t[mj fT)<liezs< uwi[gi[mi> vriLni[ upyi[g Yiy C[. vriL an[ t[ni> g&NFmi[< (vS[ (vgtvir smjti ph[li aipN[ Yi[D)k p\iY(mk ÔNkir) m[Lv) lea[. 1.0 pdiY< an[ t[ni> Av$pi[ pdiY<ni> m&²yRv[ #iN Av$pi[ C[. {1} Gn Av$p {2} p\vih) Av$p {3} viy& Av$p 1.1 pdiYi[< dbiN t[mj tipminn) (AY(t p\miN[ Gn, p\vih) k[ viy& Av$pmi> s>Bv) Sk[ C[ j[mk[ brf a[ Gn Av$p, piN) a[ p\vih) Av$p an[ vriL {biOp} a[ viy& Av$p C[. 1.2 ¶yi2[ pdiY<n&> tipmin aYvi t[ni> prn&> dbiN aYvi b>n[ bdlvimi> aiv[ Ryir[ am&k ci[±ks dbiN[ an[ tipmin[ pdiY<n&> a[k Av$pmi>Y) b)Ô Av$pmi> $pi>tr Yiy C[. j[m k[, piN) n[ grm krti am&k ci[±ks dbiN[ an[ tipmin[ t[n&> $pi>tr vriL k[ viy&mi> Yiy C[. n)c[ dSi<v[l aikZ(t n> -1 mi> pdiY<ni j&di j&di Av$p smÔvvimi> aiv[l C[. aigL dSi<v[l aikZ(t n> -1 mi> AB j[Tl) grm) aipviY) Gn pdiY< (a) ni tipminmi> vFiri[ Yiy C[ an[ t[n&> Av$p a mi>Y) b Yiy C[. hv[ b Av$p[Y) vGir[ grm) aipviY) t[n&> GnAv$pmi>Y) F)m[ F)m[ p\vih) Av$pmi> $pi>tr Yvi mi>D[ C[ an[ (b>d& c a[ t[ s>p&N< p\vih) bn) Ôy C[. Av$p b Y) Av$p c s&F) aipv) pDt) grm) BC vD[ dSi<v[l C[ j[n[ glng&¼t grm) kh[ C[. ah) b Y) c s&F) aipv) pDt) grm)Y) t[ni tipminmi> vFiri[ Yti[ nY) pr>t& pdiY<n&> acL tipmin[ Av$p bdlie Ôy C[. hv[,

Tsup

T

A B EC D F

Tem

pera

ture

e d ts

b c 00 c

f

H


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

acL dbiN[ grm) aipviY) pdiY<n&> Av$p f[rfir pim)n[ (b>d& d s&F) phi[c[ C[ ¶yi t[n&> tipmin Dd Yiy C[ an[ t[ miT[ t[n[ aip[l vFirin) grm) CD vD[ dSi<v[l C[. ai tipmin[ p\vih) ukLvi mi>D[ C[ an[ t[n& p\vih)mi>Y) biOpmi> $pi>tr Yiy C[. a[k (kli[g\im p\vih)n&. biOpmi> s>p*N< $pi>tr krvi miT[ aipv) pDt) grm) De vD[ dSi<v[l C[ai $pi>tr acL tipmin[ Yiy C[ an[ t[ drÀyin grm) aipvi Cti p\vih)ni tipminmi> f[rfir n Yti[ hi[viY) aip[l) uOmin[ (DEn[) biOp)krNn) g&¼t grm) kh[ C[. (Latent Heat of Evaporation) ai biOpn[ hj& vF& grm) aipviY) t[n&> tipmin vF[ C[ j[ aikZ(tmi> ef r[Ki vD[ dSi<v[l C[ an[ ai tipmin[ (Ff) pdiY< t[ni> a(tt¼t Av$p[ (Superheated Stage) phi[>c[ C[ an[ t[ miT[ aipv) pDt) grm) EF vD[ dSi<v[l C[ j[n[ a(ttip (Uperheat) kh[ C[. n)c[n) aikZ(t n> - 2 mi> piN)/vriLni> (v(vF Av$pi[ an[ t[ni g&NFmi[< dSi<v[l C[.

2.0 vriLni> (v(vF g&NFmi[< (vS[ smjti ph[li> vriLn) j&d) j&d) (AY(tai[ (vS[ ÔNv&> K*b j j$r) C[. vriLn) (Steam) n) k&l cir (AY(tai[ vN<v) Skiy.

{1} B)n) vriL (Wet Steam) {2} s*k) s>tZ¼t vriL (Dry Saturated Steam) {3} a(ttZ¼t vriL (Superheated Steam)

{1} B)n) vriL (Wet Steam) : j[ vriLmi> piN)ni> (b>d&ai[n&> a(At_v rh[l&> hi[y C[ t[n[ B)n) vriL kh[ C[. B)n) vriL m&²yRv[ j&d) j&d) p\(k|yiai[mi> a[k GTk tr)k[ vpriy C[. {2} s*k) s>tZ¼t vriL (Dry Saturated Steam) : j[ vriLmi> piN)n&> a[k pN (b>d& a(At_v n Frivt&> hi[y t[n[ s*k) s>tZ¼t vriLni[ Big Ws (k.g\i. an[ piN)ni[ Big Ww (k.g|i hi[y ti[, B)n) vriLni[ S&Oki>k = s*k) s>tZ¼t vriLn&> vjn B)n) vriLn&> k&l vjn

Tsup

Liquid Vapour Gas

Evaporation

Sensible Heat

Latent Heat Super Heat

Ts B C

D

a b c αHeat Added

Tem

pera

ture


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

j[n[ x vD[ dSi<vvimi> aiv[ C[.

∴ x = Ws / Ws +Ww {3} a(ttZ¼t vriL (Superheated Steam) : s*k) s>tZ¼t vriLn[ grm) aipvimi> aiv[ ti[ t[n&> tipmin t[ni> uRkln(b>d& krti> vFir[ hi[y t[n[ a(ttZ¼t vriL kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. a(ttZ¼t vriLn&> tipmin t[n[ aipvimi> aiv[l a(ttipn a>S (Degree of Superheat) pr aiFir riK[ C[. j[n) Äyi²yi ai m&jb C[. a(ttZ¼t vriLni> tipmin an[ uRkln (b>d& vµc[ni> tfivtn[ a(ttipn a>S kh[ C[ an[ t[n[ miT[ aip[l grm)n[ a(ttip kh[viy C[. 3.0 vriLni g&NFmi[< (Properties of Steam): vriLni (v(vF g&NFmi[< n)c[ p\miN[ C[. {1} vriLn&> dbiN (Steam Pressure) {2} vriLn&> tipmin (Steam temperature) {3} uRkln (b>d& (Boiling Point) {4} qirN(b>d& (Saturation Point) {5} (v(SÖ kd (Specific Volume) {6} s>v[w uOmi (Sensible Heat) {7} biOp)Bvnn) g&¼tgrm) (Latent Heat of Evaporation) {8} k&l uOmi (Enthalpy) {9} a[ºTî[p) (Entropy) {1} vriLn&> dbiN (Steam Pressure) : vriLni ki[epN Av$p[ a[km x[#ifL ligti bLn[ dbiN kh[ C[. j[ni[ a[km (k.g\i/s[m)2 (kg/cm2) aYvi (bar) {2} vriLn&> tipmin (Steam temperature) : vriLni ki[epN Av$p[ t[mi> rh[l grm) aYvi q>D)n) t)v\ti aYvi mipn[ vriLn&> tipmin kh[ C[ j[n[ a>S s[(ÃSyS (0C) mi> mipvimi aiv[ C[. {3} uRkln (b>d& (Boiling Point) : j[ tipmin[ p\vih)n&> {piN)n&>} biOpmi> $pi>tr Yiy C[ t[n[ piN)n&> uRkln (b>d& kh[ C[. {4} qirN(b>d& (Saturation Point) : j[ tipmin[ biOpn&. p\vih)mi> $pi>tr Yiy C[ t[n[ qirN(b>d& kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. ai b>n[ tipmin a[k j hi[y C[ miT[ t[n[ s>tZ¼t tipmin (Saturated Temperature) kh[ C[. a[Tl[, piN)n[ ¶yir[ 00s[ Y) grm) aipvimi> miv[ C[ Ryir[ ¶yi s&F) piN) ukLvi n lig[ Ryi s&F) piN)ni tipminmi> vFiri[ Yiy C[. j[ tipmin[ piN) ukLvi lig[ C[ t[ tipminn[ piN)n&> uRkln (b>d& aYvi s>tZ¼t tipmin (Saturation Temperature) kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. ai tipmin dbiN pr aiFir)t C[ j[m dbiN vF[ C[ t[m s>tZ¼t tipmin vF[ C[. piN)n&> s>tZ¼t tipmin d(ryin) spiT)a[ an[ vitivrNni dbiN[ (1.0332 kg/cm2) 1000C hi[y C[. aim, uprn) smj*t) prY) tirv) Skiy k[,


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

piN) aYvi p\vih) t[ni uRkln (b>d&a[ viy&mi> $pi>tr Yiy an[ t[mi> Ô[ p\vih) aN&ai[ rh[li hi[y ti[ t[n[ p\vih)n) biOp kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. an[,

piN) aYvi p\vih)ni t[ni uRkln(b>d&Y) GNi j U>ci tipminn) (AY(tn[ viy& Av$p kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. viy& Av$pmi> p\vih)ni aN&ai[ (blk&l hi[ti nY) an[ a[Tl[ t[ viy&ni> (v(vF (nymi[n[ an&sr[ C[. {5} vriLn&> (v(SÖ kd (Specific Volume of Steam) : aip[l vriLni a[km vjnni> kdn[ t[n&> (v(SÖ kd kh[ C[. s*k) s>tZ¼t vriLn&> (v(SÖ kd vriLni> ki[qi (Steam Tables) mi>Y) mL[ C[ j[n[ Vs m)Tr3/(k.g\i vD[ C[. ¶yir[ B)n) vriL (Wet Steam)n&> (v(SÖ kd n)c[ p\miN[ Si[F) Skiy C[. B)n) vriLn&> (v(SÖ kd V = s*k) vriLn&> kd + piN)ni> (b>d&ai[n&> kd = xVs + (1-x) Vw m)3/(k.g\i. ah)> x = B)n) vriLni[ S&Oki>k Vw = aip[l dbiN[ piN)n& (v(SÖ kd {m)Tr3/(k.g\i} Vs = aip[l dbiN[ s*k) s>tZ¼t vriLn&> (v(SÖ kd {m)Tr3/(k.g\i} simiºy r)t[ piN)n&> (v(SÖ kd a[ s>tZ¼t vriLni (v(SÖ kd Vs ni p\miNmi nh)vt hi[y C[ miT[ t[n[ avgN) Skiy C[ a[Tl[ B)n) vriLn&> (v(SÖ kd V = X Vs m)Tr/ (k.g\i Yiy C[. a[ j p\miN[ a(tt¼t vriL (Superheated steam) n&> (v(SÖ kd n)c[ni sm)krNY) Si[F) Skiy C[.

Vsup = Vs x Tsup/Ts m)Tr3/ (k.g\i. j[mi>, Tsup = a(tt¼t vriLn&> tipmin (0K mi. – a>S k[9v)nmi>) Ts = s*k) an[ s>tZ¼t vriLn&> 0K mi> uRkln (b>d& Vsup = a(tt¼t vriLn&> (v(SÖ kd

Vs = s*k) s>tZ¼t vriLn&> (v(SÖ kd


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

AF[.,Z ( Boilers ) 5|:TFJGF o AM.,Z V[S NAF6 WZFJT]\ A\W J[;, (Pressure Vessel) K[ H[DF\ 5F6LDF\YL JZF/ pt5þF SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

3G4 5|JFCL S[ JFI]~5L A/T6 AF/JFYL VYJF SM. S[lDS, 5|lS|IFYL pt5þF YTF\ UZD JFI]VMGL VYJF lJW]TYL UZDL pt5þF SZLG[ VYJF TM gI]Sl,IZ XlSTGL DNNYLP 5F6LG[ UZD SZLG[ T[G]\ JZF/DF\ ~5F\TZ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF JZF/GM AM.,ZGL ACFZ SM. 56 HuIFV[ lJW]TXlST pt5þF SZJF DF8[4 lJlJW VF{WMlUS S[lDS[, 5|lS|IFVMDF\ VG[ SM.56 J:T]q5|JFCL G[ UZD SZJFDF\ p5IMU YFI K[P

JZF/ AM.,ZGM .lg0IG AM.,Z Z[uI],[XG (IBR) 5|DF6[4 AM.,Z V[8,[ ZZP*5 l,8;" s5F\R U[,Gf SZTF\ JWFZ[ 1FDTF WZFJT]\ A\W J[;, S[ H[GM p5IMU UZDL VF5LG[ 5F6LDF\YL4 NAF6GL 5lZl:YlTDF\4

JZF/ pt5þF SZJF DF8[ YFI K[P VG[ T[GL ;,FDlT DF8[ T[GF 5Z H~Z 5|DF6[ DFpg8L\u; (Mountings) VG[ V[;[;ZLh (Accessories) ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[, CMI K[P

H[ AM.,Z )! l,8ZYL JWFZ[ 1FDTFJF/F K[ T[DG[ .lg0IG AM.,Z (IBR) Z[uI],[XG V[S8 C[9/ VFJZL ,[[JFDF\ VFJ[, K[P

IBR : .lg0IG AM.,Z Z[uI],[XG V[ .lg0IFGM SM0 K[P VF Z[uI],[XG S[lgN=I AM.,Z AM0" wJFZF AGFJJFDF\ VFjIF K[P JZF/ AM.,Z4 ALÔ 5|[XZ J[;<;4 5F.5M VG[ 8I]AM AGFJJFGL U]6J¿F VG[ T[GF lGIDM4 T[G[ AGFJJF DF8[GL D\H}ZL AGFJGFZ jIlSTGL U]6J¿F4 J[<0ZGL U]6J¿F4 AM.,Z R,FJGFZ jIlST sVMf GL U]6J¿F lJU[Z[ lJX[GF SFINFVM VF AM0" wJFZF GSSL SZJFDF\ VFjIF K[ q VFJ[ K[P VD]S RMSS; ;DIDF\ V\TZ[ ;DFHDF\ J;TF ÒJM VG[ lD<STGL ;,FDTL DF8[ ;ZSFZ wJFZF

lGD6}\S YI[, AM.,Z .g:5[S8Z wJFZF T5F;6LqRSF;6L SZJFGL ;¿F IBR 5|DF6[ VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[ ;FDFGGL U]6J¿F4 AM.,ZGL ZRGF4 JZF/GL 5F.5M VG[ AM.,Z GF\ VgI EFUM AGFJJF DF8[GL IMuI 5wWlT4 T[GL SFI"N1FTF4 T[G]\ 8SF p56]\ VG] VF AW]\ H ;]Z1FF G[ wIFGDF\ ,.G[ AGFJ[ K[ S[ GCL\ T[G]\ wIFG ZFB[ K[4 VG[ T[ 5|DF6 GL GLlTlGIDM GSSL SZLG[ H~ZL DFU"NX"G 5]Z]\ 5F0[ K[P TN

p5ZF\T AM.,Z R,FJGFZ SFZLUZM (operators), .HG[ZM (Engineers) VG[ AM.,ZGF EFUMG]\ J[<0L\U SZGFZ J[<0ZM lJU[Z[GL 5ZL1FF ,. T[VM NZ[S 5MTFGF\ SFI"1F[+ DF8[GL U]6J¿F WZFJ[

K[ S[ GCL\4 T[ GSSL SZLG[ H~ZL D\H]ZL (Certificate) SF-L VF5[ K[P

AM.,ZG]\ SFI" o T[DF\ JF5ZJFDF\ VFJTF\ A/T6G]\ ;\5}6" NCG SZL T[DF\YL pt5þF YTL pQDF J0[ 5F6LG[ UZD SZLG[4 T[DF\YL H~ZL NAF6[ VG[ TF5DFG[4 5}ZTF 5|DF6DF\ H~ZL U]6J¿F JF/L JZF/ pt5þFP

!P_ AM,.ZGL 5lZEFQFF

H]NF H]NF 5|SFZGF\ AM.,ZDF\ ;DFgI ZLT[ GLR[ H6FJ[, 5lZEFQFFGM p5IMU YFI K[P

!P X[, (Shell) VG[ 0=D (Drum) o V[S VYJF TM V[SYL JWFZ[ :8L,GL %,[8MG[ G/FSFZ

(Cylindrical) :J~5[ JF/LG[ T[G[ ZLJ[8LUYL VYJF J[<0L\\UYL Ô[0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ T[GF K[0FVMG[


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

;5F84 AlCUM"/ VFSFZJF/F C[0 YL A\W SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P G/FSFZ[ JF/[,L %,[8MG[ X[, SC[ K[ HIFZ[ X[,G[ C[0 J0[ A\W SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ tIFZ[ T[G[ 0=D SC[JFI K[P

ZP ;[8L\U (Setting) o T[ NCGGF\ R[DAZGL NLJF,M AGFJ[ K[P T[ AM.,ZDF\ pt5þF YTL UZDLG[ ACFZ

HJF N[T]\ GYL VG[ NCGYL pt5þF YTF\ UZD JFI]GM (Hot Flue gases) DF8[GM Z:TM AGFJ[ K[P

VF Z:TFG[ Flues 56 SC[JFI K[P S[8,FS AM.,ZDF\ ;[8L\UA AM.,ZGF\ (Support) VFWFZ TZLS[ 56 SFD SZ[ K[P

#P U|[8 (Grate) o H[ AM.,ZMDF\ A/T6 TZLS[ SM,;M VYJF ,FS0F H[JF 3G A/T6MG[ JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[DF\ EõL sOZG[;f DF\ SF:8 VFIGGF\ ;l/IFVMDF\YL AGFJJFDF\ VFJ[, %,[8OMD" G[ U|[8 SC[ K[P SF:8 VFIG"GF ;l/IFVMG[ V[ ZLT[ ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ S[ H[Y SZLG[ A[ ;l/IFVM JrR[ YM0L HuIF

ZC[ H[DF\YL A/T6GF\ NCG DF8[ H~ZL CJF (Air) 5;FZ Y. XS[ K[P

$P EõL (Furnace) o S[8,F\S AM.,Z DF8[ T[G[ OFIZAMS; 56 SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P T[ U|[8 GL p5ZGL VG[ AM.,ZGF\ X[,GL GLR[GL HuIF K[ HIF\ A/T6 A/[ K[P

5P EõLG]\ SN (Furnace Volume) o AM.,ZGF S[ EFUDF\ 3G4 5|JFCL S[ JFI]~5 A/T6G]\ NCG YFI K[ T[ EFUG[ OZG[;G]\ SN SC[ K[P

&P pQDF ;5F8L (Heating Surface) o AM.,ZGL 8I]AM4 OFIZAMS; S[ OZG[;4 X[,4 8I]A %,[8M VG[ AM.,ZGF\ ALÔ EFUMGL ;5F8L S[ H[GL V[S AFH] VluG sOFIZf VYJF UZD JFI]VM 5;FZ YTF\ CMI VG[ ALH AFH] sV\NZGL AFH]f 5F6L S[ JZF/ 5;FZ YTF CMI T[ ;5F8LGF\ S], O/G[ AM.,ZGL pQDF ;5F8L SC[ K[P T[G[ AM.,Z Z[8L\U TZLS[ 56 VM/BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

*P 5F6L VG[ JZF/GL HuIF (Water space & steam space) o X[, S[ 0=DGF\ S[ EFUDF\ 5F6L

CMI K[P T[ EFUG[ water space SC[ K[P 5F6L VG[ 8I]AM l;JFIGL 0=DDF\ ZC[,L HuIFG[

Steam space SC[JFI K[P

(P 5F6LGL Gl/IM (Water walls) o OZG[;DF\ NCG R[dAZGL RFZ[ AFH] 8I]AMG[ AFH]AFH]DF\ pEL V[ ZLT[ OL8 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ H[YL SZLG[ T[ OZG[;DF\ NCG R[dAZGL NLJF,M ZR[4 H[G[ SC[JFI K[P

VF 8I]AMDF\ 5F6LGM 5|JFC GLR[GL p5Z TZO HTM CMI K[ VFYL T[G[ ZF.hZ 8I]AM Riser tubes 56 SC[ K[P OZG[;DF\ A/TF A/T/6DF\YL pt5þF YTL Z[l0Ig0 UZDL 56 VF 8I]AM U|C6 SZ[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

Ô[ JM8Z JM,GL ;5F8L AM.,ZGL S], pQDF ;5F8L (Heating Surface) 10%GF\ CMI TM NCGYL pt5þF YTL UZDL JM8ZJM, 8I]AMDF\ ZC[, 5F6L U|C6 SZ[ K[P VFYL H VF8I]AMDF\YL 5;FZ YTF\ OL8JM8ZGL U]6J¿F4 h05 VG[ HyYM 5}ZFTF\ 5|DF6DF\ CMJM Ô[.V[P

VFJL 8I]AMG[ ;LWL 0=D ;FY[ VYJF JM8ZC[0Z DFZOT[ Ô[0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF 8I]AM GL ACFZGL

AFH]V[4 VFS'lTDF\ NXF"jIF 5|DF6[4 pQDF VJZMWS J:T] (Insulation) ,UFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ H[YL UZDL JFTFJZ6DF\ HTL G ZC[P

VFD4 JM8ZJM,G]\ D]bI SFI" OZG[;DF\ NCGYL pt5þF YTL Z[l0Ig8 UZDL U|C6 YI[, UZDLG[

JFTFJZ6DF\ HTL V8SFJJL4 OZG[;G[ ,LS[H5|S (Air Tight) AGFJJL VG[ OZG[;GL lNJF,MG[ 9\0L ZFBL T[G[ G]S;FG G YJF N[JFG]\ K[P

JM8ZJM, C[0ZDF\ 0[=.G JF<J (Drain Valve) 56 VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P T[GM p5IMU DFT AM.,ZDF\ 5F6L EZJF DF8[ VG[ AM.,Z HIFZ[ A\W VG[ 90]\ CMI tIFZ[ AM.,ZDF\YL 5F6L SF-L GFBJF DF8[ YFI K[P RF,] AM.,ZDF\ VF 0=[.GJF<J SIFZ[S 56 BM,JM GCL\ VG[ AM.,Z RF,] SZTF\ 5C[,F4 VG[ 0=[.GJF<J A\W K[ S[ GlC4 T[GL RSF;6L VJxI SZL ,[JLP Ô[ RF,] AM.,ZDF\ VF JF<J BM,LV[ TM JM8ZJM,GL 8I]AMDF\ 5F6GM 5|JFC V8SL ÔI4 T[G]\ ;FDFgI JCGG ZC[ VFYL JM8ZJM,GL S],L\U V;Z 38L ÔI H[YL JM8ZJM,GL 8I]AM JWFZ[ 50TL UZD Y.G[ SF\ TM A[0M/ Y. ÔI4 O],F. ÔI S[ SIFZ[S OF8L 56 ÔI V G[ AM.,ZG[ DM8]\ G]S;FG YFIP

)P 5F6LGL 0=DDF\ ;5F8L (Water Level) o AM.,ZDF\ 0=DDF\ H[ ;5F8L (Level) ;]WL 5F6L ZC[ K[ S[

ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[ ;5F8LG[\ water level SC[ K[P T[GL p5Z ZC[,L AWL H HuIFG :8LD :5[;

(Steam Space) SC[ K[[P

!_P AO<; (Baffles) o DM8[ EFU[ JM8Z 8I]A AM.,ZMDF\ NCGGL AFH]DF\ ACFZ HTF\ UZD JFI]VMDF\YL

JWFZ[ UZDL D[/JJF DF8[4 T[G[ 8I]AMGL JrR[ JF/JF DF8[ Baffles GM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

!!P :8[ (Stays) o OFIZ8I]A AM.,ZGL ;5F8 ;5F8L H[JL S[ 8I]AXL84 X[,GF\ K[0F4 H[G[ UZDL VG[ NAF6 ,FUT]\ CMI T[ ACFZGL AFH]V[ J/L GF ÔI T[ DF8[ T[JL ;5F8 ;5F8LG[ DFZOT[ VFWFZ VF5L DHA]T SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

:8GF\ D]bI RFZ 5|SFZ K[P

!P Longitudinal Stays * A[ K[0FGL %,[8MG[ VFWFZ VF5JF DF8[

ZP Gusset of Diagonal Stays * AM.,Z X[, VG[ T[GF K[0FGL %,[8MG[ VFWFZ VF5JF DF8[P

#P Radial Stays

$P Short Staybars

!ZP AM.,ZGF\ DF pg8L\u; (Boiler Mountings) o AM.,ZGL ;]Z1FF4 VG[ JZF/ pt5þF SZJFGL

;\5}6" 5|lSIFG[ ;FZL ZLT[\ lGI\T SZJF DF8[ AM.,Z 5Z H[ lO8L\u; ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K T[G[ Boiler


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

mounting SC[ K[P AM.,Z VF AWF\ DFpg8L\u; JUZ ;]Z1FF ;FY[ SFI" SZL XST]\ GYLP AM.,ZGF\ DFpg8L\u;DF\ D]bItJ[4

s!f ;[O8L JF<J; sZf JM8Z ,[J, .g0LS[8Z VYJF U[H s#f CF. :8LD ,M JM8Z V[,FD; s$f OI]HA, %,A s5f JZF/GM 5|[XZ U[H s&f :8LD :8M5 JF<J s*f OL8 R[S JF<J s(f a,M VMO SMS VYJF JF<J lJU[Z[GL ;DFJ[X YFI K[P

!#P AM.,ZGL V[;[;ZLh ( Boiler Accessories ) o T[ AM.,ZGF\ V[JF ;FWGM K[ H[ AM.,ZGL SFI"N1FTF JWFZ[ K[ VG[ AM.,Z %,Fg8 SM. 56 D]xS[,L lJGF ;Z/ ZLT[ R,FJJFDF\ DNN SZ[ K[P VF EFUMG[ AM.,Z 5Z ;LWF OL8 SZJFDF\ VFJTF\ GYLP AM.,ZGL V[;[;ZLhDF\ D]bItJ[4

s!f ;]5ZCL8Z sZf .SMGMDF.hZ s#f V[Z 5|L CL8Z s$f OL8 JM8Z 5\5 VYJF .gH[S8Z GM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P s5f OL8 JM8Z CL8Z

ZP_ AM.,ZG]\ JUL"SZ6 ( Classification of Boilers ) ZP! AM.,ZG]\ JUL"SZ6 GLR[ D]HA SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

!P AM.,ZDF\ X[,GL WZL 5|DF6[ VF0]\ S[ pE]\ AM.,Z ( Horizontal or Vertical Boilers )

ZP 5F6L VG[ UZD JFI]VMGL ;F5[1F l:YlT 5|DF6[ ( Firetube or water tube Boiler )

#P OZG[;GL l:YlT 5|DF6[ ( Internally fired or Externally fired )

$P AM.,ZGM p5IMU SIF\ VG[ S[JL ZLT[ YFI K[ T[GF\ 5|DF6[ ( Stationary Boilers, Marine Boilers, Portable Boilers & Locomotive Boilers )

• Stationary Boilers : :8[XGZL AM.,ZG[ SFID DF8[ HDLG 5Z .g0=:8LhGF\ AM.,ZGF\ ~5DF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

• Marine Boilers : VF AM.,ZGM p5IMU 5[;[gHZ AM8 VG[ DM8L SFUM" :8LDZDF\ YFI K[P

• Portable Boilers : 8==[S8Z VG[ ZM0ZM,ZDF\ OL8 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

• Locomotive Boilers : Z[<J[GF\ :8LD V[lgHG R,FJJF DF8[ T[GL ;FY[ D}SJFDF\ VFJTF AM.,ZP

ZPZ CJ[ VF56[ H]NF\ H]NF\ 5|SFZGF\ AM.,ZM lJUT[ Ô[.X]\P

!P OFIZ 8I]A AM.,Z ( Firetube Boiler) o OFIZ 8I]A 5|SFZGF\ AM.,ZDF\ A/T6GF\ NCGYL

pt5þF YTF\ UZD JFI]VM ( Flue gases ) 8I]AMGL V\NZYL 5;FZ YFI K[ HIFZ[ VF 8I]AMGL ACFZ 5F6L CMI K[ H[G]\ JZF/DF\ ~5F\TZ YFI K[P OFIZ 8I]A AM.,Z HIF\ JZF/G]\ NAF6

10kg/cm2g YL JWFZ[ H~Z G CMI VG[ HIF\ VMKL S[ DwID 5|DF6DF\ JZF/GL H~Z CMI tIF\ p5IMUDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P OFIZ 8I]A AM.,ZM CJ[ H}GF\ 5|SFZGF\ AM.,ZM U6FI KTF\ 56 VFH[ T[GM p5IMU p5Z H6FJ[, l:YlT CMI TM SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[GF D]bI OFINFDF\ T[G[ R,FJJFGM BR"

VMKM VFJ[ K[ VG[ T[GL Compact Design G[ SFZ6[ T[ 36L VMKL HuIF ZMS[ K[P OFIZ 8I]A

AM.,ZMGL JZF/ pt5FNGGM NZ Z__ YL #___ lSPU|FP 5|lT S,FS (kg/hr) GM CMI K[P VG[ T[DGL


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

YD", VMlO;LIg;L (Thermal Efficiency ) 65% YL 68% sHIFZ[ T[ ;FDFgI l:YlTDF\ RF,T]\ CMIf CMI K[P

VFJF AM.,ZG]\ SN 5|DF6DF\ GFG]\ CMJFYL T[G[ ;C[,F.YL V[S HuIFV[ YL ALH HuIFV[ ,. H. XSFI K[P VFJF AM.,ZG[ VMKL HuIFGL H~Z 50 K[ VG[ T[DGL JZF/ pt5FNG 1FDTF 5|DF6DF\ 36L JWFZ[ K[ VG[ T[DF\ B}A H VMKF ;DIDF\ JZF/G]\ H~Z NAF6 D[/JL XSFI K[P OFIZ 8I]A AM.,ZMDF\ D]bItJ[4

(a) Simple Vertical Boiler

(b) Cochran Boiler

(c) Locomotive Boiler

(d) Cornish Boiler

(e) Lancashire Boiler

(f) Scotch Marine Boiler lJU[Z[GM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P

VF NZ[S AM.,Z lJX[ 56 VF56[ 8}\SF6DF\ D[/JLX]\P

(a) Simple Vertical Boiler : VF AM.,Z ;F.hDF\ B}A H GFG]\ VG[ T[GL ZRGF B}A H ;Z/ CMI K[P VF AM.,Z ;F.hDF\ B}A H GFG]\ VG[ T[GL ZRGF B}A H ;Z/ K[P VF AM.,Z HIF\ VMKL JZF/ VG[ XlSTGL H~Z 50TK CMI tIF\ VG[ HIF\ HuIF VMKL CMI tIF\ JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P T[G]\ DC¿D

NAF6 10kg/cm2g H[8,]\ H CMI K[P

(b) Cochran Boiler : V[ pEF V[S ZTF JW] OFIZ 8I]A WZFJTF\ AM.,ZMDF\ ;FZFDFG]\ V[S K[P T[

36L ZRGFVM VG[ ;F.hDF\ pt5,aW K[P T[GL JZF/ pt5FNG 1FDFTF 150 to 3000 kg/hr VG[

T[G]\ DC¿D NAF6 17.5kg/cm2g H[8,]\ K[P

VF AM.,ZGL YD", VMlO;LIg;L4 Ô[ SM,;M AF.JFDF\ VFJ[ TM 70% VG[ Ô[ VM.,

AF/JFDF\ VFJ[ TM 75% H[8,L CMI K[P

(c) Locomotive Boiler : ,MSM DMl8J AM.,Z V[ VF0]\ OFIZ 8I]A 5|SFZG]\ ( Horizontal fire-tube type ) AM.,Z K[ H[DF\ OFIZ AMS; V\NZ H CMI K[P T[GM ACM/M p5IMU Z[<J[ V[lgHGDF\ YFI K[P ,MSM DMl8J AM.,ZGF\ OFINFVMDF\4

s!f T[ SMd5[S8 K[ V[8,[ S[ 36L VMKL HuIF ZMS[ K[P

sZf T[GL JZF/ pt5þF SZJFGL 1FDTF JWFZ[ K[P

s#f T[ VMKL lS\DTDF\ T{IFZ YFI K[P

s$f T[G[ V[S HuIFV[YL ALH HuIFV[ ;C[,F.YL ,. H. XSFI K[P

,MSM DMl8J AM.,ZGF\ U[ZOFINFVMDF\4


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

s!f T[DF\ ;LWL ;5F8LVM ( Flat Surfaces ) JWFZ[ CMJFYL 5}ZTF\ 5|DF6DF\ VFWFZM ( Supports ) GL H~Z 50 K[P

sZf T[G[ V\NZ H.G[ ;OF. SZJFG]\ B}A D]xS[, K[P

(d) Cornish Boiler : V[S SMlG\; .HG[Z VFGL XMW SZ[, CMJFYL T[G]\ VF GFD 5F0JFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

T[ S,FSDF\ 2000kg H[8,L JZF/ ,UEU 11kg/cm2g GF\ NAF6YL pt5þF SZL XS[ K[P HIFZ[

:DMS 8I]AJF/F\ GJF ;]WFZ[,F SMlG"X AM.,ZM S,FS[ 3000kg H[8,L JZF/ ,UEU 14kg/cm2g GF\ NAF6YL pt5þF SZL XS[ K[P VFD4 SMlG"X AM.,Z V[ ;Z/ K[ VG[ ;FZL Ô/J6LYL T[ V;ZSFZ AM.,Z 5}ZJFZ YFI K[P

(e) Lancashire Boiler : VF :8[XGZL AM.,Z TZLS[ ;F{YL JW] J5ZFT]\ AM.,Z K[4 SFZ6 S[ T[GL JZF/ pt5þF SZJFGL 1FDTF B}A H U]6J¿F JF/L K[ VG[ T[DF\ GLRL ÔTGM SM,;M 56 ;C[,F.YL

AGL XS[ K[P VF AM.,Z V[ SMlG"X AM.,ZDF\ H~Z ;]WFZF JWFZF ( modification ) SZLG[ H AGFJJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P SMlG\; AM.,Z VG[ T[GL JrR[GM D]bI TOFJT V[ K[ S[ T[DF\ A[ OZG[; VYJF A[ O,]8I]a; K[P SMlG"X AM.,ZGL H[D VFDF\ 56 OZG[; 8I]AGL ,\AF. 38F0LG[ 36L AWL :DMS 8I]a;

ZFBL XSFI K[P VFD SZSFYL VF A\G[ AM.,ZMDF\ T[DGL S], pQDF ;5F8L ( Heating Surface ) DF\ 36M JWFZM YFI K[P

VF AM.,ZGM p5IMU D]bItJ[ JCF6DF\ YFI K[P BF; SZLG[ JCF6 JHGDF\ C,S]\ CMI VG[ T[DF\ JWFZ[vUlTGL H~Z CMI tIFZ[ VF AM.,Z J5ZFI K[P T[GF\ D]bI A[ 5|SFZ K[P

s!f Single Ended Scotch Marine Boiler

sZf Double Ended Scotch Marine Boiler

ALÔ\ 5|SFZDF\ T[GF AG[\ K[0[ V[S V[S OZG[; CMI K[P TN p5ZF\T T[ 5C[,F\ 5|SFZ SZTF\ JHGDF\ C,S]\4 ;:T] VG[ 5|DF6DF\ 36L VMKL HuIF ZMS[ K[P

V[S JFT BF; GMWL\ ,[Ô[ S[ JCF6DF\ OF8Z 8I]A T[DH JM8Z8I]A V[D A\G[ 5|SFZGF\ AM.,ZMGM p5IMU Y. XS[ K[P EFZ[ JHGNFZ JCF6MDF\ HIF\ AM.,ZG]\ C,SF56]\ VG[ JCF6GL JW] UlT H~ZL G CMI tIF\ OFIZ 8I]A 5|SFZGF\ AM.,Z J5ZFI K[P HIFZ[4 H[DF\ JZF/ pt5þF SZJFGL h05 JWFZ[ Ô[.TL CMI VG[ JZF/G]\ p\R]\ NAF6 Ô[.T]\CMI T[JF\ h05L 5[ZMgHZ JCF6MDF\ JM8Z8I]A 5|SFZGF\ AM.,Z J5ZFI K[P

ZP JM8Z 8I]A AM.,Z ( Water Tube Boiler ) JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZDF\ A/T6DF\ NCGYL pt5þF YTF\ JFI]VM sO,[U[;f 8I]AGL ACFZGL ;5F8L p5ZYL 5;FZ YFI K[ VG[ 5F6L 8I]AGL V\NZGL 5;FZ YFI K[P

JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZMG]\ JUL"SZ6 GLR[ 5|DF6[ SZL XSFI K[P

(a) T[GF\ p5IMU 5|DF6[ AM.,Z i.e. Stationary Marine

(b) T[GF\ 0=DGL l:YlT 5|DF6[ i.e. Vertical, Cross Longitudinal


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

(c) T[GL 8I]AMGF\ 5|SFZ 5|DF6[ i.e. Straight tube Bent tube

(d) T[DF\ 5F6LDF\ JCG 5|DF6[ i.e. Natural Circulation Forced Circulation

(e) T[GF\ NAF6 5|DF6[ i.e. Low Pressure, High Pressure Super Cirtical Pressure

JM8Z 8I]A AM.,ZGF\ OFINFVM

JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZGF\ OFINFVM GLR[ 5|DF6[ K[P

!P OFIZ 8I]A AM.,Z SZTF\ JM8Z8I]A AM.,Z JWFZ[ ;,FDT K[ SFZ6 S[ JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZDF\ HIF\ JWFZ[DF\ JWFZ[ UZDL CMI T[JF EFUDF\ 5F6LGL 8I]AM VFJ[, CMI K[ T[GL Ô 8I]A OF8[ S[ ,LS[H YFI

TM UZD 5F6LGF\ YM0F H HyYFDF\YL JZF/ O[\SFI K[ T[YL 30FSM ( Explosion ) YJFGM EI ZC[TM GYL VG[ AM.,ZG[ JWFZ[ 50T]\ G]S;FG YT]\ GYLP

ZP JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZDF\ ;OF.4 DZFDT lJU[Z OFIZ8I]A AM.,ZGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ ;C[,F.YL YFI K[P

#P JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZDF\ 5Mlh8LJ VG[ h05L JCG ( Circulation ) ,F\AF JFI]VMGM Z:TM VG[ JWFZ[

pQDF ;5F8LG[ SFZ6[ JWFZ[ 50TF YD", O[ZOFZM ( Thermal Stresses) pt5þF YIF JUZ h05L JZF/ pt5þF SZL XSFI K[4 VFD4 VF AM.,ZG]\ VFI]QI JWFZ[ CMI K[P

$P JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZDF\ JZF/GL DF\UDF\ Ô[ h05YL JW38 YTL CMI tIFZ[ NAFA6DF\ VMKFDF\ VMKL JW38YL JZF/ pt5þF SZJFGF\ NZG[ lGI\l+T SZL XSFI K[P

5P JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZDF\ Z[l0Ig8 hMGDF\ pQDF\ ;5F8L ( Heating Surface ) JWFZ[ CMJFYL SFI"N

SFDULZL ( Effective Operation ) VG[ ;J,TTF ( Flexibility ) JWFZ[ D/[ K[P

&P JM8Z8I]A AM.,Z H]NL H]NL DTFVMDF\ T[DH H]NF\ H]NF\ JZF/DF\ NAF6 VG[ TF5DFG DF8[ AGFJL XSFI K[ T[YL T[GM 5FJZ %,Fg8DF\ JWFZ[ 5|DF6DF\ p5IMU YFI K[P JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZDF\ SM.56 5|SFZG]\ A/T6 AF/L XSFI K[P

*P AM.,ZGF\ VR/ sTF5DFG[ NAF6[f 5F6LGL lNXF ;FZL ZLT[ VF5L XSFI K[P VG[ 5F6LG]\ JCG h05L

AGFJL XSFI K[ T[YL ( Heat Transfer Efficiency ) ;FZL D/[ K[P

(P VF 5|SFZGF\ AM.,ZGF\ EFU[ V,UZ V,U ZLT[ AGFJL XSFI K[ VG[ T[G[ V[SALÔ ;FY[ ;C[,F.YL J[<0LU 8FZF Ô[0L XSFI K[ T[YL T[G[ V[S :Y/[YL ALH[ :Y/[ 56 ,. H. XSFI K[P

JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZGF\ U[ZOFINF

JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZGF\ U[ZOFINF\ GLR[ 5|DF6[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

!P VFJF AM.,ZDF\ VX]wW S[ SRZFJF/F 5F6LGF p5IMU Y. XSTM GYLP Ô[ 5F6LDF\ ZS[, pt5þF SZ[

T[JL VX]lwWVM CMI TM YM0F 56 :S[, ÔD[ TM Heat Transfer 38L ÔI K[ VG[ SIFZ[S 8I]A JWFZ[ 50TL UZD Y.G[ A/L ÔI K[P

ZP VFJF AM.,ZG[ R,FJJF DF8[ B}A H ;FZL ZLT[ T{IFZ YI[,F VFJ0T 3ZFJTF ( Qualified ) DF6;MGL H~Z 50 K[ VG[ B}A H RMS;F.YL T[G]\ wIFG ZFBJ]\ 50 K[4 R,FJJDF\ ;FJR[TL ZFBJL 50[ K[P J/L4 VFJF AM.,Z R,FJJF BRF"/ K[P OFI8I]A AM.,Z VG[ JM8Z8I]A AM.,Z lJX[ Ô6IF

AFN VF56[ V[D SCL XSLV[ S[4 HIF\ JZF/G]\ NAF6 30 kg/cm²g ;]WLG]\ Ô[.T]\ CMI VG[ V[S S,FSDF\ #_ 8G YL VMKL JZF/GL H~Z CMI tIF\ JM8Z8I]A AM.,Z SZTF\ OFIZ8I]A AM.,Z JWFZ[ ;:TF 50[ K[P VF l,lD8GL p5ZGL DTF VG[ NAF6 DF8[ JM8Z8I]A 5|SFZGF\ AM.,Z JWFZ[ VG]S]/ 50[

K[P lJW]T p5FNG ( Power Generation ) DF8[ 5FJZ%,Fg8DF\ H[ VFW]lGS ( High Pressure Boiler ) GM p5IMU YFI K[ T[GL DFTF #_ YL &5_ Tonnes / hour sS,FS[ #_

YL &5_ 8Gf VG[ T[YL 56 JWFZ[4 NAF6 !&_ VG[ TF5DFG 540°C ;]WLGF\ CMI K[P

#P ;]5Z lSl8S, AM.,Z ( Supercritical Boiler ) o H[D H[D A/T6GL lS\DTDF\ JWFZM YFI K[ T[D T[D lJW]T .HGZM lJW]T pt5FNGGL 5wWlT JWFZ[ SZS;ZI]ST AG[ T[ DF8[ VMK]\ A/T6 J5ZFI

T[D lJRFZTF Y. UIF K[P CF,DF\ ;]5Z lSl8S, :8LD ;FIS, ( Supercritical Steam Cycle ) GF\ p5IMU DFZOTP SZS;Z JF/L lJW]T pt5FNGGL 5wWlTGM p5IMU Y. ZCIM K[P 125 atm AF6 510°C VG[ TF5DFG YL #__ NAF6 VG[ 600°C TF5DFGGL Working Range DF\

36F AWF\ AM.,ZGL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJL K[ H[G[ Sub Critical VG[ Super Critical AM.,Z

SC[ K[P ;FDFgI ZLT[ Sub Critical Boiler DF\ .SMGMDF.hZ4 .J[5MZ[8Z VG[ ;]5ZCL8Z CMI K[P HIFZ[ lS8LS, AM.,ZDF\ DF 5|LCLS, VG[ ;]5ZCL8Z H CMI K[P

;]5Z lSl8S, AM.,ZDF\ OFINF o

!P Sub Critical AM.,ZGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ Heat Transfer Rate B}A H JWFZ[ CMI K[P

;AlSl8S, AM.,ZDF\ Heat Transfer Co-efficient 4000 kcal/m²-hr-°C CMI K[P

sHIFZ[ JZF/G]\ NAF6 VG[ TF5DFG 183 atm VG[ 538°C CMI K[ tIFZ[f Super Critical AM.,ZDF\ HIFZ[ JZF/ 240°C GL pt5þF YTL CMI tIFZ[ JZF/ AFH]GM Heat Transfer Co-efficient 50000 kcal/m²-hr-°C CMI K[P

ZP ;]5Z lSl8S, JZF/GM p5IMU SZJFYL 5FJZ %,Fg8GL SFI"NTF 40 - 42% ;]WLGL p\RL CMI K[P

#P ;]5Z lSl8S, AM.,ZDF\ 5F6LqJZF/G]\ ;\lDz6 ( Two Phase Mixture ) G CMJFYL

Erosion VG[ GL Corrosion D]xS[,L VMKL Y. ÔI K[P

$P T[G]\ VM5Z[XG B}A H ;Z/ K[P

5P ;]Z5Z lSl8S, AM.,Z Ô[0[ Ô[0JFDF\ VFJ[, 8AM" HGZ[8Z 5LS,M0 pt5þF SZL XS[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

$P 5|[XZF.h0 O,]0F.hZ A[0 S\AXG AM.,Z ( PFBC Boiler ) o VF 5|SFZGF\ AM.,ZDF\4 HIF\

NCG YFI K[P T[ R[dAZGL V\NZ U|[8 p5Z Z[TL Sand VG[ Ash GF\ GFGF GFGF ZHS6M Particles CMI K[P VF ZGHS6MGL GLR[GF EFUDF\YL NCG DF8[GL CJF NFB, YFI K[P VG[ ZHS6MG[ p\RS[ K[

VG[ Aa,L\U A[0 ( Bubbling Bed ) G]\ :J~5 ZR[ K[4 T[ pS/TF 5|JFCLGL H[D JT[" K[P AG"Z VF

A[0G[ 800 YL 900°C TF5DFG ;]WL UZD SZ[ K[ 5KL T[DF\ H NCGXL, 5NFY" DMS,JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[ T]ZT H A/JF ,FU[ K[P

FBC AM.,ZDF\ AWF\ H 5|SFZGF\ pRL U]6JTF WZFJTF A/T6YL DF\0LG[ GLRFDF\ GLRF U|[0G]\ VG[

SF-L GFB[, ( Waste ) A/T6 56 ;C[,F.YL AF/L XSFI K[P A/T6 AF/JFYL H[ UZDL pt5þF YFI K[ T[ A[0 s5YFZLf G]\ TF5DFG Ô/JL XS[ K[ VG[ 8U]A,g8 A[0G]\ TF5DFG V[S ;ZB]\ ZFB[ K[P DM8F EFUGL pt5þF

YTL UZDL 5F6L VYJF TM JZF/DF\ U|C6 Y. ÔI K[ FBC AM.,ZDF\ NCGG]\ TF5DFG ALÔ AM.,ZMDF\

NCGGLP 5|lS|IFYL pt5þF YTF TF5DFG SZTF\ VMK]\ CMI K[ T[YL T[DF\ NOX VG[So2 G]\ pt5FNG 90% H[8,]\ VMK]\ YFI K[P

PFBC l;:8ZDF\ ,F.D:8MG SM,MDF.8 H[JF Sorbant GM p5IMU SM,;FGF NCGYL K]8F\ 50TF\ ;<OZG[ 5S0JF DF8[ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

PFBC l;:8D4 SM,;FYL RF,TF 5FJZ %,Fg8GL SFI"N1FTF JWFZ[ K[ VG[ NOX – SO2 H[JFG]\

Emission 56 38F0[ K[P

;F{ 5|YD JFZ AGFJJFDF\ VFJ[, PFBC AM.,ZGL SFI"N1FTF VFXZ[ 42% H[8,L U6JFDF\ VFJL CTLP

5P J[:8 CL8 AM.,Z o ( Waste Heat Boiler ) VFJF AM.,ZMDF\ A/T6G[ AF/JFDF\ VFJT]\ GYLP VFJF AM.,ZMDF\ pWMUMGL V\NZGF\

5|M;[; %,Fg8DF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF UZD JFI]VM ( Hot Gases ) GM A/T6 TZLS[ p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P UZD JFI]VMDF\YL UZDL 5F6LDF\ NFB, SZL JZF/ pt5þF SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ :8LDGL lD,M4 l;D[g8 %,Fg8GL OZG[;M4 l0h, V[lgHG TYF U[; 8AF".GGF\ V[ShM:8DF\YL TYF 5[5ZlD,MDF\ a,[S l,SZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF UZD JFI]VMGL UZLDLGM p5IMU J[:8 CL8 AM.,ZDF\ CMI K[P VFD 5|M;[;

%,Fg8DF\ 5|M;[;DF\YL pt5þF YTF UZD JFI]VMDF\GL UZDLGM p5IMU SZL JZF/G[ By product TZLS[ pt5þF SZL UZDLGM jII V8SFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

AM.,ZGF\ DFpg8L\\u; VG[ H~ZL V[;[;ZLh lJX[ lJUTJFZ Ô[TF\ 5C[,F\4 V[ Ô6L ,[J]\ H~ZL AG[ K[ S[4

#P! IBR v!)5_ 5|DF6[ JZF/ AM.,ZDF\ GLR[ H6FJ[, DFpg8L\u; VG[ ;[O8L GF\ ;FWGM T[DH V[;[;ZLhGL H~ZL AG[ K[ S[4

!P H[ AM.,ZDF\ ;]5ZCL8Z G CMI T[JF AM.,ZDF\ VMKFDF\ VMKF\ A[ ;[O8LJF<J CMJF Ô[.V[4

;[O8LJF<JGL ;L8 (Seat ) GM AMZ sJZF/G[ 5;FZ YJF DF8[GL HuIFf SM. 56 ;\Ô[UMDF\ 19 lDl,DL8ZYL VMKM G CMJM Ô[.V[P Ô[ AM.,ZDF\ ;]5ZCL8Z VF5[, CMI TM ;]5Z CL8Z VFp8,[8 5F.5 5Z V[S JWFZFGM ;[O8LJF<J ,UF0[, CMJM Ô[.V[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

ZP AM.,Z VG[ T[GF\ 0=DDF\ ZC[, 5F6LGL ;5F8L ( Water Level ) ATFJJF VMKFDF\ VMKF\ A[ ,[J, .g0LS[8Z CMJF Ô[.V[P

#P JZF/GF\ NAF6 DF8[GM 5|[XZU[H S[ H[GL Z[gH AM.,ZGF\ JlS\U 5|[XZ SZTF\ A[ 67L CMJL Ô[.V[P sÔ[

JlS"U 5|[XZ 37 kg/cm²g CMI TM T[GL Z[gH 0 YL 75kg/cm²g CMJL Ô[.V[f

$P AM.,ZGL ACFZ VFJTL D]bI JZF/ 5F.5GM JF<J ( Steam Stop Valve ) T[ H 5F.5 5Z OL8 SZ[,M CMJM Ô[.V[P :8M5 JF<JGL TC[,FYL SM.56 ALÒ 5F.5 :8LD 5F.5 Ô[0[ Ô[0[,L G CMJL Ô[.V[[P

HIFZ[ A[ AM.,ZMG[ V[S ;FDFgI D]bI JZF/ G/L ( Steam Common Header ) ;FY[ Ô[0JFGF\ CMI tIFZ[ NZ[S AM.,ZGL VFp8,[8 5F.5 5Z :8M5JF<J VG[ GMG lZ8"G JF<J NRV D}S[,F CMJF Ô[.V[P

5P Ô[ AM.,ZGL pQDF ;5F8L ( Heating Surface ) 18.58m² VG[ T[GFYL VMKL CMI TM V[S

OL8 JM8Z 5\5 VYJF .gH[S8Z U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5Z\T] Ô[ pQDF ;5F8L 18.58m² YL JWFZ[ CMI TM

A[ ;ZBL DTFJF/F OL8JM8Z 5\5 S[ H[GM lJW]T ;%,FI A[ H]NF\ H]NF\ ;M;" ( Source ) DF\YL CMI4 T[JL UM9J6 SZ[, CMJL Ô[.V[P NZ[S OL8JM8Z 5\5 GL 1FDTF AM.,ZG[ JWFZ[ DF\ JWFZ[ ;TT RF,]\ ZFBL XSLV[ T[ DTFYL VMKL G CMJL Ô[.V[P

&P VF\TlZS OZG[;JF/F AM.,ZDF\ OI]ÒA, %,U CMJM Ô[.V[P Ô[ ,L JM8Z ,[J, ( Low Water Level ) G]\ V[,FD" VF5JFDF\ VFjI]\ CMI TM OI]ÒA, %,U OL8 SZJFDF\ VFJTM GYLP

*P AM.,Z .g:5[S8ZGM 8[:8U[H H ,UF0JFGL ;UJ0TF VF5[,L CMJKL Ô[.V[P

(P AM.,ZGL ;OF. ( Cleaning ) ;FZL ZLT Y. XS[ T[ DF8[ IMuI DF5GM D[G CM, ( Man - hole ) 4D0 CF[, ( Mud – hole ) T[DH HF[JF DF8[ ;F.8 CF[, ( Sight – hole ) CMJM Ô[.V[P

CJ[ VF56[ AM.,ZGF\ DFpg8L\u; VG[ V[;[;ZLh lJX[ lJUT[ Ô[.X]\P

AM.,ZGF\ DFpg8L\u; ( Boiler Mountings )

;[O8LJF<J ( Safety Valve ) ;[O8LJF<J V[ AM.,ZG]\ B}A H VUtIG]= DFpg8L\U K[4 H[GF lJGF SM.56 AM.,Z SIFZ[I

56 RF,] SZL XSFI GlCP AM.,ZGF\ ;[O8LJF<JG]\ D]bI SFI" AM.,ZGF\ VUFpYL GSSL SZ[, NAF6 ( Pre determined Max Working Pressures ) SZTF\ JWFZ[ NAF6 G Y. ÔI T[D T[G[

V8SFJJFG]\ K[4 H[GF\ DF8[ ;[O8LJF<J T[ GSSL SZ[, NAF6 VF5 D[/[ ( Automatically ) B},L ÔI K[ VG[ JZF/GM ACFZ SF-L GFBLG[ OZLYL NAF6G[ ;FDFgI SZ[ K[P SM.57 ;[O8LJF<J sV[S S[ V[SYL JWFZ[f GL JZF/ ACFZ O[\SJFGL 1FDTF AM.,ZGL DCTD pt5FNG DTL H[8,L CMJL Ô[.V[4

GlC TM NAF6 JWTF ZC[JFGL XSITF JWL ÔI K[P Ô[ ;[O8LJF<J T[GF\ GSSL SZ[, NAF6[ ( at set pressure ) B},L G ÔI VG[ AM.,ZDFG]\ NAF6 T[GL l,lD8 SZTF\ JWL ÔI TM SIFZ[S AM.,Z


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

30FSF ;FY[ OF8L ÔI H[ lD<STG[ G]S;FG VG[ ÔGCFlG 56 SZ[P VFYL DF5GM ZMO8LJF<J ,UF0JM B}A H~ZL K[P

Ô[ ;[O8LJF<JG[ ;FZL l:YlTDF\ ZFBJM CMI TM VD]S ;DIGF\ V\TZ[ T[G[ RSF;JM Ô[.V[P Ô[ JF<JGL ;L8 VG[ JF<J 0L; p5Z ALÔ[ SRZM ÔDL ÔI VYJF TM T[DF\ BJF6 YFI TM ;[O8LJF<J IMuI ZLT[ SFI" SZL XS[ GlC4 VG[ AM.,Z EIHGS l:YlTDF\ VFJL ÔI4 ;[O8LJF<JG]\ lJ\U S,LIZg;

( Wing clearance ) RSF;J]\ Ô[.V[ VG[ Wing AMZ ( Bore) G[ V0SJ]\ Ô[.V[ GlC VG[ T[G]\ ;C[,F.YL C,GR,G YJ]\ Ô[.V[P Ô[ VFD GF CMI TM ;[O8LJF<J a,M YFI GCL\P

VFYL ;[O8LJF<JG[ VD]S ;DIGF\ V\TZ[ T[GF\ GSSL SZ[, ( set pressure ) ;]WL NFAF6 JWFZLG[ RSF;JM Ô[.V[ VYJF TM VF ;[8 5|[XZGF\ ,UEU H[8,]\ NAF6 AM.,ZDF\ VFJ[ tIFZ[ T[GF\

,LJZG[ WLDL UlTG[ p\RSLG[ a,M SZJM Ô[.V[P ( Manual Blowing ) p\RF NAF6 VG[ JWFZ[ 1FDTFJF/F AM.,ZGF\ ;[O8LJF<J DlCG[ S[ JZ;[ V[SJFZ ;[O8LJF<J AGFJGFZ SC[ T[ 5|DF6[ RSF;JM Ô[.V[P Ô[ ;[O8LJF<JDF\YL YM0L JZF/ ;/\U GLS/IF SZTL CMI s;[O8LJF<J 5F; YTM CMIf TM YM0F ;DI DF8[ T[G[ ,LJZ p\RSLG[ a,M SZJM Ô[.V[ H[YL SZLG[ T[DF\ Ô[ S\.S SRZM E[UM YIM CMI TM T[ N}Z Y. ÔIP

Ô[ ;[O8LJF<J a,M YIF 5KL A\W G YFI TM A/T6 VMK]\ SZLG[ ;[O8LJF<JGM l:5g8, ( Spindle ) p5Z C/J[SYL CYM0L DFZJL ( Hammering ) Ô[ VF ZLT[ 56 ;[O8LJF<J A\W G YFI TM AM.,ZGM TFtSFl,S A\W SZL N[JFG]\ VG[ tIFZAFN ;[O8LJF<J BM,LG[ T[G]\ H~ZL 5lZ1F6qDZFDT SZJLP

SM.56 ;DI[ HIFZ[ ;[O8LJF<JG[ ;[8 SZTF CM.V[ tIFZ[ T[GL l:5|\UGL SM., ( Coil ) V[SALÔG[ V0JL Ô[.V[ GlC4 T[GF\ JrR[ HuIF ( Gap) ZC[JL H Ô[.V[ GlCTZ JF<J SFI" GCL\

SZ[P HIFZ[ ;[O8LJF<JGP DZFDT ( repairing ) DF8[ ,LWM CMI tIFZ[ T[GL l0:S ( disc ) GL

Seat 5Z ,[5L\U SZJ]\ Ô[.V[ VG[ V[D SZLG[ JZF/G]\ 5F;L\U V8SFJJ]\ Ô[.V[ SFZ6 S[ JZF/ AGFJJFG]\ BRF"/ K[P J/L4 T[ JF<JGL G[ 56 G]S;FG 5CM\\\RF0[ K[P

;[O8LJF<JDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TL JZF/GL 5F.5G]\ DF5 IMuI CMJ]\ Ô[.V[P Ô[ T[ GFGF DF5GL CMI TM HIFZ[ ;[O8LJF<J a,M YFI tIFZ[ lJ~wW lNXFDF\ A/ pt5þF lNXFDF\ A/ pt5þF YFI K[ H[ O,[\H

Ô[.g8; G[ G]S;FG 5CM\RF0[ K[ VG[ G Ô[.T]\ B[\RF6 ( Strain ) JF<JGL AM0LDF\ pt5þF Ô[.g8;G[

G]S;FG 5CM\RF0[ K[ VG[ G Ô[.T]\ B[\RF6 ( Strain ) JF<JGL AM0LDF\ pt5þF YFI K[P

Ô[ ;[O8LJF<JDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF 5F.5G[ KTGL ACFZ ,. HJFDF\ VFJ[ TM T[DF\ V[S 0=[.G

( Drain) GL jIJ:YF SZJL Ô[.V[ H[YL SZLG[ ;[O8LJF<JGL V[ 5F.5DF\ E[U]\ YI[,]\ 5F6L SF-L XSFIP

;[O8L JF<JGF\ D]bI A[ 5|SFZ 5F0L XSFI K[P

(a) J[.8 ,M0[0 ;[O8LJF<J ( Weight Loaded Safety Valve )

(b) l:5|\U ,M0[0 ;[O8LJF<J ( Spring Loaded Safety Valve )


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

(a) Weight Loaded Safety Valve T[GF\ 56 A[ 5|SFZ 5F0L XSFI

!P 0[0 J[.0 ;[O8LJF<J ( Dead Weight Safety Valve )

ZP l,JZ V[g0 J[.0 ;[O8LJF<J ( Lever & Weight safety Valve )

(1) Dead & Weight Safety Valve : VF B}A H ;FNF 5|SFZGM ;[O8LJF<J K[P H[DF\ JF<JGL

p5Z ;LW[;LWF JHGM ( Weight ) D}SLG[ T[G[ ,M0[0 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P JF<J p5Z S[8,]\ :Y}/ JHG

( Dead Weight) D}SJ]\ T[GL U6TZL GLR[ 5|DF6[ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P Ô[ JF<JGM jIF; 8 ;[PDLPGM

CMI VG[ T[G[ 10 lSPU|Fq;[PDLPGF\ NAF6[ a,M SZJFGM CMI TM4

H~ZL 0[0 J[.8 JF<JG]\ O/ s;[DLf2 JZF/G]\ NZF6 slSPU|Fq;[PDLf

( Dead Weights = Area of valve in cm² x Pressure of steam in kg/cm2)

W = π/4 D² x p = π/4 x (8)² x 10

W = 502.4 kg VF8,]\ JHG D}SJ]\ Ô[.V[P

VF ;[O8LJF<J B}A H lJ`JF;5F+ ( Reliable ) K[ VG[ T[ T[GL SFDULZL ;\TMQFSFZS ZLT[ AÔJ[ K[P 5Z\T] VF JF<JGF\ U[ZOFINF 56 36F\ K[P ,MSMDM8LJ VG[ DZLG 5|SFZGF\ AM.,ZM S[ H[DF\

;TT C,GR,G ZC[T]\ CMI ( Vibration ) tIF\ T[GM p5IMU Y. XSTM GYLP ALH]\ p\RF NAF6 JF/F AM.,ZMDF\ 50TF\ JHGM D}SJF 50TF CMJFYL JF<JGL ;F.h B}A H JWL HTL CMJFYL4 T[GM p5IMU Y. XSTM GYLP VF p5ZF\T4 H[D NAF6 JWFZ[ CMI T[D T[D H[ T[ AM.,ZGL 1FDTF 56 JWFZ[ CMI4 VFYL JF<JDF\ JZF/ ACFZ SF-JFGL 1FDTF 56 JWFZJL 50[P CJ[ JF<J 5Z ,UF0JFDF\ VFJT]\ JHG JF<JGF\ jIF;GF JU"GF\ 5|DF6DF\ K[4 JF<JGL JZF/ ACFZ SF-JFGL 1FDTF Ô[ JWFZJL CMI TM JF<JGM jIF; JWFZJM 50[4 T[YL JHGM 56 JWFZ[ ,UF0JF 50[P VFYL4 VF 5|SFZGM ;[O8LJF<J VMKF\ NAF6 VG[ VMKL DTFJF/F AM.,ZM H[JF\ S[ SMlG"X VG[ ,[S[XFIZDF\ J5ZFI K[ H[VM :8[XGZL 56 K[P

(2) Liver and Weight Safety Valve :


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

VFS'lTDF ATFjIF 5|DF6[ VF 5|SFZGF\ JF<JG[ l,JZ ( Lever ) VG[ J[.8 ( Weight ) YL ,M0 SZJFDF\

VFJ[ K[P VF ,M0 Lever Ratio b/a 5Z VFWFZ ZFB[ K[P DF8[ BZ[BZ ,UF0J]\ 50T]\ JHG L GLR[GF\ ;}T 5|DF6[ YX[P

L = W x b/a YX[4

CJ[4 ,LJZDF\ ALÔ\ K[0[ ,UF0JF 50TF\ JHG W GL lS\DT4 VF5[, JZF/GF\ NAF64 ,LJZ Z[lXIM

b/a VG[ JF<JGF\ O/ 5|DF6[4

Moment of Downward Pressure = Moment of Upward Pressure

W x b = ( π/4 d² x p ) x a ;}YL XMWL XSFI K[P

HIF\4 d = JF<JGM 0FIFDL8Z4 ;[DL

p = JZF/G]\ NAF6 lSPU|FPq;[PDLP

w = H~ZL JHG4 lSPU|FP

b/a = l,JZ Z[lXIM

sVCL\ JF<J VG[ l,JZG]\ JHG4 5|DF6DF\ B}A H VMKF\ CMJFYL U6TZLDF\ ,LW[, GYLPf

VF5|SFZGM ;[O8LJF<J 56 Dead – Weight Safety Valve GL H[D H VMKF\ NAF6 VG[ VMKL

1FDTF WZFJTF\ :8[XGZL AM.,ZMDF\ H J5ZFI K[P T[G[ 56 Vibration GL V;Z YFI K[P 5|;\UM5FT T[GM

p5IMU 40 kg/cm²g NAF6 ;]WL Y. XS[ K[P

VF JF<JGM DM8FDF\ DM8M U|[ZOFINM V[ K[ S[ T[DF\ A[ l5JM8L\U 5M.g8 ( Pivoting Points ) VFJTF CMJFYL4 tIF\ ,FUTF 3QF"6 ( Friction ) G[ SFZ6[ 36LJFZ VF JF<J T[GF\ ;[8 SZ[,F\ NAF6[ a,M YTM GYLP

(a) l:5|\U ,M0[0 ;[O8LJF<J ( Spring Loaded Safety Valve ) o VF 5|SFZGF\ JF<JG[ C,GR,G GL HZFI[ V;Z YTL GYLP T[YL T[ ,MSM DM8LJ VG[ DZLG AM.,ZMDF\ JF5ZL XSFI K[P TN

p5ZF\T T[ p\RF NAF6JF/F AM.,ZMDF\ 56 JF5ZL XSFI K[P JF<J p5ZYL l:5\UG]\ B[\RF6 ( Tension ) VMK]\ J¿]\ SZLG[ JF<JG]\ a,M 5|[XZ ;[8 SZL XSFI K[P VF 5|SFZGF\ JF<JDF\ V[S GFG]\ ,LJZ 56 VF5[, CMI K[ G[GL DNNYL JF<JG[ D[gI]V,L a,M SZLG[4 T[GL ;L8 K[ S[ GlC4 T[ RSF;L XSFI K[P

(b) JM8Z ,[J, .g0LS[8Z VYJF U[H ( Water Level Indicator ) o AM.,ZGF\ 5lZA/M ( Parameters ) DF\ 0=DDF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L ( Water Level ) B}A H VUtIG]\ 5lZA/ K[P AM.,ZDF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L B}A H VUtIG]\ 5lZA/ K[P AM.,ZDF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L AZFAZ H/JFJL

Ô[.V[ VG[ T[ K[ S[ GlC T[GL BAZ Water Level Indicator YL 50[ K[P AM.,ZDF\ Ô[ 5F6L GF ZC[ sHIFZ[ AM.,Z SFD SZT]\ CMIf TM X]\ YFI T[ S<5L XSFI K[P ;FDFgI ZLT[ NZ[S AM.,ZDF\ :8LD


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

0=D Steam Drum GL AG[\ AFH]V[ V[S V[S Level Indicator VYJF Level Gauge Glass D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P HIF\ AM.,ZDF\ 0=DG[ 36L p\RF. 5Z ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[, CMI tIF\ Level Gauge Glass G[ +;] D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[4 H[YL SM. 56 HuIFV[YL 0=DDF\G]\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L Ô[.

XSFI K[P S[8,F\S DM8F VFW]lGS AM.,ZDF\ CF.0=Ml,S VG[ lJW]TYL SFD SZTF\ Level Indicator GM p5IMU YFI K[4 VG[ T[DH AM.,ZGF\ VM5Z[8L\U O,MZ 5Z D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P p\RF NAF6JF/F AM.,ZDF\ VF U[H O,[8 l5hD[l8 u,F;DF\YL AGFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

Water Level Gauge G[ ;lJ";DF\ D}SJFGL 5wWlTVM o

!P HIFZ[ AM.,Z ;FDFgI l:YlTDF\ RF,T]\ CMI tIFZ[ GJM VYJF DZFDT SZ[, U[H G[ ;lJ";DF\ D}SJFGL

5wWlT o B}A H JWFZ[ 50TM YD", XMS ( Thermal Shock ) GF,FU[ T[ DF8[ GLR[ 5|DF6[ ;FJR[TL ZFBJLP

(a) AWF\ H JF<JG[ A\W SZMP X~VFTDF\ VFD TM AWF JF<J A\W H CMI K[ KTF\ 56 T[ A\W K[ S[ GlC T[ RSF;MP

(b) 0=[.G JF<J 5}Z[ 5}ZM BM,MP

(c) U[HGL p5ZGM sJZF/ AFH]GMf JF<J H[G[ Steam Side Isolation Valve SC[JFI K[ T[G[ B}A H VMKM BM,MP

(d) CJ[ U[HGL GLR[GM s5F6L AFH]GMf JF<J H[G[ Water Side Isolation Valve SC[JFI K[ T[G[ B}A H VMKF BM,MP

(e) 15 YL 20 lDlG8 ;]WL U[HDF\ NAF6 JWFIF" lJGF H U[HG[ UZD YJF NMP

(f) WLD[ WLD[ 0=[.G JF<J A\W SZM VG[ U[HDF\ NAF6 JWFZTF\ ÔJ

(g) U[HGF\ 0=[.G JF<JG[ ;\5}6"56[ A\W SZMP

(h) U[HGL p5ZGM VG[ GLR[GM JF<J CJ[ ;\5}6" 56[ BM,L GFBM H[YL H ;lJ";DF\ VFJL HX[P

(i) U[HDF\ SM.56 HuIFV[ ,LS[H TM GYL G[ m T[ RSF;MP

ZP AM.,Z 9\0] CMI tIFZ[ GJM VYJF DZFDT SZ[, U[HG[ ;lJ";DF\ D}SJFGL 5wWlT

(a) 0=[.G JF<J B]<,M ZFBLG[4 p5ZGM JF<J 5C[,F BM,MP

(b) GLR[G JF<JG[ B]<,M SZMP

(c) 0=[.G JF<JG[ A\W SZMP

(d) U[HDFG]\ NAF6 AM.,ZGF\ NAF6 ;FY[ ;FY[ JWJF NMP

(e) U[HDF\ SM. 56 HuIFV[ ,LS[H TM GYL YI]\ G[ m T[ Ô[TF\ ZCMP


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

ZMlH"NF SFI"SDDF\4 Water Level Gauge GF\ DM.SM XL8qu,F; 5Z WLD[ WLD[ SRZM sZMf ÔDJFGL 5F6LGL ;5F8L RMbBL N[BFTL V8SL ÔI K[P H[G[ V\NZ ZC[, JZF/GL DNNYL H4 O,X SZL ;FO SZL XSFI K[PPH[G[ DF8[4

!P JZF/ VG[ 5F6LGL AFH]GF\ JF<J B}<,F\ ZFBMP

ZP 0=[.G JF<J ;C[H BM,M VG[ U[Z[H T[DH T[G[ Ô[0TF\ TF.5 AZFAZ ;FO G Y. ÔI tIF\ ;]WL a,M YJF NMP

#P VF ZLTG]\ a,M."S B}A H WLD[ WLD[ YFI T[GL BF; ;FJR[TL ZFBMP VG[ U[H B}A H U\NM G Y. ÔI T[ DF8[ NZ[S lXO8 s5F/Lf DF\ p5ZGL ZLT[ a,M0FpG VF5LG[ U[HG[ ;FO ZFBL XSFI K[P

AM.,ZDF\ HIFZ[ 56 VF<SAL AM., VFp8 ( Alkali Boil out ) VG[ V[l;0 S,LlG\U ( Acid Cleaning ) SZJFG]\ CMI4 TIFZ[ U[HG[ A\W sVF.;M,[8f ZFBMP

(C) High Steam and Low Water alarm Or Valve : JZF/G]\ JW] NAF6 VG[ 0=DDF\ 5F6LGL GLRL ;F5F8L VF AG[\G]\ bIF, ZFBJF DF8[ ,[S[XFIZ VG[ ALÔ\ V\NZYL OFIZ SZJFDF\ VFJTF\ AM.,ZMDF\ VF 5|SFZGM ;[O8LJF<J D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P T[ AG[\ SFI" SZTM CMJFYL T[G[ S\5Fpg0 ;[O8LJF<J 56 SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P T[ OST :8[XGZL AM.,Z DF8[ H IMuI K[P

VFW]lGS AM.,ZMDF\ sD]bItJ[ JM8ZI]ST 5|SFZGF\f 0=DDF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L GLRL ÔI TM T[GL

Ô6 DF8[ ,M JM8Z V[,FD" ( Drum Level Low ) CMI K[ H[YL AM.,Z R,FJGFZ 0=DDF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L ;FDFgI SZJF DF8[ H~ZL 5U,F\ tJlZT56[ ,. ,[ VG[ T[D KTF\ 56 Ô[ 5F6LGL ;5F8L 38TL

H ÔI TM JZL ,M JM8Z l8=5 Trip – Drum Level Very Low Trip GL UM9J6 SZ[, K[ H[YL AM.,ZDF\ A/T6G]\ NCG V8SL ÔI VG[ AM.,Z TZT H A\W Y. ÔIP V[H 5|DF6[ AM.,ZDF\ HIFZ[

JZF/G]\ NAF6 JWL ÔI tIFZ[ Steam Pressure High G]\ V[,FD" 56 VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ H[YL SZLG[ R,FJGFZ A/T6 38F0LG[ S[ H~ZL 5U,F\ ,.G[ JZF/G]\ NAF6 ;FDFgI SZL XS[P

(D) OI]ÒA, %,U ( Fusible Plug ) o

OFIZ 8I]A AM.,ZGL OZG[;GF\ SFpG ( Crown ) DF\ OI]ÒA, WFT] ( Metal ) VYJF

V[,MI ( Alloy ) GM %,U OL8 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF %,U ;FDFgI 5lZl:YlTDF\

sV[8,[ S[ HuIFZ[ AM.,ZDF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L AZFAZ CMI tIFZ[f 5F6LYL -\SFI[, CMI K[P H[YL OI]ÒA, WFT]G]\ TF5DFG T[GF\ U,GlA\N] SZTF\ VMK]\ ZC[ K[P

5Z\T] HIFZ[ AM.,ZDF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L JWFZ[ 50TL VMKL Y. ÔIP tIFZ[ VF %,UGL p5Z 5F6L G ZC[JFYL T[G]\ TF5DFG h05YL JWL ÔI K[ VG[ OI]ÒA, WFT] 5LU/L ÔI K[ V G[ T[ 50L ÔI K[ VG[ tIF\ HuIF YJFYL JZF/ GLS/JF ,FU[ K[P H[ OZG[;DF\YL VFUG[ CM,JL GFB[ K[P VG[ AM.,ZG[ JWFZ[ 50T]\ G]S;FG YT]\ V8SFJ[ K[P

(E) JZF/GM 5|[XZ U[H ( Steam Pressure Guage ) o AM.,ZDF\ S[8,]\ NAF6 K[ T[ Ô[JF DF8[ NZ[S AM.,ZDF\ :8LD 5|[XZ U[H ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;FDFgI ZLT[ 5|[XZ U[H X[, VYJF 0=DGL p5Z


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ AG"Z O,MZ 5ZYL T[G[ ;C[,F.YL Ô[. XSFI T[ ZLT[ ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

U|[HG]\ 0FI, V[ ZLT[ AGFJ[,q,B[, CMI K[ S[ H[ AM.,ZG]\ S[ JZF/ G]\ NAF6 kg/cm²g DF\

JFTFJFZ6GF\ NAF6 SZTF\ JWFZ[ ATFJ[ K[P AZ0F"G 5|[XZ U[H ( Bourdon Pressure Guage ) V[ ;F{YL JW] p5IMUDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJTM 5|SFZ K[P 5|[XZ U[HG[ v 8I]A ;FIOG wJFZF AM.,ZDF\ ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P AM.,ZDF\ Ô[ ;]5ZCL8Z CMI TM T[GL VFp8,[8 5F.5 5Z 56 V[S 5|[XZ U[H ,UFJFI K[P U[HGL 8I]AGL V\NZ JZF/ 9\0L 50LG[ 5F6L AGL ÔI K[ VG[ VF 5F6L U[HDF\ JZF/GF\

NAF6G[ 5CM\RF0[ K[Ps Transmit S\Z[ K[f G[ A0"G U[HGL 8I]ADF\ JZF/G[ HJF N[T]\ GYLP Ô[ E},[R}S[ JZF/ VF 8I]ADF\ HTL ZC[ TM T[G]\ V[S;5g;G YFI K[ VG[ U[H BM8]\ ZL0L\\U ATFJ[ K[ VG[ 8I]AG[ G]S;FG YFI K[P

(F) :8LD :8M5 JF,J q H\SXG JF<J ( Steam Stop Valve OR Junction Valve ) o

AM.,Z Ô[0[ OL8 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P Steam space GL p5Z p\RFDF\ pRF\ 5F.5 5Z HIF\YL AM.,ZDF\YL JZF/ ACFZ ,. HJFGL CMI tIF\ VYJF TM Ô[ AM.,ZDF\ ;]5ZCL8Z CMI TM ;]5ZCL8DF\YL ACFZ GLS/TL D]bI 5F.5 5Z T[G[ ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ JZF/GL G~Z G CMI tIFZ[ AM.,ZG[ A\W SZL4 VF JF<JG[ 56 A\W SZL AM.,ZDF\YL ACFZ HTL JZF/ G[ V8SFJL N[JFI K[P VF JF<J A\W SZJFYL AM.,ZG]\ NAF6 ,F\AM ;DI ;]WL Ô/JL XSFI K[P

VF JF<J CFY J0[ ( Manual ) VYJF DM8Z wJFZF operate SZL XSFI K[P H[ AM.,ZDF\YL ACFZ HTL JZF/GF\ HyYFG[ lGI\T SZJFG]\ VG[ H~Z 50[ TM ;\5}6" A\W SZJF G]\ SFI" SZ[

K[P VF JF<J VG[ AM.,ZGL JrR[YL ALÒ SM.56 5F.5 ‘T’ Ô[.g8YL Ô[0JFDF\ VFJTL GYLP

(G) OL8 R[S JF<J ( Feed Check Valve ) o OL8 5\5DF\YL AM.,ZDF\ 5F6L ,. HTL 5F.5 ,F.GDF\ AM.,ZDF\ 5F6L NFB, YFI T[ 5C[,F\ VF JF<JG[ ,UF0JFDF\\ 5F6L ,. HTL 5F.5 ,F.GDF\

AM.,ZDF\ 5F6L NFB, YFI T[ 5C[,F\ VF JF<JG[ ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF JF<J GMG lZ8"G (NRV) 5|SFZGM CMI K[4 T[ AM.,ZDF\ HTF\ 5F6L (Feed Water ) GF\ 5|JFCG[ lGI\lT SZJF VYJF ;\5}6" 56[ A\W SZJF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P HIFZ[ OL8 5\5 A\W CMI IFZ[ AM.,ZDF\YL 5F6L VMK]\ G VFJ[ T[ DF8[ VM8MD[l8S VF JF<J 5|[XZGF\ TOFJTG[ SFZ6M A\W Y. ÔI K[P VFW]lGS JWFZ[ DTFJF/F AM.,ZMDF\ OL8R[S JF<J p5ZF\T gI]D[l8S VM5Z[8[0 S\8=M, JF<J CMI K[P sV[S SZTF\ JW]f H[G[ AM.,Z 5[G, 5ZYL VM5Z[8 SZL XSFI K[ VG[ T[ VM8MD[l8S SFD 56 SZ[ K[P

(H) a,M VMO SMS ( Blow off cock ) o a,M VMO SMS AM.,ZGF\ GLRFDF\ GLR[GF EFUDF\YL HDF

YI[, ,}h D0 VG[ ;[l0D[g8; ( Loose mud & Sediments ) G[ ACFZ SF-JF DF8[ ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P V[ p5ZF\T SIFZ[S AM.,ZG[ ;\5}6"56[ BF,L SZJ]\ CMI tIFZ[ 56 p5IMUDF+ VFJ[ K[P VFW]lGS AM.,ZDF\ VF DF8[GL VF8MD[l8S jIJ:YF 56 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

(I) V[g8L 5|>\lD\U 5F.5 ( Anti Priming Pipe ) o HIFZ[ AM.,Z h05YL JZF/ pt5þF SZT]\ CMI tIFZ[ 5F6L 8L5F :J~5[ JZF/ ;FY[ O[SFI K[P H[ :8LD V[lgHGDF\ ÔI K[P VF 38GFG[ 5|F.lD\U SC[ K[P VG[ Ô[ AM.,ZDF\ ;]5ZCL8 56 CMI TM T[ 8L5F ;]5ZCL8DF\ NFB, Y. XS[ K[P VG[ T[GL DFZOT[ 5F6LGL ZC[,L VX]lwWVM 56 ÔI K[ H[G[ S[ZLVMJ SC[ K[P VF VX]lwWVM ;]5ZCL8DF\ 8I]AMGL V\NZ


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

:S[, pt5þF SZ[ K[ Anti Priming pipe JZF/ ;FY[ 5F6LGF\ 8L5F HTF V8SFJJF DF8[G]\ ;FWG

K[P T[G[ AM.,ZGF\ X[,DF\ Steam Space GL HZF p5Z VG[ Steam Stop Valve GL GLR[ OL8 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P T[ K[0F\ A\W CMI T[J]\ VFIGG]\ AF"S; K[P T[GF p5ZGF\ V0WFEFUDF\ 36FAWF ,\ARMZ; SF6F\ CMI K[P H[DF\YL JZF/ 5;FZ Y. \ÔI K[P HIFZ[ VF SF\6F DF\YL JZF/ 5;FZ YFI tIFZ[ T[GM 5|JFC T}8[ K[ VG[ T[YL T[DF\ ZC[,F\ 5F6LGF\ JHGNFZ 8L5F\ K}8F 50[ K[ VG[ 5FKF AM.,ZDF\ 50L ÔI K[P

#P# AM.,ZGL V[;[;ZLh ( Boiler Accessories ) o DM8FEFUGF\ AM.,ZDF\ V[;[;ZLh ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[GF\ D]bI SFIF[" GLR[ 5|DF6[ K[P

!P AM.,Z %,Fg8GL SFI"MNTF JWFZJL

ZP AM.,Z %,Fg8GL SFDULZL ;Z/ AGFJJFDF\ DNN SZJLP

CJ[ VF56[ V[S 5KL V[S V[;[;ZLh lJX[ lJUT[ Ô[.X]\P

(A) OL8 JM8Z 5\5 ( Feed water pump ) o OL8 JM8Z 5\5GM p5IMU AM.,ZDF\ H[8,F 5|DF6DF\ JZF/ pt5þF YFI K[ T[8,F 5|DF6DF\ OL8JM8Z DMS,JF DF8[ YFI K[P OL8 JM8Z 5\5 SF\ TM ZM8ZL

Rotary VYJF TM Z[;L5|MS[l8\U Reciprocating 5|SFZGF\ CMI K[P J/L T[ JZF/YL RF,TF VYJF DM8Z lJW]Tf YL RF,TF 56 CMI K[ Z[;L5|LS[l8\U 5\5 DM8[EFU[ JZF/YL RF,TF CMI K[ H[G[ ;LWF H :8LD V[lgHG Ô[0[ ,UF0[, CMI K[P ZM8ZL 5\5 JZF/ 8AF".G S[.,[S8=LS DM8ZYL RF,TF CMI

K[P ZM8ZL 5\5 ;FDFgI ZLT[ JWFZ[ UlT Speed JF/F ;[g8=LOI]U, Centrifugal 5|SFZGF\ CMI K[P

J/L4 T[ V[S .d5[,Z S[ V\SYL JWFZ[ .d5[,Z WZFJTF\ CMI K[ ( Single Stage – Multi Stage) VFW]lGS AM.,ZM S[ H[DF\ OL0JM8ZG]\ JWFZ[ 5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

(B) .gH[S8Z ( Injector ) o .gH[S8Z V[ V[S ;Z/ ;FWG K[ S[ H[GM p5IMU V[ H AM.,ZGL pt5þF YTL JZF/GM p5IMU SZL OL8JM8ZG[ AM.,ZDF\ DMS,JF DF8[ YFI K[P VF ;FWGDF\ SM.56 EFU

C,GR,G SZTM CMTM GYLP ( No moving Parts ) 5F6LG[ Trpering Nozzle DF\YL 5;FZ YTL JZF/GF\ NZF6YL A/5}J"S AM.,ZDF\ DMS,JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFGM p5IMU B}A H GFGF AM.,ZM VG[ ,MSM DM8LJ AM.,ZDF\ H YFI K[P T[ B}A H ;:T]\ VG[ R,FJJFDF\ ;Z/ CMJFYL T[G[ 36LJFZ

:8[g0 AFI Stand By TZLS[ ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P Ô[ .gH[S8ZG[ OL8JM8Z 5\5 ;FY[ ;ZBFJJFDF\ VFJ[ TM .gJ[S8Z B}A H lSOFITL 50[ K[ H[D S[ JZF/DF\ ZC[,L AWL H UZDL 5FKL AM.,ZDF\ H ÔI K[P VFD .gH[S8Z OL8JM8Z OL8ZVG[ OL8JM8Z 5\5G]\ SFD SZ[ K[P 5Z\T] T[VM GYLP T[YL DZLG VG[ DM8F AM.,ZM HIF\ JWFZ[ HyYFDF\ 5F6L DMS,JFGL H~Z 50[ K[ tIF\ T[GM p5IMU Y. XS TM GYLP OL8ZJM8Z 5\5 T[GF\ SZTF\ JWFZ[ K[ VG[ T[GF 5Z VMK]\ wIFG VF5JFGL H~Z 50[ K[P VF p5ZF\T T[GL ALÒ V[S DIF"NF V[ 56 K[ S[ TD[ AM.,ZDF\ UZD 5F6LG[ DMS,L XSTF GYLP SFZ6 S[ JZF/ GMh,DF\YL 5;FZ Y.G[ .gH[S8ZGL lDS;L\U R[dAZDF\ 9Z[ K[P Ô[ 5F6L H UZD CMI TM T[ 9\0L 50L XSTL GYL VG[ .gH[S8Z SFD SZT]\ A\W Y. ÔI K[ VFD4 .gH[S8ZGL DNNYL AM.,ZDF\ DMS,JFDF\ VFJT]\ 5F6L 9\0] CMJ]\ VFJxIS K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

(C) OL8 JM8Z CL8;" ( Feed water Heaters ) o AM.,ZDF\ 5F6L DMS,TF 5C[,F H[ ;FWGDF\ T[G[ H~ZL TF5DFG ;]WL UZD SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[G[ OL8JM8Z CL8Z SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P OL8JM8Z CL8Z D]bItJ[ A[ 5|SFZGF\ CMI K[P

!P CL8Z4 H[ UZDL :8LD V[lgHGDF\YL ACFZ GLS/L JZF/ S[ :8LD8AF".GGF\ VD]S :8[H 5KLYL VD]S HyYFDF\ GLS/TL JZF/ S[ H[GM 0=FIG[; O[SXG VMKM CMI K[ T[DF\YL D[/J[

ZP CL8Z4 H[ UZDL AM.,ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF UZD JFI]VM DF\YL D[/J[P VF ALÔ 5|SFZGF\ OL8 JM8Z CL8ZG[ .SMGMDF.hZ SC[JFI K[P

(D) .SMGM DF.hZ ( Economiser ) o AM.,Z %,Fg8DF\ ;F{YL JWFZ[ UZDLGM jII AM.,ZDF\YL

RDGL JF8[ ACFZ GLS/TF JFI]VM ( Flue gases ) DF\ YFI K[P AM.,Z VG[ RLDGLGL JrR[ VF JFI]VMGF\ Z:TFDF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJT]\ ;FWG S[ H[ VF JFI]VMDF\ ZC[,L UZDLG[ XMQFLG[ AM.,ZDF\ HT D]HA 36L AWL VF0L S[ pEL 8I]AM VFJ[, CMI K[ S[ H[DF\ YL AM.,ZDF\ HT]\ OL8ZJM8Z 5;FZ YFI K[

VG[ VF8I]AMGL ACFZGL ;5F8L p5ZÔDL HTF\ Ash VG[ ALÔ\ SRZF G[ ( Shoot Blower ) DFZOT[ N}Z SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P NZ[S .SMGMDF.hZDF\ 5|[XZ U[H4 ;[O8LJF<J4 0=[.GJF<J4 V[Z lZl,h JF<J VG[ TF5DFG DF5JF DF8[ A[ YDM"DL8Z S[ U[H sV[S .G,[8 5Z VG[ V[S VFp8,[8 5Zf ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P UZDJFI]VM GF\ Z:TFDF\ 56 VF H 5|DF6[ A[ YDMDL8Z S[ U[H ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

.SMGMDF.hZGL ;F.h VYJF T[GL pQDF ;5F8L T[GL ACFZ GLS/TF JFI]VMGF\ TF5DFG 5ZYL GSSL SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

.SMGMDF.hZDF\ Heat Transfer ;FZL ZLT[ YFI T[ DF8[ T[GL 8I]AM Fins JF/L AGFJJFDF\ VFJ[

K[P .SMGMDF.hZDF\YL 5;FZ YTF\ JFI]VMG]\ TF5DFG Dew Point T[GL V\NZ ZC[, JZF/ s5F6Lf GF\

Dew Point YL JWFZ[ ZC[J]\ Ô[.V[P Ô[ TF5DFG SZTF\ GLR]\ ÔI TM JZF/G]\ H[ 5F6L YFI T[

.SMGMDF.hZGL 8I]AM p5Z JFI]VMDF\ ZC[,F So2 / So3 ;FY[ D/LG[ ;<II]lZS V[l;0 ( H2So4) AGFJ[

K[ H[G[ ,LW[ 8I]AMG]\ BJF6 ( Corrosion ) YFI K[P Ô[ JFI]VMDF\ ;<OZG]\ 5|SF6 JWFZ[ CMI TM ( Corrosion rate ) JW[ K[P VMKF\ NAF6JF/F AM.,ZDF\ .SMGMDF.hZGL 8I]AM4 SF:8 VFIG"GL

AGFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ sH[G]\ JSL"U 5|[XZ 22.84 kg/cm²g SZTF\ VMK]\ CMIf p\WF NAF6JF/F AM.,ZDF\ :8L,GL VYJF V[,MI :8L,GL 8I]AMGL p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

.SMGMDF.hZG]\ JUL"SZ6 GLR[ 5|DF6[ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

!P ACFZ GLS/TF JFI]VMGL lNXF 5|DF6[ Horizontal Vertical

ZP YD", SFDULZL 5|DF6[ Steaming Non-Steaming

s Steaming .SMGMDF.hZGL Heating Surface AM.,ZGL Heating Surface DF\ U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[f


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

#P JFI]GF\ 5|JFCGL ;F5[DF\ OL0JM8ZGF\ 5|JFC 5|DF6[ Counter Flow S[ Parallel Flow GMG :8LDL\U .SMGMDF.hZ V[ AM.,ZGM V\TUT" EFU U6FTM GYL GF\ lGIDM 5|DF6[ VFJF .SMGMDF.hZ ;ZSFZL AM.,Z .g:5[S8Z wJFZF ZlH:8Z SZJFDF\ VG[ RSF;JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ NZ JQF[" T[G[ p5IMUDF\ ,[JF DF8[G]\ H~ZL ;l8"lOS[8 SF-L VF5[ K[P

.SMGMDF.hZGF\ OFINF o ( Advantages of Economiser )

!P .SMGMDF.hZ UZD JFI]VMDF\YL H[ UZDL U|C6 SZ[ K[ T[ Heat Energy GL V[S 5|SFZ[ ART SZ[ K[P Ô[ VF UZDLGM p5IMU G SZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM T[ JFTFJZ6DF\ RF,L ÔI VG[ 3CJFGF 5|N}QF6DF\ JWFZM SZ[P VFD4 V\T[ TM T[ AC]D}<I A/T6G]\ ;[lJ"U K[P VFYL AM.,Z %,Fg8GL SFI"NTF JW[ K[P

5F6G\] TF5DFG 60°C JW[ TM 1% A/T6GL ART YFI K[P

ZP .SMGMDF.hZ AM.,ZGL Heating Surface JWFZ[ K[ T[YL AM.,ZGL JZF/ pt5þF SZJFGL

1FDTF Evaporative Capacity JW[ K[P JZF/ pt5FNG h05L AG[ K[ H[ 5F6LGF\ JCGGM NZ

56 JWFZ[ K[ VG[ AWL H Heating Surface G[ JWFZ[ SFI"N AGFJ[ K[P

#P AM.,ZDF\ 9\0] 5F6L DMS,JFYL AM.,ZGL WFT] 9\0L YFI K[P OL8JM8ZG[ .SMGMDF.hZ DF\ UZD SZJFYL AM.,ZGF\ H]NF H]NF\ EFUMGF\ TF5DFG JrR[GM TOFJT VMKM YFI K[ H[YL V;DFG

expension SFZ6[ pt5þF YTL VMKL YFI K[ VG[ AM.,ZGL VFJZNF JW[ K[P

(E) V[Z l5| CL8Z ( Air Pre-Heater ) o JFTFJZ6DF\ E/L HTF\ AM.,ZGF\ UZD JFI]VMDF\YL UZDL

U|C6 SZL Heat Energy GM ARFJ SZJF DF8[G]\ VF ALH]\ ;FWG K[P T[G[ .SMGMDF.hZ VG[ RLDGL JrR[ UZD JFI]VMGF\ Z:TFDF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[ CJF G[ OZG[;DF\ A/T6GF\ NCG DF8[ JF5ZJFGL CMI K[ T[G[ l5| CL8ZDF\ UZD SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 9\0L CJF UZD JFI]VMDF\YL UZDL U|C6 SZ[ K[P CJF 8I]AMGL V\NZYL VG[ UZD JFI]VM 8I]AMGL ACFZYL 5;FZ YFI K[P SM.S V[Z l5| CL8ZDF\ VFGFYL p<8L UM9J6 56 CMI K[P

V[Z l5| CL8ZGF\ D]bI A[ 5|SFZ K[P

1. Tubular Air Pre-heater

2. Regenerative Air Pre-heater

!P Tubular Air Pre-heater DF\ 5FT/L 8I]AMDF\YL CJF 5;FZ YFI K[ VG[ T[GL ACFZYL JFI]VM 5;FZ YFI K[ S[ SIFZ[S ZRGF p,8L 56 CMI K[P

ZP Regenerative Air Pre-heater V[ ZM8ZL 8F.5G]\ CL8Z K[4 H[G]\ ZM8Z G]\ CMI K[P ZM8Z

Corrugated Metal lDlG8[ Z YL # JFZ OZT]\ CMI K[P UZD JFI]VM CL8ZDF\ V0WF EFUDF\YL

5;FZ YFI K[ VG[ CJF CL8ZGF\ AFSLGF\ V0WF EFUDF\YL 5;FZ YFI K[P Corrugated Metal UZD JFI]VMDF\YL UZDL U|C6 SZ[ K[ VG[ HIFZ[ T[9\0L CJFGF\ ;\;U"DF\ VFJ[ K[ tIFZ[ U|C6 SZ[,L UZDL 9\0L CJFG[ VF5[ K[P VF 5|SFZG]\ V[Z l5|CL8Z DM8L DTFJF/F AM.,ZDF\ J5ZFI K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

V[Z l5| CL8ZGF\ OFINFVM o ( Advantage of Air Pre-heater ) !P UZD YI[, CJFYL OZG[;G]\ TF5DFG JWFZ[ ZC[ K[ H[YL 5F6LDF\ UZDL JW] 5|DF6DF\ XMQFFI K[P

ZP A/T6G]\ NCG ;FZL ZLT[ Y. XS[ K[ S[D S[ UZD CJFGM VMlS;HG A/T6DF\ ZC[, SFA"G (C)4 CF.0=MHG (H) VG[ ;<OZ (S) Ô[0[ YTF\ S[lDS, lZV[SXGGL h05 JWFZ[ K[ T[YL ACFZ GLS/TF

JFI]VMDF\ CO2 G]\ 5|DF6 JW[ K[P

#P UZD YI[, CJF O,[D sHIMTf G[ 8}\SL VG[ JWFZ[ :YFIL (Stable) AGFJ[ K[ H[YL W]DF0F (Smoke ) G]\ pt5FNG 38[ K[P

$P UZD CJFG[ ,LW[ VMKL JWFZFGL CJF Excess air ;FY[ GLRL ÔTGM SM,;M 56 AF/L XSFI K[P

5P HIFZ[ VFGL UZD YI[, CJFGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ tIFZ[ AM.,Z %,Fg8GL SFI" NTF JW[ K[ S[D S[

p5Z D]HAGF\ OFINF p5ZF\T UZDJFI]VMDF\YL JFTFJZ6DF\ HTL GSFDL UZDLGM p5IMU SZL Heat Energy GL ART SZL XSFI K[[P

(F) ;]5ZCL8Z ( Superheater ) o AM.,ZGF\ 0=DDF\YL GLS/TL ;\T'%T JZF/ ( Saturated Steam ) G[ ;}SL ;\T'%T ( Dry Saturated ) VYJF TM VlTT%T ( Superheate ) JZF/

AGFJJF DF8[ ;]5ZCL8ZGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;]5ZCL8Z V[ A[ C[0ZM ( Headers ) ;FY[ Ô[0[, U VFSFZGL 8I]AMGM DF/M K[ H[DF\YL AM.,Z 0=DDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TL JZF/ 5;FZ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

;]Z5ZCL8ZG[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ OZG[;DF\YL GLS/TF JFI]VMGF\ Z:TF (Gas path ) DF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ H[YL T[ UZD JFI]VMDF\YL ;FZF V[JF 5|FDF6DF\ UZDL U|C6 SZL XS[P UZD JFI]VMGF\ Z:TFDF\YL UZDL D[/JLG[ HIFZ[ ;\T'%T JZF/G[ VlTT%T JZF/DF\ O[ZJJF DF\ VFJ[ K[ tIFZ[ T[JF ;]5ZCL8ZG[ SgJ[SXG

;]5ZCL8Z ( Convection Superheater ) SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ HIFZ[ ;]5ZCL8G[ ;LW[;LW]\ OZG[;DF\ AG"ZGL VFUGL ;FD[ H D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ tIFZ[ T[ VFUDF\YL Z[l0V[XG UZDL D[/J[ K[P VFYL T[G[ Z[l0Ig8

;]5ZCL8 ( Rediant Superheater ) SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P HIF\ High degree of Superheater GL H~Z 50[ K[ tIF\ VF 5|SFZG]\ ;]5ZCL8Z J5ZFI K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

p\RF NAF6 WZFJTF\ VFW]lGS AM.,ZMDF\ AG[\ 5|SFZGF\ ;]5ZCL8Z J5ZFI K[ H[YL VR/ TF5DFG D[/JL XSFI K[P

;]5ZCL8ZDF\ ,M0 VMKM CMI tIFZ[ TF5DFG JWFZ[ CMI K[4 VG[ H[D ,M0 JW[ T[D TF5DFG DF\ 38F0M YFI K[P

VFYL Ô[ VF AG[\ 5|SFZGF\ ;]5ZCL8Z ;FY[ JF5ZLV[ TM T[DGL ;lCIFZL V;Z ( Combined effect ) G[ SFZ6[ VR/ TF5DFG D[/JL XSFI K[P

Convection ;]5ZCL8ZG[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ AM.,ZGL 5FK/ HIF ACFZ HTF\ JFI]VMG]\ TF5DFG

560°C YL VMK]\ GF CMI T[ hMGDF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ AM.,ZDF\ ;]5ZCL8ZGL ZRGF VG[ AF\WSFD V[ ZLT[ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ S[ T[DF\ JFI]VMDF\YL JZF/DF\ h05YL UZDL 5;FZ Y. XS[4 T[GL 8I]AMGL ;OF. ;C[,F.YL

Y. XS[ VG[ 8I]AM VMJZCL8 Y. A/L G ÔIP HIFZ[ JFI]VMG]\ TF5DFG 550°C YL JWFZ[ G CMI tIFZ[

8I]AM A/JFGM EI ZC[TM GYLP 5ZT]\ 550°C YL JWFZ[ TF5DFG CMI TM 8I]AMGL ;FJR[TL DF8[GL jIJ:YF SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF 8I]AMG]\ TF5DFG DF5JF DF8[ YDM"S5<; ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ H[YL AM.,Z X~ SZTF\4 T[GL ;FDFgI SFDULZL NZdIFG T[DH AM.,Z A\W SZTF T[GF 5Z ;FZL ZLT[ wIFG VF5L\ XSFIP RF,]

AM.,ZDF\YL Ô[ 8I]AMDF\YL JZF/GM 5|JFC ( Flow ) V8SL ÔI TM :8F"J[XG ,LW[ 8I]AMG]\ TF5DFG JWL ÔI VG[ 8I]AMA/L HJFGL XSITF ZC[ K[P AM.,Z RF,] SZTF\ 5C[,F\ ;]5ZCL8ZG[ 5F6LYL EZJ]\ Ô[.V[ VG[ :8F8" V[ JBT[ T[DF\YL 5}ZTF\ 5|DF6DF\ JZF/GM 5|JFC ZC[ T[ DF8[ T[GF C[0Z 0=[.G VG[ J[g8JF<J B]<,F ZFBJF Ô[.V[P UZD JFI]VMGM Z:TM AN,LG[ 56 ;]5ZCL8Z JWFZ[ 50T]\ UZD G YFI T[JL jIJ:YF 56 VD]S AM.,Z DF\ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;]5ZCL8ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TL JZF/GL 5F.5 5Z D}SJFDF\ VF J[, ;[O8LJF, ;[8 5|[XZ 0=[DGF\ V[S S[ AG[ ;[O8LJF\<JGF ;[8L\U SZTF\ VMK]\ ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ H[YL AM.,ZDF\ 5|[XZ JW[ T[ 5C[,F\ H ;]5ZCL8ZGM ;[O8LJF<J AM,[ K[P SM.S SFZ6 ;Z Ô[ 0=DGM ;[O8LJF<J 5C[,F\ AM,[ TM ;]5Z CL8ZDF\ HTL JZF/GF\ 5|JFC 5Z U\ELZ V;Z 50[ S[ V0SL ÔI H[YL ;]5ZCL8ZGL 8I]AMGL WFT]G]\ TF5DFG B}A JWL ÔI

VG[ JWFZ[ UZD YJFYL 8I]AM A/L ÔI VYJF TM OF8L ÔIP ( Bulging or Rapture )


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

#P$ GLR[ J6"J[, ;FWGMG]\ 56 AM.,Z DF8[ V[8,]\ H DCtJ K[P

(A) :8LD 0=FI;" VYJF ;[5Z[8;" ( Steam Driers or Spearators ) o AM.,ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TL JZF/ ;FY[ YTF\ 5F6LGF\ EFU G[ N}Z SZJF DF8[ GM p5IMU YFI K[P

AM.,ZDF\ ACFZ GLS/TL VG[ :8LDV[lgHG S[ 8AF".G DF\ HTL 5F.5DF\ T[G[ V[lgHG S[

8AF".GGL GÒS D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;FDFgI 5|SFZGF\ Separator DF\ Baffle plates CMI K[P JZF/ VFGL ;FY[ VY0FI K[P T[YL T[GM J[U 38[ K[P VG[ lNXF AN,F. ÔI K[P 5F6LGF S6M T[GF JW]

JHG VG[ Inertia GF\ SFZ6[ VF %,[8M ;FY[ VY0F.G[ GLR[GF EFUDF\ 50[ K[ HIF\YL T[ 0=[.G 8=[5

(Drain Trap ) DFZOT[ ACFZ GLS/L ÔI K[P

(B) :8LD 8=[5 (Steam Traps ) o JZF/GF\ VF\lXS 9\0F 50JFG[ SFZ6[ H[ 5F6L AG[ T[G[ V[S9]\ SZLG[4

:JI\ ;\RFl,T ZLT[4 JZF/ G GLS/[ T[ ZLT[ ACFZ SF-JFG]\ SFI" Steam Traps SZ[ K[P

Steam Traps V[JL HuIFV[ JZF/GL 5F.5DF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ H[YL SZLG[ JZF/DF\ ZC[, S\0[g;[8

U]Z]tJFSQF"6 Gravity YL T[DF\ E[U]\ YFIP Steam Traps V[ V[JL ;FNL ZRGF K[ S[ HIFZ[ Trap DF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L VD]S SZTF\ JW[P V[8,[ Trap GM JF<J 5MTFGL D[/[ B},[ VG[ 5F6L ACFZ GLS/L ÔI VG[ H[J]\ 5F6L GLS/L ÔI K[ S[ TZT H JF<J T[GL ÔT[ A\W Y. ÔIP VFD4 JZF.GM HZF56 jII YTM GYLP

Steam Traps GF\ D]bI A[ 5|SFZ K[P

1. Expansion Steam Traps : UZDLG[ SFZ6[ H[ T[ WFT]GF\ YFI T[ l;wWF\T p5Z VF 8=[5 SFD SZ[ K[P

2. Bucket Traps & Float Steam Traps :

VF Traps DF\ ZC[, Float VYJF Bucket wJFZF Traps DF\ 5F6LGL JW38 YFI T[GF\ 5|DF6DF\

T[ SFI" SZ[ K[P Float VYJF Bucket 5F6GL ;5F8L 5Z TZTF CMJFYL 5F6LGL ;5F8L JW38 YFI

T[ 5|DF6[ p5Z GLR[ YFI K[ VG[ VF Float VYJF Bucket Ô[0[ Spindle wJFZF JF<J Ô[0[, CMI K[ H[ B},[ K[ VG[ A\W YFI K[P

(C) ;}8 a,MV;" (Shoot Blowers ) o

AM.,Z 8I]VMG[ VG[ ALÒ ;5F8LVM S[ H[ 5;FZ YTF\ JFI]VMGF\ DFU"DF\ CMI4 T[GF 5Z Shoot G]\

50 (Layer ) AFhL ÔI K[P VF AFh[, 50 Heat Transfer GM NZ 38F0[ K[P VFYL Shoot Blowers GM p5IMU SZLG[ VF Shoot G[ N}Z SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P Shoot Blower GL SFDULZL DF8[ JZF/GM p5IMU YFI K[ H[ T[ AM.,ZDF\YL H

$P_ AM.,ZGL ZRGF SZTL JBT[ wIFGDF\ ZFBJFGF\ D]NFVM o

AM.,ZGL OZG[;G]\ SN (Volume) VG[ 0=FO8 GL ( Draught ) V[ ZLT[ ZRGF SZJL Ô[.V[ S[ H[YL JW]DF\ JW] NCGGL SFI"1FDTF D/[P DFZOT[ JW]DF\ JW] pQDFGL VF5[ ,[ q JCG YFI4 H[JL SZLG[


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

AM.,ZDF\ YL ACFZ GLS/TF JFI]VMG]\ TFDFG Optimum ZC[ AM.,Z 0=D .g8ZG[<1FIMuI ZLT[ ,UFJ[, CMJ]\ Ô[.V[P AM.,ZDF\ H]NF\ H]NF\ ,MS[ T[G[ SFDULZL ;FZL D/[ TDF8[ DHA}T DFpg8L\u;4 OL8L\u;4 V[S;[;ZLh VG[ .g:8]D[G[8[XG ,UF0, CMJF Ô[.V[P

AM.,ZGL ;OF. ( Cleaning ) T5F; (Inspection) VG[ DZFDT ( Repair ) IMuI ZLT[ Y. XS[ T[ DF8[GL HuIF VG[ V5|MI CMJM Ô[.V[P

(B) AM.,ZGL 5;\NUL ( Selection ) SZJF DF8[ wIFGDF\ ZFBJFGF D]NFVM o

!P AM.,Z S[8,F NAF6YL R,FJJFG]\ K[ m S[JF 5|SFZGL JZF/GL H~Z K[4 ELGL4 ;\T'%T4 ;}SL S[ VlTT%T m

ZP V[S S,FSDF\ S[8,L JZF/ pt5þF SZJFGL K[ m V[8,[ S[ AM.,ZGL DTF S[8,L Ô[.V[ m

#P AM.,Z DF8[GL HuIF S[8,L K[ m

$P SIF AM.,ZDF\YL SFI"NTF JWFZ[ K[ m

5P AM.,ZGL ;OF.4 DZFDT VG[ RSF;6L DF8[GL RJ,TTF VG[ V[5|MI S[JM K[ m

&P AM.,ZGL XZ]VFTGL lS\DT S[8,L K[ m

*P AM.,ZDF\ JF5ZJFDF\ VFJGFZ A/T6 ;C[,F.YL p5,aW K[ S[ GlC m

(P AM.,Z pE]\ SZJ]\ ;C[,]\ K[ S[ U}\RJ6EU]" m JU[Z[ JU[Z[

5P_ AM.,Z 5F6LG]\ JCG o ( Water Circulation in Boiler ) AM.,ZGL V\NZ 5F6LG]\ ;ZSI],[XG A[ ZLT[ Y. XS[ K[P

!P 5F6LGL 3GTFGF TOFJTG[ SFZ6[ YT]\ ;ZSI],[XG H[G[ Natural Circulation SC[ K[P

ZP 5\5GM p5IMU SZLG[ SZJFDF\ VFJT]\ ;ZSI],[XG H[G[ Forced Circulation SC[ K[P

;AlSl8S, ( Subcritical ) VFW]lGS p\RF NAF6JF/F AM.,ZDF\ Natural Circulation CMI K[P

HIFZ[4 lSl8S, ( Critical ) AM.,ZDF\ 5\5GM p5IMU SZLG[ 5F6L G]\ ;ZSI],[XG SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[

H[G[ Forced Circulation SC[ K[P

!P Natural Circulation : VF 5|SFZG]\ ;ZSI],[XG ;ZHJF DF8[ GLR[GL VFS'lT NMZMP 8I]ADF\

5F6GM VFU|C pt5þF SZT]\ A/ F = ( HL – H2 ) 4 HIF\ VG[ V[ 9\0F VG[ CJ[ U6LV[ TM H[D 5F6L p5Z ÔI K[ T[D T[DF\YL VD]S EFU JZF/ AG[ K[ VG[ T[ 0=DDF\ K}8L 50[ K[ 0=DG SC[JFDF\

Criculation Ratio VFJ[ K[P

AM.,ZDF\ H[D NAF6 JW[ T[D OL8JM8ZG]\ TF5DFG 5Z pR]\ CMI K[P Natural Circulation YDM"l;OMlGS C[0 p5Z VFWFZ ZFB[ K[P 5ZT]\ H[D JZF/G]\ NAF6 JW[ T[D T[GL 3GTF

(Density) 56 JW[ HIFZ[ AG[ AFH]GF\ O[ZOFZG[ SFZ6[ YDM"l;OMlGS C[0DF\ 38F0M YFI K[P VFD


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

VFU/ HTF V[S ANF6 V[J]\ VFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ Forced Circulation GL H~Z pEL YFI K[P NAF6

HIFZ[ lSl8S, CMI ( Critical Pressure of Steam ) ( 225 atm ) tIFZ[ YDM"l;OMlGS C[0

VYJF A/ X}gI Y. ÔI K[4 VFD4 Natural Circulation ST;A lOl8S, AM.,ZM 5]ZT]\ H DIF"lNT K[P

ZP Forced Circulation : 140 kg/cm²g NAF6GL JW] NAF6JF/F lSl8S, VG[ ;]5Z lSl8S,

AM.,ZMDF\ Forced Circulation ZFBJ]\ 50[ K[P VFW]lGS AM.,ZMDF\ 36LAWL ;DF\TZ ;ZlS8

CMI K[P VFYL Natural Circulation AM.,ZDF\ V[S ;ZBL VG[ 5}ZTF 5|DF6DF\ NZ[S ;lS"8DF\

JC[\R6L SZJL D]xS[,L 50[ K[ SFZ6 S[ Heat Transfer DF\ YTL JW38G[ SFZ6[ ;ZSI],[XGDF\ 56 JW38 YFI K[P

Heat Transfer GM NZ JWFZJF DF8[ JFI] VG[ 5F6LGL UlT 56 JWFZJL 50[P JFI]GL UlT SZTF 5F6LGL UlT JWFZJL ;C[,L VG[ VMKL BRF"/ K[ SFZ6 S[ 5F6LG]\ SN JFI]GF SNGF\ 5|DF6DF\ B}A H VMK]\ CMI K[4 H[YL ;C[,F.YL 5F6LG]\ NAF6 JWFZL XSFI K[P NAF6 JWFZL XSFT]\ CMJFYL T[GM J[U sUlTf 56 JWFZL XSFI K[P

Forced Circulation YL YTF\ VgI OFINFVM o

!P HuIFV[ VG]S]/ 50[ T[ ZLT[ ZRGF SZL XSFI K[P SFZ6 S[ T[GL Heating Surface UZDJFI]VMGF\

;\;U"DF\ ,FJJF DF8[ JWFZ[ Output VG]S]/TF CMI K[P VFD4 VF5[, HuIF DF\YL JWFZ[ D[/JL XSFI K[P

ZP 5F6LGM J[U B}A H CMJFYL 8I]AMYL 8I]AMGL ;F.h GFGL ZFBL XSFI K[P VG[ T[ 8I]AMGL NLJF, ( Thickness ) 56 5FT/L ZFBL XSFI K[P VF p5ZF\T 0=DGL ;\bIF VMKL SZL XSFI K[ HIFZ[

Pass through Boiler DF\ 0=DGL H~Z ZC[TL HYLP VFG[ SFZ6[ VF5[, Output DF8[ VMKL

WFT]GL H~Z 50[ K[P 5F6LGM ;\U|C VMKM CMJFYL 0=DG]\ SN VMK]\ ZFBL XSFI K[P NFPTP 100

8GqS,FS DTFJF/F Natural Circulation AM.,ZDF\ VFXZ[ 7000 lSPU|FP 5F6LGL H~Z 50[ K[

HIFZ[ Forced Circulation AM.,ZDF\ OST 1700 lSPU|FP 5F6LGM HyYM CMI K[P JHG VMK]\ YJFYL OFpg0[XGGM BR" 56 VMKM YFI K[P

#P Forced Circulation AM.,Z h05YL AN,FTF AM.,Z ,M0G[ 5CM\RL J/[ K[P 9\0F AM.,ZG[ 56

h05YL ,M0 5Z ,. XSFI K[P T[ p5FZF\T T[ l5S ,M0 ( Peak Load ) l:YlT DF8[ 56 IMuI K[

VYJF CF.0=M,[S8=S :8[XGDF\ Stand-by AM.,Z TZLS[ IMuI K[P

$P ;ZSI],[XGGL UlT B}A H CMJFYL :S[l,\U YT]\ GYLP

5P AM.,ZGF\ AWF\ H EFUM V[S ;ZBF UZD YFI K[ T[YL YJFGM EI 38[ K[ VG[ Thermal Stress pt5þF YTL GYLP

&P V[S ;ZB]\ TF5DFG JWJFYL Differential Expansion VMK]\ YFI K[ VFYL UZD JFI]VM VG[ CJFGF l,S[HGL XSITF 38[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

*P AM.,ZGF\ EFUMG[ VF0F ( Horizontal ) UM9JL XSFI K[ S[D S[ Natural Circulation GL

H[D High head GL H~Z ZC[TL GYLP

VFYL AM.,ZGF\ EFUMG[ H~Z D]HA IMuI ZLT[ UM9JJFGL ;J,TTF ZC[ K[P La Mount, Benson, Loeffler VG[ Velox lJU[Z[ AM.,ZMV[ p\RF NAF6JF/F AM.,ZM K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

ÏíåÔÓ ¿âÔç »ÓÕâÌä ÓäÈ (Boiler Start-up) ÏïË ãsÉãÈÑâïÉä »ë áâå. Ïä. áâÃÌâ ÕâüØ» ¿»âÖÇä ÍÀä ÏíåÔÓ ¿âÔç »ÓÕçï ÚíÒ Èí Ìä¿ë ÏÈâÕëÔ ÈÏ»»âÕâÓ ¿âÔç »ÓÕçï Áíåáë. ÍýäÔäÑÌÓä ¿ë» áÍ ð- 1. ÚâÕâ, ÎÔç½ëÖ, ÎÒçÔ áíåÔ, ÎÒçÔ ½ëÖ, sÃäÑ ÎäÅ ÕíÃÓ Õ½ëÓë Õ½ëÓë ¿ë» ÔäsÃ ÍýÑâÇëÌä

ÏËä ÔâåÌ bÔâånÅ Ì »âÆä ÚíÒ Èí »ÆâÕä Ìâï¼ä ÈÉâ ÎÔeÁ ÁíånÃ Ôä» ÍýèÎ ÚíÕí Á#Óä Àë. áâÉä ¿âÔç ÏíåÔÓÑâï »íå ÁíånÃ Ôä» Éå ÁÕâÉä ÎÓäÉä ÏïË »ÓÕâÌí Õ¼È áâÕë.

2. ÏíåÔÓÌâ ÚÕâ, ÎÒçÔ ½ëÖ, Å÷ÑÌâ ÏËâï Á ÑëÌÚíÔ ÏïË Àë »ë ÌÚI Èë ÈÍâÖÕâ, ÈÉâ ÑëÌÚíÔ

¼çlÔâ ÚíÒ Èí ÏïË »ÓâÕÕâ. 3. ÚÕâ / ÎÒçÔ½ëÖÌâ Íï¼âÌâ ÕëÌ-Íâï¼äÒâ ÖïÍèÇô ÏïË ÍãÓãsÉãÈÑâïÉä 100% Ìä sÃ÷í»âÑâï

ÖÓÛÈâÉä, áÃ»âÒâ Õ½Ó »âÑ »Óë Àë Èë ÁíÕçï »âÓÇ »ë ÊÚÌã®ÒâÌä ÕËËÃÑâï áâ ÏÚçï á½tÒÌä Á#ãÓÒâÈ Àë.

4. ÏËâï ÓäÃ÷ë»ëÃëÏÔ ÖèÃ bÔíáÓ ÏíåÔÓÌä áïÊÓÉä ÏÚâÓ »âÆëÔâ ÚíÕâ Áíåáë. 5. ÏíåÔÓÌä áí»ÂÔëÓä Åý÷âåÕ ÁëÕâ »ë ÎäÅÍmÍ, ÚâÕâ ÈÉâ ÎÒçÔ½ëÖÌâ Íï¼â, ÎÒçÔ ÍïÍ, »ëÑä»Ô

ÅíÑI½ ÍïÍ Õ½ëÓë Õ½ëÓëÑâï ÎÔI½ ÏÚâÓ ¿âÁô »Óí. ÈÉâ lÒçÏýä»ëÃI½ áíåÔÌçï ÔëÕÔ Áíå Ôí. ÈÉâ Á#Óä åÌÔëÃ / áâéÃÔëÃ, ÈÉâ ÌíÌ ÓäÃÌô ÕâlÕ »âÒô »ÓÕâ ÏÓâÏÓ Àë »ë ÌÚI Èë Áíå Ôí. ÏËâï Á ÕâlÕ ÓâéÖ ÈÉâ »âÒô »ÓÕâ ÑâÃë ÏÓâÏÓ ÚíÕâ Á#Óä Àë.

6. ÖâÉë ÖâÉë ÎÒçÔÌä ÍãÓãsÉãÈ ÁâÇä Ôí »ë Á#Óä »Òç ÏÛÈÇ ÑÛë ÈëÑ Àë »ë ÌÚI.

Áí ÏÛÈÇ ÈÓä»ë áíåÔ ÕâÍÓÕâÌçï ÚíÒ Èí, áíåÔ »ë Ãën»Ñâï ÖâÑânÒ ÖÍâÃä ÖçËä áíåÔ ÐÓä Ôí.

7. áíåÔÌä Ãâï»äÑâï Á#Ó ÚíÒ Èí áíåÔ Ãën»Ìçï ÏíÃÑ ÚäÃÓ áÌë ÍmÍÌçï åÌÔëÃ ÚäÃÓ (Ãâï»äÑâï

Ñç»ëÔ Ú×ë) ÈëÌä sÃäÑ ¿âÔç »Óä, »nÅë×Ó »âÆÈâ Áå, Á#Óä éwÇâÈâÑâÌ ÖçËä áíåÔ »Óí. 8. Áí áí»ÂäÔÓä sÃäÑ ÏäÁâ ÏíåÔÓÑâïÉä ÑÛÈä ÚíÒ Èí ÔâåÌ ¿âÁô »Óä ÃÒçÏÔâåÌ Å÷âåÕ

áí»ÂäÔÓä ¿âÔç »ÓÕâ, ¿ë» ÔäsÃ ÍýÑâÇë ÏËä áí»ÂäÔÓä áëÃÔë ÚÕâ / ÎÒçÔ½ëÖÌâ Íï¼â, ÎäÅ ÍmÍ, áíåÔ ÍmÍ ÖïÍèÇôÍÇë ÈìÒâÓ »Óí.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

9. Ìä¿ë ÁÇâvÒâ ÍýÑâÇë ÕâlÕ ¼çlÔâ / ÏïË Óâ¼Õâ. á) sÃäÑ Å÷Ñ ÈÉâ ÖèÍÓ áâéÃÔëÃ ÚëÅÓ ÕënÃ ÕâlÕ ¼çlÔâ

Ï) ÏíåÔÓ sÃäÑ ÔâåÌ, áí»ÂäÔÓä ÔâåÌÌâ Å÷ëåÌ ÕâlÕ ¼çlÔâ Ã÷ëÍ ÏâÒÍâÖ

¼çlÔâ Óâ¼Õâ.

») ÑëåÌ sÃäÑ ÔâåÌÌâ ÑëåÌ ÕâlÕ ÍÚëÔâÌâ sÃâÃôáÍ ÖâÒÔënÖÓ sÃäÑ ÕâlÕ ¼çlÔí.

Å) Å÷Ñ ÕíÃÓ ÔëÕÔÌâ sÃäÑ / ÍâÇäÌâ ÕâlÕ ¼çlÔâ ÈÉâ Å÷ëåÌ ÕâlÕ ÏïË.

å) ÏíåÔÓÌâ ÚëÅÓÌâ bÔíÅâéÌ ÕâlÕ ÏïË

Î) áí»ÂäÔÓä sÃäÑ, Ã÷ëÖI½ ÔâåÌÌâ Å÷ëåÌ ÕâlÕ ¼çlÔâ

½) ÏíåÔÓ ÕíÃÓ Ã÷äÃ ÑâÃëÌä Å÷Ñ ÑâÃëÌí ÕâlÕ ÈÉâ ÅäáëÓëÃÓ ÑâÃëÌâ ÕâlÕ ¼çlÔâ.

10. ÎÓäÉä áâ ÏËä ãÕ½Èí 1 Éä 9 ÏÈâvÒâ ÍýÑâÇë ¿ë» »Óä ÔëÕâ ÈÉâ »íå ¼âÑä ÚíÒ Èí ÓäÍëÓ

»ÓâÕä ÔëÕâ. áâÉä ÏíåÔÓÌâ sÃâÃôáÍÑâï áâ½Û »íå ÑçS»ëÔä Ì ÍÅë. 11. ÚÕë áë» ÍÀä áë» ÖäsÃÑ ¿âÔç »ÓÕä.

á) ÎäÅ ÕíÃÓ ÖäsÃÑ ð-

1. ÅäáëÓëÃÓÑâï ÌíÓÑÔ ÖÍâÃä ÖçËä ÎäÅ ÕíÃÓ ÐÓí ÈÉâ

2. áí»ÂäÔÓä sÃäÑÉä ËäÑë ËäÑë Á#Óä éwÇÈâÑâÌ ÖçËä ÍâÇäÌë ½ÓÑ »Óí.

3. ÎäÅ ÕíÃÓ ÖäsÃÑ, ÎäÅ ÍmÍÌâ Ö»×Ì ÕâlÕ ÖçËä ¿âÁô »Óí. ÕëÌÃI½ »Óä »Óä

ÎäÅ ÕíÃÓ ÖäsÃÑÑâïÉä ÚÕâ ÖïÍèÇô »âÆä Ìâï¼í.

4. ÎäÅ ÍmÍÌí åÌÔëÃ ÕâlÕ ¼íÔä, ÅäáëÃÓÌâ ½ÓÑ ÍâÇäÉä ÎäÅ ÍmÍÌë ½ÓÑ »Óí. ÎäÅ ÍmÍÑâïÉä ÕënÃ ©âÓâ ÚÕâ »âÆä, ÕënÃ ÕâlÕ ÏïË »Óí.

5. - ÎäÅ ÍmÍÌí ÓäÖÓ»ÒçÔÓ ÍâåÍ éÍÓÌí ÕâlÕ ¼çlÔí »Óí.

- Áí ÏëÔënÖI½ ÔâåÌ ÚíÒ Èí ÎäÅ ÍmÍÌä ÏëÔënÖI½ ÔâåÌÌí ÕâlÕ ¼íÔí.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

6. - ÎäÅ ÍmÍ ¿âÔç »Óä (ÃÏâôåÌ »ë åÔë»Ã÷»ä ÑíÃÓÉä), ÓäÖÓ»ÒçÔë×Ì éÍÓ ¿âÔÕâ Êí. ÏËâ ÎäÅ ÍmÍÌí ÑçKÒ áâéÃÔëÃ ÕâlÕ ¼íÔä, ÎäÅ ÕâlÕ ÔâåÌ, ÎäÅ ÕíÃÓ ÔëÕÔ »ïÃ÷íÔ ÕâlÕ ÖçËä ÔâåÌ ¿âÁô »Óí.

- Å÷Ñ éÍÓÌí ÎäÅ ¿ë» ÕâlÕ ¼çlÔí Ì ÚíÒ Èí ÎäÅ ¿ë» ÕâlÕ ¼íÔä Ìâï¼í. - ÎäÅ »ïÃ÷íÔÌí áâåÖíÔëÃI½ ÏïÌë ÕâlÕ, áíÃí »ïÃ÷íÔ ÕâlÕ - Ãçï»Ñâï ÎäÅ

»ïÃ÷íÔ ÖäsÃÑÌë ÔâåÌÑâï Ôå Óâ¼í.

7. ÚÕë ÏíåÔÓÌâ Å÷ÑÑâï, ÌíÓÑÔ ÔëÕÔ »ÓÈâï áíÀçï ÍâÇä ÐÓí.

8. ÏíåÔÓÌâ ÏËâï bÔí ÅâéÌ ÕâlÕ, Å÷ëÌ ÍíånÃ ¿»âÖäÌë ÏïË »Óí.

Ï) sÃâÃô-áÍ ÈìÒâÓä (ånsÃ÷çÑënÃë×Ì ÑâÃë) ð-

1. ÏíåÔÓÌâ ÏËâï Á ånsÃ÷çÑënÃ (ÁëÕâ »ë ÏËâï Ôí»Ô Íýë×Ó ÈÉâ ÃëmÍÓë¿Ó ½ëÁ, Å÷Ñ ÔëÕÔ áíÃí »ïÃ÷íÔ ÑëÌëÁÑënÃ ÖäsÃÑ, ÖçÍÓ ÚäÃÓ sÃäÑ ÃëmÍÓ¿Ó »ïÃ÷íÔ, ÑëåÌ sÃäÑ ÎÔí ÑëÌëÁÑënÃ ÖäsÃÑ, áíåÔ / ½ëÖ »ïÃ÷íÔ ÈÉâ ÑëÌëÁÑënÃ ÖäsÃÑ, áíåÔ / ÎÒçÔ ½ëÖ ÑëÌëÁÑënÃ ÖäsÃÑ, áíåÔ áëÃíÑâånÅI½ sÃäÑ Íýë×Ó »ïÃ÷íÔ ÖäsÃÑ, ÅäáëÓëÃÓ ÕíÃÓ ÃëmÍÓë¿Ó sÃäÑ »ïÃ÷íÔ ÖäsÃÑ, ÑlÃä ÍíånÃ Óë»íÓÅÓ, Õ½ëÓë Õ½ëÓë Ôí»Ô ÈÉâ áíÍÓëÃI½ ÍëÌÔÌä ÖäsÃÑ Õ»|½Ñâï ÚíÕä Áíåáë.

2. Ôí»Ô ÈÉâ áíÍÓëÃI½ ÍëÌÔÌçï ånsÃ÷çÑënÃÌä ¨ãwÃáë ÏÓâÏÓ ÚíÒ Èí ÏËâï Á

áÌÖëÎ ÈÉâ Ã÷äÍI½ áëÔâÑô Ö»|Ã ÖämÒçÔëÃ »ÓäÌë ¿ë» »ÓÕä ÈÉâ ÅäÂâåÌ ÖëÃ ÍíånÃÑâï ÁÓâ ÍÇ ÎëÓÎâÓ »ÓÕâ ÌÚI. ÈÉâ »íå áëÔâÑô ÈÉâ Ã÷äÍI½ Ö»þÃ (»íåÍÇ) ÈÉâ ÏíåÔÓ sÃâÃôáÍ Õ¼Èë »ÓÕä ÌÚI. ÈÉâ Áí áëÔâÑô ÈÉâ Ã÷äÑI½ Ö»|Ã ÏÓâÏÓ »âÑ Ì »ÓÈä ÚíÒ Èí »Êä »íåÍÇ ÖïÁí½íÑâï ÏíåÔÓ ¿âÔç »ÓÕâ áâ½ÛÌä ãÕãË - ÏÛÈÇ ¿âÔç »ÓÕâÌä ãÕãË »ÓÕä Á ÌÚI.

3. áëÓ / ÎÒçÔ ½ëÖ ÖäsÃÑÌâ ÏËâ ÅëmÍÓÌçï »âÒô 0% Éä 100% Õc¿ë áíÍÌI½

Áíå ÔëÕçï. ÈÉâ ÅëmÍÓ áíÍÌI½ sÔ½ä× Ì ÚíÕçï Áíåáë. ÌÚI Èí ÏíåÔÓ ÔíÅÌä ÕËËÃ Õ¼Èë ÏÛÈÇ ÊÚÌÑâï ËÇä ÑçS»ëÔä ÉÕâÌä ×»ÒÈâ Àë.

4. ågÌâåÃ ÖäsÃÑ ÈÉâ ÎÒçÔ áíåÔ / ½ëÖ ÖäsÃÑ ¿ë» »ÓäÌë ÈìÒâÓ Óâ¼í.

5. ÎÒçÔÌä ÓäÖÓ»ÒçÔë×Ì ÖäsÃÑÑâï ÃësÃI½ »ÓäÌë ÈìÒâÓ Óâ¼í.

6. ÏíåÔÓÌâ ÃíÃÔ ånsÃ÷çÑënÃ kïÃ÷íÔ ÖäsÃÑ ÑâÃë Á#Óä ånsÃ÷çÑënÃ áëÓ ÖpÔâÒÌí

ÑçKÒ ÕâlÕ ÏïË ÚíÒ Èí ¼çlÔí »ÓÕí.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

7. ÏËâï Á »ïÃ÷íÔÌä »âÑ½äÓä - áíÃí »ïÃ÷íÔ ÕâlÕ / ÅëmÍÓ / Íâï¼äÒâ (ÕëÌ) Ìä »âÑ½äÓä 0 % Éä 100% Ìâ Õc¿ëÌâ ½âÛâÑâï ÏÓâÏÓ ÉâÒ Àë »ë ÌÚI ¿ë» »Óä ÔëÕçï

») ÏíåÔÓÌâ ¿âÔç »ÓÕâÌä ÍèÕô »âÒôÕâÚä ð-

1. Áí ÏäÁâ ÏíåÔÓÑâïÉä sÃäÑ ÑÛÈä ÚíÒ Èí ÍÚëÔâï áâå.Åä. ÎëÌ ÈÉâ ÍÀä áëÎ.Åä. ÎëÌÌâ ÃÓÏâåÌ ÎälÅÑâïÉä ×# »Óí. áâ Íï¼â ¿âÔç »ÓÈä Õ¼Èë Íï¼âÌâ (ÕëåÌ) ÖïÍèÇô ÏïË ÚíÕâ Áíåáë.

Áí ÏäÁâ ÏíåÔÓÑâïÉä sÃäÑ Ì ÑÛÈä ÚíÒ áÉÕâ ÚÕâ / ÎÒçÔ ½ëÖÌâ Íï¼â

Î»È åÔë»Ã÷ä» ÍâÕÓ éÍÓ Á ¿ÔâÕÕâÌâ ÚíÒ Èí åÔë»Ã÷ä»Éä (ÍâÕÓ ÖpÔâÒ ÖäsÃÑ ÍÚëÔëÉä ¿ë» »ÓâÕäÌë ÈìÒâÓ Óâ¼Õä) ¿âÔç »Óí.

2. ÏíåÔÓÌçï ÎÓÌëÖÌçï ÍÓ‘ï½ »ÓÕâ 30% ÉI 35% áëÓ ÎÔí ÏíåÔÓÑâïÉä ÍÖâÓ »Óí.

ÍÓ‘ï½ 5 Éä 7 ÑäÌäÃÌçï ÚíÒ Àë.

3. ÏíåÔÓÑâï ÏÛÈÇ ×# »ÓÕâ ÖëÎÃä Á#ãÓÒâÈ ÍýÑâÇë ÁÌÓÔä Ìä¿ëÌä Á#ãÓÒâÈí ÖïÈíØÕä ÓÚë Àë Èí Á ÍÓ‘ï½ ÖâÒ»Ô ×# ÈÉâ ÍçÓä É×ë. - Å÷Ñ ÕíÃÓ ÔëÕÔ ÌíÑôÔ. - ÚÕâ / ÎÒçÔ ½ëÖÌâ Íï¼â ¿âÔç »Óä, ÚÕâ ÎÓÌëÖ ©âÓâ 30% Éä ÕËâÓë - áíåÔ ×Ã áíÎ ÕâlÕ ÏïË áëÃÔë ÎÒçÔ ×Ã áíÎ ÕâlÕ ÏïË.

- ½ëÖ ×Ã áíÎ ÕâlÕ ÏïË áëÃÔë ÎÒçÔ ×Ã áíÎ ÕâlÕ ÏïË. - ÏíåÔÓÑâï ÏÛÈÇ ×# »ÓÕâ, »íå Ã÷äÍI½ »ÑânÅ Ö»þÃÑâï ÚíÕí Áíåáë ÌÚI.

4. ÖëÎÃä ¼âÈÓ, ÏíåÔÓÌâ ågÌâåÃÓÌä ÈÉâ ÑçKÒ ÎÒçÔÌä ÏÂÓ sÃâÃô áÍ ÖäsÃÑ

¿ë» »Óä Ôí.

5. ÎÓäÉä ¿ë» »Óä Ôí »ë ×Ã áíÎ ÕâlÕ ÏïË Àë »ë ÌÚI.

6. Ôí»Ô / ÑçKÒ ÍëÌÔÑâï ÎÒçÔ ÎâÒÓI½ / ÓëÅä ÔâåÃ (Áí ÏËâ áëÔâÑô / Ã÷äÑI½ ÖäsÃÑ ÖçÓãÜÈ ÍãÓãsÉãÈÑâï Ú×ë Èí Á ÎÒçÔ ÎâÒÓI½ ÓëÅä ÔâåÃ Óâ¼Áí) áâÍÕä Á#Óä Àë.

Áí ÎÒçÔ ÎâÒÓI½ ÓëÅä ÔâåÃ Ì ÚíÒ Èí Áë »âÓÇÉä ÎÒçÔ ÎâÒÓI½ ÓëÅä

ÔâÕÕâ Ö»þÃ ÕâÓâÎÓÈä ¿ë» »ÓÕä. ¼âÑä ÐÓëÔâ ånÃÓÔí»Ìä Ö»þÃ, ¼âÑäáí ÊçÓ »Óä »ÓÕâ. ÍÇ »Êä ånÃÓÔí» Ö»þÃ ÏâÒÍâÖ »ÓÕä ÌÚI.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

Å) ÏíåÔÓÑâï ÏÛÈÇÌçï ÍýÉÑ ÏÌôÓ ×# »ÓÕâ »âÒôÕâÚä ð- ÏíåÔÓÑâï ÏÛÈÇÌçï ÍýÉÑ ÏÌôÓ ×# »ÓÕâ Ìä¿ëÌä »âÒôÕâÚä ÕâÓâÎÓÈä »ÓÕä Áíåáë. »ÒâÓëÒ

ÍÇ ÍýÉÑ ÏÌôÓÑâï ÎÒçÔ ÎâÒÓI½ ×# »ÓÕâ éÈâÕÛ ÌÚä »ÓÕä Áíåáë. 1. ÎÓÌëÖÌçï ÍÓ‘ï½ ÍçÓç Éå ÁâÒ ÍÀä ÎÒçÔ ×Ã áíÎ ÕâlÕ ¼íÔä ÏËâ ÏÌôÓíÌçï ÎÔíÓ

éÍÓÌâ ÓI½ ÚëÅÓÑâï áíåÔÌçï ÖÓ»ÒçÔë×Ì ×# »ÓÕçï ÈÉâ áíåÔ ÃëmÍÓë¿Ó ÕËâÓÕçï / ÁâÛÕä Óâ¼Õçï.

2. sÃâÃôáÍ áíåÔ ½Ì ÏÌôÓÑâï ÐÓâÕí.

3. ÊÓë» ÏÌôÓ ÖçËäÌâ áëÃíÑâåÂI½ sÃäÑ ÚëÅÓÌçï »nÅën×Ó Å÷ëåÌ »Óä Ìâï¼Õçï. ÈÉâ

áíåÔ½Ì ½ÓÑ »ÓÕä. ÈÉâ sÃäÑÉä ÑÁô »Óä ÔëÕä. (ÌÕä ÖäsÃÑ ÍýÑâÇë áíåÔ Ö»þÃÌçï áíÃíÑëÃä» sÃäÑ Ñ‘ô½ ÉâÒ Àë)

4. áíåÔ ÓäÖÓ»ÒçÔë×ÌÌâ áâåÖíÔëÃI½ ÕâlÕÌä ÑÊÊÉä ÏÌôÓ ×# »ÓÕâ Á#Óä áíåÔ

Íýë×Ó ÑëÛÕí.

5. ÏÌôÓÌâ áíåÔ áâåÖíÔëÃI½ ÕâlÕ ÚïÑë×â ÏïË Óâ¼Õâ. Áë ÏÌôÓ ×# »ÓÕâÌçï ÚíÒ ÈëÌí Á áíåÔ áâåÖíÔëÃI½ ÕâlÕ ¼íÔÕí.

6. ÚÕë ågÌâåÃÓ ¿âÔç »Óí. Á#Óä ÎÔëÑ ågÌâåÃÓÑâï ÑëÛÕä »ë ÌÚI Èë ¿ë» »ÓÕçï.

ågÌâåÃÓÌí ÎÔëÑ ÎíÃí Ö»þÃ ÏÓíÏÓ ÚíÕä Áíåáë.

7. ÎÔëÑ ÍäÍ ÚíÔÑâïÉä Áíå Ôí »ë ågÌâåÃÓÌä ÎÔëÑ ÏÓâÏÓ ÖâÓä / ÔâïÏä ÎÔëÑ Àë »ë ÌÚI.

8. ågÌâåÃÓÌä ÖâÓä / ÔâïÏä ÎÔëÑÌä ¼âÝä ÉÒâ ÍÀä Á ågÌâåÃÓÌÕâÛâ Á ÏÌôÓÌâ

ÍÚëÔâ sÃäÑ áíÃíÑåÂI½ áÌë ÍÀä áíåÔ áâåÖíÔëÃI½ ÕâlÕ ¼íÔí. ÚÕë áíåÔÌçï sÃâÃôáÍ ÏÌôÓÑâï áíåÔ áíÃí Ö»þÃ ÏÌôÓ ×# »Óí. áâ sÃâÃô áÍ ÏÌôÓÑâï ÈÉâ ÖâÓä ÎÔëÑ ÑëÛÕÕâ áíåÔ / áíÃíÑâåÂI½ ÕâlÕÉä ÏÌôÓ Íýë×Ó »ïÃ÷íÔ »Óí. ×#áâÈÑâï ÎâsÃ ÎâÒÓI½ »ÓÕçï ÌÚI. ÈÉâ ÖâÉë sÃâÃôáÍ ÏÌôÓÌä ÎÔëÑ ÏÓâÏÓ ÚíÕä Áíåáë.

9. ÏäÁçï sÃâÃôáÍ ÏÌôÓ, éÍÓ ÍýÑâÇë »âÒôÕâÚä ãÕ½ÈÕâÓ ×# »Óí. ÈÉâ ÑäÌäÑÑ ÎÒçÔ

éÍÓ ÏïÌë sÃâÃôáÍ ÏÌôÓ ¿ÔâÕí. Èë ÍýÑâÇë áíåÔ Íýë×Ó »ïÃ÷íÔ »Óí.

10. ÁÒâï ÖçËä ÏÌôÓÑâï áíåÔÌä ÎÔëÑ ÏÓâÏÓ Ì ÑëÛÕä ÚíÒ tÒâï ÖçËä ågÌâåÃ ÏïË »ÓÕâÌä »Êä ÍÇ éÈâÕÛ ÌÚI »ÓÕä Áíåáë.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

11. ÏíåÔÓÌä ×#áâÈÌä ÄïÅä ÍãÓãsÉãÈÑâï áíåÔ ÏÌôÓÌä ÎÔëÑ ÚïÑë×â ÖÈÈ ¿ë» »ÓÈâ ÓÚëÕçï. Á#Óä áíåÔ / sÃäÑ áëÃíÑâåÂI½ Íýë×Ó »ïÃ÷íÔ »ÓÕâ.

12. ÏíåÔÓÌä ÄïÅä ÍãÓãsÉãÈÑâïÉä, ÚïÑë×â ÍÚëÔâ Ìä¿ëÌâ ÏïÌë sÃâÃôáÍ ÏÌôÓÉä Á áíåÔ

ÊÚÌ »Óä, ÏíåÔÓÌçï sÃäÑ Íýë×Ó ÑëÛÕÕçï ÈÉâ ÕËâÓÕçï.

13. ÏíåÔÓÌâ sÃäÑ Íýë×Ó ÕËâÓÕâ ÑâÃë ÚïÑë×â Íýë×Ó sÃâÃôáÍ »Õô½ýâÎ ÍýÑâÇë Á Íýë×Ó ÕËâÓÕçï.

14. áíåÔÌçï Öâ#ï / ÍèÇô áëÃíÑâåÂI½ ÌÚI ÉÈçï ÚíÒ Èí áíåÔ ½ÌÌä ÃäÍÑâïÉä »âÛçï

áíåÔ ÎÓÌëÖÑâï Ôä»ëÁ Éå Ðë½çï É×ë. áâ Ðë½çï ÉÒëÔ áíåÔ ÄïÅä ÎÓÌëÖÑâï áë»âáë» ÎÓÌëÖÑâï ÁíÕâ ÑÛë Èí ÈÓÈ Á áíåÔ½ÌÌí áíåÔ ÕâlÕ ÏïË »Óä, ÏíåÔÓÌë Ïë-ÝÇ ÕâÓ ¿âÁô »Óí. ÈÉâ áíåÔ½ÌÌä ÃäÍ sÃäÑ áëÃíÑâåÂI½ Íýë×Ó ÖäsÃÑ ÏÓâÏÓ Àë »ë ÌÚI ÈëÌä ¿»âÖÇä »Óí. áâ ÖâÉë áëÓ Ãë»ÓI½Ñâï ÏÌôÓÌä Ìä¿ëÉä / ÏâÁçÑâïÉä áíåÔ ÍýâåÑÓä / Öë»nÅÓä áëÓ Ö»þÃÑâï áíåÔ ½Òçï ÚíÒ Èí ¿»âÖÇä ÉÕâÌä ×»ÒÈâ ÓÚë Àë.

15. ÚÕë ËäÓë ËäÓë ÏíåÔÓÌâ Å÷ÑÌçï ÍâÇä ½ÓÑ É×ë. ÈÉâ ÍâÇäÌçï ÔëÕÔ áëÜÍân×ÌÉä

(½ÓÑ ÉÕâÉä) ÕË×ë Èí Á#Ó ÍÅë Èí ÏíåÔÓ Å÷ÑÌâ bÔíÅâéÌ ÕâlÕÉä »ïÃ÷íÔ »Óí. ÖâÉë ÖâÉë Å÷Ñ ÔëÕÔ gÔâÖÑâï ÍâÇä ÔëÕÔ ÁíÈâï ÚÓí »ë Å÷ÑÑâï ÌíÑôÔ ÕíÃÓ ÔëÕÔ ÑëåÌÃëÌ ÉâÒ Àë »ë ÌÚI.

16. ÏíåÔÓÌâ sÃâÃôáÍ »Õô ÍýÑâÇë Á ÏíåÔÓÌçï Íýë×Ó ÕËÕçï Áíåáë »âÓÇ »ë ÏíåÔÓ

ÓäÎënÃÓä ÎâÒÓÏýä»Ñâï ®ë» Ì ÍÅÕä Áíåáë ÈÉâ ÉÑôÔ ×í» Ì Ôâ½Õâ Áíåáë.

17. Å÷ÑÑâï 2 Kg/cm2 Ìçï Íýë×Ó áâÕë ÈÉâ Å÷Ñ ÕënÃÑâïÉä ¿íK¼ä sÃäÑ ÕënÃI½ ÉÈä ÚíÒ Èí ÚÕë Å÷Ñ ÕënÃ ÏïË »Óí. ÍÇ ÖçÍÓÚäÃÓÌâ áâéÃÔëÃ ÚëÅÓ éÍÓ Ñç»ëÔ ÖâÒÔnÖÓÌí ÕënÃ Å÷ëÌ ¼çlÔâ ÓÚëÕâ Áíåáë, »ë ÁëÉä sÃäÑÌçï ÈâÍÑâÌ ÕËÕâÉä ÃÒçÏ áíÕÓÚäÃ Ìâ ÉâÒ.

18. sÃäÑ Å÷ÑÌçï Íýë×Ó 85% Õ»|½ Íýë×Ó ÏÈâÕë / ÉâÒ tÒâÓë sÃäÑ ÔâåÌÌí ÑëåÌ

áâåÖíÔëÃI½ ÕâlÕÌä ÏëÔënÖI½ ÔâåÌ, Å÷ëåÌ ËäÓë ËäÓë ¼íÔÕâ. áâÉä ÁÒâÓë 100% sÃäÑÌçï Íýë×Ó ÏíåÔÓ Å÷ÑÑâï É×ë tÒâÓë ÏíåÔÓ Å÷ÑÑâïÉä / ÖçÍÓ ÚäÃÓÑâïÉä sÃäÑ ÎÔí ËäÓë ËäÓë É×ë. ÁÒâï ÖçËä Á#Óä ÖëåÎ ÎâåÌÔ sÃäÑ ÃëmÍÓë¿Ó Ì áâÕë tÒâï ÖçËä ÕËâÓë sÃäÑ ÁÌÓëÃ »ÓÕä ÌÚI, »ë ÁëÉä ÐäÌä sÃäÑ ÖâÓä sÃäÑ ÖâÉë Ñä»Ö Éå, ÎâåÌÔ Ñä»Ö ÃëmÍÓë¿Ó áíÀçï Ì Éå ÁâÒ.

19. ÖëåÎ ÃëmÍÓë¿Ó áâvÒâ ÍÀä, ÚÕë ËäÓë ËäÓë ÏíåÔÓ ÑçKÒ ÕâlÕ sÃäÑ ÚëÅÓÌí ¼íÔä

ÔâåÌ ¿âÁô »Óä ÔëÕä Á#Óä Àë. ÖâÒÔënÖÓ ÕënÃ ÕâlÕ, Å÷ëåÌ ÏïË »ÓÕâ Á#Óä Àë.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

20. ËäÓë ËäÓë áíåÔ ÕËâÓä, ÕÓâÛ étÍâÊÌ ÕËâÓä ÏíåÔÓÌë ÕËâÓë ÔíÅ éÍÓ Ôå Ôë áâÉä ÎâÒÓI½ ÖëåÎ ÍãÓãsÉãÈÑâï áâÕä ÁâÒ. ÎäÅ »ïÃ÷íÔ áíÃí ÑíÅ éÍÓ ÚÕë »âÒô »Ó×ë.

21. ÁÌÓÔä 40% ÔíÅ éÍÓ ÊÚÌÌâ »ïÃ÷íÔ áíÃíÑëÃä» »âÒô »Ó×ë. ËäÓë ËäÓë ÊÚÌÌä Íýã®Òâ

ÈÉâ áíÃí »ïÃ÷íÔÌâ »âÒíôÌä ¿»âÖÇä ÖâÉë ÏíåÔÓ éÍÓ ÔíÅ ÕËâÓÕâÌä ×»ÒÈâ ÚíÒ Èí ÕËâÓí.

22. ÏíåÔÓ Å÷ÑÌâ Å÷ëåÌ ÕâlÕ ¼íÔä ÉíÅçï ÍâÇä Å÷ëåÌ »Óí áâÉä ÏíåÔÓ ÕíÃÓÌä sÃâÃôáÍ Õ¼ÈÌä á×çãDË »âÆä ×»âÒ. ÈÉâ »Ìä»Ô ÅíÂI½ ÖäsÃÑ ¿âÔç »ÓÕä.

23. ÏíåÔÓ 30% Éä 40% ÔíÅ éÍÓ áâvÒâ ÍÀä, ÏíåÔÓ áëÃënÅnÃë ÏíåÔÓÌä ÏËä

ÖäsÃÑÌçï ÍëÌÔ éÍÓ ÈÉâ áâÖäsÃïÃÌä ÑÊÊÉä áí»ÂäÔÓäÌä ¿âÔç ÖÕþÖ »ïÅä×Ì (Åä áëÃëÃÓ, ÎäÅ ÑëÌ, ÚÕâ + ÎÒçÔ ½ëÖÌâ Íï¼â (ÃÓÏâåÌ / ÑíÃÓ), ÎÒçÔ áíåÔ ÍmÍ, ÎÒçÔ áíåÔ »ë Ãën», »Ìä»Ô ÅíÂI½ ÖäsÃÑ) ¿ë» »ÓâÕä ÔëÕä.

24. ÏËä sÃäÑ Ãë÷ÍÌâ ÏâÒÍâÖ ¼ílÒâ ÚíÒ Èí ÏïË »ÓâÕÕâ.

25. ÏíåÔÓÌä »âÒôÜÑÈâ ÕËâÓÕâ - ÏíåÔÓ ÊÚÌ Íýã®Òâ (ÏÌôÓ)Ìä ¿»âÖÇä, áë»ÖëÖ ÚÕâ

% O2 Co2 Ìçï ÍãÓÜÇ Õ½ëÓë ÚÕë ¿ë» »ÓÈâ ÓÚí.

26. Ôí»Ô / ÑçKÒ ÍëÌÔ éÍÓÌâ ånsÃ÷çÑënÃÌçï »âÒô ÏÓâÏÓ Àë »ë ÌÚI Èë Áíå ÔëÕçï.

27. Å÷ÑÌâ ÕíÃÓ ÔëÕÔ ½ëÁ gÔâÖÌë Å÷ëåÌ »Óä, ×çDË »Óä, ÎÓäÉä »nÅä×Ì »Óä Áíå Ôí »ë áíÃí »ïÃ÷íÔÑâï ÏÈâÕÈçï Å÷Ñ ÕíÃÓ ÔëÕÔ ÈÉâ Å÷ÑÌâ ÕíÃÓ ÔëÕÔ ½ëÁ gÔâÖÑâï ÍâÇäÌçï ÔëÕÔ áë» Á ÏÈâÕë Àë »ë ÌÚI. Å÷Ñ éÍÓÌâ ÕíÃÓ ÔëÕÔ ½ëÁ gÔâÖÑâï ÏÈâÕÈçï ÍâÇäÌçï ÔëÕÔ, ÎâåÌÔ ½Çä, áíÃí »ïÃ÷íÔÑâï ÍâÇäÌçï ÔëÕÔ ÏÈâÕÕçï ÈÉâ »ïÃ÷íÔ ÉÕçï Áíåáë.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

AF[.,ZGL SFI"X{,L ( Boiler Performance )

!P_ 5|:TFJGF o

;FDFgI ZLT[ AM.,ZGM ,M0 ( Boiler Load ) AN,FTM ZC[TM CMI K[P AM.,Z ,M0DF\ YTF\ JW38GM VFWFZ JZF/ ( Steam ) D]bItJ[ SIF\ J5ZFI K[4 T[GF p5Z ZC[,M K[P S[8,FS AM.,ZDF\ ,M0DF\ JW38 36L H VMKL CMI K[P HIFZ[ 5|JFCL VYJF JFI]~5 A/T6 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ tIFZ[ JZF/GF\ pt5FNGDF\ Ô[.TL JW38 36L h05YL D[/JL XSFI K[P HIFZ[ 3G 5NFY" VYJF SM,;M JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ TIFZ[ JZF/ pT5FNGDF\ O[ZOFZ SZTF\ ;DI ,FU[ K[P

AM.,ZGM ,M0 V[SWFZM H/JF. ZC[ T[ H~ZL K[P SFZ6 S[ AM.,Z p5Z JZF/ pt5FNGGM EFZ AN,FIF SZTM CMI TM AM.,ZGL SFI"X{,L ( Boiler Performance ) p5Z T[GL ;LWL V;Z 50[ K[P

ZP_ AM.,ZGL JZF/ pT5FNG 1FDTF ( Boiler Capacity ) GLR[GFDF\YL V[S 5|SFZ[ NXF"J[, K[P

!P CL8L\U ;ZO[; o

VF 1F[+O/ GSSL SZTL JBT[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ H[ AFH]V[ UZD JFI] ZC[TF CMI T[ 1F[+O/ U6TZLDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFBF AM.,Z %,Fg8GL CL8L\U ;ZO[; GSSL SZTL JBT[ ;]5Z CL8Z VG[ .0MGMDF.hZGF\ 1F[+O/G[ 56 ;DFJL ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P T[G[ RMZ;DL8ZDF\ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;FDFgI ZLT[ AM.,ZGL CL8L\U ;ZO[; AM.,Z pt5FNSM 5F;[YL 5|F%T YFI K[P H~ZL 50[ TM AM.,ZGF\ DF5 p5ZYL 56 GSSL YFI K[P

ZP AM.,Z CM;" 5FJZ o

AM.,ZDF\ CM;" 5FJZ T[GL CL8L\U ;ZO[; VG[ 5|SFZ p5Z VFWFZ ZFB[ K[ T[GF CM;"5FJZ GLR[ 5|DF6[ GSSL SZL XSFI K[P

AM.,Z CM;" 5FJZ = CL8L\U ;ZO[; q VR/F\S

VR/F\S AM.,ZGF\ 5|SFZ p5Z VFWFZ ZFB[ K[P

#P VFW]lGS AM.,ZDF\ AM.,ZGL NZ S,FS[ JZF/ pt5þF SZJFGL 1FDTFG[ pt5FlNT 1FDTF TZLS[ ,[JFI K[P

AM.,ZGL JF:T:JS JZF/ pt5þF SZJFGL 1FDTF

( Actual evaporisation ) = Wa = total evaporisation per hour sS,FS[ pt5þF YTL JZF/f / Fuel used per hour sS,FSDF\ J5ZFI[, A/T6f

= V[S lS,MU|FD A/T6 AF/TF\ pt5þF YTL JZF/

• ;DFG pt5FNG 1FDTF s.SJLJ[,g8 .J[5MZF.h[XGf o


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

NZ[S AM.,ZDF\ JZF/ V[S ;ZBF NAF6[ V[S;ZB]\ CMT]\ GYL T[DH AM.,ZDF\YL pt5þF YTL JZF/GL l:YTL 56 ;ZBL CMTL GYL VF +6[ AFATM H]NF H]NF 5|SFZGF\ AM.,ZDF\ H]NL H]NL CMI K[P DF8[ A[ H]NF H]NF AM.,ZGL T],GF SZJF DF8[ AM.,ZGL S,FSGL JZF/ pt5þF SZJFGL XlST VYJF V[SD A/T6YL pt5þF YI[,L JZF/ V[ IMuI DF5 GYP

VF IMuI DF5 DF8[ AM.,ZDF\ NFB, YTF\ 5F6LG]\ TF5DFG 100°C DFGJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ VF H pQ6TFDFG[ ;\T'%T JZF/ T{IFZ SZJF DF8[ OZT NZ lS,MU|FD NL9 U]%T UZDL H AM.,ZDF\ VF5JL 50[ K[P VFJL l:YTGL WFZ6F SZL JZF/GM H[ HyYM D/[ T[G[ ;ZBFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

We = 1kg A/T6 AF/TF\ 100°C

TF5DFGGF\ 5F6LDF\YL T[H TF5DFG[ pt5þF YTL JZF/P

H = JF:T:JS JlS"U l:YlTDF\ pt5þF YTL JZF/GL S], UZDL ( Enthalpy) h = AM.,ZDF\ NFB, YTF\ 5F6LGL S], UZDL

Ls = 100°C TF5DFG[ pt5þF YTL 1 kg JZF/GL U'%T UZDL

= ( 538.9 kcal / kg ) CJ[ 1 kg 5F6LDF\YL JZF/ pt5þF SZJF DF8[ Ô[.TL UZDLP

= H -h lS,MS[,ZL

JF:TlJS JlS"U 5lZl:YTDF\ lS,MU|FD JZF/ pt5þF SZJF DF8[ H~ZL UZDL

= Wa [ H – h ] lS,MS[,ZL

We, .SJLJ[,g8 .J[5MZF.h[XG = Wa = [ H – h ] / Ls = Wa = [ H – h ] / 538.9

= V[SD A/T6YL D/TL JZF/GL UZDL / 538.9

VYJF

= V[S S,FSDF\ pt5FlNT JZF/GL UZDL / 538.9

• ;DFG pt5FNG VF\S ( Factor of equivalent evaporisation ) JF:TlJS JlS"U 5lZ:YlTDF\ 1 kg 5F6LDF\YL JZF/ AGFJJF HF[.TL UZDL

= lGID 5lZl:YT V[8,[ 100°C TF5DFGJF/F 5F6LDF\YL V[ H TF5DFG[ JZF/ AGFJJF DF8[ H~ZL UZDL

= H – h / Ls = H – h / 538.9

• V[S RMZ;DL8Z CL8L\\U ;ZO[;YL YT]\ .J[5MZ[XG o

= 1

S,FSDF\ 5F6LG]\ JZF/DF\ YT]\ ~5F\TZ CL8L\U ;ZO[;G]\ 1F[+O/ sRMP DL8ZDF\f H[ GM V[SD lS,MU|FD 5|lTS,FS 5|lT RMPDLP ( kg / hr / m² ) K[P

• AM.,ZGL SFI"N1FTF o ( Boiler efficiency )


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

JZF/ AGJF J5ZFTL UZDLGM HyYM VG[ T[H ;DIDF\ VF5[,F\ A/T6DF\YL pt5þF YTL UZDLGF\ HyYFGF\ U]6M¿Z G[ AM.,ZGL SFI"1FDTF SC[ K[P

AM.,ZGL SFI"N1FTF = Output sD/TL UZDLf / Input sJ5ZFTL UZDLf

= Wa ( H – h ) / C.V. HIF\ C.V. = A/T6G]\ pQDLI D}<I Kcal / kg Wa = 1 kg

A/T6 AF/TF\ 5F6LG]\ JF:TlJS 5lZl:YTDF\ YT]\ JZF/DF\ ~5FTZ

H – h = 1kg 5F6L slOSJM8Zf G]\ JZF/DF\ ~5F\TZ YJF4 DF8[ H~ZL UZDL

H = JZF/GL S], UZDL ( Enthalpy of Steam ) h = AM.,ZDF\ NFB, YTF\ 5F6LGL S], UZDL

( Enthalpy of Feed water ) ( Kcal / kg) • pNFCZ6 o

WFZM S[ AM.,ZGL K S,FSGL 8=FI, JBT[ GLR[GL DFlCTL V[S9L SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P

s!f pt5þF YTL JZF/G]\ NAF6 = 14 kg / cm² slG5["1Ff

sZf pt5þF YI[, JZF/G]\ JHG = 48,000 kg

s#f JZF/GM ;Z[ZFX X]QSF\S = 0.9

s$f OL0 JM8ZG]\ ;Z[ZFX TF5DFG = 28°C

s5f J5ZFI[, SM,;FG]\ JHG = 4800 kg

s&f SM,;FGL pQDLI lS\DT = 8100 kg

p5Z VF5[, DFlCTL 5Z6L

s!f ;DFG pt5FNG VF\S sO[S8Z VMO .SJLJ[,g8 .J[5MZF.h[XGf

sZf AM.,ZGL BZ[BZL pt5FNG 1FDTF ( Actual evaporisation ) s#f AM.,ZGL ;DFG pt5FNG 1FDTF ( Equivalent evaporisation ) s$f AM.,ZGL SFI"N1FTF ( Boiler efficiency ) XMWMP

JZF/ SM9FDF\YL ( Steam table ) 14 kg / cm² ab NAF6[

h = 197.0 Kcal / kg L = 468.9 Kcal / kg

1 kg ELGL JZF/GL UZDL = H wet = h + XL = 197.1 + ( 0.9 + 468.9 ) = 619.11 Kcal / kg

1 kg 5F6LDF\YL JZF/ AGFJJF DF8[ VF5JL 50[, UZDL

= Hwet – h1 = 619.11 – 28 Kcal / kg


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

VlC h1 = ( 28 – 0 ) = 28 Kcal = ;DFG pt5FNG VF\S = Hwet – h / 538.9 = 619.11 – 28 / 538.9 = 1.097 HJFA – 1

• AM.,ZGL BZ[BZL pT5FNG 1FDTF Per kg of coal ( Actual Evaporisation Per kg of coal ) Wa = 48,000 / 4800 = 10 kg per kg of coal HJFA - 2

• AM.,ZGL ;DFG pt5FNG 1FDTF ( Equivalent evaporisation ) in kg of water from and at 100°C We = Wa x [ Hwet – h ] / 538.9 = 10 ( 619.11 – 28 ) / 538.9 = 10.97 kg / kg of coal HJFA - 3

• AM.,ZGL SFI"1FDTF ( Boiler efficiency ) = Wa [ Hwet – h] / CV = 10 x ( 619.11 – 28 ) / 8100 = 0.73 or 76% HJFA - 4

#P_ AM.,Z %,Fg8DF\ YTM UZDLGM jII ( Heat losses in Boiler Plant ) V[S ;FZF 5|SFZGF\ JM8Z8I]A AM.,ZGL YD", VMKFDF\ VMKL 80% H[8,L CMI K[ ,[S[XFIZ AM.,Z S[ H[DF\ :JI\ ;\RFl,T :8MS;" ( Stokers ) CMI VG[ H[G]\ ( Brick work ) ;FZL ZLT[ H/JFT]\ CMI TM T[ ,UEU 75% H[8,L efficiency VF5[ K[ TM ;JF, V[ YFI S[ VF AFSLGL 20 YL 25% UZDL SIF\ ÔI K[ m S[D S[4 VF UZDLGM AM.,ZDF\ 5|F6LDF\YL AZF/ AGFJJF DF8[ p5IMU Y. XSTM GYL4 VFYL T[G[ jII ( Losses ) TZLS[ U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

5F6LDF\YL H~ZL 5|DF6[GL

JZF/ AGFJJF DF8[

J5ZFTL UZDL

( Useful Heat )

AF[.,ZDF\ A/T6DF\ NCGYL

pt5gG YTL UZDL

jII YTL UZDL ( Heat Losses )


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

AM.,Z %,Fg8DF\ YTF UZDLGF jII ( Heat Losses ) G[ D]bItJ[ RFZ EFUDF\ JC[\RL XSFI K[P

!P AM.,ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF UZDJFI]VMDF\ YTM jII

( Heat lost to chimney gases or Flue gases ) ZP A/T6GF\ V5}6" NCGYL YTM UZDLGM jII

( Heat lost due to incomplete combustion ) #P U|[8GF\ ;l/IFDF\YL GLR[ 50[, VG[ G A/[, A/T6GL YTM jII

( Heat lost due to unburnt fuel falling through the grate bars or unburnt fuel falling in the furnace )

$P lJlSZ6YL YTM UZDLGM jIJ

( Heat lost to external radiation ) CJ[ VF56[ JZFOZTL p5Z H6FJ[, UZDLGF jII ( Heat losses ) G[ lJUT[ Ô[.X]\P

!P AM.,ZDF\YL sRLDGLDF\YLf ACFZ GLS/TF UZDJFI]VMDF\ YTM jII

( Heat lost to chimney gases or Flue gases ) AM.,ZGL RLDGLDF\YL ACFZ O[\SFTF JFI]VM A[ EFUDF\ AG[,F CMI K[P

(a) ;}SF UZDJFI]VM ( Dry Flue gases ) (b) JFI]VMDF\ ZC[,L JZF/ ( Steam in Flue gases )

(a) ;}SF UZD JFI]VMDF\ YTM UZDLGM jII GLR[ 5|DF6[ U6L XSFI q V[S lS,MU|FD A/T6DF\ ;}SF JFI]VMDF\ YTM UZDLGM jIJ ( Heat lost to dry flue gases per kg of fuel burnt ) = V[S lS,MU|FD A/T6 AF/JFYL pt5þF YTF\ JFI]VMG]\ JHG VF JFI]VMGL lJlXQ8 pQDF ( Kp) X

ACFZ GL/STF JFI]VM VG[ JFTFJZ6GF\ TF5DFG JrR[GM TOFJT ( t1 – t2 ) Heat lost to dry flue gases per kg of fuel = Wg x Kp (t1 – t2) p5ZGF\ ;DLSZ6YL V[ :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ TF5DFGGM TOFJT H[8,M JW] T[8,M UZDLGM jII JW] YFI K[P TN p5ZF\T H[D JWFZ[ A/T6 AF/JFDF\ VFJ[ T[D jII 56 JWFZ[ CMI K[P

(b) JFI]VMDF\ ZC[,L JZF/DF\ YTM UZDLGM jII GLR[ 5|DF6[ Y6L XSFIP

V[S JFTG]\ BF; wIFG ZC[ S[ JFI]VMDF\ ZC[,L JZF/ V[ A/T6DF\ ZC[,F\ CF.0=MHG GF\ NCGGF SFZ6[ pNEJ[ K[P

CJ[4 V[S lS,MU|FD A/T6DF\YL pt5þF YTL JZF/G]\ JHG

= gH2 + V[S lS,MU|FD A/T6DF\ ZC[,L Mositure G]\ JHG (W)


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

VF56[ V[D WFZL ,.X]\ S[ JFI]VMDF\ ZC[,L JZF/ JFTFJZ6DF\ NAF6 VG[ JFI]GF\ TF5DFGGL 5lZl:UlTDF\ VlTT%T ( Super heated ) :J~5[ K[P V[ lS,MU|FD A/T6 AF/JFYL JZF/DF\ YTM UZDLGM jII ( Heat lost to steam in flue gases per kg of fuel burnt [ gH2 + w ] [ Hsup – h] Heat losss = [gH2 + w ] [ 100 + 538.9 + Kp ( t-100) - h

HIF\4 t = AM.,ZGL ACFZ GLS/TF\ UZDJFI]VMG]\ TF5DFG

Hsup = V[S lSPU|FP VlTT%T JZF/GL JFTFJZ6GF\ NAF6[ VG[ JFI]VMGF\ TF5DFG[ sS], UZDLf

kp = VlTT%T JZF/GL lJlXQ8 pQDF

h = lSPU|FP 5F6LGL JFTFJZ6GF TF5DFG[ Enthalpy

w = lSPU|FP A/T6DF\ ZC[, Moisture G]\ JHG

H2 = lSPU|FP A/T6DF\ ZC[, CF.0=MHGG]\ JHG

VFD4 RLDGL JF8[ AM.,ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF JFI]VM ( Flue gases ) DF\ YTM UZDLGM jII 36M JWFZ[ CMI K[P UZDLGF\ VF jIIG[ VMKM SZJF DF8[4 VF W]lGS GJF AM.,ZDF\4 AM.,Z VG[ RLDGL JrR[4 .SMGMDF.hZ VG[ V[Z l5| CL8Z D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ S[ H[VM ACFZ HTF\ VF JFI]VMDF\YL 36LAWL UZDL XMQFL ,[ K[ VG[ VF 5|SFZGM UZDLGM jII V8SFJ[[ K[P

TN p5ZF\T T[VM AM.,ZGL SFI"N1FTF 56 JWFZ[ K[ H[ VF56[ VFU/GF\ 5|SZ6MDF\ lJUTJFZ Ô[. UIF KLV[P

ZP A/T6GF\ V5}6" NCGYL YTM UZDLGM jII

V5}ZTL CJFG[ SFZ6[4 A/T6G]\ V5}6" NCG YFI K[ H[G[ 5lZ6FD[ Co sSFA"G DMGMS;F.0f AG[ K[P A/T6GF\ ;5}6" NCG DF8[ 5}Z[5}ZF SFA"G (C) G]\ SFA"G0FIMS;F.0 (Co2) DF\ ~5F\TZ YJ]\ HZL K[P S[D S[4 HIFZ[ 1 lS,MU|FD SFA"G A/LG[ Co2 AG[ K[ tIFZ[ 8080 Kcal T[ H[8,L UZDL 5[NF SZ[ K[ VG[ Ô[ 1 lS,MU|FD SFA"G A/LG[Co AG[ K[ tIFZ[ TP OST 2420 Kcal H[8,L H UZDL 5[NF SZL XS[ K[P VFD4 8080 – 2420 = 5666 Kcal H[8,L UZDLGM jII YFI K[4 H[ 36M H DM8M K[PDF8[4 AM.,ZDF\ A/T6G]\ ;5}6" NCG YFI T[ H~ZL K[P T[ DF8[ AM.,ZDF\ NCG DF8[ DMS,JFDF\ VFJTL CJFGM 5}ZTM HyYM CD[\XF Ô/JJM Ô[.V[ VG[ T[G[ ,UTF\ ;FWGM H[JF S[ 5\BF4 0S8 lJU[Z[G[ IMuI l:YlTDF\ Ô/JJF Ô[.V[P VG[ lGIlDT T[ GL RSF;6L VG[ H~ZL ;DFZSFD YJ]\ Ô[.V[P JFI]~5 SZTF\ 5|JFCL VG[ 3G A/T6 DF\ VF 5|SFZGM UZDLGM jII JW] YJFGL XSITFVM ZC[TL K[P

#P U|8GF\ ;l/IFVMDF\YL GLR[ 50[, VG[ GA A/[, A/T6YL YTM jII o

HIFZ[ 56 3G A/T6 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ tIFZ[ NCGGL 5|lSIF NZdIFG T[GF\ GFGF GFGF 8]S0FVM YFI K[P H[DF\GF VD]S U|[8GF\ ;l/IFVMDF\YL GLR[ 50L ÔI K[ VG[ T[G]\ NCG Y. XST]\ GYL H[ V[ 5|SFZGM UZDLGM H jII K[P VF jII4 U|8GF\ ;l/IFVMDF\ GLR[ 50[, A/T6GF\ JHGG[ T[GL S,MlZlOS J[<I] ( C.V.) ;FY[ U]6FSFZ SZLG[ D[/JFI K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

Heat loss = GLR[ 50L UI[, A/T6G]\ JHG (w) x A/T6GL S,MlZlOS J[<I] ( C.V.)

$P lJlSZ6YL YTM UZLDLGM jII o ( Heat lost to External Radiation ) AM.,Z VG[ T[GF OZG[;GL H]NL H]NL ;5F8LVM 5Z V;DZSFZ ,[UL\U ( Lagging ) GF\

SZ[, CMI TM VF 5|SFZ[ UZDLGM jII YFI K[P lJlSZ6YL YTM UZDLGM jII S], UZDLGF\ jIIDF\YL p5Z H6FJ[, +6 5|SFZGF\ UZDLGM jIIG[ AFN SZJFYL D/[ K[P UZDLGF\ jIIDF\YL p5Z H6FJ[, +6 5|SFZGF\ UZDLGM jIIG[ AFN SZJFYL D/[ K[P S], UZDLGM jII v sAM.,ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF\ UZDJFI]VMDF\

Heat Loss = UZDLG[ jII - s A/T6DF\ V5}6" NCGYL YTM UZDLGM jII + A/T6GF\ ;\5}6" NCGYL YTF[ UZDLGF[ jII + U|[8GF\ ;l/IFV,DF\YL GLR[ 50[, VG[ G A/[, A/T6YL YTM UZDLGM jII f

$P_ AM.,Z VG[ T[GL V[;[;ZLhGL SFI"N1FTF

!P AM.,ZGL SFI"N1FTF ( Boiler efficiency Or Thermal efficiency of ther Boiler )

AM.,ZDF\ OL8JM8ZDF\YL H~ZL l:YlTJF/L JZF/ AGFJJF DF8[ p5IMUDF\ VFJTL UZDL VG[ V[8,F\ H ;DIDF\ H T[ A/T6GF\ ;\5}6" NCGYL K}8L 50TL UZDLGF\ U]6F[¿ZG[ AF[.,ZGL SFI"N1FTF SC[ K[P i.e. it is output divided by the input to the boiler VFD4 AM.,ZGL SFI"N1FTF = Wa ( H – h ) / C. V. HIF\4 C.V. = A/T6GL S[,MlZlOS J[<I] Kcal / kg

Wa = V[S lS,MU|FD A/T6 AF/JFYL D/T]\ BZ[BZ]\ pt5FNG4 kg

H – h = V[S lS,MU|FD OL8JM8ZDF\ NFB, Y.G[ JZF/ AGFJJF DF8[ J5ZFI[,L UZDLP

Ô[ AM.,Z %,Fg8DF\ .SMGMDF.hZ VG[ ;]5ZCL8Z 56 CMI TM T[ NZ[SGL SFI" N1FTF V,U U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ Ô[ VF +6[I G[ V[S H EFU ( Single Unit ) TZLS[ U6JFDF\ VFJ[ TM T[ ZLT[ U6JFDF\ VFJTL SFI"N1FTF G[ VYJF SC[JFI K[P

ZP .SMGMDF.hZGL SFI"N1FTF o

.SMGMDF.hZDF\YL 5;FZ YTF\ OL0JM8Z wJFZF D[/JFI[, UZDL VG[ UZDJFI]VMGL VF5[,L UZDLGF\ U]6M¿ZG[ .SMGMDF.hZGL SFI"N1FTF Over all efficiency VYJF efficiency of combined boiler plantSC[JFI K[P

VFD4

.SSMGMDF.hZGL SFI"N1FTF = Wa ( t2 – t1 ) / W1 x Cp ( tt1 – tt2 ) HIF\4

t1 = .SF[GF[DF.hZDF\ NFB, YTF\ OL8JF[8ZG]\ TF5DFG t2 = .SMGMAF.HZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF OL8JM8ZG]\ TF5DFG

tt1 = .SMGMDF.hZDF\ NFB, YTF\ UZDJFI]VMG]\ TF5DFG


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

tt2 = .SMGMDF.hZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF\ UZDJFI]VMG]\ TF5DFG

W1 = NZ lS,MU|FD A/T6 NL9 pt5þF YTF UZD JFI]VMG]\ JHG

Wa = NZ lS,MU|FD A/T6 T{IFZ YI[,L JZF/G]\ JHG

Cp = ACFZ HTF JFI]VMGL lJlXQ8 pQDF

VCL\4 5F6LGL lJlXQ8 pQDF (Cp) V[S CMJFYL ;}+DF\ U6TZLDF\ ,LW[, GYL VFW]lGS GJF NZ[S AM.,ZMDF\ AM.,Z AGFJGFZ T[GL ZRGF V[JL ZLT[ SZ[ K[P H[YL .SMGMDF.hZ AM.,ZGL V\NZ H CMI T[D ,FU[ Ô6[ S[ AM.,ZMGM H V\TUT" EFU CMIP

TN p5ZF\T .SMGMDF.hZGL SFI"N1FTF JWFZJF DF8[ T[DF\ 8I]AMGL ;\bIF H[D AG[ T[D JW] ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ 8I]AM ( Fins ) ;FY[( Finned Tubes ) AGFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

VFD SZJFYL .SMGMDF.hZGL S], Heating Surface JW[ K[ VG[ T[GL SFI"N1FTFDF\ 56 JWFZM YFI K[P

$P_ ;]5ZCL8Z o

;]5ZCL8Z ;FDFgI ZLT[ OZG[;DF\YL VFU/ JWTF JFI]VM ( Flue gas ) GF\ Z:TFDF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ H[YL T[ UZD JFI]VMDF\YL UZDL U|C6 SZL XS[P Ô[ JWFZ[ TF5DFGGL H~Z CMI TM SIFZPS ;]5ZCL8ZG[ OZG[;GF\ p5ZGF\ EFUDF\ 56 D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

AM.,Z 0=DDF\YL GLS/TL ;}SL ;\T'%T JZF/G[ ;]5ZCL8ZGL G/LVM ( Tubes ) DF\YL 5;FZ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF G/LVMG]\ U}\R/]\ ( Coils ) JFI]GF\ Z:TFDF\ ZFBJFDF VFJ[ K[P JFI]DF\YL UZDL JZF/DF\ ÔI K[4 VG[ JZF/G[ VR/ NAF6[ VlTT%T JZF/DF\ ~5F\TZ SZ[ K[P

;]5ZCL8ZGL SFI"N1FTF GLR[ D]HA U6TZL SZLG[ D[/JL XSFI K[P ;]5ZCL8ZDF\ JZF/ wJFZF JFI]DF\YL D[/J[, UZDL VG[ UZDJFI]VMGL VF5[,L UZDLGF\ U]6M¿Z G[ ;]5ZCL8ZGL SFI"N1FTF SC[JFI K[P

;]5ZCL8ZGL SFI"N1FTF = Wa ( H + Cps ( tsup – tsat)) / Wf Cpf ( tt1 – tt2) VF ;}+DF\

Wa = NZ lS,MU|FD A/T6 NL9 T{IFZ YI[,L JZF/G]\ JHG

Wf = NZ lS,MU|FD A/T6 NL9 T{IFZ YTF UZD JFI]G]\ JHG

tsat = ;]5ZCL8ZDF\ NFB, YTL JZF/G]\ TF5DFG

tsup = ;]5ZCL8ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TL VlTT%T JZF/G]\ TF5DFG

tt1 = ;]5ZCL8ZDF\ NFB, YTF\ JFI]G]\ TF5DFG

t12 = ;]5ZCL8ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF\ JFI]G]\ TF5DFG

CPf = VR/ NAF6[ JFI]GL lJlXQ8 pQDF

Cps = VR/ NAF6[ JZF/GL lJlXQ8 pQDF

H[ AM.,ZDF\ T[DF\YL GLS/TL JZF/G]\ TF5DFG B}A H p\R] Ô[.T]\ CMI T[DF\ ;]5ZCL8Z A[ EFUDF\ JC[\RFI[,]\ CMI K[ H[D S[4 %,[8G ;]5ZCL8Z VG[ OF.G, ;]5ZCL8Z VF ZLT[ JZF/GF TF5DFGG]\ lGIDG JW] ;FZL ZLT[ SZL XSFI K[4 H[DF\ 0L ;]5ZCL8ZGL jIJ:YF 56 CMI K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

AF[.,ZG]\ lGIDG ( Boiler Control ) 5|:TFJGF o

AM.,ZGF\ lGIDG ( Boiler Control ) GM D]bI pN[X VMKFDF\ VMKF\ BR"[ ;,FDTL5}J"S JZF/ ( Steam ) pt5FNG SZJFGM K[4 H[ DF8[ AM.,ZGF\ H]NF H]NF D]bI 5lZA/MG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

AM.,ZGF\ ,F\AF VFI]QI DF8[4 SM.57 D]xS[,L JUZ ,F\AM ;DI ;TT R,FJJF DF8[4 T[GL Ô/J6L ( Preservation ) S[ DZFDT ( Maintenance ) GM BR" T[DH T[DH T[G[ R,FJJF GM BR" T[DH T[G[ R,FJJFGM BR" 56 BMKFDF\ VMKM YFI VG[ p¿D SFI"N1FTF D/[ T[ DF8[4 AM.,Z HIFZ[ RF,] CMI4 TIFZ[

GLR[GF ( Parameters ) B}A H RMS;F.5}J"S lGI\+6 SZJF Ô[.V[P

s!f AM.,ZDF\\ DMS,JFDF\ VFJTF 5F6LG\] lGIDG VYJF AM.,Z 0=DGL ;5F8LG]\ lGIDG

( Feed water control Or Drum level control ) sZf A/T6G]\ lGIDG (Fuel Control or Combustion Control) s#f AM.,ZDF\ pt5þF YTL JZF/GF\ NAF6G]\ lGIDG ( Steam Pressure Control or Master

Pressure Control ) s$f AM.,ZDF\ pt5þF YTL JZF/GF\ TF5DFGG]\ lGIDG ( Boiler outlet steam Temperature

Control ) s5f CJFGF\ 5|JFCG]\ lGIDG ( Air Flow Control ) s&f OZG[;DF\GF NAF6G]\ lGIDG ( Furnace Pressure Control ) CJ[ VF56[ JFZF OZTL p5ZGF\ lJUTJFZ Ô[.X]\P

!P_ AM.,ZDF\ DMS,JFDF\ VFJTF 5F6LG]\ lGIDG VYJF AM.,Z 0DGL ;5F8LG]\ lGIDG

( Feed water control or Drum level control ) VF 5|SFZGF\ lGIDGG[ D]bItJ[ 0=D ,[J, Sg8=M, TZLS[ VM/BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 0=D ,[J, Sg8=M, D]bItJ[ ZLT[ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[[

(a) V[S V[,LD[g8 Sg8=M, ( Single element control ) (b) A[ V[,LD[g8 Sg8=M, ( Double element control ) (c) +6 V[,LD[g8 Sg8=M, ( Three element control )

AM.,ZGF\ 0=D DF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L ( Level ) B}A H RMS;F.5}J"S Ô/JJ]\ Ô[.V[ sD[.g8[.G SZJ]\ Ô[.V[f H[YL SZLG[ JZF/ VG[ 5F6L

JWFZ[DF\ JWFZ[ K}8F\ 50[P 0=D DF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8L AZFAZ ZFBLG[ VF56[ AM.,ZGL G/LVMG[ ( Tubes ) 9\0L ZFB[ K[ T[ GSSL SZL XSLV[ KLV[P Ô[ AM.,Z 0=DDF\ 5F6L G ZC[ TM T[GM VY" V[JM


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

Y. XS[ S[ AM.,ZGL G/LVMDF\ 56 5F6LGM 5|JFC G CMI TM AM.,ZGL G/LVM JWFZ[ UZD ( overheat ) Y. ÔI VG[ SIFZ[S T[ VFU/LG[ OF8L ÔI VYJF T[G[ G]S;FG 56 Y. XS[P CJ[ VF56[ V[S 5KL V[S 0=D ,[J, Sg8=M, lJUT ;DÒX]\P

!P! l;\U, sV[Sf V[,LD[g8 S\8=M, ( Single element control ) l;\U, V[,LD[g8 S\8=M,DF\ D]bI V[,LD[g8 0=D ,[J, K[P 0=D ,[J, 0=Fg;DL8Z wJFZF 0=DDF\

5F6LG]\ ,[J, S[8,]\ K[ T[ Ô6L XSFI K[P VF 0=D ,[J,G]\ D}<I sDF5f 0=D ,[J, S\8=M,ZDF\ Ô[0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 0=D ,[J, S\8=M,ZDF\ Z[OZg; J[<I] V[8,[ S[ GSSL SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;[8 J[<I] SZTF\ 0=D

,[J,DF\ JWFZM S[ 38F0M YFI TM VF S\8=M,Z4 ;FRL ;5F8L ( Actual level ) VG[ ;[8 5M.g8 ( set point ) JrR[GF\ TOFJT 5|DF6[ U6TZL SZLG[ E}, ( error ) l;uG, S\8=M, JF<J 5Z DMS,[

K[ VF E}, l;uG, ( Single error ) OL0 JM8Z S\8=M, JF<J B},[ K[ VYJF TM A\W YFI K[ sV[8,[ S[ JF<JG]\ VM5GL\U VMK]\ S[ JWFZ[ YFI K[Pf JF<JGF\ VM5GL\U 5|DF6[ 5F6L 0=DDF\ NFB, YFI K[P l;\U, V[,LD[g8 0=D ,[J, RMS;F. 5}J"S S\8=M, YT]\ GYL SFZ6 S[ ,[J, JW38GL lS|IF AM.,Z ,M0GF\ JW38GF\ 5|DF6DF\ WLDL CMI K[P VFYL HIFZ[ AM.,ZGM ,M0 JW[ K[ T[GF\ 5|DF6DF\ 5F7LGM 5|JFC

sO,Mf J3TF JFZ ,FU[ K[P VFYL 0=D ,[J, VR/ ( Constant set point ) H/JFT]\ GYL VG[ ,[J,DF\ JW38 ZCIF H SZ[ K[P

!PZ 0A, sA[f V[,LD[g8 S\8=M, o ( Double element control ) VF 5wWlTDF\ 0=D,[J,DF\ D}<I p5ZF\T JZF/DF\ 5|JFC ( Steam flow ) G]\ D]<I (

Value ) 56 ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P T[YL HIFZ[ AM.,ZGF\ ,M0DF\ ( Boiler outlet steam flow DF\f JWFZM YFI T[GL ;FY[ H Sg8=M, VFp85]8 l;uG, ( Output signal ) DF\ JWFZM SZ[ K[PVFD4

VFp8Z5]8G]\ D}<O H[JM AM.,Z ,M0 JW[ T[GL ;FY[ H 5F6LGF\ S\8=M, JF<JG[ BM,LG[ JZF/GF\ 5|JFC ( Steam flow ) GF\ 5|DF6DF\ h05YL 5F6LGF\ 5|JFCDF\ JWFZM SZ[ K[P T[ H 5|DF6[ HIFZ[ AM.,Z ,M0 38[ tIFZ[ S\8=M,Z JZF/GF\ 5|JFCDF\ 38F0FGF\ 5|DF6 DF\ VFp85]8GF\ D}<IDF\ 38F0M SZ[ K[ H[ 5F6LGF S\8=M, JF<JG[ h05YL JZF/GF\ 5|JFCGF\ 5|DF6DF\ A\W SZL K[<,[ H~ZL 0=D ,[J, H/JFI T[ ZLT[ B]<,M ZFB[ K[ VG[ H~ZL 5F6LGM 5|JFC D/L ZC[ K[P

!P# Y|L s+6f V[,LD[g8 S\8=M, o ( Three element control ) 0=DGL V\NZ AM.,Z ,M0 JWJFYL 1Fl6S 5F6LGM pEZM VFJ[ K[ H[G[ Swell s:J[,f 56 SC[

K[4 H[ 0=D ,[J,DF\ D}<IDF\ 1Fl6S JWFZM ATFJ[ K[P V[ H ZLT[ HIFZ[ h05YL AM.,Z ,M0 38JFYL VG[

0=DDF\ 9\0F5F6LGM pD[ZM YJFYL 0=D,[J,DF\ 1Fl6S 38F0M YFI K[4 H[G[ Shrink szL\Sf 56 SC[ K[P VF 5|DF6[ 0=DDF\4 HIFZ[ AM.,Z ,M0 JW[ K[ tIFZ[ 5F6LGL GL DF\U JWJL Ô[.V[ 5Z\T] GL lS|IFG[

SFZ6[ DF\U 38JFG[ AN,[ JW[ K[P VF D]xS[,L N}Z SZJF DF8[ Y|L V[,LD[g8 S\8=M, ( Three element control ) 5wWlTGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[DF\ 0=D ,[J,4 JZF/GM 5|JFC Steam flow VG[ 5F6LGM 5|JFC Feed water flow GF\ D}<IM ( Value ) GM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF

DF8[ H~ZL 5F6LGM 5|JFC4 JZF/DF\ 5|JFCG]\ OL8 OMZJ0" (FF) VG[ 0=D ,[J, V[ S\8=M,Z GSSL SZ[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

VG[ JZF/GM 5|JFC JWTF\ T[ 5F6LGM 5|JFC JWFZ[ K[ VG[ V[H 5|DF6[ 38F0[ K[[P 0=D ,[J, V[ S\8=M,Z

GlCJT O[ZOFZM ( Negligible changes ) VG[ ,M;L; ( Losses ) 5|DF6[ 5F6LDF\ 5|JFCGL DF\U GSSL SZL ;FR]\ VR/ 0=D ,[J, Ô/jIF\ SZ[ K[P VF ZLTYL 0=D ,[J,4 AM.,ZGF\ ,M0DF\ l;JFI S[

B}A H DM8M JWFZM S[ 38F0M YFI4 B}A H VR/ ( Constant ) VG[ ,FAF\ ;DI ;]WL H/JFI K[P

ZP_ A/T/ VYJF NCGlS|IFG]\ lGIDG o ( Flue control or Combustion control ) AM.,ZDF\ T[GF 5|SFZ 5|DF6[ A/T6 ( Natural Gas or any other Gas ) TZLS[

JFI] A/T6 5|JFCL A/T6 sSM.56 5|SFZG]\ Oil f S[ 3G A/T6 sH]NF\ H]\NF 5|SFZGM SM,;M4 JG:5lTGM SRZM S[ ,FS0]\ lJPf JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

JFI]~5 VG[ 5|JFCL A/T6G]\ lGIDG ( Control ) ;C[,M K[ S[D S[ T[ ;C[,F.YL JCL XS[ K[ q UlT SZL XS[ K[ VG[ T[GM 5|JFC ;C[,F.YL DF5L XSFI K[P HIFZ[ 3GA/T6GF\ J5ZFXG]\ DF5 VG[ T[G]\ lGIDG SZJFGL ZLT[ H]NL CMI K[P HIFZ[ 3GA/T6GF\ J5ZFXG]\ DF5 VG[ T[G]\ lGIDG SZJFGL ZLT[ H]NL CMI K[P ;FDFgI ZLT[4 VFHGF\ VFW]lGS p\RF NAF6 VG[ p\RF TF5DFGJF/F

AM.,ZDF\ S[ H[GL 1FDTF ( Capacity ) 56 5|DF6DF\ JWFZ[ CMI K[4 T[DF\ A/T6 TZLS[ JFI]~5 VYJF 5|JFCL A/T6 H JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ DF8[ T[GL H RRF" VCL SZ[, K[PP

AM.,ZDF\ 5|JFCL A/T6 IMuI TF5DFG ,FjIF AFN 5\5GL G/L ( Pipe ) JF8[ D[GL OM<0DF\ ,. HJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ tIF\YL T[G[ AM.,ZGL ;F.8 5Z D}SJFDF\ q OL8 SZJFDF\ VFJ[, AG"Z

sV[S SZTF\ JW] 56 CM. XS[ K[f DF\ DMS,JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P V[ 5C[,F\ IMuI 5|SFZGF\ 5\BF ( Fan ) GL

DNNYL CJFGL 0S8 ( Air Duct ) DFZOT[ CJFG[ AM.,ZGL OZG[; ;]WL 5CM\RF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P HIF\ VluGGM :+MT VF5JFYL T[ A/T6 ;FY[ E/LG[ T[G[ AF/[ K[P NCGDF\YL pt5þF YTL UZDL OZG[;GL

VFH]AFH] TYF ACFZ H TF\ UZD JFI]VM ( Flue Gases ) GF\ DFU"DF\ VFJ[, G/LVM ( Tubes ) DF\ ZC[,F q OZTF\ 5F6 q JZF/ ( Water / Steam ) DF\ XMQFFI K[P G/LVMDF\ ZC[, 5F6L UZD

Y.G[ JZF/ AG[ H[ HIFZ[ K[<,[ JWTF\ UZD GSFDF\ ( Flue gases ) JFI]VM G[ RLDGL ( Chimney ) DFZOT[ JFTFJZ6DF\ O[\SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

CJ[4 AM.,ZDF\ JZF/G]\ NAF6 ( Steam Pressure ) B}A H VUtIG]\ 5F;] ( Critical Parameter ) K[ T[YL NAF6 VR/ ( Constant ) Ô/JJ]\ B}A H H~ZL K[P VR/ NAF6 Ô6JJF DF8[ AM.,ZGF OZG[;DF\ AF/JFDF\ VFJTF A/T6YL pt5þF YTL UZDLGF NZG]\

lGI\+6 SZJ]\ B}A H H~ZL K[P UZDL pt5þF SZJFGM NZ A/T6 ( Fuel ) VG[ CJFGF\ 5|JFC ( Air Flow ) G[ H~ZL 5|DF6[ JW38 SZLG[ SZL XSFI K[P NCGGL SFI"N1FTF JWFZJF DF8[ V[Z OI]V,

Z[lXIM ( Air Fuel Ratio ) V[ ZLT[ IMuI 5|JFCDF\ ZFBJM 50[ S[ H[YL A/T6G[ A/JF DF8[ 5}ZTF

5|DF6DF\ H~ZL VMlS;HG D/L XS[P Ô[ 5}ZTF 5|DF6DF\ CJF (O2) G D/[ TM A?IF lJGFG]\ A/T6

ACFZ HTF\ JFI]VM ( Flue gases ) ;FY[ ÔI VG[ NCGGL SFI"N1FTF 38[ H[ BM8M A/T6GM BR" ( Flue cost ) JWFZ[P VF p5ZF\T A?IF lJGFG]\ VF NCGXL, A/T6 AM.,ZDF\ VFU/ HTF\ SM.

SFZ6;Z A/JF ,FU[ TM T[ HuIFV[ W0FSM ( Explosion ) YJFGM EI 56 ZC[ K[P JWFZ[ 50TF


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

CJF sJWFZJF CJF Excess air f 56 A/T6DF\YL pt5þF YTL UZDL U|C6 SZ[ K[ SZF6 S[ T[ JFTFJZ6DF\ TF5DFGYL AM.,ZDF\GF TF5DFG ;]WL UZD YFI K[ VG[ VF U|C6 SZ[, UZDL K[J8[ RLDGL DFZOT[ ACFZ HTF\ JFI]VM ;FY[ GSFDL J[0OF. ÔI K[P VFD4 SFI"N1F NCG DF8[ A/T6 CJFGF\ 5|DF6 AZFAZ H/JFJ]\ Ô[.V[P

#P_ AM.,ZDF\ pt5þF YTL JZF/GF\ NAF6G]\ lGIDG o ( Steam Pressure control or Master Pressure control )

VF 5|SFZGF\ lGIDGDF\ V[8,[ S[ Master pressure control ( Pressure control ) DF\ AM.,ZGF\ Tt5}ZTF NAF6 ( Actual pressure ) VG[ S\8=M,ZGL ;[8 J[<I] ( Set value ) GF\ TOFJT 5ZYL PIC 4 A/T6GL DF\U ( Fuel demand ) U6TZLYL pEL SZX[ q

U6FX[ VG[ OI]V,O,M S\8=M,ZG]\ ;[8 5M.g8 GSSL SZX[P VFD VF ,}5 ( Loop ) HZL JZF/GF\

NAF6G[ VR/ ZFBJF VR/ ( Constant ) OI]V,O,M Ô/JX[P HIFZ[ NAF6DF\ O[ZOFZ YX[ tIFZ[

JZF/DF\ NAF6 ( Steam pressure ) G[ T[GF\ ;[8J[<I] H[8,]\ SZJF OI]V,GF\ O,MG[ S\8=M,

SZJFDF\ VFJX[ VG[ SF:S[8 ,}5 ( Cascade Loop ) OZL OI]V,O,MG[4 :8LD 5|[XZ VR/

ZFBJF VR/ ZFBX[P DF+ JZF/G]\ NAF6 V[ V[SH 5lZA/ ( Parameter ) Master pressure Ô/JJF DF8[ WLDM 5|lT;FN ( Slow response ) VF5X[ SFZ6 S[ 5C[,F\

AM.,ZDF\ CJF JWX[4 tIFZ AFN A/T6 JWX[ T[G]\ NCG YJFYL UZDL ( Heat ) pt5þF YX[4 H[ UZDL 5F6LDF\ XMQFF.G T[GL JZF/ AþF[ VFD VF AWL H lS|IF YTF\ JFZ ,FU[ K[P DF8[ VF D]xS[,LG[ N}Z

SZJF DF8[ JZF/GF\ 5|JFC ( Steam flow ) G[ OL8 OMZJ0" (FF) TZLS[ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ SFZ6 S[

NAF6DF\ Ô[ S\. 56 JW38 YX[ T[GL 5C[,L V;Z JZF/GF\ 5|JFC ( Steam flow ) 5Z YX[ VG[ NAF6DF\ DM8L JW38 X~ YFIP T[GF\ 5C[,F\ H JZF/GF\ 5|JFC wJFZF S\8=M,Z TFtSFl,S IMuI ;]WFZM SZL

A/T6 ( Fuel Flow ) GL JW38 SZX[ VG[ 5KLYL PIC K[<,[ ;FZF S\8=M, DF8[ SFD SZX[P

$P_ CJFGF\ 5|JFCG]\ lGIDG o ( Air flow control ) AM.,ZDF\ H[8,L VUtITF A/T6 GF\ 5|JFCG[ Ô/JJFGL K[ T[8,L H CJFGF\ 5|JFCG[ (Air

Flow Control ) 56 Ô/JJFGL K[P

PIC wJFZF pt5þF YTL CJF Air VG[ A/Y6 Fuel GF\ DF\UG]\ l;uG, Air flow controller VG[ Fuel Flow controller GL ;[8J[<I] AGX[P DF\YL GLS/[, l;uG, Air Flow controller DF\ Fuel air ratio device U]6M¿Z ( Ratio ) ;FY[ U]6FSFZ Y. CJFGF\

5|JFCGL DF\U ( Air Flow Demand ) GSSL YFI K[P VF Air Flow Demand V[ Air Flow Controller DF\ ;[8J[<I] AG[ K[P

Air Flow Controller VF ;[8J[<I] VG[ ;FRF CJFGF\ 5|JFCGF\ ( Actual Air Flow ) TOFJT

5|DF6[ Error Signal 5\BF ( FD Fan ) GF\ Inlet vanes control Actuator DF\ ÔI K[

VG[ T[GF\ VM5GL\UDF\ O[ZOFZ YX[ VG[ H~ZL CJFGM 5|JFC ( Air Flow ) HIF\ ;]WL GJL DF\U pt5þF G YFI tIF\ ;]WL VR/ ZFBX[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

$P! D}/E}T A/T6 CJFG]\ lGIDG o ( Basic Fuel Air Control ) V[S OI]V, Z[lXIM JWFZFGL CJF ( Excess air ) GL U6TZL SZLG[ GSSL SZJFDF\ VFJ[

K[P DF\YL GLS/T]\ l;uG, VF Z[lXIM ;FY[ U]6FSFZ Y.G[ CJFGL DF\U GSSL YFI K[P VFDF\ 36LJFZ

JWFZ[ Excess air HJFGL XSITF ZC[ K[P JWFZFGL CJF S[8,L K[ T[ GSSL SZJF DF8[ VMG ,F.G

VMlS;HG V[G[,F.hZ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF V[G,F.hZ ACFZ GLS/TF JFI]VMDF\ outlet fuel gases DF\ S[8,F\ 8SF VMlS;HGG]\ 5|DF6 K[ T[ ATFJ[ K[P VG]EJ 5ZYL ;FZFDF\ ;FZF NCG ( Optimum Combustion ) DF8[ S[8,F 8SF VMlS;HG ACFZ GLS/TF JFI]VMDF\ ZFBJM Ô[.V[ T[ GSSL SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

VMlS;HGG]\ 5|DF6 8SF s@f DF\ VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ VF DF5GM p5IMU VMlS;HG S\8=M,ZDF\ SZ[ K[P VMlS;HG H[8,F 8SF ZFBJ]\ CMI T[8,F 8SF ;[8 J[<I] S\8=M,ZDF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

VF S\8=M,DF\YL GLS/T]\ +}l8 l;uG, V[Z OI]V, Z[lXIFGM lS\DT ( Value ) DF\ O[ZOFZ SZ[ K[P VF J[<I]GL DF:8Z 5|[XZ S\8=M,ZDF\YL GLS/TF l;uG, ;FY[ U]6FSFZ Y. CJFGL DF\U GSSL YFI K[P

AM.,ZG[ H]NF\ H]NF\ ,M0 5Z R,FJTL JBT[ ;FZFDF\ ;FZ]\ ( Optimum ) VMlS;HG 5|DF6 D[/JJF DF8[ JZF/GF\ 5|JFCGF\ DF5GM 56 VMlS;HG S\8=M,ZDF\ p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P JZF/GM 5|JFC VMlS;HG S\8=M,ZGL ;[8J[<I] GSSL SZ[ K[P CJ[4 ACFZ GLS/TF JFI]VMDF\ D5FTL VMlS;HGGL J[<I]

5Z AM.,ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF JFI]VMGF\ Z:TFDF\ (Gas Duct ) YTL V[Z ,LS[H V;Z SZ[ K[P VF ,LS[H G[ SFZ6[ AG"ZM 5F;[ H[8,L JWFZFGL CJF Ô[.V[ T[8,L D/TL GYLP VF D]xS[,LG[ N}Z SZJF DF8[

AM.,ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF JFI]VMDF\ S[8,F\ 5|DF6DF\ Co K[ T[ DF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ H[GF DF8[ Co V[G[,F.hZ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P AM.,Z VMKF\ ,M0 5Z RF,T]\ CMI tIFZ[ CJF VG[ A/T6G]\ AZFAZ

lDz6 YT]\ GYLP T[DH AG"ZG]\ 5ZOMD"g; AU0[ tIFZ[ CJF VG[ A/T6G]\ 5}Z[5]Z]\ NCG G Co YJFYL G]\ 5|DF6 JWL ÔI K[P VF GL J[<I]GM p5IMU S\8=M,Z DF\ VFJ[ K[P V S\8=M,ZDF\ VG]AJ 5ZYL ACFZ

HTF\ JFI]VMDF\ S[8,M Co CMI TM p¿D NCG YI]\ U6FI T[ GSSL SZLG[ T[ J[<I]G[ ;[8J[<I] TZLS[ ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P S\8=M,ZDF\YL GLS/TF +}l8 l;uG,4 V[Z OI]V, Z[lXIMDF\ O[ZOFZ SZ[ K[ VG[ VF

ZlXIMGL J[<I] 5|[XZ S\8=,ZDF\YL GLS/TF +}l8 l;uG, Ô[0[ U]6FSFZ Y.G[ CJFGL DF\U AG[ K[ H[ Air controller GL ;[8J[<I] AG[ K[P VF ;[8J[<I] T[DH TtSFl,G CJFGF\ 5|JFCGF\ TOFJT p5ZYL H[ +}l8

l;uG, AG[ K[ FD Fan T[ GF\ J[g; S\8=M, V[:rI]V[8Z DF\ ÔI K[P OI]V, V[Z S\8=M,ZDF\ ;,FDlT

DF8[ CJFG]\ sV[Zf .g8Z,MS D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ Ô[ AM.,ZDF\ A?IF lJGFG]\ A/T6 ( Unburnt Fuel ) E[U]\ YFI TM 30FSM ( Explosion ) YJFYL 5}Z[5]ZL XSITF ZC[, K[P HIFZ[ AM.,ZDF\ JZF/G]\ NAF6 VMK]\ YFI VG[ A/T6 VG[ CJFGL DF\U JW[ tIFZ[ Ô[ A/T6 JW[ VG[ SM.S SFZ6;Z CJF GF JW[ TM A?IF lJGFG]\ A/56 E[U]\ YFI VG[ Ô[ VF A/T6G[ 5FK/YL VluGGM :+MT VG[ VMlS;HG D/L ÔI TM 30FSM YFIP VFJ]\ tIFZ[ AG[ HIFZ[ AM.,ZDF\ NAF6 5|DF6[ A/T6 VG[ CJFGL DF\U 38[ tIFZ[ CJF 38L ÔI 5Z\T] A/T6 GF 56 38[P

VFJ]\ GF AG[ T[ DF8[ HIFZ[ A/T6 VG[ CJFGL DF\U JW[ TIFZ[ 0LDFg0 l;uG, A/T6GF\ O,MS\8=M,ZDF\ V[Z OI]V, O,M S\8=M,Z A/T6 tIF\ ;]WL G JWJF N[ HIF\ ;]WL BZ[BZ CJFGF\ 5|JFCDF\


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

JWFZM G YJF ,FU[P VF DF8[ OI]V, O,M S\8=M,ZDF\ HTF\A/T6GF\ DFUGF\ 5|DF6DF\ HIF\ ;]WL BZ[BZ CJF JW[ GlC tIF\ ;]WL OI]V,O,M S\8=M,ZDF\ HTF\ ZMSJF VF S\8=M, ,F.GDF\ VMlS;g;Z D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P V[SO,M 8=Fg;DL8ZDF\YL GLS/TF l;uG,G[ Ô[.TF V[Z OI]V,GL 0LDFg0 JW[ TM OI]V,GL 0LDFg0 JW[ TM OIV, O,MV[Z 0LDFg0DF\ 5|DF6DF\ HIF\ ;]WL BZ[BZ GF JW] TM JWX[ GlCP

V[H ZLT[ HIFZ[ OI]V, 0LDFg0 38[ TIFZ[ VMS;LgIZ H[ V[Z S\8=M,ZDF\ HTF\ 0LDFg0 l;uG,GL ;lS"8DF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[, K[ T[ V[SI]V, O,M S[8,M K[ T[GL Ô[0[ ;ZBFD6L SZLG[ H[ JWFZ[ CX[ T[ l;,[S8 Y. V[Z OI]V, Z[lXIM T0[ ;]WFZFJWFZM Y.G[ V[Z S\8=M,ZDF\ HX[ VG[ V[ZG[ H[ V[rI]V, OI]V, O,M CMI T[G[ H~ZL Ô[.TL CJF SZTF\ VMKL CJF YJF N[X[ GlCP

5P_ OZG[;DF\GF NAF6G]\ lGIDG o ( Furnace Pressure Control ) VF S\8=M, ,}5DF\ OZG[; 5|[XZ 8=Fg;DL8ZDF\YL GLS/T] l;uG, OZG[; 5|[XZ S\8=M,ZDF\ ÔI K[P

S\8=M,ZGL ;[8J[<I] ;FY[ VF DF5JFDF\ VFJ[, J[<I] ;FY[ ;ZBFD6L SZL +]l8 ( Error ) l;uG, ID Fan GF\ .G,[8J[GGF\ V[ZrI]V[8ZDF\ ÔI K[ VG[ ID Fan GF\ .G,[8 J[GG[ H~lZIFT 5|DF6[ AM,

A\W SZ[ K[P ( Open / Close ) JWFZ[ ;FZL ZLT[ S\8=M, YFI T[ DF8[ ID Fan 0[dAZDF\ HJ]\ l;uG,

OL0OMJ0" TZLS[ ,[X[P V[8,[ S[ HIFZ[ V[Z 0LDFg0 JW[ tIFZ[ FD Fan G]\ 0[d5ZBM,JFG]\ l;uG, ÔIT[ OZG[;G]\ 5|[XZ JWFZX[P V[J]\ BZ[BZ 5|[XZ JwIF 5C[,F OZG[; 5|[XZ S\8=,MZG[ H6FJL N[X[ VG[ T[GF

5|DF6[ ID Fan GF\ 0[d5Z BM,JF S\8=M,Z VUFpYL5U,F\ ,[JFG]\RF,] SZL N[X[P VFYL OZG[;G]\ NAF6

H[D AG[ T[D VR/ H/JFI K[P VM5[l;8L DL8Z ( Opacity meter ), Co DL8Z4 O2 DL8Z

lJU[Z[ OZG[;DF\ A/T6 AZFAZ AG[ K[ S[ S[D T[GL VF+L SZJF DF8[ ACFZ GLS/TF\ JFI]VM ( Flue gases ) GF\ lJ`J,[QF SZJF DF8[ JFI]VMGF\ Z:TFDF\ ( Flue gas path ) D}SJF H~ZL K[P VF AWF\ DL8ZMwJFZF A/T6 D?IF lJGF HT]\ GYL G[ m JWFZFGL CJF IMuI 5|DF6DF\ K[ S[ GlC m lJU[Z[ GSSL YFI K[ T[DH A/T6GF\ S\8=M,DF\ OL0A[S TZLS[ p5IMUDF\ VFJ[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

AF[.,Z cc 0=FO8cc s 5|JFC f

AF.,ZGF[ JZF/ pt5gG SZJFGF[ NZ A/T6 A/JFGF\ NZ 5Z VFWFZ ZFB[ K[P A/T6

A/JFGF[ NZ OG[";GF[ U|[.8 p5ZGF\ A/T6GL A[0 ( Bed ) DFZOT CJFGF[ 5|JFC pt5gG SZTF\

:8[8LS ( Static ) NAF6 ( Pressure ) GF\ TOFJT p5Z VFWFZ ZFB[ K[P VF :8[8LS NAF6GF\

TOFJTG[ 0=FO8 ( Draught ) SC[ K[P

AF[.,ZGF 0=FO8 pt5gG SZJFGF[ C[T]\

!P A/T6GF\ NCG DF8[ H~ZL 5}ZTL CJF VF5JF

ZP NCGYL pt5gG YTF\ O[,]U[;G[ N}Z SZJFP

#P RLDGL DFZOT[ pt5gG YI[, O,]U[;G[ JFTFJZ6DF\ O[\SJF

VFD 0=FO8 V[ AF[.,Z DF8[ B}A H H~ZL jIJ:YF K[P 0=FO8 A/T6 DF8[ H~ZL CJF D/[ K[P VG[ pt5gG YI[,F JFI]VF[ ACFZ GLS/L HFI K[P CJFG[ OI]V, A[0 p5ZYL 5;FZ SZJF VG[ UZD JFI]VF[G[ AF[.,Z4 .SF[GF[DF.hZ4 V[Z 5|LCL8Z VG[ RLDGLDF\YL 5;FZ SZJF NAF6GF[ TOFJT H~ZL K[P

CJFGF[ HyYF[ VR/ JC[ TF[ ZFBJF VG[ JFI]VF[G[ RLDGL ACFZ WS[,JF H~ZL NAF6GF\ TOFJT 0=FO8 SC[ K[P

• 0=FO8 D[/JJF DF8[ RLDGL4 5\BF4 JZF/ S[ CJFGF[ O]JFZF[[ VYJF T[DG]\ lDz6 SZLG[ JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 0=FO8 HIFZ[ OST RLDGLGL DNNYL 5[NF SZJFDF\ VFJ[ TF[ T[G[ G[RZ, VYJF S]NZTL 0=FO8 SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

HIFZ[ 0=FO8 RLDGL l;JFI ALÒ SF[. ZLT[ D[/JJFD\ VFJ[ TF[ T[G[ S]l+D 0=FO8 SC[ K[P VFD 0=FO8GF D]bI A[ 5|SFZ K[P

s!f G[RZ, sS]NZTL f 0=FO8

sZf S]l+D 0=FO8

• S]NZTL 0=FO8 o

S]NZTL 0=FO8 p\RL RLDGL DFZOT[ D[/JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P GFGL S[5[;L8LGF AF[.,Z DF8[ VF jIJ:YF RF,L XS[ RLDGL .\8F[GL4 :8L,GL VYJF S|F[\S|L8GL 56 CF[I K[P T[GF äFZF UZD 5|N}lQFT JFI]VF[ 5}ZTL p\RF.V[ KF[0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[YL 5|N}QF6 56 V8S[ K[ VG[ p\R[ JFTFJZ6DF\ E/L HFI K[P

RLDGLG[ T/LI[ ,FUT]\ NAF6 RLDGLDF\YL JFI]VF[G[ ,LW[ CF[I K[P VF NAF6GF[ VFWFZ JFI]GL WGTF VG[ RLDGLGL p\RF. 5Z CF[I K[P JFI]GL WGTF T[GF pQ6TFDFG p5Z VFWFZ ZFB[ K[P JWFZ[ pQ6TFDFG[ CJF 5FT/L AG[ K[ VG[ T[GL WGTF W8[ K[ VFYL H H[D JFI]G]\ TF5DFG p\R] T[D CJF


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

5FT/L VG[ VF[KL WGTF CF[JFG[ SFZ6[ RLDGLG[ Tl/I[ NAF6 VF[K]\ CF[I K[P VFYL JFTFJZ6GL CJF tIF\ W;L HJFGF[ 5|ItG SZ[ K[P

GLR[GF 5lZA/F[ H~ZL 0=FO8G]\ D}<I GSSL SZ[ K[P

!P A/T6 A/JFGF[ NZ

ZP A/T6GF[ 5|SFZ VG[ T[GL l:YTL

#P A/T6 A/JFGL ZLT

$P A/T6 A[0GL p\0F.

5P O,]U[; 5FYDF\ A[O<;4 O,]U[; VG[ 5F6LGL G/LVF[4 ;]5ZCL8Z4 .SF[GF[DF.hZ4 V[Z 5|LCL8Z VG[ 0[d5Z äFZF pt5gG YTF[ VJZF[W

&P OG[";GL l0hF.G RLDGL 0=FO8 OS8 AF[.,Z DF8[ J5ZFI K[P DF[8F %,Fg8DF\ RLDGL 0=FO8 5[NF SZJF J5ZFTL GYL S[D S[ T[GFYL 5}ZTF[ 0=FO8 D/TF[ GYL T[DHY SFI"N1FTFDF\ W8F0F[ YFI K[ AWF 5FJZ %,Fg8DF\ UZD JFI]G[ JFTFJZ6DF\ p\RF.V[ KF[0JF DF8[ H T[GF[ p5IF[U YFI K[P VFD SZJFYL VF;5F;G]\ JFTFJZ6 :JrK ZC[ K[P

H~ZL 0=FO8 5[NF SZJF DF8[ RLDGLGL p\RF.G]\ ;]+

h = 353 H [ 1 – (w+1) – 1] 5F6LGF\ DLPDL

Ta w Tf

W = 1 kg fuel AF/JF DF8[ HF[.TL CJFG]\ JHG

Tf = Average absoulte Temp of Chimney fuel gas °K Ta = Absolute Temp of air outside the Chiney °K

W+1 = O,]U[; pt5gG YTF\ T[G]\ JHG kg per kg of fuel burnt H = RLDGLGL p\RF.


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

I = Static draught s :8[8LS 0=FO8 f

p5ZGF\ ;}+ äFZF D/TF[ 0=FO8 V[ YLIF[ZL8LS, K[P JF:TlJS ZLT[ D/TF\ Static draught G]\ D]<I

YLIF[ZL8LS, D/TF\ Static draught GF\ D}<I SZTF\ VF[K]\ CF[I K[P H[GF SFZ6F[ GLR[ D]HA K[P

!P O,]U[; 5FYDF\ O,]U[;GF 5|JFCG[ G0TF[ WQF"6 VJZF[W

ZP O,]U[;G[ UlTDFG SZJF DF8[ H~ZL XlST

#P O,]U[; 5FYDF\ VFJ[,F J/F\SF[G[ SFZ6[

• RLDGL J0[ 5[NF YTF\ 0=FO8GF\ OFINF o

!P 0=FO8 5[NF SZJF AFCI XlSTGL H~Z ZC[TL GYLP

ZP X~VFTG]\ ZF[SF6 VF[K] CF[I K[ TYF HF/J6LGF[ BR" ZC[TF[ GYLP

#P 5|N]lQFT JFI]VF[ CJFDF\ p\RF.V[ KF[0JFDF\ VFJ[TF[ CF[JFYL 5|N}QF6 V8S[ K[P %,Fg8DF\ :JrKTF H/JFI K[P

$P T[GL VFI] DIFNF" JWFZ[ CF[I K[P

• RLDGL 0=FO8GF\ OFINF o

!P JFTFJZ6GF\ ;FDFgI pQ6TFDFG[ VG[ JFI]VF[GF\ pQ6TFDFG[ G[RZ, 0=FO8YL !_ YL Z_ DLPDL 5F6LGL p\RF. H[8,F[ H 0=FO8 D/L XS[ K[P

ZP D/TF[ 0=FO8 JFTFJZ6G]\ TF5DFG JWTF V8S[ K[ VG[ 5}ZTF[ 0=FO8 5[NF SZJF UZD JFI]VF[G[ p\RF TF5DFG[ RLDGL KF[0JF 50[ K[P H[ %,Fg8GL SFI"N1FTFDF\ W8F0F[ SZ[ K[P

#P H[D UZD 5F6LG]\ pQ6TFDFG p\R] CF[I T[D JWFZ[ 0=FO8 D/[ K[P VG[ %,Fg8GL SFI"N1FTF JWFZJF DF8[ JFI]VF[DF\YL .SF[GF[DF.hZ ;]5ZCL8Z4 V[Z5|LCL8Z JU[Z[GL DNNYL UZDL XF[QFL ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFD V[S AFH] SFI"N1F6F JWFZTF\ RLDGLDF\ HTF JFI]VF[G]\ pQ6TFDFG W8[ K[ H[ 0=FO8 W8[ K[ VG[ %,Fg8 5}ZTL S[5[;L8LYL SFD SZL XSTF[ GYLP

$P EõL s OG["; f DF\ CJFGL UTL WLDL CF[JFYL CJF VG[ A/T6 ;\5}6" E/L XSTF GYL VFYL NCG V5}6" ZC[ K[ 5lZ6FD[ A/T6GF[ jII JW[ K[P

5P A/T6GL K}8L 50[,L UZDLGF[ Z_ % H[8,F[ EFU UZD JFI]VF[DF\ HFI K[P

• S]l+D 0=FO8 o VFW]lGS DF[8F :SLD %,Fg8DF\ NZ S,FS[ ,UEU Z_4___ 8G H[8,L JZF/ T{IFZ YTL CF[I K[P H[GF DF8[ (4__4___ WG DL8Z H[8,L CJF NZ lDlG8[ H~Z 50[ K[ H[ S]l+D 0=FO8 lJGF XSI GYLP 5FJZ %,Fg8DF\ ,EUZ #__ DLDL 5F6LGF\ TOFJT H[8,F 0=FO8GL H~Z 50[ K[P 0=FO8 HIFZ[ $_ DLDL SZTF\ JWFZ[ H~ZL CF[I tIFZ[ S]l+D 0=FO8 Z:TF[ 50[ K[P S]l+D 0=FO8 5\BF J0[ 5[NF SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P GFGF AF[.,ZDF\ S]l+D 0=FO8 JZF/YL pt5gG SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ,F[SF[DF[8LJ AF[.,ZDF\ JZF/ V[lgHGDF\YL ACFZ GLS/TL JZF/GF\ H[8 äFZF 0=FO8 pt5gG SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

• S]l+D 0=FO8 GF OFINF

!P A/T6GF\ NCG DF8[ H[8,L H~ZL HF[.V[ T[8,L CJF DF[S,L XSFI K[P

ZP C,SL HFTG]\ A/T6 SZS;Z EZL ZLT[ JF5ZL XSFI K[P

#P JWFZ[ JZF/ pt5gG SZL XSFI K[

$P AF[.,ZGL SFI"N1FTF W8[ K[P

5P JZF/ pt5FNGG]\ lGI\+6 ;C[,F.YL SZL XSFI K[P VFD SZJFYL AF[.,Z 5Z JW] ,. XSFI K[P

&P RLDGLGL pRF.GL JWFZ[ H~Z ZC[TL GYLP

• S]l+D 0=FO8 GF U[Z OFINF

!P T[DF\ 5\BFGL H~Z 50[ K[P VFYL AF[.,Z %,Fg8GL D}/lS\DT DF\ JWFZF[ YFI K[P

ZP 5\BF R,FJJF JLHXlSTGL H~Z 50[ K[P

#P %,Fg8GL ZRGF U]\RJF0F EZ[,L CF[I K[P T[GF\ lGEFJ BR" TYF R,FJJFGF\ BR"DF\ JWFZF[ YFI K[P

• S]l+D 0=FO8 GF 5|SFZ

!P A/5|[ZLT 0=FO8 ( Forced Draught ) ZP 5|[ZLT 0=FO8 ( Induced Draught ) #P ;DT],LT 0=FO8 ( Balanced Draught ) !P A/5|[lZT 0=FO8 o ( Forced Draught )

VF 5|SFZGF\ 0=FO8DF\ A/T6 DF8[ VF5JFDF\ VFJTL CJF JFTFJZ6GF\ NAF6 SZTF\ JWFZ[ NAF6YL VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P AF[.,Z EõLDF\ VG[ JFI]DFU"DF\ CJFG]\ W}D|U[; ,LS YFI K[P p5ZF\T HF[ 0=FO8 RF,] ZFBL EõLGF[ NZJFHF[ BF[,JFDF\ VFJ[ TF[ VFU ACFZ VFJFJFYL NFhL HJFGL ELlT ZC[ K[P GF\ s:8LD HGZ[XG f %,Fg8DF\ ZC[, AF[.,ZGF\ VF 5|SFZGF\ 0=FO8GF[ p5IF[U SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

ZP 5|[lZT 0=FO8 o ( Induced Draught ) HIF\ WG A/T6GF[ YZ HF0F[ CF[I tIF\ VF 5|SFZGF\ 5\BF ;\TF[QFSFZS SFD VF5TF\ GYL HIF\ 5|JFCL S[ JFI]~5 A/T6 J5ZFT]\ CF[I tIF\ 5|[lZT 0=FO8 ;F~ SFD VF5[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

5|[lZT 0=FO8 5\BF[ R,FJJF A/5|[lZT 5\BF[ R,FJJF DF8[ J5ZFTL XlST SZTF\ JWFZ[ XlSTGL H~Z 50[ K[P

#P A/5|[lZT 5\BF[( Forced Draught Fan ) VG[ 5|[lZT 0=FO8 5\BF[( Induced Draught Fan ) JrR[ ;ZBFD6L o

!P OF[;" 0=FO8 5wWlTDF\ 5\BFG[ VF[KF 5FJZGL H~Z 50[ K[P SFZ6S[ DF+ 5\BFG[ CJF H O[\SJFGL CF[I K[P

ZP OF[;" 0=FO8 .g0I]; 0=FO8 SZTF\ JWFZ[ ;FZL ZLT[ S\8=F[, SZL XSFI K[P OF[;" 0=FO8DF\ CFJF A/T6GF\ YZDF\ .g0I]; 0=FO8 SZTF\ JWFZ[ CF[I K[P

#P OF[;" 0=FO8DF\ AWF ,LS[H ACFZGL TZO CF[I K[P T[YL HF[ RF,]DF\ OFIZ 0F[Z BF[,JFD\ VFJ[ TF[ UZD O,]U[; T[DH O,[D ACFZ GLS/[ K[P H[ W6] EIHGS SC[JFI T[YL OFIZ 0F[Z BF[,TL JBT[ SF/Ò ZFBJL 50[ K[P

$P .g0I]; 0=FO8DF\ CJFGF\ SWF ,LS[H V\NZGL TZO CF[I K[P H[YL JWFZ[ 50TL G HF[.TL CJF V\NZ HFI K[P H[ pt5gG YTF[ 0=FO8 W8F0[ K[P

.g0I]; 0=FO8DF\ OF[;"0=FO8 SZTF\ 5\BFGF[ 5FJZ JWFZ[ BRF"I K[P SFZ6S[ 5\BFG[ JWFZ[ O,]U[;G[ SN C[g0, SZJFG]\ CF[I K[P

.g0I]; 0=FO8DF\ HIFZ[ OFIZL\U VYJF ;OF. SZJF DF8[ OG[";G]\ AFZ6]\ B]<,] CF[I TF[ 9\0L CJF NFB, YFI K[P H[ OG[";G]\ TF5DFG 9\0] SZ[ K[P H[YL NCGlS|I p5Z V;Z SZ[ K[P NCGlS|IF WLDL 50[ K[P H~ZL SZTF\ JWFZFGL CJF HJFYL 5\BFGF[ 5FJZ JWFZ[ BRF"I K[P

S'l+D 0=FO8GF\ GLR[ 5|DF6[GF\ U[ZOFINF 56 K[P

!P %,Fg8GL X~VFTGL lS\DT JW[ K[P

ZP %,Fg8 R,FJJFGF[ BR" JW[ K[P

#P ;DFZSFD BR" JW[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

AF[.,ZGF\ 5F6LG]\ X]låSZ6 ( BOILER FEED WATER TREATMENT )

5|:TFJGF o

SF[.56 AF[.,Z %,Fg8DF\ JZF/ ( Steam ) pt5gG SZJF DF8[ B}A H H~ZL VG[ VUtIGF[ SFRF[ 5NFY" ( Raw Material ) V[ 5F6L (Water) K[P VF H~ZL 5F6L VF56G[ H]NF H]NF :+F[T H[JF\ S[ GNL4 S]JF4 ;ZF[JZ4 0[D lJU[Z[ DF\YL D/[ K[P VF 5F6LDF\ H[ T[ :Y/ D]HA T[DF\ W6L AWL VX]låVF[ CF[I K[P AF[.,ZDF\ 5F6L VF VX]låVF[ N}Z SIF" AFN H JF5ZJ]\ B}A H H~ZL K[P 5F6LDF\ ZC[,L VF VX]låVF[ H]NL H]NL 5ålT äFZF N}Z SZL XSFI K[P ;F{ 5|YD VF56[ H]NF H]NF 5|SFZGL VX]låVF[ VG[ T[ VX]låVF[ ;FY[G]\ 5F6L JF5ZJFYL X]\ G]SXFG YFI K[ T[ HF[.X]\P

!P_ 5F6LDF\ ZC[,L VX]låVF[ VG[ T[GFYL YTF G]SXFG

!P! 5F6LDF\ ZC[,L VX]låVF[ D]bItJ[ GLR[ D]HA JC[\RL XSFIP

(A) ãxI VX]låVF[ ( Visible Impurities ) H[GF A[ 5|SFZ K[P

(a) ;]1D ;ÒJF[GL VX]lå ( Microbiological Growth ) (b) VåFjI VX]låVF[ VG[

0F[C/FX ( Sediments & Turbidity ) (B) äFjI VX]låVF[ ( Dissolved Gases ) (C) WFT] VG[ 1FFZGL VX]låVF[ ( Metal & Salt Impurities ) (D) S[l<XID VG[ D[uG[lXIDGL VX]låVF[ ( Hardness ) (E) WFT]DI V[l;0 ( Mineral Acids ) !PZ CJ[ VF56[ V[S 5KL V[S VX]låVF[ lJUT[ HF[.X]\ T[DH T[ VX]låVF[ ;FY[G]\ 5F6L AF[.,ZDF\

JF5ZJFYL X]\ G]SXFG YFI T[ 56 HF[.X]\P

(A) NxI VX]låVF[ ( Visible Impurities ) H[GF A[ 5|SFZ GLR[ D]HA K[P

(a) ;]1D ;ÒJF[GL VX]lå ( Micro biological Growth ) BF; SZLG[ l:YZ ;5F8L WZFJTF\ 5F6LDF\ V[8,[ T/FJ4 ;ZF[JZ S[ VF[KF JC[6 JF/L GNLGF\ 5F6LDF\ DF.S|F[ VF[U["lGhD s ;]1D ÒJF6]VF[ f H[JF\ S[ VF<UL4 A[S8[ZLIF4 :,Ld;4 0FI[8d;4 ;<OZ4 ;<OZ ZL0I];L\U A[S8[lZIF lJU[Z[ pt5gG Y. T[GF[ lJSF; YFI K[P VF VX]låVF[GL CFHZL C\D[XF

‘Clogging’ GL TS,LO pEL SZ[ K[P

(b) VäFjI VX]låVF[ VG[ 0F[C/FX ( Sediments & Turbiaity ) 8lA"8L0L V[ TZTL VäFjI VX]låVF[ K[ HIFZ[ ;[l0D[g8; V[ :YFIL 5F6LDF\ GLR[ Tl/I[ A[;L HFI T[JF H[JF S[ DF8L4 Z[TL SF\SZF lJU[Z[ H[JL JHGNFZ VX]låVF[ K[P VF VX]låVF[ 5F6LGF\ AWF\ H p5IF[UDF\ JF\WFHGS K[P

(B) äFjI JFI]VF[ ( Dissolved Gases ) : H[ D]bItJ[ GLR[ D]HAGF\ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

s!f SFA"G0FIF[S;F.0 ( Co2) o S]JFGF\ 5F6LDF\ GLCFHZL JWFZ[ Co2 GL CFHZL JWFZ[ CF[I K[P ;5F8L

5ZGF\ 5F6LDF\ 56 Co2 GL CFHZL CF[I K[4 H[G]\ 5|DF6 VF[KFvJ¿F V\X[ AN,FT] ZC[ K[P Co2 GL

CFHZL SZF[hT ( Corrosion ) sDl8lZ8,G]\ BJF. HJ]\ T[ f YJFGL 5|lS|IFG[ DNN SZ[ K[P

sZf VF[lS;HG Co2 o O2 GL5F6LDF\ CFHZL 56 ( Corrosion ) DF8[ HJFANFZ K[P 5F6LDF\

DF[8[EFU[ O2 GL CFHZL HF[JF D/[ K[P VF[KF TF5DFG[ VF[hF[GGL CFHZLG[ SFZ6[ 56 T[ 5F6LDF\ CF[I K[P

s#f GF.8=F[HG N2 o GF.8=F[HG V[ lGQS|LI JFI] K[P T[GL 5F6LDF\ CFHZL4 CJFGL 5F6LDF\ CFHZLG[ ,LW[ CF[I K[P

s$f lDY[G ( CH4) o ;FDFgI ZLT[ T[ B}A H p\0F S]JFGF 5F6LDF\ HF[JF D/[ K[P T[ 5F6LDF\ K[ S[ GlC T[ T[GF ;/UL p9JFGF\ U]6WD"G[ SFZ6[ HF6L XSFI K[P T[GL CFHZLYL SIFZ[S VFU ,FU[ K[ VG[ W0FSF[ 56 YFI K[P

s5f CF.0=F[HG ;<OF.0 (H2S) o T[GL BF; 5|SFZGL U\WG[ SFZ6[ T[ 5F6LDF\ K[ S[ GlC T[GL HF6SFZL D/[ K[P AF[.,ZGF\ 5F6LDF\ T[GL CFHZLYL YTL ZF;FIl6S 5|lS|IFG[ SFZ6[ D]xS[,L pEL YFI K[P

(C) WFT] VG[ 1FFZGL VX]låVF[ ( Minerals & Salts ) (a) Iron s VFIG" f o ;FDFgI ZLT[ 5F6LDF\ O[Z; AFISFAF["G[8GF\ :J~5DF\ CFHZL CF[I K[4 H[ 5F6LDF\

äFjI K[P D[U[\GLh 56 5F6F\ VFIG" SZTF\ VF[KF\ 5|DF6DF\ CFHZ CF[I K[ KTF\ 56 T[ 5F.5,F.GF[DF\ 0L5F[hL8 YFI K[P sRF[\8L HFI K[Pf

(b) ;F[l0ID VG[ 5F[8FlXID ;F[<8; ( Sodium & Potassium Salts ) VF ;F[<8; 5F6LDF\ äFjI K[ H[GL CFHZL AF[.,ZDF\ D]xS[,L pt5gG SZ[ K[P

(c) S,F[ZF.0; (Florides ) o AF[.,Z DF8[GF\ 5F6LDF\ ZC[, S,F[ZF.0; V[8,]\ AW]\ SXF SZTF\ YL T[D KTF\ T[GL CFHZL G CF[JL T[ .rKGLI K[P

(d) l;l,SF ( Silica ) S]NZTL 5F6LDF\ l;l,SFG]\ 5|DF6 VF[KF J¿F 5|DF6DF\ HF[JF D/[ K[P p\RF NAF6

s 65 kg / cm2 S[ T[YL JW] f JF/F AF[.,ZF[DF\4 5F6LDF\ ZC[,L l;l,SF4 :8LDGL ;FY[ 8AF".GDF\

HFI K[P VG[ tIF\ T[ p\RF NAF6 VG[ TF5DFGG[ SFZ6[ ;BT :S[, pt5gG SZ[ K[P VG[ 8AF".GGL a,[0L; VG[ GF[h, 5Z RF[\8L HFI K[P VG[ JZF/G[ 5;FZ YJF DF8[GF[ DFU" ;F\S0F[ SZL GFB[ K[P H[YL 8AF".GGL SFI" 1FDTF W8[ K[P ,F\AF UF/[4 a,[0G]\ Dl8lZI, lA|8, YJFG[ SFZ6[ a,[0DF\ G]ZXFG YJFGL XSITFVF[ 56 ZC[ K[P

(D) S[l<XID VG[ D[uG[lXIDGL VX]låVF[ ( Hardness ) : S[l<XID VG[ D[uG[lXIDGF\ ;F[<8; s VX]låVF[ f4 SFAF["G[84 AFISFAF["G[84 S,F[ZF.0;4 ;<O[8 lJU[Z[

GF\ ~5DF\ D]bItJ[ CF[I K[4 H[ B]A H ;BT :S[, (Hard Scale ) pt5gG SZ[ K[P

VF :S[, pQDFGF\ JCG ( Heat Transfer ) DF\ VJZF[W pt5gG SZ[ K[P VF :S[, 5F.5 ,F.GGL V\NZ HFDL HFI K[P VG[ JCGGF\ DFU"G[ ;F\S0F[ SZ[ K[P 5F6LDF\ ZC[, VF 1FFZF[GL CFHZLG[ CF0"G[;

(Hardness) SC[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

(E) WFT]DI V[l;0 ( Mineral Acids ) AF[.,ZGF\ 5F6LDF\ T[GL CFHZLYL T[ WFT] HF[0L ZF;FIl6S 5|lS|IF SZ[ K[ VG[ WFT]G[ G]SXFG SZ[ K[P

!P# AF[.,Z OL0 JF[8ZDF\ ;FDFgI ZLT[ HF[JFDF\ VFJTL ZF;FIl6S VX]låVF[4 T[GF\ 8[SlGS, GFD4 ZF;FIl6S ;\7FVF[4 ;FDFgI GFD T[DH T[GFYL YTL lJlJW V;ZF[ GLR[ VF5[, 8[A,DF\ NXF"J[, K[P

T[DF\ HF[. XSFX[ S[ :S[, (Scale ) AGFJTL D]bI VX]låVF[ ,F.D VG[ D[uG[lXIDGF\ S,F[ZF.0;

VG[ ;<O[8; K[ H[ CF0":S[, (Hard Scale ) AGFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ ,F.D VG[ D[uG[lXIDGF\ SFAF["G[8

;F[O8 :S[, (Soft Scale ) AGFJ[ K[P l;l,SF B}A H ;bT :S[, ( Very Hard Scale )

pt5gG SZ[ K[P VG[ H[ ;ZO[; 5Z ;F[O8:S[, CF[I T[G[ ;BT AGFJJFDF\ DNN SZ[ K[P

TABLE G\ GFD ;\7F ;FDFgI GFD V;ZF[

1 S[l<XID SFAF["G8 CaCo3 RF[S4 ,F.D D:8F[G

;F[O8 :S[,

2 S[l<XID AFISFAF["G8 Ca ( HCo3)2 --- ;F[O8 :S[,

3 S[l<XID ;<O[8 CaSo4 Ò%;D %,F:8Z ;F[O8 5[lZ;

;BT :S[,

4 D[uG[lXID SFAF["G8 MgCo3 D[uG[;F.8 ;F[O8 :S[,

5 l;l,SF[G 0FIF[S;F.0 SiO2 l;l,SF ;BT :S[,

6 D[uG[lXID ;<IO[8 MgSo4 Epson Salts SZF[hG

( Corrosion )

7 S[l<XID S,F[ZF.0 CaCl2 --- SZF[hG

8 D[\uG[lXID ;<O[8 Mg ( HCo3)2 --- :S[,4 SZF[hG

9 D[uG[lXID AFISFAF["G8 MgCl2 --- SZF[hG

10 ;F[l0ID S,F[ZF.0 NaCl ;FDFgI DL9]\ .,[S8=F[l,l;;

11 ;F[l0ID SFAF["G8 NaCo3 VYJF ;F[0F V[X VF<SFl,lG8L

12 ;F[l0ID AFISFAF["G8 NaHCo3 A[SL\U ;F[0F 5|F.lD\U4 OF[lD\U4

VF<Sl,lG8L

13 ;F[l0ID CF.0=F[S;F.0 NaOH SF[l:8S ;F[0F V[DlA|8,D[g8

14 ;F[l0ID ;<O[8 Na2So4 VF<Sl,lG8L

!P$ lJlJW VX]låVF[GL D]bI V;ZF[


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

p5Z H6FJ[, H]NF H]NF 5|SFZGL VX]låVF[GL D]bI V;ZF[ GLR[ 5|DF6[ K[P

!P :S[,G]\ pt5FNG ( Scale Formation ) ZP SZF[hG ( Corrosion ) BJF6

#P OF[lD\U4 5|F.lD\U VG[ S[ZL VF[JZ ( Foaming, Priming and Carfyover ) $P SF[l:8S V[DlA|8,D[g8Z ( Caustic Embrittlement ) CJ[ VF56[ VF VX]låVF[GL V;ZF[ lJUTJFZ HF[.X]\

!P Scale Formation o OL0JF[8ZG]\ TF5DFG JWJFYL S[ S[l<XID VG[ D[uG[lXID ;<O[8 H[JF 1FFZF[GL ãFjITF W8[ K[ VG[ Scale Formation YJFGF[ NZ JW[ K[P

D]bItJ[ :S[, S[l<XID VG[ D[uG[lXIDGF\ 1FFZF[G[ SFZ6[ AFh[ K[P T[DH S[8,LSJFZ VFH :S[, l;l,SFGL CFHZL G[ SFZ6[ l;D[g8GL H[D B}A H ;BT ZLT[ HFDL HFI K[P ZF;FIl6S 5|lS|IF GLR[ 5|DF6[ YFI K[P

Ca ( HCo3)2 + UZDL (Heat ) -------> CaCo3 s ;F[O8 :S[, f+ Co2 + H2O

Mg ( HCo3)2 + UZDL (Heat ) -------> MgCo3 s ;F[O8 :,H f+ Co2 + H2O

VFH VãFjI :,H s S[l<XID VG[ D[uG[lXID SFAF["G[8 f WG:J~5[ HDF ( Settle ) YFI K[P H[ AF[.,ZGF\ GF[ZD, VF5[Z[XGDF\ U\ELZ ZLT[ D]xS[,L pEL SZ[ K[P 5F6LDF\ ZC[, VF[U["lGS 5NFYF[" H[JF S[ VF[.,4 U|L; JU[Z[ VF VãFjI WG ZHS6F[G[ HFDJFDF\ AF.g0G]\ SFD SZ[ K[ VG[ VF AWF H ZHS6F[ l;D[g8GL H[D RF[\8L HFI K[P

ZP Scale Formation o D]bItJ[ AF[.,ZGL 5F.5F[ VG[ 8I]AF[DF\ YFI K[[ T[GL V;ZF[ GLR[ D]HA K[P

!P AF[.,ZGL 8I]AF[DF\ T[ RF[SL\U ( Chocking ) SZLG[ JCGGF[ DFU" ;F\S0F[ SZL GFB[ K[ V[ T[G[ SFZ6[ 5F6LG[ AF[.,ZDF\ DF[S,JF DF8[ JWFZ[ NAF6 VF5J]\ 50[ K[P

ZP Scale Formation pQDFGF JCGG[ VJZF[W[ K[ VFYL AF[.,ZGL 8I]AF[DF\YL JCT[ 5F6LG[ JFI]VF[

(Flue Gases ) 5]Z[5]ZL UZDL D/L XSTL GYL VG[ AF.,ZGL 8I]AGL WFT] UZD YFI K[ VG[ V[

WFT] A/L 50L HFI K[ J/L A/L 50[,L 8I}A SIFZ[S O},L HFI K[P V[ ‘Bag’ SC[ K[ H[DF\ SRZF[ s :S[,f HDF YFI K[ VG[ K[J8[ V[ AF[.,Z 8I}A OF8L HFI K[P AF[.,ZGF\ Z[l0Ig8 CL8 hF[G S[ HFI

5F6LGL 8I}AF[ A/T6GF\ NCGGL ;FD[ H CF[I K[ tIF\ Scale Formation JWFZ[DF\ JWFZ[ YJFGL XSITF CF[I K[P

AF[.,ZDF\ OL0 JF[8Z 5CF[\R[ T[ 5C[,F\ T[DF\ ZC[, S[l<XID VG[ D[uG[lXID VYJF l;l,SFG]\ 5|DF6

V[FK]\ VYJF N]Z SZL Scale Formation VF[K] SZL XSFI K[P AF[.,ZGL V\NZ Internal Treatment äFZF S[l<XID4 D[uG[lXID VG[ l;l,SF N}Z SZL XSFI K[P VYJF VF[KL SZL XSFI K[P

Internal Treatment 5älTDF\ OL0JF[8ZDF\ S[lDS, pD[ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ãFjI VX]låVF[G[ RF[\8[

GlC T[JL GZD :,H (Sludge) AGFJL a,F[v0FpG (Blow-Down) DFZOT[ ACFZ SF-L GFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

AF[.,Z OL0JF[8ZG]\ p\R] TF5DFG h05L S[lDS, ZLV[SXG VG[ 8I}AF[G]\ p\R] TF5DFG pt5gG SZ[ K[

H[YL 8I}AG]\ Metal Sagging Point GL GÒS VFJL HFI K[ T[YL :S[, 5F[D["XG4 A[UL\U4 a,L:8ZL\U VG[ Z[%RZ JW] h05L SZ[ K[P B}AH p\RF NAF6 JF/F AF[.,ZF[DF\ OL0JF[8ZGL X]åTF

(Purity) p\RL ZFBJFG]\ D]bI SFZ6 VF K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

ZP CORROSION sBJF6f o SZF[hG V[8,[ WFG]\ BJF6 it is called as eating away process of metal P BJF6G[ SFZ6[ WFG] GA/L 50[ K[P VG[ GSFDL AGL HFI K[P H[ DF[8]\

;DFZSFD S[ BRF"/ X8v0FpG (Shut-Down) VYJF EFUF[ AN,JF TZO NF[ZL HFI K[P

BJF6 (Corrosion) YJF DF8[GF\ SFZ6F[ GLR[ D]HA K[P

AF[.,Z OL0JF[8ZGL VF[KL pH s V[8,[ S[ Acidic Water f p5ZF\T T[DF\ ZC[, O2 VG[ Co2 GF\ SFZ6[ AF[.,Z4 .SF[GF[DF.hZ4 OL0JF[8Z CL8Z VG[ 5F.5F[DF\ S[ZF[HG YFI K[P

(a) VF[lS;HG (O2) o OL0JF[8ZDF\ O2 GL DFgI DIF"NF ( Permissible Limit ) < 0.007 ppm K[P p\RF 5|[XZ VG[ TF5DFG[ O2 GL V;Z h05L AG[ K[P V[ O2 A\W l;:8DDF\ D[SvV5 JF[8Z4 Sg0[G;Z ,LS[H VG[ Sg0[G;[8 5\5GL u,[g0 DFZOT[ NFB, YFI K[P

(b) SFA"G 0FIF[S;F.0 (Co2 ) o Co2 5F6L HF[0[ ;\IF[HF.G[ Weak Carbonic acid AGFJ[ K[P

VF V[l;0 WLD[ WLD[ Iron VG[ ALÒ D[8, HF[0[ 5|lS|IF SZL T[VF[GF SFAF["G[8 AGFJ[ K[P VF GJF

pt5gG YI[, D[8,GF\ Bicarbonate UZDLYL HDF YFI K[P VG[ OZL V[SJFZ Co2 K}8F[ 5F0[ K[P SFAF["lGS V[l;0G[ SFZ6[ SZF[hG YFI K[P

SZF[hG D[8, ;ZO[; p5Z 5L8L\U (pitting) VG[ U|]JL\U (grooving) pt5gG SZ[ K[ H[ D[8,GL DHA}TF.G[ VF[KL SZ[ K[P VG[ H[GL V;Z l;:8DG[ lGQO/ AGFJ[ K[P

BJF6 (Corrosion) V8SFJJFGL q VF[K]\ SZJFGL ZLTF[ o

5F6LGL pH4 VF<S,L ;F[<8 V[l;l0S JF[8ZDF\ pD[ZL JWFZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P pH JWFZJFYL SZF[hG W8[ K[P

OL0JF[8ZDF\ V[DF[lGIF VG[ ALHF gI]8=,F.hL\U 5NFY" 5F6LDF\ pD[ZLG[ Co2 GL V;Z VF[KL SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

OL0JF[8ZDF\YL VF[lS;HG VF[KF[ SZL T[GL V;Z VF[[KL SZL XSFI K[P O2 G[ lDS[GLS, 0LV[Z[XG

(Deaeration) DFZOT[ N}Z SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

CF.0=FlHS ( Hydrazine ) 4 8[lGG ( Trannin ) VG[ ;F[l0ID ;<O[8 ( Sodium Sulphate ) H[JF lZ0I];L\U V[Hg8 DFZOT[ 56 O2 VF[KF[ SZL XSFI K[P

AF[.,Z VG[ .SF[GF[DF.hZGL V\NZGL ;5F8L 5Z Z1FDFtDS 50 AGFJLG[ 56 D[8,G]\ SZF[hG ( Corrosion ) V8SFJL XSFI K[P

#P OF[lD\U4 5|F.lD\U VG[ S[ZL VF[JZ ( Foaming, Priming & Carryover ) v AF[.,ZDF\YL :8LD HF[0[ 5F6LGF\ h05YL O\SFJFGLq ;FY[ HJFGL lS|IFG[ 5|F.lD\U ( Priming )

SC[JFI K[P 5|F.lD\UDF\ B}A H h05L 5F6LG]\ ,[J, JWW8 YFI K[P VG[ 5F6LGF\ 5Z5F[8F h05YL O}8[ K[P H[ h05YL 5F6LG[ :8LD ;FY[ ,. HFI K[P VFYL AF[.,Z JF[8ZDF\ ZC[, :,H 56 :8LD ;FY[ O\[SFI K[P

5|F.lD\U YJFGF\ SFZ6F[ GLR[ D]HA K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

v AF[.,ZGL VIF[uI ZRGF sl0hF.Gf

v A/T6 AF/JFGL VIF[uI 5ålTP

v AF[.,ZG[ T[GL lGIT 1FDTF SZTF JWFZ[ 1FDTFYL R,FJJ]\P

v AF[.,ZGF\ JZF/ pt5FNG SZJFGF\ 5|DF6DF\ h05L JWW8 SZJFYLP

v AF[.,ZGF 5F6LGL ;5F8L 5Z GFGF :YFIL 5Z5F[8F4 ( Stable Bubbles ) pt5gG YJFGL lS|IFG[

OF[lD\U ( Foaming ) SC[JFI K[P

OF[lD\U YJFGF SFZ6F[ GLR[ D]HA K[P

v JWFZ[ 50TF WG ãFjI 5NFYF[" ( High % of dissolved Solids ) v JWFZ[ 50TL VFd,TF ( Excessive Alkalinity ) v 5F6LDF\ T{,L 5NFY"GL CFHZL ( Presence of oil in water )

OF[lD\UGL D]bI V;Z ~5[4 T[GF\ SFZ6[ JZF/ ;FY[ 5F6L VG[ 1FFZF[ HFI K[P VFU/ HTF\ JZF/GL 5F.5F[DF\ VF 1FFZF[ AFh[ K[ VG[ :S,[ pt5gG SZ[ K[P

v 5|F.lD\U S[ OF[lD\U G CF[I TF[ 56 JZF/GL V\NZ ZC[, 5F6LGF\ EFUG[ SFZ6[ VãFjI 1FFZF[ JZF/ ;FY[

HFI K[ H[G[ S[ZL VF[JZ ( Carryover ) SC[ K[P

S[ZL VF[JZ YJFG]\ SFZ6[ 50% lDS[lGS, VG[ 50% S[lDS, D]xS[,LVF[ K[P

lDS[lGS, SFZ6F[DF AF[.,ZGL ZRGF4 5F6LGL JWFZ[ p\RL ;5F8L4 AF[.,ZG[ JWFZ[ 1FDTF 5Z R,FJJ]\

T[DH AF[.,ZGL pt5FNSTF (Load) DF\ h05L JWW8 SZJL lJU[Z[ D]bI K[P

HF[ AF[.,ZDF\ 5F6LGL ;5F8LGL p5Z :8LD :5[; ( Steam Space ) 5]ZTF\ 5|DF6DF\ CF[I TF[ AF[.,ZDF\YL ACFZ GLS.TL JZF/ ;FY[ 5F6L S[ ALHF\ VãFjI WG 5NFYF[" HJFGL XSITF W6L W8L HFI K[ S[ GlCJT Y. HFI K[[P HF[ :8LD:5[; VF[KL CF[I TF[ S[ZLVF[JZ YFI K[P

AF[.,ZG[ T[GL 1FDTF SZTF\ JWFZ[ 1FDTF 5Z R,FJJ]\4 AF[.,Z VFp8,[8 :8LD:8F[5 JF<J h05YL

BF[,JF[ VG[ B}AH h05YL JZF/G]\ NAF6 ( Steam Pressure ) JWFZJ]\ lJU[Z[ AAl,\U ( Bubbling) VG[ SZ[L (Carryover) VF[JZ GF SFZ6F[ AG[ K[P

5|F.lD\U4 OF[lD\ VG[ S[ZL VF[JZGL V;ZF[

• JZF/ ;FY[ HTF\ 5F6LGF\ S6F[DF\ ãFjI VG[ VãFjI :,H CF[I K[P VF :,H GF\ S6F[ JZF/GL 5F.5F[DF\4 JF<JDF\4 ;]5ZCL8ZDF\ VG[ V\T[ 8AF".GGL a,[0F[ p5Z HDF YFI K[P VF HDF YI[,F S6F[ JZF/GF\ 5|JFCG]\ 1F[+O/ W8F0[ K[P 8AF".G VG[ ;]5ZCL8ZDF\ W;FZF[ pt5gG SZ[ K[ VG[ 8AF".GGL SFI"1FDTF W8F0[ K[P

5|F.lD\U4 OF[lD\ VG[ S[ZL VF[JZ VF[K]\ SZJFGL q V8SFJJFGL ZLTF[

• AF[.,Z 0=DDF\ :8LD JF[XZ ( Steam Washer ) VG[ D[lSlGS, ;[5Z[8Z ( Mechanical Separator ) S[ZLVF[JZG[ ;FZL ZLT[ lGI\+6DF\ ZFB[ K[P IF[uI DFJHT ( Internal Treatment ) VG[ IF[uI ;DI[ a,F[0FpG ( Blow Down ) VF5LG[ S[ZLVF[ JZ W8F0L XSFI K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

• 5F6LDF\YL V[FU["lGS 5NFY" VG[ VF[., lJU[Z[G[ N}Z SZJFYL 56 S[ZL VF[JZ4 5F.lD\U VG[ OF[lD\U W8F0L XSFI K[P

$P Caustic Embrittlement sSF[l:8S V[DlA|8,D[g8 f

AF[.,ZGL WFT] ( Metal ) DF\ lS|:8,F.G lTZF0F[ ( Crystalline Crack ) pt5gG YJFYL AF[.,ZGL WFT] sH[ DF[8[EFU[ :8L, CF[I K[Pf GA/L 50[ K[ VF 5|lS|IFG[ SF[l:8S V[DlA|8,D[g8 SC[ K[P

SF[.56 WFT]G[ ,F\AF[ ;DI ;]WL VF<S,F.G 5F6LDF\ ZFBJFG[ SFZ6[ T[DF\ Stress pt5gG YFI K[P

SF[l:8S V[DlA|8,D[g8 YJFGF SFZ6F[

!P HIFZ[ AF[.,ZG]\ 5F6L Free Hydroxide Alkalinity VG[ YF[0L l;l,SF ( SiO2 ) WZFJT] CF[I

tIFZ[ Na2Co3 + HOH ------> Co2 + 2NaOH

ZP lJlJW HF[.g8;DF\YL WLD]\ 5F6LG]\ l,S[H YT]\ CF[I tIFZ[

#P H[ HuIFV[YL 5F6LG]\ l,S[H YT]\ CF[I T[ HuIFV[ HF[ AF[.,ZGL WFT]DF\ B}A H :8=[; pt5gG YI[, CF[I

tIFZ[ s Stress pt5gG YJFG]\ D]bI SFZ6 Faulty Riveting, misalignment VG[

Expansion K[ f

SF[l:8S V[DlA|8,D[g8 ZF[SJFYL q VF[K]\ SZJFGL 5ålTVF[

!P SF[l:8S V[DlA|8,D[g8 AF[.,ZGF\ 5F6LDF\ Causticity VF[KL SZLG[ VYJF TF[ Inhibiting Agent pD[ZLG[ V8SFJL XSFIP

ZP AF[.,ZGF\ 5F6LDF\ S[lDS, S\5F[hLXG AZFAZ HF/JLG[ T[DH 5F6LDF\YL AWF[ H Free NaOH N}Z SZLG[ 56 SF[l:8S V[DlA|8,D[g8 W8F0L XSFI K[P

#P OF[:O[8GF[ p5IF[U SZLG[ Free NaOH N}Z SZL XSFI K[P

HF[ OL0JF[8ZGL pH 8=F.;F[l0ID OF[:O[8 (Na3PO4) YL HF/JJFDF\ VFJTL CF[I VG[ H[ T[ HuIFV[

WFT]DF\ Stress pt5gG YI[, CF[I TF[ tIF\ Free NaOH GF\ AN,[ 8=F.;F[l0ID OF[:O[8 HDF YI[, CF[I K[P

VFD4 OL0 JF[8ZDF\ Low Hydroxide Alkalinity HF/JJFYL4 H[ HuIFV[ Stress pt5gG

YI[, CF[I tIF\YL 5F6LG]\ l,S[H V8SFJJFYL VG[ Special Chemical Inhibiting Agents H[JF S[ ;<O[8 l,SZ4 8[lGG VG[ ;F[l0ID GF.8=[8 lJU[Z[ pD[ZJFYL SF[l:8S V[DlA|8,D[g8 V8SFJL XSFI K[ S[ VF[K]\ SZL XSFI K[P

ZP_ 5F6LG]\ 5'yYSZ6 (ANALYSIS OF WATER ) ZP! SF[.56 5F6LDF\ S[8,F 5|DF6DF\ S. S. VX]låVF[ K[ T[ 5F6LGL 5'yYSZ6GL DNNYL HF6L XSFI K[P

VF 5F6LGF[ ( Raw Water ) AF[.,Z JF[8Z sOL0 JF[8Zf TZLS[ p5IF[U SZTF\ 5C[,F\

T[DF\YL 8lA"l08L ( Turbidity ) VG[ ;[l0D[g8; ( Sediments ) H[JL VãFjI VX]låVF[G[ 5[|;Z lO<8Z4 U|[lJ8L lO<8Z VYJF TF[ SFl8"H lO<8Z äFZF N}Z SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

HF[ 5F6LG[ VF[KF\ NAF6JF/F AF[.,ZF[DF\ p5IF[UDF\ ,[JFG]\ CF[I TF[ p5ZGF 5F6LG[ S[8FIG ( Cation ) lJSA[h V[GFIG ( Weak Base Anion ) VG[ :8=F[\U A[h V[GFIG ( Strong Base Anion ) lJU[Z[DF\YL 5;FZ SZLG[ IF[uI 5ålT D]HA 0LlDGZ,F.h JF[8Z ( D.M. water ) AGFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

p\RF NAF6JF/F AF[.,ZF[DF\ JF5ZJF DF8[ D.M. Water DF\ ZC[, TDS VG[ SiO2 G]\

5|DF6 B}AH VF[K]\ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[ DF8[ T[G[ lDS; A[0 ( Mixed Bed ) I]lG8DF\YL 5;FZ

SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P lDS; A[0 DF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF 5F6LG[ 5F[l,XJF[8Z ( Polish Water ) SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

ZPZ D.M. Water VG[ Polish Water AGFJJF DF8[GF\ %,Fg8;G]\ ;FN]\ Z[BFlR+ ( Simple Layout ) GLR[ NXF"J[, K[P

1. D.M. Water Plant

3. Polish Water Plant


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

ZP5 D.M. Water VG[ Polish Water AGFJJFGL 5|lS|IFG]\ 8}\SDF\ J6"G GLR[ D]HA K[P

!P D.M. Water %,Fg8GF\ H]NF H]NF :8[H GLR[ H6FJ[, K[P

sVf 5|[;Z lO<8Z ( Pressure Filter ) o VFDF\ H]NL H]NL ;F.hGL Z[TLGF\ YZ CF[I K[ H[DF\YL 5;FZ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5F6LDF\ ZC[,L VãFjI VX]låVF[ VF 5|[;Z lO<8ZDF\ N}Z YFI K[PHIFZ[ T[GL VãFjI

5NFYF[" N}Z SZJFGL SFI"N1FTF W8L HFI tIFZ[ T[DF\ Back Wash s p\WF[ 5|JFC f VF5LG[ Z[TL ;FY[ RF\[8[,F[ VãFjI VX]låVF[G[ N}Z SZL XSFI K[P

sAf S[8FIG V[S;R[gHZ ( Cation Exchager ) o AWF\ H 5|SFZGF\ Cations H[JF\ S[ Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+, Al+ lJU[Z[ VFDF\ N}Z YFI K[P Cation Exchanger GL ACFZ VFJT]\ 5F6L

V[l;l0S CF[I K[P Cation N}Z SZJF DF8[ T[DF\ Zero Carb 225H+ GFDGF\ Z[lhGGF[ p5IF[U

SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P Cation N}Z SZJFGL SFI"N1FTF HIFZ[ W8L HFI tIFZ[ VF Exchanger G[ HCL s CF.0=F[S,F[lZS V[l;0f J0[ lZHGZ[8 s OZLYL p5IF[UDF\ ,[JF IF[uI f SZJFD\F VFJ[ K[P

sSf V[GFIG V[S;R[gHZ ( Anion Exchanger ) o T[GF A[ 5|SFZ K[ VYJF

1. Weak Base Anion Exchanger 2. Strong Base Anion Exchanger

Cation Exchanger DF\YL ACFZ VFJT]\ 5F6L 5|YD Weak Base Anion Exchanger DF\ HFI K[ HIF\ Cl-, So4

-, No3-, Co3

-, HCo3-, Sio2

-, lJU[Z[ Anion Z[lhG HF[0[ ;\IF[HFI

K[P VG[ N]Z YFI K[ VFDF\ Die Acidite FFIP VYJF H 8 R H[JF\ lZhg; J5ZFI K[P Weak Base Anion Exchanger DF\YL ACFZ VFJT]\ 5F6L A[lhS CF[I K[P VFDF\YL ACFZ GLS/T]\

5F6L Degaser Unit DF\ HFI K[PHIF\ T[DF\ ZC[,F\ JFI]VF[ (Gases ) H[JF\ S[ O2, Co2, N2, H2H lJU[Z[ N}Z YFI K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

Degaser Unit DF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF 5F6LG[ 5\5 DFZOT[ Strong Base Anion Exchanger DF\ DF[S,JFDF\ VFJ[ K[4 HIF\ 5F6LDF\ ZC[,F\ Co2 - SiO2 N}Z YFI K[ P VF

V[S;R[HgZDF\ Die acidite HIP Z[lhGGF[ p5IF[U YFI K[P Anion GF\ lZHGZ[XG DF8[ SF[l:8S ( NaOH) J5ZFI K[P NaOH 5C[,FDF\ Strong Base Anion NFB, YFI K[P VG[ tIFZ 5KL

Weak Base Anion DF\ NFB, YFI K[P VFD AgG[ I]lG8F[G]\ lZHGZ[XG YFI K[P Strong Base Anion DF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF 5F6LG[ TZLS[ VF[/BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

ZP Polish Water : Polish water AGFJJF DF8[ D.M. Water G[ Mixed Bed Unit DF\YL 5;FZ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[4 HIF\ AFSL ZC[, Cations ( + Ve Ions ) VG[ Anions ( -Ve Ions ) N}Z YFI K[ VG[ JWFZ[ 5|DF6DF\ l;l,SF ( SiO2) 56 N}Z YFI K[P Mixed Bed Unit DF\ A\G[ 5|SFZ GF lZhg; V[8,[ S[4 Cations N}Z SZJF DF8[Zero Carb 225H+ VG[ Anions N}Z SZJF DF8[ Edie acidic HIP GF[ p5IF[U YFI K[P Mixed Bed DF\YL ACFZ GLS/TF

5F6LGL pH 6-7, conductivity 0.2 micro mho/cm, Sio2 0.01 ppm ( maxm_) VG[ TDS 0.1 ppm ( maxm_) CF[I K[P VF 5F6LDF\ Morpholine pD[ZL T[GL

pH J[<I] 8.8 – 9.0 H[8,L SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF 5F6LG[ Deaerator DF\ DF[S,JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

HIF\ T[DF\YL ãFjI O2, Co2, H2s lJU[Z[ N}Z SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF ãFjI JFI]VF[4 5F6LG[ 105 – 110° ;[P H[8,]\ UZD SZL DF\ Deaerator :5|[ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[YL JWFZFDF\ JWFZ[ 5F6LGL

;5F8L AG[ VG[ T[ JWFZ[ G[ JWFZ[ ãFjI JFI]VF[ K}8F 5F0[P Deaerator 5KL 5F6LDF\ AFSL ZC[,

VMlS;HG (O2) OL8 JM8Z 5\5GL ;S;G ,F.GDF\ CF.0=FlhG ( Hydrazine – N2H4) G]\ 0MhL\U SZJFYL N}Z YFI K[P

N2H4 + O2 = 2H2O + N2

VFD N2H4 V[ 0L VMS;LHGZ[8Z Z;FI6 K[ VG[ T[ ãFjI O2 G[ OL0JM8ZDF\YL N}Z SZ[ K[P T[ B}A H XlSTXF/L GF.8=MHG AGFJ[ K[P JWFZFGF CF.0=MHGG]\ ;LW[;LW]\ 0LS\5MhLXG 56 YFI K[4 V[

V[DMlGIF VG[ N2 DF\ lJEFHG YFI K[P V[DMlGIF 5F6LGL pH J[<I]\ ;\TMQFSFZS ZLT[ Ô/J[ K[P

#P_ 5F6LGL pH J[<I] ( pH Value of Water ) : pH J[<I] V[8,[ 5F6LDF\ ZC[,F ——5MhL8LJ CF.0=MHGGF V6]G]\ 5|DF6˜˜P 5F6L T[GF\

V6]DF\YL K]8F 50[, CF.0=MHG (H+) VG[ CF.0=MS;L; (OH-) VFIG WZFJ[ K[P VF A\G[ VFIGDF\

5|DF6GM U]6FSFZ VR/ V[8,[ S[(10-14) CMI K[P X]ã 5F6LDF\ 25°C TF5DFG[ AG[\ VFIGG]\ 5|DF6

;ZB]\ CMI K[4 V[8,[ S[(H+) G]\ 5|DF6 (10-7) U|FD V[S l,8Z 5F6LDF\ VG[(OH-) G]\ 5|DF6 56

(10-7)U|FD V[S l,8Z 5F6LDF\ CMI K[P HIFZ[ CF.0=MHG (H+) VFIGG]\ 5|DF6 JWFZ[ CMI tIFZ[

5F6L V[l;l0S SC[JFI K[P NFPTP pH J[<I] 5 GM VY V[ YFI S[ V[S l,8Z 5F6LDF\ (H+) VFIGG]\

5|DF6 (10-5) U|FD VG[(OH-)VFIGG]\ 5|DF6 (10-9) U|FD K[P V[H 5|DF6[pH J[<I] 9 V[8,[ 1 l,8Z 5F6DF\ (H+)VFIGG]\ 5|DF6 (10-9 ) U|FD VG[(OH-) VFIGG]\ 5|DF6 (10-5)U|FD VG[

5F6L A[lhS SC[JFI K[P VFD4 CF.0=MHG VFIGGF 5|DF6GF jI:TDF\ ,MU[lZWDG[ 5F6LGL pH J[<I]


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

SC[JFI K[P 5F6LGL pH 7 SZTF\ VMKL CMI TM 5F6L V[l;l0S VG[ 7 SZTF\ JWFZ[ CMI TM 5F6L

VF<S,F.G SC[JFIP VFD4 pH V[ TZ,5NFY sVYJF 5F6Lf GL —V[l;l0STF˜ VYJF —A[lhS56]\˜ NXFJTM VF\S K[P

WFT]GF\ BJF6DF\ sVIlO\S .7l7lX71Ff DF\ 5F6LGL pH B}A H VUtIGM EFU EHJ[ K[P

VMlS;HGGL U[ZCFHZLDF\ VFIGGF SZMhGGM NZ 5F6LGL pH GF\ 5|DF6DF\ CMI K[P 9.6 pH J[<I]

V[ VF NZ B}A H VMKM Y. ÔI K[ S[D S[ 9.6 pH J[<I] V[ CF.0=MHGJFI] pt5þF YJFG]\ VG[ VFIG

5LU/JFG]\ A\W Y. ÔI K[P H[D pH VMKL T[D SZMhGGM NZ JWFZ[P VF<S,LlG8L VG[ lO<D OMD[XGGM ;\AW B}A H GÒSGM K[P lO<D OMD[XG tIFZ[ H YFI HIFZ[ VF<S,LlG8L VD]S Z[gHDF\

Ô/JJFDF\ VFJ[P O[Z; CF.0=MS;F.8 ( Fc(OH)2) G]\ ãFJ6 9.6 pH V[ ;\T]%T AG[ K[P Ô[ 9.6 pH SZTF JWFZ[ Ô/JJFDF\ VFJ[ TM H~ZL VF<S,LlG8L VG[ VMYL ( Fc(OH)2) VãFjI ZC[ K[ VG[ T[ Z1F6FtDS 50 TZLS[ SFD AÔJ[ K[P OL0JM8ZDF\ H~ZL VF<S,LlG8L ;M0FV[X4 SMl:8S ;M0F VYJF 0=FI ;Ml0ID OM:O[8GM p5IMU SZL Ô/JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

$P_ AM.,ZDF\ OL0JM8ZGL .g8ZG, l8=8D[g8 ( Internal Boiler Water Treatment ) AM.,Z HIFZ[ l:YlTDF\ CMI tIFZ[ T[GF\ 5F6LDF\YL VX]lâVM N}Z SZJF DF8[ H[ ZF;FIl6S lS|IFVM

SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[G[ Internal Boiler Water Treatment SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

VFGM D]bIC[T] AM.,ZGF\ 5F6LGL U]6J¿F ;]WFZJFGM CMI K[P S[ H[YL SZLG[ :S[, OMD[XG4 SZMhG4 :8LD S\8FlDG[XG VG[ V[DlA|8,D[g8 V8SFJL XSFIP

AM.,ZGF\ 5F6LDF\ H[ T[ H~ZL S[lDS<;GM pD[ZM SZJFYL 5F6LDF\ ZC[,; VX]lâVM 3G:J~5[ K}8L

50[ K[ H[G[ :,H ( Sludge ) :J~5[ ACFZ SF-L XSFI K[P SIFZ[S VX]lâVM 1FFZMDF\ 5lZJlT"T YFI K[P H[ G]SXFGSTF" CMTF GYLP

:8LD HGZ[XG %,Fg8 VG[ SF[vHGZ[XG %,Fg8;GF\ AWF\ H AF[.,ZF[DF\ 8=F.;F[l0ID OF[:O[8 ( Na3Po4) G[ AF[.,ZGF\ :8LD 0=DDF\ ;LW[ ;LW]\ pD[ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

p\R]\ NAF6 VG[ TF5DFG S[ AF[.,ZF[DF\ CF[I T[DF\ ( Na3Po4) OL0JF[8ZDF\ pD[ZJFYL IF[uI 5|DF6DF\

VF<S,F.GGL l:YZTF D/[ K[P ( Na3Po4) T[GF\ VF<S,F.G :JEFJG[ SFZ6[ OL0JF[8Z 8=L8D[g8

DF8[ B}A H IF[uI K[P 5F6LDF\YL 9.5 SZTF\ JWFZ[ pH J[<I]V[ 1FFZF[ 3G:J~5DF\ JWFZ[ 5|DF6DF\ K}8F

5F0[ K[P 9.6 pH J[<I] V[ VF<S,LlG8L IF[uI 5|DF6DF\ H/JFI K[P VG[ VF VF<S,LlG8LV[

Fe(OH)2 G]\ Z1F6FtDS 50 ( Layer ) AG[ K[ H[ AF[.,ZGL WFT]G]\ BJF6 V8SFJ[ K[P

5.0 OL0JF[8Z VG[ AF[.,ZGF\ 5F6LGL DFgI DF+FVF[

5.1 OL0JF[8Z ( Recommanded Feed Water Limits ) OL0JF[8ZDF\ GLR[ H6FJ[, 8[A, 5|DF6[ H]NF H]NF 5[ZFDL8Z HF/JJF DF8[ E,FD6 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

No. 5[ZFDL8Z sU]6WDF["f NAF6 &! YL NAF6 !_! VG[


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

!__ s AF[.,Z 0=D kg / cm²g

JWFZ[ s AF[.,Z 0=D kg / cm²g

1 pH at 25°C ( Copper alloy pre boiler system )

8.8 ~ 2 8.8 ~ 9.2

2 pH at 25°C ( Copper free pre boiler system )

9.9 ~ 9.2 9.0 ~ 9.4

3 Oxygen ( maxm- ),. ppm 0.007 0.007

4 Total Iron ( maxm.) ppm 0.01 0.01

5 Total Copper ( maxm.), ppm 0.01 0.005

6 Total Co2 Nil Nil

7 Total Silica ( maxm.), ppm 0.02 0.02

8 Hydrazine – residual, ppm 0.01 ~ 0.02 0.01 ~ 0.02

9 Oil Not allowed Not allowed

5.2 AF[.,Z JF[8Z ( Recommanded Boiler Water Limits )

No. 5[ZFDL8Z sU]6WDF["f AF[.,Z 0=D 5|[XZ &! YL !__ kg / cm²g

AF[.,Z 0=D 5|[XZ !_! VG[ JWFZ[ kg / cm²g

1 Total Dissolved Solids ( TDS), ppm Not more that 100

Not more that 50

2 Specific electrical conductivity at 25°C, rimhos / cm

Not more that 200

Not more that 100

3 Phosphat – residual, ppm 15 ~ 25 5 ~ 10

4 pH at 25°C 9.8 ~ 10.2 9.4 ~ 9.7

5 Silica ( maxim- ) ppm To be conrolled on the boiler water and drum pressure and boiler water pH relation to maintain less that 0.02 ppm in the steam leaving the drum

6 Chlorides Not allowed Not allowed


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

AF[.,Z OL0JF[8ZGL H~ZL pH V[DF[lGIF4 DF[OF[l,G H[JF AFQ5XL, ( Volatile ) S[lDS<; pD[ZLG[

HF/JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P OL0JF[8ZDF\ VFJF AFQ5XL, S[lDS<;G]\ 5|DF6 1 ppm YL JWJ]\ HF[.V[ GCLP HF[ pH T[GL recommanded range YL VF[KL YFI TF[ JZF/DF\ l;l,SF S[ZLVF[JZ YFI K[P VFYL AF[.,ZGF\

5F6LDF\ H[D A[G T[D l;l,SF VF[KL CF[JL HF[.V[ H[YL SZLG[ JZF/DF\ l;l,SFG]\ 5|DF6 0.02 ppm SZTF\

VF[K]\ ZC[P ALH]4 OL0JF[8ZDF\ VF[lS;HGG]\ 5|DF6 0.007 ppm SZTF\ VF[K]\ ZC[ T[ DF8[ IF[uI 5|DF6DF\

CF.0=F[hG ( N2H4) pD[ZJF[ HF[.V[P ;FDFgI ZLT[ OL0JF[8ZDF\ Z[;L0I]V, ( N2H4) 5|DF6 0.01 ~ 0.02 ppm HF/JJF DF\ VFJ[ T[F VF[lS;HGG]\ 5|DF6 0.007 ppm SZTF\ VF[K]\ ZC[ K[P


DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

AF[.,ZGL RSF;6L ( Boiler Inspection & IBR )

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DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

jIFbIFVM o

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DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

.g:5[S8ZG[ H~Z ,FU[ TM S,F; AMI,Z V[8[g0g8GL DNNDF\ ;[Sg0 S,F; AM.,Z V[8[g0g8 VYJF OFIZD[GG[ DNNDF\ ZFBJFG]\ SC[ K[P

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DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

(c) V[lgHgIZ VYJF DNNGLX V[lgHIZ TZLS[ lD, VYJF O[S8ZL VYJF :8LDXL5 V[lgHG VG[ AMI,Z ;FY[ A[ SZTF\ VMKF AM.,Z G CMI VG[ T[ NZ[SGL CL8L\U ;O["X 46 RMP DL8Z SZTF\ VMKL GF CMI T[DF\ SFD SZ[, CMIP

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DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

CJ[ SM.S HiIFV[ AM.,ZGL %,[8 sBF; SZLG[ HIF\ 5F6L ZC[T]\ CMIf BJFTL TM GYL T[GL T5F; SZL ,[JL Ô[.V[ VF DF8[ D[uGLOF.U SFDGM p5IMU SZL XSFI K[P CYM0L 9MSJFYL BFDLI]ST EFUDF\YL BMBZM VYJF H]NL ÔTGM VJFH VFJ[ K[ 5Z\T] VJFH 5FZBJF DF8[GL AM.,Z V[8[g0g8DF\ VFJ0T CMJL Ô.V[ VF SFI" DF8[ UM/ DFYFGL VWF"ZT,GL CYM0L G[ IMuI U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P GMG 0=L:8=S8LJ 8[:8 wJFZF %,[8GL Ô0F. T[DF\ pt5þF YI[, TLZF0M JU[Z[ Ô6L XSFI K[P

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DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

VFJ[ K[ T[GF\ VF\TlZS EFUM H[JF S[ G/LVM OG[" JU[Z[ lZ5lZ\U DF8[ ACFZ SF-IF CMI tIFZ[ VFJL RSF;6L SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

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Residual Life Assessment Test ( RLA Test ) : IBR 5|DF6[ H[ JM8Z 8I]A AM.,ZM 400°C SZTF\ JWFZ[ TF5DFG GL JZF/ pt5þF SZT]\

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DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

&P 0FpG SD;" *P D[.G :8LD 5F.5L\U (P CM8 5F.5L\U

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RLA Test DF\ GLR[GL NDT ( Non Destructive – Test ) GM p5IMU YFI K[P

(A) Visual Inspection (B) Ultrasonic Flow Detection (C) Ultrasonic Thickness Survey (D) In-Situ meterllography (E) Megnatic Particle or liquid Penetrant methods (F) Vertically / Dimensional Mensurement (G) OD measurement (H) Sample Cutting & Deposit analysis (I) Hardness Survey

AM.,ZG[ .g:5[SXG DF8[ T{IFZ SZJFGL 5wWlT AM.,ZG[ .g:5[XSG DF8[ T{IFZ SZJF DF8[ GLR[ D]HAGL AFATMGL BF; SF/Ò ZFBJL Ô[.V[P !P AM.,Z Ô[ A[8ZLDF\ CMI sV[8,[ S[ ALÔ AM.,Z ;FY[ Ô[0[, CMIf TM ALÔ AM.,Z YL T[G[ K]8]\ 5F0J]\

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DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

!ZP AM.,Z ;]5ZCL8Z .SMGMDF.hZ H[JF 5|[;Z EFUMGL ACFZGL ;5F8LGL JFIZ A|X VYJF CF.0=MH[8L\U DFZOT[ ;OF. SZJFGLP

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AM.,ZDF\YL SIF\IYL 56 ,LS[H YJ]\ Ô[.V[ GlCP

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DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

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DTP/BOT/ VI/030502

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