Operating Systems

ASIA PACIFIC INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

APIIT Diploma Part II

INCOURSE ASSIGNMENT

UBUNTU 10.10 – MAVERICK MEERKAT

Prepared By

A.N.Ahamed Nishadh (CB004081)

S.D.Ilangakoon (CB004041)

M. Harin D. Fernando (CB004134)

Module Code & Title

AICT004-3-2 – Operating Systems

Cohort

DF10A1ICT

Date of Submission

3rd

January 2011

Instructor

Mr.Kolitha Gunarathne

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of

Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Computing

Word Count

[3940 words]

http://apiit.edu.my/

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WORKLOAD MATRIX

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PROJECT GNATT CHART

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly we would like to thank our lecturer Mr.Kolitha Gunarathne for all the help

and guidance given to us while doing this assignment. Especially for teaching us this

module in such a way that we were able to learn this highly technical module very

easily.

Also there are many individuals who have helped us in numerous ways directly and

indirectly so that we were able to complete this assignment.

APIIT Lanka for providing us with resources and the Tech Team at APIIT Lanka for

their assistance at required times.

And last but not least our friends, parents and the well-wishers without whose moral

support and encouragement, we would not have been able to do a good job.

Finally, if there are any shortcomings in this project, then we request to excuse us for

all those and accept this documentation.

Ahamed Nishadh

Deshan Ilangakoon

Harin Fernando

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 – RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATION ............................................................... 1

1.1 – INTRODUCTION TO UBUNTU 10.10 – MAVERICK MEERKAT ........... 1

1.2 – HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS .................................................................. 2

1.3 – SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS .................................................................... 3

1.3.1 – KERNAL .................................................................................................. 3

1.3.2 – SHELL ...................................................................................................... 4

1.3.3 – BOOTLOADER ....................................................................................... 5

2.0 – INSTALLATION ................................................................................................. 6

3.0 – ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 14

3.1 – USER INTERFACE ...................................................................................... 14

3.2 – PROCESS CONTROL MANAGEMENT .................................................... 15

3.2.1 - PROCESS CONTROL DIAGRAM ........................................................ 16

3.3 – DEADLOCK MANAGEMENT ................................................................... 16

3.4 – MEMORY MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 18

3.5 – VIRTUAL MEMORY MANAGEMENT ..................................................... 19

3.6 – SECONDARY DISK SCHEDULING MANAGEMENT ............................ 20

3.7 – SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION AND SUPPORT ....................................... 21

3.7.1 – USER CONTROL .................................................................................. 21

3.7.2 – OTHER ADMINISTRATOR SETTINGS ............................................. 23

3.8 – RECOVERY STRATEGIES ......................................................................... 24

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3.8.1 – RECOVERING FROM DEVICES AND MEDIA ................................. 24

3.8.2 – BACKUP AND RESTORE .................................................................... 24

3.9 – SECURITY STRATEGIES ........................................................................... 25

3.10 – STANDARD SUPPORT ............................................................................. 27

LIMITATIONS AND EXTENSIONS ........................................................................ 31

LIMITATIONS ...................................................................................................... 31

EXTIONSIONS ...................................................................................................... 31

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 32

TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ 34

APPENDIX ................................................................................................................. 36

1.0 – MEETING MINUTES .................................................................................. 36

1.1 – 1st MEETING ............................................................................................. 36

1.2 – 2nd

MEETING ............................................................................................ 38

1.3 – 3rd

MEETING ............................................................................................ 40

1.4 – 4th MEETING ........................................................................................... 41

1.5 – 5th

MEETING ............................................................................................ 43

1.6 – 6th

MEETING ............................................................................................ 45

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1.0 – RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATION

In this section we have written the findings on the research we have done on the

Operating System we chose, which is Ubuntu 10.10 and the Hardware and Software

Requirements of the Operating System that is required before the Operating System

can be installed for usage by any user.

1.1 – INTRODUCTION TO UBUNTU 10.10 – MAVERICK

MEERKAT

Linus Torvalds and friends developed a free and open-source operating system in

August 25, 1991. Linux is a freely available multitasking and multi-user operating

system. The system can be distributed, used and expanded free of charge. In this

way, developers have access to all the source codes, thus being able to integrate new

functions easily or to find and eliminate programming bugs quickly. Thereby drivers

for new adapters (SCSI controller, graphics cards, etc.) can be integrated very

rapidly.

Presently, Linux is successfully being used by several millions of users worldwide.

The composition of user groups varies from private users, training companies,

universities, research centers right through to commercial users and companies, who

view Linux as a real alternative to other operating systems. (Linux Online Inc., 2007)

In the year 2004, Mark Shuttleworth and a few other developers got-together and

developed an easy to use Linux desktop Operating System named Ubuntu and

released it to the world on the 20th

of October 2004.

Ubuntu comes from an African word which means ‘humanity to others’.

This follows the ideas that it should be free, usable by anyone in their native

language, regardless of disabilities, and that people should be able to freely

customize and alter the software.

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The first version of Ubuntu was the Ubuntu 4.10 - Warty Warthog. Since the release

of the first version of Ubuntu, the user base has been increasing with every new

release and also with different variants being released such as the KUbuntu which

uses the KDE shell rather than the GNOME shell, EDUUbuntu which is customized

for schools, XUbuntu which again has a different shell intended to run on low-end

computers and a few others.

Ubuntu releases 2 versions every year since the year they started. And every two

years Ubuntu releases a version with a tagline LTS. This means Long Term Support.

That is, this specific version will be supported for a long time. By default, all normal

versions are supported only till the next two versions are released after which support

for that version will be stopped unless they are tagged LTS.

Ubuntu 10.10 codenamed Maverick Meerkat was released on the 10th

of October

2010. This is a major upgrade from other version with some major updates to the

system. (www.ubuntu.com, 2010)

Figure 1 - Ubuntu Logo

(Canonical Ltd, 2010)

1.2 – HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Given below are the minimum hardware requirements that a computer about to have

Ubuntu installed in it should have. Without these specifications it is not

recommended to install Ubuntu as maximum performance may not be achieved.

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Processor 700MHz x86 or better

Disk Space: 4GB available disk space

RAM 256MB

CD-ROM drive Yes

VGA Graphics interface Yes

Monitor resolution 800 x 600

Motherboard 32 bit or 64 bit

Figure 2 - Hardware Requirements

The Ubuntu operating system has some requirements like it will not work on older

Intel compilers and thus will require a newer version to be available on the computer

that you wish to install Ubuntu on.

The Ubuntu operating system will accommodate both 32-bit and 64-bit processors

but it is recommended that you use a 64-bit processor as this will help to increase the

performance of the system. They are ADM, Intel and VIA processors. However the

following 64 bit processors are not supported by Ubuntu, these being Itanium, S/390,

PowerPC, SPARC, MIPS, and etc. processors. (www.ubuntu.com, 2010)

1.3 – SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

1.3.1 – KERNAL

A kernel is the central portion of a Unix-based operating system, responsible for

running applications, processes, and providing security for the core components as

well as the hardware. The kernel also manages the system resources in an effective

manner. The kernel also is the software that provides services for the shell of the

Operating System to function. (H.M.Deitel, 1990, p.575)

Linux based Operating Systems uses the Monolithic kernel which is the primary

kernel used in many Linux based operating systems. The monolithic kernel is where

all the device drivers and services of the computer runs as part of the kernel rather

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than as external kernel modules as in some other kernels which makes the operating

system relatively faster than the others. (www.osdev.org, 2008)

Ubuntu 10.10 uses the 2.6.35-22.33 version Kernel which is a modified version of

the Linux Kernel version 2.6.35.4. The modifications to the original Kernel have

been done in order to improve support for the certain newer systems not supported in

the Kernel or for better support. (Barcet, 2010)

1.3.2 – SHELL

The shell is the software the Operating System uses to communicate between users

and the system itself. The user communicates to the system via the Command Line

Interface and the shell interprets the commands and does the necessary execution

requested for. The shell is also an application program like any other and requires the

Kernel to run but is not part of the Kernel. (H.M.Deitel, 1990, p.573)

It should be noted in here that newer developments in computing have made it

possible for a Graphical User Interface possible which is also another kind of Shell.

Ubuntu uses the Graphical User Interface type of Shell and uses the GNU Network

Object Model Environment (GNOME) as its primary interface. Ubuntu 10.10 uses

the GNOME Version 2.32 which is the latest version of the GONME Interface.

(Barcet, 2010)

Some of the application and utility software’s that come preinstalled with Ubuntu are

also developed using the GONME Application Framework.

The GNOM Environment provides facilities such as task and process launching and

management, file handling as well as user management. (GNOME Project, 2010)

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1.3.3 – BOOTLOADER

The bootloader is the initial software that is loaded into the memory which in turn

then loads the Operating System. This software is a vital piece of software that is

available in all operating systems. When there are more than one operating system

installed in the computer, the bootloader will prompt the user to select the operating

system to be loaded.

Ubuntu 10.10 uses the Grand Unified Bootloader also known as GRUB as its

bootloader. (The Ubuntu Manual Team, 2010, p.135)

Figure 3 - GRUB Bootloader Screenshot

(SF007, n.d.)

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2.0 – INSTALLATION

To install Ubuntu, the user has to first boot the computer through the Ubuntu

Live/Installation CD ROM.

When the CD ROM boot up is complete, the user will be shown the screen as shown

in Figure 4. In this section, the user can select the language in which they require the

Operating System to run and then press the “Install Ubuntu” button.

Figure 4 - Ubuntu Installation Screenshot 1

After the user presses the “Install Ubuntu” button, the screen shown in Figure 5 will

be shown to the user. In this screen the user will be shown the optional requirements

for the installer to work such as a connection to the internet etc.

Also the user can select optional options like download latest updates of the

Operating System while installing the OS and installing developer recommended

Third Party Applications to the OS while the OS is being installed. After this, the

user has to press the “Forward” button to go to the next step.

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In the next step, the installer will ask the user about the storage devices as shown in

Figure 6. At this point, the user can either erase and use the entire disk by selecting

the first option or use the partition manager and partition the disk according to the

need and then install Ubuntu on it.

The first option is usually recommended for normal users while the second option is

recommended for advanced users only.

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In the next step, the partition manager is shown to the user as shown in Figure 7.

This step is where the user can manage their storage devices.

In the next step the user will be shown the screen shown in Figure 8. This is another

section of the Partition Manager.

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After the “Install Now” button has been pressed, the required system files start

getting copied to the storage disk.

The progress of the files being copied is shown in the bottom of the screen as

pictured in Figure 9 below.

Also to reduce the time spent on doing settings after the installation, Ubuntu makes

the users set the settings while the installation is being done.

As shown in Figure 9 below, first it will ask for the country that the user lives in.

Ubuntu installer will use the internet to automatically detect the country the user

lives in. If the auto detected country is wrong, the user can select it manually by

clicking on the map or by choosing it from the list below it.


In the next screen as shown in Figure 10, the user is prompted to enter the keyboard

layout that they use. They can select it from the lists shown or type in the textbox

below and automatically find out the layout.

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In the next screen, the user will be prompted to enter the username, password, the

computer name and some other details as shown in Figure 11.

These are to set up the primary user account of the Operating System.

It should also be noted that after the files have finished coping, the system will wait

for the user to finish enter the settings to complete installation.

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After all necessary settings have been entered and the system will next finalize the

installation as shown in Figure 12.

After all that is finished, the system will show the screen as shown in Figure 13

indicating that the installation is complete and requesting the user to reboot the

system.

This is the end of the installation process. After the reboot, the system will boot the

Operating System and show the login screen to the user.

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3.0 – ANALYSIS

3.1 – USER INTERFACE

User Interface is the place where the user interacts with the computer. There are 3

main types of user interfaces. They are Graphical User Interface (GUI), Command

Line Interface (CLI) and Menu Driver Interface. Users can use the User Interface

and give instructions to the computer which in turn are converted into machine

language by the Operating System and then executed. (Gunarathne, 2010)

In Ubuntu 10.10, the default user interface is a Graphical User Interface. A

Command Line Interface is also available in Ubuntu which can be accessed by the

user if required to perform any advanced work in the operating system.

Figure 14 - Ubuntu Desktop

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Figure 15 - Ubuntu Terminal / Command Line Interface

3.2 – PROCESS CONTROL MANAGEMENT

A process is a unit of work with unique process identification. It requires resources

like memory, CPU time and files to complete its task, resources are allocated when a

process is created or while in execution.

In the Linux Operating System there are processes that include in it. They are:-

o Program counter

o Stack

o Data section

Process control Block

Threads

o Ready State

o Standby State

o Running State

o Waiting State

o Transition State

o Termination state

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3.2.1 - PROCESS CONTROL DIAGRAM

Each process is represented in the operating system as a Process Control Block. In

every operating system the process control management is almost the same. As

processes enter the system, they are put on the job queue. A new process is put on

the ready queue. The process waits until it is selected for execution or dispatched and

given CPU resources. Once CPU is allocated the process then runs.

Figure 16 - PROCESS CONTROL DIAGRAM

(Gunarathne, 2010)

3.3 – DEADLOCK MANAGEMENT

When one or more processes are trying to access the same resource both the

processes might get blocked. This situation is called a Deadlock. A deadlock occurs

when all four necessary conditions are held.

Four ways in which deadlocks take place are:

Mutual Exclusion

Hold and Wait

No Preemption

Circular wait

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When carrying out a process it should take place in sequential manner as the manner

stated below:-

Obtain resource/Request for resource

Utilize resource

Release resource

Deadlock Prevention is the steps we follow in order to avoid deadlocks.

There are three methods in which deadlocks can be handled. They are:

Use a protocol to avoid all deadlocks and to prevent the occurrence of

deadlocks in the future.

Allow system to go through a deadlock position, perceive it, and pull through

from it.

Ignore the problem.

Deadlock detection is the process where the Operating System detects a deadlock

situation and tries to recover from it.

There are two methods which Operating Systems use to recover from deadlocks.

Either the user recovers from the deadlock manually or the system recovers itself

from the deadlock automatically.

When recovering from the deadlock automatically there are 2 options which are:

Process extinction

o Terminate all the deadlock processes.

o Terminate one process at a time.

Resource preemption

o Victim selection

o Rollback

o Starvation

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Ubuntu 10.10 is well equipped with deadlock detection methods & avoids causing

deadlocks as we mentioned above.

3.4 – MEMORY MANAGEMENT

Memory management of a computer deals mainly with the allocation of space to

processors in the Random Access Memory (RAM) of the computer. This memory

management process is an extremely vital part of the computer because the effective

management of the memory of the computer is what helps the computer work at

great speeds and effectively execute multiple tasks without the problem of a system

overload and failure.

The memory is divided into two main components; this is the physical memory and

the logical memory. The physical memory is the memory available in the RAM and

is divided into multiple memory blocks with a physical address that are used to load

processes.

The Logical memory is where the Operating system of the computer has to assign

more than one physical memory blocks from the RAM for a particular process. In

this situation the process will have more than one physical address and this will

cause problems in situations where paging is done. Therefore the operating system

gives the process a logical memory block which is a combination of the physical

memory blocks of the system and this logical memory block contain a logical

address that will assigned to this logical memory block. (Gunarathne, 2010)

Ubuntu along with all other Linux systems use a feature called Cached Memory

when it comes to handling the memory in the RAM. It uses a tool called “top” which

at any given time attempts to keep the free memory in the system to a minimum.

This is because if RAM is not used it has a tendency to get wasted.

The way that this happens is the ‘top’ tool takes up the space by filling it with what

is known as cached space. This cached memory though appears to be occupied is

actually free and available for the system to load any new programs that come up.

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Another reason Linux uses this method is because it faster to access information

from the cached space than from the hard disk itself. (sapphirecat, 2004)

3.5 – VIRTUAL MEMORY MANAGEMENT

Virtual memory is a segment of the hard disk that has been partitioned off so that the

large processors which require more memory than that is available in the RAM

(Random Access Memory) have to be run. The method employed is a basic tactic

where a segment of the secondary storage, usually a drive, is allocated for this large

process to load and a small segment on the RAM is given where the files load on to

at run time for each particular task.

This way in which this operates is when a large process needs to be executed the

system will have a problem where the memory available on the RAM is insufficient.

In this case what the system does is it allocates a segment of the secondary storage

device for this process to load its files. After which the pages that are required to by

the process to run will be loaded when needed using a technique known as Paging or

Swapping. This is where a page is loaded on to the RAM when the process requires

it and then after the process is done with that particular page the process will remove

the page from the memory and load a new page.

This method of creating a virtual memory is extremely valuable as this method

allows for large processors to be loaded in to the system without having the problem

of the memory being overloaded. The most preferred method of transferring pages is

the Swapping technique. The reason being is that this method allows for more than

one file to be loaded at a time and thus making a far more effective system that will

operate at greater speeds. (Gunarathne, 2010)

Ubuntu OS uses a feature called Swap Space for managing the memory. This is a

space on the hard disk which is a part of the Virtual Memory. This space is used by

the system to store file that are currently inactive and create space for new files to be

loaded. The Swap Space temporally stores the file until either the file is needed again

or the process is terminated. This method allows for faster speed on the system.

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However the process will not directly use files stored in the Swap Space as this

would cause the system to operate slower. (Ubuntu Documentation, 2010)

Another method used to manage the virtual memory is a technique known as

Demand Paging. The way in which demand paging works is as follow. When the

system is required to run a process that is too big to be loaded to the physical

memory completely, then the system loads only the file immediately required. The

remaining files get transferred to the virtual memory. Here after when the process

requires a page to work with it is loaded from the virtual memory. This process is

known as demand paging.

The way in which the Linux operating system handles demand paging works is

similar in most Linux operating systems. When a process starts to execute the

operating system will load the files into the virtual memory. Then the when a

command to execute is give the file containing it is opened and the content mapped

to the virtual memory. The way this is carried out is by changing the data structure

that describes the processes memory map. This is known as memory mapping.

However the entire file is not brought up, only the first part is brought up. This will

create a page fault and then the operating system will search the memory map to

determined which remaining part of the file to bring up to be executed. (Rusling,

1999)

3.6 – SECONDARY DISK SCHEDULING MANAGEMENT

The secondary data storage disk is the hard drives that are installed in your computer.

This is where data that you want store for a prolonged period of time is stored. This

is a vital component of any computer and the effective management of it is essential

if the user is to achieve the maximum out of the computer. (Florentyna, n.d.)

The Secondary Disk Manager is the feature that allows the user to either partition the

drives as he wishes or it will partition using a default method. The disk manager

show to the user the partitions that have been created and are available for each and

every storage disk, the file systems that the system uses, the path to access the files

in the partitions, the size of the free space and the accessibility of the files.

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Figure 17 - Disk Utility

3.7 – SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION AND SUPPORT

3.7.1 – USER CONTROL

The administrator can control other user accounts in Ubuntu by going to the Users

Settings panel. In this panel, the Administrator can add, delete, and modify user

accounts, assign and remove privileges of users etc.

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Figure 18 - User Settings Panel

Figure 19 - Advanced User Settings Panel

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3.7.2 – OTHER ADMINISTRATOR SETTINGS

Apart from Users Settings, there are other control panels that are available for

administrators for controlling the Operating System. Most of these control panels can

be accessed by going to the Administration menu under the System menu as shown

in Figure 20 below.

Figure 20 - Administration Options

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3.8 – RECOVERY STRATEGIES

Ubuntu has many recovery strategies that are in place so as to protect the data of the

users and also to recover the lost data if anything happens to them.

3.8.1 – RECOVERING FROM DEVICES AND MEDIA

There are three utilities that Ubuntu recommends users to use to recover lost data.

The three utilities that Ubuntu recommends are

GNU Parted

Testdisk and

Gpart

All three of these programs can be used to recover lost data from devices by

recreating the partition table and then recovering the data in it but use different

algorithms to work. All three of these utilities use the Command Line Interface as it

is a very safe and easy procedure to use. Also it is recommended that advanced users

use these utilities as they involve complex procedures that if done wrong will mess

up the system. (Stock, 2010)

More on data recovery and how to do it can be found at the official Ubuntu Help site

at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DataRecovery

3.8.2 – BACKUP AND RESTORE

By default, Ubuntu has two tools built in the Operating System for backing up the

system and to restore it. They are

rsync

dump/restore

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Both these tools are Command Line Interface based tools. Once again it is

recommended that only advanced users handle the Command Line Interface.

But since backing up is such an important procedure, Graphical Interfaces for the

above tools have also been developed by developers which can be freely downloaded

and used by normal users even but these interfaces do not provide advanced

technical techniques like they are available in the Command Line tool. (Buser, 2010)

More on how to perform backup and restore options with other additional tools can

be found at the official Ubuntu Help site at

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BackupYourSystem

3.9 – SECURITY STRATEGIES

Ubuntu has various security strategies inbuilt into the Operating System.

One feature is the password protection of user accounts. User accounts can be

protected using passwords so that other users cannot access the account.

Users are prompted to enter the proper username and password to login to the system

when they start the operating system. This is done so that no unauthorized person can

access the account.

Figure 21 - Login Screen

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When a critical system component is to be changed or when software is to be an

installed or uninstalled, an administrator user have to provide authorization else the

system will not allow the action to be performed. This is done so that no

unauthorized changes are done to the system.

Figure 22 - Authorization Box

It is usually said that Linux Operating Systems are completely immune from viruses.

But the truth is that it is actually difficult to infect Linux Operating Systems with

viruses but it still can be done. (Pot, 2010) For this reason Linux Operating System’s

usually dont come pre-equipped with antivirus software’s or even firewall systems.

If any users require these software’s, they are available for installation from the

Ubuntu Software Center.

Apart from this, Ubuntu periodically releases security updates for the Operating

System which can be downloaded from the Update Manager in Ubuntu. These

security updates make sure that the system is up to date and secure against any

known threats.

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Figure 23 - Update Manager

3.10 – STANDARD SUPPORT

Ubuntu is an Operating System that has one of the largest amounts of support

compared to various other Operating Systems.

There are various places that users using Ubuntu OS can gain support from and

below given are some of them.

In newer versions of Ubuntu, a built in Help and Support section is available in the

Operating System where users can look up if they need any help. Basic topics such

as adding applications, file and folder organization, customization etc. are available

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in this support. This support feature can be accessed by going to System > Help and

Support.

Ubuntu has a wide range of online support options. From their support website to

chat rooms, help lines, user forums, training materials and online documentations

that users can use to get help from.

The main website where Ubuntu provides official support is located at

http://help.ubuntu.com. This website provides support for versions of Ubuntu that

support is available for. Ubuntu usually provides support for the current version, the

previous normal version as well as for any Long Term Support enabled versions

which are still in the support timeline.

Figure 24 - Ubuntu Help Center

http://help.ubuntu.com/

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Figure 25 - Ubuntu Online Documentation Site

The main user forum where Ubuntu users can get help from is located at

https://answers.launchpad.net/ubuntu and at http://ubuntuforums.org/. In here, users

can register themselves and ask questions from other users. Technical experts from

the Ubuntu development team also answer queries from time to time. This is the

official user forum for Ubuntu users. Moreover there are lots more public forums

available on the internet where users can get help from which are not officially

supported by Ubuntu.

Ubuntu also provides training for corporate users. This is another type of support that

they provide for those users who are willing to shift from one Operating System to

another. Training can be gained in a customized manner depending on the

requirement of the user. To get training, users have to contact Ubuntu support team

in person and request for it.

Another type of community based support that Ubuntu gives users is the localized

support. Currently Ubuntu provides support in 28 different localized languages from

Bengali language to Urudu. In addition more localized support is given through local

user communities in countries. These localized communities are called “LoCo”’s by

Ubuntu and are officially endorsed by the Ubuntu developers.

https://answers.launchpad.net/ubuntu

http://ubuntuforums.org/

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More support is available for users through Internet Relay Chat (IRC) where

professionals provide support to users. Mailing lists are also available where users

can subscribe and get updates on new developments and fixes etc.

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LIMITATIONS AND EXTENSIONS

There are certain limitations and certain extensions to this report. They are listed

below.

LIMITATIONS

As Ubuntu 10.10 was released only around 2 months before this report was

made, information specific for this particular version is not available at all

times. In instances like these, we have written generally on that topic and

tried our best to relate them with the information available with the closes

available version.

Due to the restriction on the WORD LIMIT we have not been able to

extensively write on certain topics and in all possible situations like this, we

have written whatever possible within the restriction.

Although Ubuntu is an Open Source operating system, there are still certain

information that the developers do not share publicly.

EXTIONSIONS

There are two more ways in which the Operating System can be installed

which is as a software inside Microsoft Windows Operating System and on a

dual boot basis. We have not explained extensively on these two options due

to the word limit restriction as well as since many do not use these options.

More information on certain sections such as Deadlocks, Memory

Management, User Interface, System Administration and Recovery Strategies

can be written if word limit is increased.

A comparison on different Operating Systems can be included into the report.

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2010].

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Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co.

Pot, J., 2010. The 4 Best Free Linux Anti-Virus Programs. [Online] Available at:

http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/free-linux-antivirus-programs/ [Accessed 22

December 2010].

Rusling, D.A., 1999. Chapter 3 - Memory Management. [Online] Available at:

http://tldp.org/LDP/tlk/mm/memory.html [Accessed 10 December 2010].

https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MaverickMeerkat/ReleaseNotes

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BackupYourSystem

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ubuntu_logo.svg/500px-Ubuntu_logo.svg.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ubuntu_logo.svg/500px-Ubuntu_logo.svg.png

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-data-storage-primary-and-secondary-storage.html

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-data-storage-primary-and-secondary-storage.html

http://www.gnome.org/about/

http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/free-linux-antivirus-programs/

http://tldp.org/LDP/tlk/mm/memory.html

33

sapphirecat, 2004. Linux Memory Management or 'Why is there no free RAM?'.

[Online] Available at: http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-175419-postdays-0-

postorder-asc-start-0.html?sid=619cda6e4dae2a0651c474f9f5e4dfcf [Accessed 12

December 2010].

SF007, n.d. GRUB screenshot. [Online] Available at:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/GRUB_screenshot.png

[Accessed 12 December 2010].

Stock, B., 2010. DataRecovery. [Online] Available at:

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DataRecovery [Accessed 12 December 2010].

The Ubuntu Manual Team, 2010. Getting Started with Ubuntu 10.04. Second Edition

ed. USA: The Ubuntu Manual Team.

Ubuntu Documentation, 2010. SwapFaq. [Online] Available at:

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq [Accessed 10 December 2010].

www.osdev.org, 2008. Monolithic Kernel - OSDev Wiki. [Online] Available at:

http://wiki.osdev.org/Monolithic_Kernel [Accessed 27 November 2010].

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http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu [Accessed 15 December 2010].

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http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-175419-postdays-0-postorder-asc-start-0.html?sid=619cda6e4dae2a0651c474f9f5e4dfcf%09

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/GRUB_screenshot.png

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DataRecovery

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq

http://wiki.osdev.org/Monolithic_Kernel

http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu

34

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1 - Ubuntu Logo (Canonical Ltd, 2010) ......................................................... 2

Figure 2 - Hardware Requirements ............................................................................. 3

Figure 3 - GRUB Bootloader Screenshot (SF007, n.d.).............................................. 5

Figure 4 - Ubuntu Installation Screenshot 1................................................................ 6





Figure 9 - Ubuntu Installation Screenshot 6.............................................................. 10

Figure 10 - Ubuntu Installation Screenshot 7............................................................ 11



Figure 13 - Ubuntu Installation Screenshot 10.......................................................... 13

Figure 14 - Ubuntu Desktop ...................................................................................... 14

Figure 15 - Ubuntu Terminal / Command Line Interface ......................................... 15

Figure 16 - PROCESS CONTROL DIAGRAM (Gunarathne, 2010) ...................... 16

Figure 17 - Disk Utility ............................................................................................. 21

Figure 18 - User Settings Panel ................................................................................. 22

Figure 19 - Advanced User Settings Panel................................................................ 22

Figure 20 - Administration Options .......................................................................... 23

Figure 21 - Login Screen ........................................................................................... 25

Figure 22 - Authorization Box .................................................................................. 26

35

Figure 23 - Update Manager ..................................................................................... 27

Figure 24 - Ubuntu Help Center ................................................................................ 28

Figure 25 - Ubuntu Online Documentation Site ....................................................... 29

36

APPENDIX

1.0 – MEETING MINUTES

1.1 – 1st MEETING

Project Planning

Date: 5th

of November 2010

Time: 03.30 pm

Venue: APIIT Canteen

Members present: Ashan Wijewardane

Deshan Ilangakoon

Ahamed Nishadh

Harin Fernando

Minutes:

The first meeting for the Operating System project was conducted to plan the outline

of the project and also to make plans on how the group would handle the project and

how best to allocate the tasks. Ashan Wijewardane started by making sure that

everyone present had no objection about the Operating System that the group had

selected. This would be the Windows 7 Operating System. Deshan Ilangakoon

suggested that for the initial documentation process the work should be divided into

topics and then be divided among the members equally. The group agreed on this as

the best way to go about the project.

After this Ahamed Nishadh suggested that special attention be made to algorithms

involved in the running of Windows 7. It was decided afterwards that this would be

the first area of the project that we would give our attention towards.

37

Finally Ahamed said that he would go and talk to sir to get more specifications about

what should be in the project. After this as there was nothing further to discuss the

meeting was adjourned.

………………………………….

Group Leader

………………………………….

Lecturer

38

1.2 – 2nd

MEETING

Project Planning

Date: 29th

of November 2010

Time: 03.30 pm


Members present: Ahamed Nishadh

Deshan Ilangakoon

Harin Fernando

Minutes:

The main matter that was in the agenda for the second meeting was the allocation of

the tasks for each of the team members. It was decided that the first stage of the

project would be divided among the three members. This section was the Research

and Investigation section of the assignment. This section as specified was broken

down into three segments as given in the guide lines, these being the Introduction,

System Software Requirements and the System Hardware Requirements. The

Introduction section was handed over to Harin Fernando, the System Hardware

requirements section was allocated to Deshan Ilangakoon and finally the Software

Requirements section was taken up by Ahamed Nishadh.

It should also be noted that the Operating System chosen in the previous meeting

which was Microsoft Windows 7 will be changed to Ubuntu 10.10 after advice given

from the lecturer. This decision was unanimously taken by all the group members.

After this it was also brought to the notice of the group that Ashan Wijewardane had

left the group since he had decided to leave APIIT and thus the work would from

now onwards have to be handled between the three remaining members.

39

After this as there was nothing left to be discussed the meeting was adjourned until

the next meeting with the advice from Ahamed Nishadh that none of the guys should

fall back on the section that was assigned to them.

………………………………….

Group Leader

………………………………….

Lecturer

40

1.3 – 3rd

MEETING

Progress Review

Date: 7th

December 2010

Time: 03.30 pm



Deshan Ilangakoon

Harin Fernando

Minutes:

The main reason for this meeting to be called was to check on the progress of the

work that has so far been done. Here all the work done so far was presented and

Ahamed Nishadh checked on the work to see if the work done was accurate and

adequate so that after the work has been completed the sections that had been done

so far could be review by Mr. Kolitha as well.

Ahamed told all the members present that the work done so far was in his opinion

satisfactory and no further change was needed and that he would be handing it over

to Mr. Kolitha for him to go over and approve.

The meeting was after this, adjourned until Mr. Kolitha was able to review the work

done so far and give us his feedback.

………………………………….

Group Leader

………………………………….

Lecturer

41

1.4 – 4th MEETING

Progress Review and Work Allocation

Date: 9th

December 2010

Time: 02.30 pm



Deshan Ilangakoon

Harin Fernando

Minutes:

This meeting was held to make know the remarks that Mr. Kolitha had made

regarding the work that we had shown him after the last meeting. Ahamed Nishadh

told the group that Mr. Kolitha had been pleased with the overall result and only a

few changes needed to be made. This was said regarding the section covered by

Harin, the Introduction section. In this section Mr. Kolitha had requested that we

remove several parts as it was unnecessary and emphasize on the key areas a bit

more.

After this Ahamed said that we should start on the next segment of the project, which

is the Analysis segment of the project, and wanted the members to select a section

that they would feel comfortable doing. Thereafter Harin selected to do the first three

sections, namely the User Interface, Process Control Management and Deadlock

Management. Deshan selected the next three which are Memory Management,

Virtual Memory Management and Secondary Disk Scheduling Management.

Ahamed selected the final four sections which are System Administration and

Support, Recovery Strategies, Security Strategies and Standard Support.

42

Once the sections had been selected Ahamed gave the deadline for the completion of

these sections as the 27th

of December 2010 and said that he wanted to see the work

as it progressed and also to make sure that we always keep several up to date

backups.

After this the meeting was adjourned.

………………………………….

Group Leader

………………………………….

Lecturer

43

1.5 – 5th

MEETING

Progress Review

Date: 21st December 2010

Time: 02.30 pm

Venue: Level One - Lab 4


Deshan Ilangakoon

Harin Fernando

Minutes:

This meeting was called with the main purpose of checking on the progress of the

work that had been carried out so far. The work being, sections that had been

allocated for each of the group members to do at the previous meeting.

The meeting started off with Deshan showing documents of the work done so far. It

was noted that he had completed the majority of the work. He however complained

that there was very little or no information on the topic Secondary Disk Scheduling

Management and wanted to know if the others could help him out here. It was agreed

that if the other during their research came upon any relevant information about

related to the topic it would be passed on to Deshan.

Afterwards Harin said that he also had completed most of the work and was

struggling with Deadlock Management section. The other again offered to help him

out if they came upon any relevant information.

Finally Ahamed said that he had completed two out of his four topics and that he

would finish his sections soon.

44

Finally it was agreed to meet up again after all members had completed their

allocated sections to compile their work. It was decided to meet up Ahamed’s place

as this would be the most convenient location and also since APIIT would be closed

during the Christmas Vacations. After this the meeting was adjourned.

………………………………….

Group Leader

………………………………….

Lecturer

45

1.6 – 6th

MEETING

Work Compilation Meeting

Date: 29th

December 2010

Time: 10.00 am

Venue: Ahamed Nishadh’s house


Deshan Ilangakoon

Harin Fernando

Minutes:

Today’s meeting was held with the purpose of compiling all the documentation work

that had been done so far. All three of the members brought along their work and

Ahamed started to add the work done into a pre-made document which had been pre-

set with the standard format.

Also a demonstration on the installation process of Ubuntu was done by Ahamed and

the screenshots were taken for the use in the project at this meeting.

After this Ahamed congratulated on a job well done so far and said that he would be

mailing a copy of the final project to all the members once it was completed.

Afterwards the meeting was adjourned.

………………………………….

Group Leader

………………………………….

Lecturer

Documents

Operating Systems