OperationsGolden Rules

OperationsGolden Rules

This presentation provides an overview of operations golden rules for aviation. It is intended to enhance the reader's understanding, but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations or This presentation provides an overview of operations golden rules for aviation. It is intended to enhance the reader's understanding, but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations or

airline's operational documentation. Should there be any discrepancy between this presentation and an airline’s AFM /(M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.airline's operational documentation. Should there be any discrepancy between this presentation and an airline’s AFM /(M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.

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IntroductionIntroduction

This visual guide for commercial aviation pilots

presents eight basic “operations golden rules”

and seven additional “golden rules” for abnormal

and emergency conditions. Together, these

golden rules provide guidance for both

normal/routine situations and when addressing

unexpected events. The material may be used

for self-study or as part of a formal training

presentation.

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What Are Golden Rules?What Are Golden Rules?

Principles of safe and efficient flying that help

prevent:

Inadequate situational awareness

Incorrect interaction with automation

Overreliance on automation

Ineffective crew cross-check and mutual

backup

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Golden Rules Prevent Safety ProblemsGolden Rules Prevent Safety Problems

Accident FactorAccident Factor Percentage of Approach and Percentage of Approach and Landing EventsLanding Events

Inadequate decision makingInadequate decision making 74%74%

Omission of action or inappropriate Omission of action or inappropriate actionaction 72%72%

Inadequate CRM practiceInadequate CRM practice(crew coordination, cross-check and (crew coordination, cross-check and

backup)backup)63%63%

Insufficient horizontal or Insufficient horizontal or vertical situational awarenessvertical situational awareness 52%52%

Inadequate or insufficient Inadequate or insufficient understanding of prevailing conditionsunderstanding of prevailing conditions 48%48%

Slow or delayed crew actionSlow or delayed crew action 45%45%

Flight handling difficultiesFlight handling difficulties 45%45%

Incorrect or incomplete Incorrect or incomplete pilot/controller communicationpilot/controller communication 33%33%

Interaction with automationInteraction with automation 20%20%

(Source : Flight Safety Foundation – 1998-1999)

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Operations Golden RulesOperations Golden Rules

1. Fly, navigate, communicate and manage — in that order

2. Automated aircraft can be flown like any other aircraft

3. One head up at all times

4. Cross-check the accuracy of the FMS with raw data

5. Know your guidance at all times

6. When things do not go as expected, take over

7. Use the correct level of automation for the task

8. Practice task sharing and backup

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Fly Navigate Communicate ManageFly Navigate Communicate Manage

First priority is to keep the aircraft safely in the air (Fly)

Next priority is controlling where the aircraft is going (Navigate)

– Know where you are at all times

– Know where you should be

– Know where the terrain and obstacles are

Then, share goals and intentions (Communicate) Finally, Manage

– Applicable procedures

– Personnel

– Aircraft systems

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Automated Aircraft Can Be Flown Like Any Other Aircraft

Automated Aircraft Can Be Flown Like Any Other Aircraft

Automation is designed to assist pilots with flying tasks

– No matter how highly automated, the aircraft can be flown

with the automation turned off

– Revert to basic piloting when you do not understand the

automation or when the automation malfunctions

When automation does not simplify the piloting task, it

should be turned off

Practice hand flying even in highly automated aircraft

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One Head Up at All TimesOne Head Up at All Times

The highly automated cockpit has a tendency to draw

the attention of the crew to the displays and controls

It is essential to keep one head up and looking outside

at all times

– Maintain discipline

– PNF should make any needed changes to the FMS

– PF should cross-check PNF inputs but only after a formal

transfer of control

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Cross-Check the Accuracy of the FMS With Raw Data

Cross-Check the Accuracy of the FMS With Raw Data

The FMS is not infallible

When GPS is not available as a primary means of navigation and in an

area covered by navaids, cross-check the FMS by:

– Entering a tuned VOR-DME in the bearing/distance (BRG/DIST TO) field of

the appropriate FMS page

– Comparing the resulting FMS DIST TO reading with the DME distance

shown on the RMI (or on the ND, as applicable)

– Checking the difference between FMS DIST TO and DME distance against

the criteria applicable for the flight phase (as defined in SOPs)

If the required FMS accuracy criteria are not achieved, revert from FMS

lateral navigation to a non-FMS lateral AP/FD mode with reference to

navaids raw data

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Know Your Guidance at All TimesKnow Your Guidance at All Times

The autopilot control panel and FMS CDU are the prime interfaces for

the crew to communicate with aircraft systems

Humans often make errors when entering data — check all entries to

make sure they are what was intended

– Self-check

– Cross-check

At all times, both the PF and PNF should be aware of:

– Modes armed or engaged

– Guidance targets set

– Aircraft response in terms of attitude, speed and trajectory

– Mode transitions or reversions

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When Things Do Not Go as Expected, Take Over

When Things Do Not Go as Expected, Take Over

If a deviation in vertical/lateral flight path or selected targets is

discovered and time does not permit safely analyzing and

solving the observed behavior, revert without delay from:

– FMS guidance to non-FMS guidance

or from:

– Non-FMS guidance to hand flying

If you maintain situational awareness,

you will always be ready to take over.

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Use the Correct Level of Automation for the Task

Use the Correct Level of Automation for the Task

Modern aircraft give you control of the automation level

Select the appropriate automation level based on:

– The task to be performed

• Short-term (tactical) task

• Long-term (strategic) task

– The flight phase

– The time pressure

• Normal selection or entry (self-paced by the crew)

• Last-minute changes (dictated by ATC or others)

• Abnormal and emergency conditions

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Practice Task Sharing and Mutual BackupPractice Task Sharing and Mutual Backup

Practice task sharing

– During all phases of operations

– For normal, abnormal and emergency procedures

In an emergency, follow this order:

1. Emergency procedure

2. Normal checklist (as applicable)

3. Abnormal procedure(s)

In an abnormal condition, follow this order:

Abnormal procedure

Normal checklist (as applicable)

Resuming abnormal procedure (as applicable)

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Golden Rules for Abnormal and Emergency Conditions

Golden Rules for Abnormal and Emergency Conditions

1. Understand the prevailing condition before acting

2. Assess risks and time pressures

3. Review and evaluate the available options

4. Match the response to the situation

5. Manage workload

6. Create a shared problem model with other crewmembers

7. Apply recommended procedures and other agreed actions

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Understand the Prevailing Condition Before Acting

Understand the Prevailing Condition Before Acting

Poor decisions and results often come from working on

the wrong problem

As permitted by circumstances, take the time to analyze

the problem fully before acting

If you cannot determine the exact cause of a problem:

– Act on the problem symptoms

– Use your airmanship

– Select those actions that are most likely to correct or

stabilize the situation

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Assess Risks and Time PressuresAssess Risks and Time Pressures

Identify those situations that are time critical (e.g., fire

or smoke in the cockpit/cabin)

Try to make more time by:

– Delaying actions that are not time critical

– Requesting clearance from ATC to enter a holding pattern

or to receive delaying vectors, or by executing a go-

around (as appropriate)

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Review and Evaluate the Available OptionsReview and Evaluate the Available Options

Select among available alternatives based on all relevant factors

and likely contingencies (What could fail next?)

Consider:

– Weather conditions

– Crew preparedness

– The type of operation

– Airport proximity

– Crew confidence in, and experience with, the preferred option

– All aspects of the flight until landing and reaching a complete stop

Include all flight crewmembers, cabin crew, ATC and company

maintenance (as applicable) in the decision making, if possible

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Match the Response to the SituationMatch the Response to the Situation

There is often no need to rush a response

– Few situations demand instantaneous reactions

– Most require a prompt but not immediate response

– Some may tolerate a longer delay before acting and give

more time for analysis and information gathering

It is essential to match your response to both the severity of the situation and the extent to which you are

confident in your knowledge of what happened and what it means for the safety of flight.

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Manage WorkloadManage Workload

Don’t be your own worst enemy by creating

unnecessary workload when an unusual situation arises

Avoid unnecessary tasks that add to workload by

following the priorities of:

Fly-Navigate-Communicate-Manage

Adhere to the task sharing defined in the FCOM/AOM for

abnormal/emergency conditions to help manage

workload and optimize flight crew resources

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Create a Shared Problem Model With Other Crewmembers

Create a Shared Problem Model With Other Crewmembers

The crew needs to have a common understanding of:

– Mission objectives

– Prevailing condition(s)

– Planned actions

– Possible contingencies

– Response to contingencies

Creating a shared problem model permits everyone to

work with the same reference towards common and well

understood objectives

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Apply Recommended Procedures and Other Agreed Actions

Apply Recommended Procedures and Other Agreed Actions

To solve any problem, the actions taken must be executed effectively

Before acting, understand what you are about to do, including:

– The reasons for the action

– The implications of the action

If actions are sequential, the result of each action should be checked

before proceeding with the next step

– If the outcome is not as predicted, reassess the entire situation

– This is part of the closed-loop nature of maintaining situational awareness

Particular care should be taken when an action is irreversible

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SummarySummary

Golden rules are: Basic principles of flying modern commercial aircraft

Part of good airmanship and maintaining situational awareness

Available for normal, abnormal and emergency situations

Following Golden Rules: Increases safety

Improves efficiency

Learn and practice these golden rules.

Everyone will benefit!

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