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Operant Conditioning• A type of learning in which behavior occurs more frequently if
followed by reinforcement or occurs less frequently if followed by punishment.
• How is this different from classical conditioning?– In Classical Conditioning, an organism associates/connects
two events that occur together at the same time.
– In Operant Conditioning, an organism learns a behavior through reward or punishment.
OPERANT CONDITIONING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Reward Punishment Association of events in time
Edward Thorndike• Edward Thorndike performed experiments on cats
• He placed them in a puzzle box, used fish as a reward for escaping, and timed how long the escape process took
• Through trial and error, the cats figured out that pressing the level in the box (behavior) led to the
reward of escape/fish (stimulus)
Law of Effect• He coined the term “Law of Effect”
which became the basis of operant conditioning
• Law of Effect: behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped
OPERANT CONDITIONING
REINFORCEMENT(increase behavior)
PUNISHMENT(decrease behavior)
POSITIVE(adding something to the
situation)
POSITIVEREINFORCEMENT
POSITIVEPUNISHMENT
NEGATIVE(removing something from
the situation)
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
Reinforcement• Anything that increases a behavior• Can be positive or negative
– Positive doesn’t mean good and negative doesn’t mean bad!!!
– Positive means adding a stimulus; negative removes a stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
You get an A on your test (positive stimulus), which increases your behavior of studying (reinforcement).
You avoid getting a sun burn (negative stimulus), which increases your behavior of applying sunblock in the future (reinforcement).
Other Examples??? Other Examples???
Punishment• Anything that decreases a behavior
• Can be positive or negative– Positive doesn’t mean good and negative doesn’t mean
bad!!!
– Positive means adding a stimulus; negative removes a stimulus Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
You receive a speeding ticket (positive stimulus), which decreases your behavior of speeding (punishment).
Your driving privileges are taken away for a year because you were caught driving drunk (negative stimulus). This decreases your behavior of drinking and driving (punishment).
Other Examples??? Other Examples???
What type of Operant Conditioning is this?
• Positive Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
ADDING of a stimulus
• Negative Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
• Positive Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
Catching a largemouth bass after three hours of
fishing
What type of Operant Conditioning is this?
• Positive Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
• Positive Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
ADDING of a stimulus
• Negative Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
Being yelled at by your coach after you fumbled
so you won’t fumble again
What type of Operant Conditioning is this?
• Positive Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
• Positive Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
To get rid of an upset stomach your mom tells you to start taking Pepto
Bismol
What type of Operant Conditioning is this?
• Positive Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
REMOVINGof a stimulus
• Positive Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
You lose your money in a soda machine. You decide the next time you will not use the same
machine!
What type of Operant Conditioning is this?
• Positive Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
ADDING of a stimulus
• Negative Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
• Positive Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
Giving your dog a treat for sitting on command
What type of Operant Conditioning is this?
• Positive Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
• Positive Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
ADDING of a stimulus
• Negative Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
Your alarm rings to stop you from sleeping too
long
What type of Operant Conditioning is this?
• Positive Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
• Positive Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
You lose your cell phone after getting caught
texting in class
What type of Operant Conditioning is this?
• Positive Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
ADDING of a stimulus
• Negative Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
• Positive Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
ADDINGof a stimulus
• Negative Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by the
REMOVING of a stimulus
Lifting weights to get in great physical shape
What type of Operant Conditioning is this?
• Positive Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by ADDING
a stimulus
• Negative Reinforcement?– INCREASE behavior by
REMOVINGa stimulus
• Positive Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by ADDING
a stimulus
• Negative Punishment?– DECREASE behavior by
REMOVINGa stimulus
Lifting weights to lose weight
Careful!! The way a scenario is worded can affect the answer.
Lifting weights to get in shape = POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Lifting weights to lose weight = NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Limitations of Punishment
•Punishment often only produces •temporary suppression
•Punishment can produce undesirable emotional side effects