Operant Conditioning Cont…

Second Hour – What are some extensions of operant conditioning?

Extensions of Operant Conditioning•Primary and secondary reinforcers•Negative and positive reinforcement/punishment•Therapies based on the different types of punishment and reinforcement

How do operant and classical conditioning differ?•Classical and operant conditioning – a comparison

Primary reinforcers:Stimuli such as food and water that organisms find naturally reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. (Not to be confused with unconditioned stimuli)

Stimuli like money or tokens that take on reinforcingproperties through their association with primary reinforcers. Can also include conceptslike praise or feedback that take on reinforcing properties through learning. (Not to be confused with conditioned stimuli)

Secondary reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers:

Stimulus was presented

Stimulus was removed

Basic paradigms of punishment and reinforcement in operant conditioning:

+Rf -Rf

+ Punishment-Punishment (extinction)

What event followed the response?

What will happento the response?

Response will increaseResponse will decrease

Therapies based on positive reinforcement

• Treatment for social interaction

Therapies based on negative reinforcement

• Treatment for anorexia

• Aversion therapy and phobia maintenance

Therapies based on negative punishment•Time out

Therapies based on positive punishment• Aversive therapy

Classical Operant

Conditioned stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, conditioned response, unconditioned response

Reinforcers and punishment•Primary and secondary reinforcers, +/- reinforcement, +/- punishment, Sd, R, Srf

Presentation of CS-US Schedules of reinforcement

Elicited response Emitted response

Reflexive response Voluntary response

Old behaviour in response to a new stimulus (salivation to a bell)

New behaviour (lever pressing)

Extinction (remove US) Extinction (remove reinforcer)

Response comes after presentation of CS

Response comes before reward

Contingency and contiguity•US contingent on CS•CS and US must be contiguous

Contingency and contiguity•Reward contingent on behaviour•Behaviour and reward must be contiguous